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Guo Y, Pina A, Gabbanini S, Valgimigli L. Absolute kinetics of peroxidation and antioxidant protection of intact triglyceride vegetable oils. Food Chem 2024; 452:139289. [PMID: 38713979 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
To verfy their difference from isolated fatty acids, the absolute kinetics of peroxidation was studied for seven triglyceride-based oils of olive (OLI-1, OLI-2), high-oleic sunflower (SUN-HO), high-oleic and high-linoleic safflower (SAF-HO, SAF-HL) grapeseed (GRA) and borage (BOR), by oxygen uptake monitoring, using 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenol and 2,2,5,7,8-pentamethyl-6-chromanol as reference inhibitors. Propagation constants (kp/M-1 s-1 at 303 K in PhCl) were respectively 34.8 ± 2.3, 35.1 ± 1.8, 40.6 ± 5.5, 36.0 ± 7.7, 160.8 ± 5.1, 145.1 ± 24.5, 275.1 ± 63.8, while oxidizability responded to empirical equation kp(2kt)-½/M-½s-½ = 1.63 × 10-3[allyl >CH2/M] + 1.82 × 10-2[bisallyl >CH2/M], based on fatty acids residues assessed by GC-MS. Peroxidation kinetics was markedly different from that of isolated fatty acids. The H-bond basicity of all oils was measured by FT-IR affording Abraham's βH2 values in the range 0.55 ± 0.03. H-bonding explained the protection of oils measured for seven reference phenolic antioxidants, except for the catechols quercetin and caffeic acid phenethyl ester, which were 2-to-4-folds more effective than expected, supporting a proposed different mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafang Guo
- University of Bologna, Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", Via P. Gobetti 85, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Albert Pina
- University of Bologna, Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", Via P. Gobetti 85, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Simone Gabbanini
- BeC s.r.l., R&D Division, Via C. Monteverdi 49, 47122 Forlì, Italy
| | - Luca Valgimigli
- University of Bologna, Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", Via P. Gobetti 85, 40129 Bologna, Italy; Tecnopolo di Rimini, Via Dario Campana 71, 47922 Rimini, Italy.
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Patel P, Wang JY, Mineroff J, Jagdeo J. The potential cutaneous benefits of Carthamus tinctorius oleosomes. Arch Dermatol Res 2023; 316:26. [PMID: 38060028 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-023-02750-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) oleosomes are unique organelles that house triglycerides and fatty acids and demonstrate a natural resilience to environmental stresses. There is recent growing interest in safflower oleosomes due to their potential applications in dermatology, especially as a carrier technology to improve drug penetration through the skin. This paper explores various aspects of safflower oleosomes, including their production, safety, absorption, and applications in photoprotection and epidermal remodeling. Oleosomes have shown encouraging results in targeted drug delivery in in vitro and in vivo animal models; however, human clinical research is required to determine their efficacy and safety in dermatology. Oleosomes are comprise a novel biotechnology that has the potential to transform sustainable and natural treatments in dermatology by utilizing their unique structure. Safflower oleosomes are stable lipid molecules that can deliver small and large molecules with high efficacy. This review will examine the current research findings and prospective future applications of oleosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paras Patel
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn Campus, Brooklyn, NY, USA
- Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, 08084, USA
| | - Jennifer Y Wang
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn Campus, Brooklyn, NY, USA
- Department of Dermatology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, State University of New York, Downstate Health Sciences University, 450 Clarkson Avenue, 8th floor, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA
| | - Jessica Mineroff
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn Campus, Brooklyn, NY, USA
- Department of Dermatology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, State University of New York, Downstate Health Sciences University, 450 Clarkson Avenue, 8th floor, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA
| | - Jared Jagdeo
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn Campus, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
- Department of Dermatology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, State University of New York, Downstate Health Sciences University, 450 Clarkson Avenue, 8th floor, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA.
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Manikanta C, Pasala R, Kaliamoorthy S, Basavaraj PS, Pandey BB, Vadlamudi DR, Nidamarty M, Guhey A, Kadirvel P. Safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius L.) crop adaptation to residual moisture stress: conserved water use and canopy temperature modulation are better adaptive mechanisms. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15928. [PMID: 37719114 PMCID: PMC10501382 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Oilseeds with high productivity and tolerance to various environmental stresses are in high demand in the food and industrial sectors. Safflower, grown under residual moisture in the semi-arid tropics, is adapted to moisture stress at certain levels. However, a substantial reduction in soil moisture has a significant impact on its productivity. Therefore, assessing genetic variation for water use efficiency traits like transpiration efficiency (TE), water uptake, and canopy temperature depression (CTD) is essential for enhancing crop adaptation to drought. The response of safflower genotypes (n = 12) to progressive soil moisture depletion was studied in terms of water uptake, TE, and CTD under a series of pot and field experiments. The normalised transpiration rate (NTR) in relation to the fraction of transpirable soil water (FTSW) varied significantly among genotypes. The genotypes A-1, Bhima, GMU-2347, and CO-1 had higher NTR-FTSW threshold values of 0.79 (R2 = 0.92), 0.74 (R2 = 0.96), 0.71 (R2 = 0.96), and 0.71 (R2 = 0.91), respectively, whereas GMU-2644 had the lowest 0.38 (R2 = 0.93). TE was high in genotype GMU-2347, indicating that it could produce maximum biomass per unit of water transpired. At both the vegetative and reproductive stages, significant positive relationships between TE, SPAD chlorophyll metre reading (SCMR) (p < 0.01) and CTD (p < 0.01) were observed under field conditions by linear regression. The genotypes with high FTSW-NTR thresholds, high SCMR, and low CTD may be useful clues in identifying a genotype's ability to adapt to moisture stress. The findings showed that the safflower genotypes A-1, Bhima, GMU-2347, and CO-1 exhibited an early decline and regulated water uptake by conserving it for later growth stages under progressive soil water depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chennamsetti Manikanta
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, India
- Indira Gandhi Agricultural University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Ratnakumar Pasala
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, India
- Indira Gandhi Agricultural University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Sivasakthi Kaliamoorthy
- ICRISAT-International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics Patancheru, Greater Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - P. S. Basavaraj
- ICAR-National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management, Baramati, Maharashtra, India
| | - Brij Bihari Pandey
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, India
| | - Dinesh Rahul Vadlamudi
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, India
- Indira Gandhi Agricultural University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Mukta Nidamarty
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, India
| | - Arti Guhey
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, India
- Indira Gandhi Agricultural University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Palchamy Kadirvel
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, India
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Herrera M, Viera I, Roca M. Study of the authentic composition of the novel green foods: Food colorants and coloring foods. Food Res Int 2023; 170:112974. [PMID: 37316058 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The clean label approach is behind the development of the new concept, coloring food, in contrast to regulated food colorants, although few data are available regarding its composition. Consequently, twenty-six commercial green foods (including novel foods) have been analyzed to investigate the authentic composition behind the different labels. It has been identified by HPLC-ESI/APCI-hrTOF-MS2 the complete array of chlorophylls in the regulated green food colorants, several of them identified for the first time in foods. The coloring food alternative is based on mixing blue (such as spirulina) and yellow (such as safflower) hues. Our data suggest that in the analyzed samples, spirulina is water or solvent extracted before being added to the food. The obtained results showed for the first time, the authentic data on the chemical composition of the new green foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Herrera
- Food Phytochemistry Department, Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), University Campus, Building 46, Carretera de Utrera km. 1, Sevilla 41013, Spain.
| | - Isabel Viera
- Food Phytochemistry Department, Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), University Campus, Building 46, Carretera de Utrera km. 1, Sevilla 41013, Spain.
| | - María Roca
- Food Phytochemistry Department, Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), University Campus, Building 46, Carretera de Utrera km. 1, Sevilla 41013, Spain.
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Fristiohady A, Al-Ramadan W, Fitrawan LOM, Hamsidi R, Purnama LOMJ, Malaka MH, Haruna LA, Sahidin. Safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius Linn.) Inhibits Cell Proliferation and Induces Apoptotic in Breast Cancer Cell Lines T47D. Pak J Biol Sci 2023; 26:427-433. [PMID: 37937336 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2023.427.433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
<b>Background and Objective:</b> Safflower (<i>Carthamus tinctorius</i> Linn.) is one of the medicinal plants that contain secondary metabolites that have the potential to as anti-cancer by inducing apoptosis. This study aims to determine the content of secondary metabolite compounds and the induction activity of apoptosis from ethanol extract of safflower in the T47D breast cancer cell line. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> Safflower was extracted using 96% ethanol and assayed for phytochemical screening, cytotoxic tests by cell counting kit-8 to determine inhibitory concentration and apoptosis induction activity by flow cytometry to determine the ability of samples induce the programmed cell cancer in death. The data collected was analyzed with the PRISM GraphPad version. <b>Results:</b> The ethanol extract of safflower contains flavonoid compounds, alkaloids, saponins, tannins and terpenoids. The results of the anticancer activity test showed an IC<sub>50</sub> value of 479 μg mL<sup>1</sup> and the best percentage of apoptosis at a concentration of 200 μg mL<sup>1</sup> was 16.61% at the beginning of apoptosis and 10.52% at the end of apoptosis. <b>Conclusion:</b> The safflower can be developed as a breast anticancer agent that works through the induction of apoptosis to improve the effectiveness of breast cancer treatment.
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Wang Y, Li Z, Ahmad N, Sheng X, Iqbal B, Naeem M, Wang N, Li F, Yao N, Liu X. Unraveling the functional characterization of a jasmonate-induced flavonoid biosynthetic CYP45082G24 gene in Carthamus tinctorius. Funct Integr Genomics 2023; 23:172. [PMID: 37212893 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-023-01110-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 superfamily of monooxygenases plays a major role in the evolution and diversification of plant natural products. The function of cytochrome P450s in physiological adaptability, secondary metabolism, and xenobiotic detoxification has been studied extensively in numerous plant species. However, their underlying regulatory mechanism in safflower still remained unclear. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the functional role of a putative CtCYP82G24-encoding gene in safflower, which suggests crucial insights into the regulation of methyl jasmonate-induced flavonoid accumulation in transgenic plants. The results showed that methyl jasmonate (MeJA) was associated with a progressive upregulation of CtCYP82G24 expression in safflower among other treatment conditions including light, dark, and polyethylene glycol (PEG). In addition, transgenic plants overexpressing CtCYP82G24 demonstrated increased expression level of other key flavonoid biosynthetic genes, such as AtDFR, AtANS, and AtFLS, and higher content of flavonoid and anthocyanin accumulation when compared with wild-type and mutant plants. Under exogenous MeJA treatment, the CtCYP82G24 transgenic overexpressed lines showed a significant spike in flavonoid and anthocyanin content compared with wild-type and mutant plants. Moreover, the virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) assay of CtCYP82G24 in safflower leaves exhibited decreased flavonoid and anthocyanin accumulation and reduced expression of key flavonoid biosynthetic genes, suggesting a possible coordination between transcriptional regulation of CtCYP82G24 and flavonoid accumulation. Together, our findings confirmed the likely role of CtCYP82G24 during MeJA-induced flavonoid accumulation in safflower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Zhiling Li
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Naveed Ahmad
- Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Sheng
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Babar Iqbal
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Muhammad Naeem
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Nan Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Fengwei Li
- School of Marine and Bioengineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, China
| | - Na Yao
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China.
| | - Xiuming Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China.
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Tirado Ramírez MA, López Orona CA, Lopez Billard J, Molina-Cárdenas L, Sanchez Rangel JC, Amarillas Bueno LA, Vega Gutiérrez TA. First report of Fusarium verticillioides causing safflower root rot in Sinaloa, Mexico. Plant Dis 2023. [PMID: 37157091 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-02-23-0257-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Safflower cultivation is of great socioeconomic importance worldwide. Production is intended for the extraction of oil from the seeds. In 2021 Mexico ranked fifth in world production with approximately 52,553.28 tons (SIAP, 2021). In April 2022, in the north-central zone of Sinaloa, Mexico, diseased plants were reported in fields planted with safflower. Symptoms included chlorotic plants, necrosis and rot in vascular bundles, dwarfed plants and reflexed plants bent towards the ground. The disease caused estimated losses of 15% of seed production, with respect to the production obtained from the previous year in the safflower fields surveyed. Twenty-five plants with symptoms were sampled to isolate the pathogen. Plants were cut at the base of the stem near the roots and roots cut into 5 mm2 pieces. Tissue samples were superficially disinfected by immersing in 70% alcohol for 10 sec, 2% sodium hypochlorite for 1 min, washed in sterile water, and placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 28 ºC for 7 days in the dark. Twelve monosporic isolates derived from the PDA culture were morphologically characterized. Abundant white aerial mycelium and small pink to dark violet pigments in the center of the culture were observed. From 10-day-old cultures grown on carnation leaf agar medium microconidia and macroconidia were produced. Microconidia were hyaline, had zero to two septa, and were oval or ellipsoidal, 4.6 to 14 x 1.8 to 4.2 μm (n = 40). The macroconidia were hyaline, were slightly curved with three to five septa, and measured from 26 to 69 x 3 to 6.1 μm (n = 40). No chlamydospores were observed. According to the morphological characteristics, the isolates were identified as Fusarium verticillioides (Leslie and Summerell, 2006). DNA was extracted from one isolate and the Translation Elongation Factor 1-α (EF1) gene was amplified and sequenced (O'Donnell et al. 2010). The sequence obtained from isolate FV3CARCULSIN with 645 base pairs was submitted to NCBI GenBank with accession number OQ262963. The BLAST search revealed 100% similarity with F. verticillioides isolate 13 (KM598773) (Lizárraga et al. 2015). Identification in FUSARIUM ID resulted in a 99.85% similarity with isolate F. verticillioides CBS 131389 (MN534047) (Yilmaz et al. 2021). A phylogenetic tree, made with sequences of the EF1 gene, revealed that FV3CARCULSIN was most closely related to F. verticillioides (100% bootstrap). Pathogenicity tests were carried out on safflower plants (cv. Oleico) grown in sterile vermiculite. Plants were inoculated with a conidial suspension (1 × 105 conidia/ml) obtained from FV3CARCULSIN grown on PDA for 7 days. A total of 45 plants were inoculated by drenching the roots with 20 ml of inoculum when the plants were 20 days old. Fifteen plants served as negative controls without inoculation. Plants were kept for 60 days in greenhouse conditions; however, after 45 days the plants began to die. The assay was conducted twice. Rotting and necrosis was observed in the roots of the plants. The pathogen was reisolated from the tissue of all the plants with symptoms and identified as F. verticillioides using morphological characteristics and EF1 sequences, completing Koch's postulates. No symptoms were observed in control plants after 60 days. This is the first report of root rot in safflower caused by F. verticillioides in Mexico. The fungus has been reported in maize (Figueroa et al. 2010), but it is unknown if it could be the same pathogen of safflower. Identification of the pathogen is important for implementing management methods to reduce yield losses and for additional studies on the impact of the disease on oil quality extracted from safflower seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martín Abraham Tirado Ramírez
- Universidad Autonoma de Sinaloa, 27774, Facultad de Agronomía, carretera culiacanEldorado km. 17.5, culiacan, sinaloa, Mexico, 80358
- universidad autonoma de sinaloa;
| | - Carlos Alfonso López Orona
- Universidad Autonoma de Sinaloa, 27774, Facultad de Agronomía, Carretera Culiacán-Eldorado Km. 17.5, Culiacán de Rosales, Sinaloa, Mexico, 80398
- United States;
| | - Jaime Lopez Billard
- Universidad Autonoma de Sinaloa, 27774, Fitoproteccion, Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico;
| | - Lorena Molina-Cárdenas
- Universidad Autonoma de Sinaloa, 27774, Facultad de Agronomía, domicilio conocido Higueras de Achota, Eldorado, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico, 80450;
| | | | | | - Tomas Aaron Vega Gutiérrez
- Universidad Autonoma de Sinaloa, 27774, Facultad de Agronomía, Carretera Culiacan-Eldorado km17.5, Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico, 80398;
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Zhou Y, Jiang H, Huang X, Rao K, Wang D, Wu Q, Zhang P, Pei J. Indistinct assessment of the quality of traditional Chinese medicine in precision medicine exampling as safflower. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 227:115277. [PMID: 36736110 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The quality of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) guarantees its clinical efficacy. Although advanced analytical techniques and methods can accurately determine the content of chemical components in TCM, it is difficult to accurately determine its clinical efficacy. In addition, the current analytical methods and technologies are complex and have difficulty meeting the requirements of a rapid, accurate and convenient determination of TCM quality. In this study, we first propose the concept of "indistinct" evaluation of the quality of TCM, that is, combining biological potency with character evaluation, quantifying the character evaluation, and preparing the safflower quality grade evaluation card based on the character analysis, which provides research ideas and methods for the rapid and accurate evaluation of the quality of TCM. We determined the biological potency of different batches of safflower based on the in vitro antiplatelet aggregation model and divided the safflower samples into two grades based on the biological potency. We further collected the color information of different grades of safflower samples, quantified the color information of different grades of safflower, drew a quality grade evaluation card for the rapid judgment of safflower quality grade and verified its accuracy by pharmacodynamic evaluation. To further analyze the differences in the material basis of different grades of safflower, the LC-MS method was used to simultaneously determine the contents of 19 chemical components, such as myricetin, in different grades of safflower samples to analyze the differences in the material basis of different grades of safflower. The result shows that the different grades of safflower exhibited significant differences in color. The pharmacodynamic results show that the quality evaluation card prepared based on color information can accurately evaluate quality, and the effect of first-class safflower is significantly better than that of second-class safflower. The chemical analysis results of different grades of safflower show that there are also significant differences between them, among which hypericin, 6-hydroxyapin-6-O-glucose-7-O-glucuronide, 6-hydroxykaempferol-3,6-O-diglucoside-7-O-glucuronic acid glycoside, 6-hydroxykaempferol-3,6,7-tri-O-glucoside and hydroxysafflower yellow A exhibit significant differences, which may be the main differentiating components of different grades of safflower. This study preliminarily confirmed that the "indistinct" evaluation of the quality of TCM based on character analysis is accurate and scientific, and the quality evaluation card prepared can accurately judge the quality of TCM, providing a reference for the rapid application of TCM character evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy,Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1166 Liutai Avenue, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611137, Sichuan, China
| | - Huajuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy,Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1166 Liutai Avenue, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611137, Sichuan, China
| | - Xulong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy,Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1166 Liutai Avenue, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611137, Sichuan, China
| | - Ke Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy,Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1166 Liutai Avenue, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611137, Sichuan, China
| | - Di Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy,Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1166 Liutai Avenue, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611137, Sichuan, China
| | - Qinghua Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy,Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1166 Liutai Avenue, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611137, Sichuan, China.
| | - Ping Zhang
- Medical Supplies Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 100#, West 4th Ring Middle Rd., Fengtai, Beijing 100039, China.
| | - Jin Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy,Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1166 Liutai Avenue, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611137, Sichuan, China.
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Permana AD, Sam A, Marzaman ANF, Rahim A, Nainu F, Bahar MA, Asri RM, Chabib L. Solid lipid nanoparticles cyclodextrin-decorated incorporated into gellan gum-based dry floating in situ delivery systems for controlled release of bioactive compounds of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius. L): A proof of concept study in biorelevant media. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 237:124084. [PMID: 36940768 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023]
Abstract
Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) has been explored as a source of natural antioxidant. However, quercetin 7-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside and luteolin 7-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, as its bioactive compounds, possessed poor aqueous solubility, limiting its efficacy. Here, we developed solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) decorated with hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) incorporated into dry floating gel in situ systems to control the release of both compounds. Using Geleol® as a lipid matrix, SLNs were <200 nm in size with >80 % of encapsulation efficiency. Importantly, following the decoration using HPβCD, the stability of SLNs in gastric environment was significantly improved. Furthermore, the solubility of both compounds was also enhanced. The incorporation of SLNs into gellan gum-based floating gel in situ provided desired flow and floating properties, with <30 s gelation time. The floating gel in situ system could control the release of bioactive compounds in FaSSGF (Fasted-State Simulated Gastric Fluid). Furthermore, to assess the effect of food intake on release behavior, we found that the formulation could show a sustained release pattern in FeSSGF (Fed-State Simulated Gastric Fluid) for 24 h after being released in FaSGGF for 2 h. This indicated that this combination approach could be a promising oral delivery for bioactive compounds in safflower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andi Dian Permana
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia.
| | - Anwar Sam
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | | | - Abdul Rahim
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Firzan Nainu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Muh Akbar Bahar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | | | - Lutfi Chabib
- Department of Pharmacy, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta 55584, Indonesia
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Karami S, Sabzalian MR, Basaki T, Ghaderi F, Jamshidi Goharrizi K. Phylogenetic relationship and sequence diversity of candidate genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway in Carthamus species with contrasting seed coat colors. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 2023; 29:349-360. [PMID: 37033761 PMCID: PMC10073368 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-023-01298-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The morphological structure of seed such as coat color can be considered as effective parameters in the evaluation of resistance to pests. The present study is aimed at achieving these goals: first, to determine the phylogenetic relationship of different species of safflower with different seed coat colors based on three candidate genes in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway that encode the early steps (PAL: phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and CHS: chalcone synthase) and the final step (UFGT: flavonoid-3-O-glucosyltransferase); second, based on our previous study on the absence of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (Cyd-3-glu) in white/brown-seeded genotypes, it can be determined whether the lack of production is related to the absence of genes or the lack of expression. In general, the detection of Cyd-3-glu upstream compounds in all studied safflower genotypes, regardless of the color of the seed coat, can be interpreted as the expression of genes responsible for the synthesis of these compounds in the anthocyanin synthesis pathway. In addition, these findings indicated that the accumulation pattern of the mentioned secondary metabolites could be varied in safflower genotypes according to the seed coat color pattern. Regarding the UFGT gene, the evidence showed that this gene is expressed in safflower genotypes with two different seed coat color patterns, but in each genotype the tendency to produce secondary metabolites is different. Consequently, it seems that UFGT may not only regulate Cyd-3-glu biosynthesis but also involved in biosynthesis of flavonol glucoside in black safflower. Additionally, UFGT only affected flavonol glycosides biosynthesis and had no effect on Cyd-3-glu biosynthesis in white- seeded safflower genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Karami
- Department of Agriculture, Payame Noor University (PNU), Tehran, 19395-4697 Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Sabzalian
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111 Iran
| | - Tayebeh Basaki
- Department of Agriculture, Payame Noor University (PNU), Tehran, 19395-4697 Iran
| | - Fariba Ghaderi
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Yasouj University, Yasuj, Iran
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Deng S, Wang R, Tao C, Li L, Wang S, Jia C, Liu Y, Du R, Du L, Yang J. Genome-wide analysis of CtNF-YB and lipid synthesis regulation of CtNF-YB12 in Carthamus tinctorius L. Plant Cell Rep 2023; 42:57-72. [PMID: 36309876 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-022-02936-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear Factor YB of Carthamus tinctorius L. increased the content of unsaturated fatty acids by regulating the expression of genes involved in fatty acid synthesis and oil accumulation. Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seed oil is rich in linoleic acid and is widely used in food and medicine. Therefore, key genes regulating oil synthesis were mined through genetic engineering to provide genetic resources for improving oil content. Based on the conserved domain of the NF-YB, we screened and identified 14 CtNF-YB transcription factors in the safflower genome and divided them into three subfamilies through phylogenetic analysis. Regulatory motif analysis of the CtNF-YB promoter revealed specific cis-regulatory elements related to abiotic stress, growth, and development. Expression analysis of CtNF-YB family genes showed that non-Leafy Cotyledon 1(non-LEC1) genes were highly expressed in roots, leaves, and flowers; Leafy Cotyledon 1(LEC1) genes were highly expressed during early seed development; and Dr1-like genes were highly expressed in roots, stems, and leaves. CtNF-YB12 was identified as a LEC1 transcription factor based on phylogeny and BLAST alignment. Heterologous CtNF-YB12 expression in Arabidopsis thaliana increased seed pod length and seed size. Moreover, CtNF-YB12 overexpression increased the oil content of seeds, upregulated genes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis and glycolysis, and altered the content of unsaturated fatty acids, including oleic acid (C18:1), linoleic acid (C18:2), and linolenic acid (C18:3), as well as of sucrose, fructose, and glucose. CtNF-YB12 may increase the oil content by regulating key enzyme genes of oil synthesis, so it can be used as a reliable target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinan Deng
- College of Life Science, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Ruinan Wang
- College of Life Science, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Chenlu Tao
- College of Life Science, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Lixia Li
- College of Life Science, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- College of Life Science, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Chang Jia
- College of Life Science, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Yilin Liu
- College of Life Science, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Ruo Du
- College of Life Science, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Linna Du
- College of Life Science, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Jing Yang
- College of Life Science, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China.
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Du Y, Li C, Xu S, Yang J, Wan H, He Y. LC-MS/MS combined with blood-brain dual channel microdialysis for simultaneous determination of active components of astragali radix- safflower combination and neurotransmitters in rats with cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury: Application in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study. Phytomedicine 2022; 106:154432. [PMID: 36113188 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Astragali Radix-Safflower combination (ARSC) is widely utilized in clinic to treat cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (CI/RI). Whereas, there is no in-depth research of the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) analysis of ARSC after intragastric administration in rats with CI/RI. PURPOSE The purpose of this research is to investigate the PK characteristics of eight active ingredients (astragaloside IV, calycosin, calycosin-7-O-β-glucoside, formononetin, ononin, hydroxysafflor yellow A, syringin and vernine) of ARSC, and the regulation of neurotransmitters disorders, revealing the pharmacodynamic substance basis and the mechanism of ARSC in treating CI/RI from the molecular level. METHODS We established a new method which based on blood-brain dual channel microdialysis (MD) coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to continuously gather, and determine the components of ARSC and neurotransmitters related to CI/RI in vivo. The collected data were analyzed by sigmoid-Emax function. The neurotransmitters primarily regulated in CI/RI rat were discussed by principal component analysis and the compound most associated with total pharmacodynamics was chosen by partial least squares regression. RESULTS The validated LC-MS/MS method had specificity and selectivity to simultaneously analyze the concentration of eight active components of ARSC extract and five neurotransmitters of CI/RI rats. The recovery rates of brain MD probe and blood MD probe were stable within six hours. The MD probes recovery rates decreased with the increase of flow rates, but the solution concentration had little effect on the probes recovery rates. It was feasible to correct the recovery rates of probes in vivo by using reverse dialysis method. All eight active ingredients of ARSC could pass across the blood brain barrier after CI/RI. ARSC regulated the release of glutamate (Glu), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), dopamine (DA), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and aspartic acid (Asp). Notably, astragaloside IV and hydroxysafflor yellow A might have better regulatory effect on neurotransmitters in comparison with other six measured components of ARSC, and Glu was the neurotransmitter mainly regulated in CI/RI rats. CONCLUSION The ARSC was able to treat CI/RI through ameliorating neurotransmitters disorders. There was a hysteresis between the peaked drug concentration and maximum therapeutic effect of ARSC. The drug effective concentrations range of ASIV, calycosin, calycosin-7-O-β-glucoside, syringin and vernine in blood microdialysate and calycosin, syringin, vernine in brain microdialysate were narrow, which need be paid attention in clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Du
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Chang Li
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Shouchao Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Jiehong Yang
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Haitong Wan
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China.
| | - Yu He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China.
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Hagaggi NSA, Abdul-Raouf UM. The endophyte Stenotrophomonas maltophilia EPS modulates endogenous antioxidant defense in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) under cadmium stress. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:431. [PMID: 35759053 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03049-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) pollution in agricultural soils induces oxidative stress in plants that in turn is the foremost limiting factor for agricultural productivity. In past few decades, plant-metal-microbe interaction is of great interest as an emerging environmentally friendly technology that can be exploited to alleviate metal stress in plants. Considering these, in the present study an endophytic bacterium strain EPS has been isolated from the roots of common bean. The present strain was identified as Stenotrophomonas maltophilia based on 16S rRNA gene sequence. The strain showed Cd tolerance and Cd-adsorption potentials. The inoculation of strain EPS in safflower seeds significantly enhanced the antioxidant defense of plants under Cd-stress conditions through increasing the levels of antioxidant molecules like phenolics, flavonoids and carotenoids as well as improving the activities of the antioxidative enzymes including guaiacol peroxidase (POX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). The output of this study is that strain EPS inoculation mitigates Cd-induced oxidative stress and consequently it may be beneficial, especially in Cd-contaminated crop fields.
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14
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Ren C, Chen C, Dong S, Wang R, Xian B, Liu T, Xi Z, Pei J, Chen J. Integrated metabolomics and transcriptome analysis on flavonoid biosynthesis in flowers of safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius L.) during colour-transition. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13591. [PMID: 35762018 PMCID: PMC9233481 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.), well known for its flower, is widely used as a dye and traditional Chinese medicine. Flavonoids, especially flavonoid glycosides, are the main pigments and active components. However, their biosynthesis is largely unknown. Interestingly, the colour of flowers in safflower changed from yellow to red during flower development, while much of the gene and chemical bases during colour transition are unclear. Methods In this research, widely targeted metabolomics and transcriptomics were used to elucidate the changes in flavonoid biosynthesis from the gene and chemical points of view in flowers of safflower during colour transition. The screening of differential metabolites depended on fold change and variable importance in project (VIP) value. Differential expressed genes (DEGs) were screened by DESeq2 method. RT-PCR was used to analyse relative expressions of DEGs. Results A total of 212 flavonoid metabolites, including hydroxysafflor yellow A, carthamin and anthocyanins, were detected and showed a large difference. The candidate genes of glycosyltransferases and flavonoid hydroxylase that might participate in flavonoid glycoside biosynthesis were screened. Ten candidate genes were screened. Through integrated metabolomics and transcriptome analysis, a uridine diphosphate glucose glycosyltransferase gene, CtUGT9 showed a significant correlation with flavonoid glycosides in safflower. In addition, expression analysis showed that CtUGT9 was mainly expressed in the middle development of flowers and was significantly upregulated under MeJA treatment. Our results indicated that CtUGT9 might play an important role in flavonoid glycoside biosynthesis during colour-transition in safflower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoxiang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shuai Dong
- The State Bank of Chinese Drug Germplam Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Rui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bin Xian
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Tianlei Liu
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ziqing Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jin Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,The State Bank of Chinese Drug Germplam Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,The State Bank of Chinese Drug Germplam Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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15
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Yingqi H, Lv Y, Zhang J, Ahmad N, Li Y, Wang N, Xiuming L, Na Y, Li X. Identification and functional characterization of safflower cysteine protease 1 as negative regulator in response to low-temperature stress in transgenic Arabidopsis. Planta 2022; 255:106. [PMID: 35445865 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03875-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We performed genome-wide and heterologous expression analysis of the safflower cysteine protease family and found that inhibition of CtCP1 expression enhanced plant cold resistance. Cysteine protease (CP) is mainly involved in plant senescence and stress responses. However, the molecular mechanism of endogenous cysteine protease inhibition in plant stress tolerance is yet unknown. Here, we report the discovery and functional characterization of a candidate CP1 gene from safflower. The conserved structural topology of CtCPs revealed important insights into their possible roles in plant growth and stress responses. The qRT-PCR results implied that most of CtCP genes were highly expressed at fading stage suggesting that they are most likely involved in senescence process. The CtCP1 expression was significantly induced at different time points under cold, NaCl, H2O2 and PEG stress, respectively. The in-vitro activity of heterologously expressed CtCP1 protein showed highest protease activity for casein and azocasein substrates. The expression and phenotypic data together with antioxidant activity and physiological indicators revealed that transgenic plants inhibited by CtCP1-anti showed higher tolerance to low temperature than WT and CtCP1-OE plants. Our findings demonstrated the discovery of a new Cysteine protease 1 gene that exerted a detrimental effect on transgenic Arabidopsis under low-temperature stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yingqi
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Yanxi Lv
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Jianyi Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Naveed Ahmad
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources (Institute of Biotechnology), Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Youbao Li
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Nan Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Liu Xiuming
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China.
- Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China.
- Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yao Na
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China.
| | - Xiaokun Li
- Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China.
- Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China.
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Kissell LN, Quady TK, Lasseter Clare T. Optimized micro-sampling and computational analysis for SERS identification of red organic dyes on prints. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2022; 270:120857. [PMID: 35030414 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.120857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The goals of this study were to develop a robust methodology and data analysis procedure to identify red dyes in artwork where dye collection is inaccessible by traditional methods. With Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) it is possible to obtain identifying molecular information from dilute and degraded dyes. A minimally invasive, soft-mechanical sampling method to gently contact printed paper is described; using a customized polymeric hydrogel surface with an exposure area of about 1 mm2, micrometer-diameter colorant particles were collected. To validate that the sample collection methodology is minimally invasive, test papers were photographed before and after sampling under UV and white light; and DART-MS analysis of the sampled area was conducted. A reference library of SERS spectra from binder (hide glue), dyes (safflower, sappan, and madder), and binder-dye mixtures was built and used by a spectral-matching genetic algorithm (GA). Fifty individual GA runs returned results that precisely matched at least one dye component in 48-50 of the 50 runs, and matched both dyes in a mixture between 29 and 50 of the 50 runs. Finally, in an artwork application, the methodologies were demonstrated on micro-samples from three areas of an 18th century Japanese woodblock print by Suzuki Harunobu in the collection of the Portland Art Museum, on which, madder dyes were positively identified. Conclusions and extensions from this work are expected to contribute to the body of knowledge about 18th c. Japanese woodblock prints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndsay N Kissell
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, 1719 SW 10(th) Avenue, Science Research and Teaching Center Rm 262, Portland, OR 97201, United States
| | - Trine K Quady
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, 1719 SW 10(th) Avenue, Science Research and Teaching Center Rm 262, Portland, OR 97201, United States
| | - Tami Lasseter Clare
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, 1719 SW 10(th) Avenue, Science Research and Teaching Center Rm 262, Portland, OR 97201, United States.
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Zhao H, Savin KW, Li Y, Breen EJ, Maharjan P, Tibbits JF, Kant S, Hayden MJ, Daetwyler HD. Genome-wide association studies dissect the G × E interaction for agronomic traits in a worldwide collection of safflowers ( Carthamus tinctorius L.). Mol Breed 2022; 42:24. [PMID: 37309464 PMCID: PMC10248593 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-022-01295-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies were conducted using a globally diverse safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Genebank collection for grain yield (YP), days to flowering (DF), plant height (PH), 500 seed weight (SW), seed oil content (OL), and crude protein content (PR) in four environments (sites) that differed in water availability. Phenotypic variation was observed for all traits. YP exhibited low overall genetic correlations (rGoverall) across sites, while SW and OL had high rGoverall and high pairwise genetic correlations (rGij) across all pairwise sites. In total, 92 marker-trait associations (MTAs) were identified using three methods, single locus genome-wide association studies (GWAS) using a mixed linear model (MLM), the Bayesian multi-locus method (BayesR), and meta-GWAS. MTAs with large effects across all sites were detected for OL, SW, and PR, and MTAs specific for the different water stress sites were identified for all traits. Five MTAs were associated with multiple traits; 4 of 5 MTAs were variously associated with the three traits of SW, OL, and PR. This study provided insights into the phenotypic variability and genetic architecture of important safflower agronomic traits under different environments. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11032-022-01295-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Zhao
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Keith W. Savin
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Yongjun Li
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Edmond J. Breen
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Pankaj Maharjan
- Agriculture Victoria, Grains Innovation Park, Horsham, VIC 3400 Australia
| | - Josquin F. Tibbits
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Surya Kant
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
- Agriculture Victoria, Grains Innovation Park, Horsham, VIC 3400 Australia
| | - Matthew J. Hayden
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Hans D. Daetwyler
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
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Khosrowshahi ZT, Ghassemi-Golezani K, Salehi-Lisar SY, Motafakkerazad R. Changes in antioxidants and leaf pigments of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) affected by exogenous spermine under water deficit. Biol Futur 2021; 71:313-321. [PMID: 34554516 DOI: 10.1007/s42977-020-00039-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Water deficit is one of the most limiting factors for plant growth and production. Polyamines are osmo-active compounds and have important roles in plant resistance to water limitation. A pot experiment was undertaken in a greenhouse as factorial based on complete randomized block design with three replications to assess the physiological and biochemical responses of safflower to different levels of water supply (100% and 40% field capacity) and spermine (0, 40 and 60 µM). Ascorbate peroxidase and peroxidase activities (POX), malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), anthocyanins, soluble protein, soluble sugars and proline contents in shoots increased, while total phenols, flavonoids, and photosynthetic pigments significantly decreased due to water deficit. Foliar spray of spermine mitigated the adverse effects of water deficit by increasing the catalase, superoxide dismutase, POX activities, soluble proteins and photosynthetic pigments, and by decreasing MDA and H2O2 contents. Spermine could, therefore, play an important role in protecting photosynthetic system and cellular membranes during drought stress in safflower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhila Toupchi Khosrowshahi
- Department of Plant Eco-physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, 5166614766, Iran
| | - Kazem Ghassemi-Golezani
- Department of Plant Eco-physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, 5166614766, Iran.
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Hegazi NM, Khattab AR, Frolov A, Wessjohann LA, Farag MA. Authentication of saffron spice accessions from its common substitutes via a multiplex approach of UV/VIS fingerprints and UPLC/MS using molecular networking and chemometrics. Food Chem 2021; 367:130739. [PMID: 34371278 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Saffron is a spice revered for its unique flavor and health attributes often subjected to fraudulence. In this study, molecular networking as a visualization tool for UPLC/MS dataset of saffron and its common substitutes i.e. safflower and calendula (n = 21) was employed for determining genuineness of saffron and detecting its common substitutes i.e. safflower and calendula. Saffron was abundant in flavonol-O-glycosides and crocetin esters versus richness of flavanones/chalcones glycosides in safflower and cinnamates/terpenes in calendula. OPLS-DA identified differences in UPLC/MS profiles of different saffron accessions where oxo-hydroxy-undecenoic acid-O-hexoside was posed as saffron authentication marker and aided in discrimination between Spanish saffron of high quality from its inferior grade i.e. Iranian saffron along with crocetin di-O-gentiobiosyl ester and kaempferol-O-sophoroside. Kaempferol-O-neohesperidoside and N,N,N,-p-coumaroyl spermidine were characteristic safflower metabolites, whereas, calendulaglycoside C and di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid were unique to calendula. UV/VIS fingerprint spectral regions of picrocrocin (230-260 nm) and crocin derivatives (400-470 nm) were posed as being discriminatory of saffron authenticity and suggestive it can replace UPLC/MS in saffrom quality determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesrine M Hegazi
- Phytochemistry and Plant Systematics Department, Division of Pharmaceutical Industries, National Research Centre, PO Box 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amira R Khattab
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport, Alexandria 1029, Egypt
| | - Andrej Frolov
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle, Germany; Department of Biochemistry, St. Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ludger A Wessjohann
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle, Germany.
| | - Mohamed A Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini St., P.B. 11562, Cairo, Egypt; Chemistry Department, School of Sciences & Engineering, the American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt.
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20
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Wang LW, Cui XY, He JF, Duan S, Liu CR, Shan CB, Wang Y, Ma CM. Hydroxysafflor yellows alleviate thrombosis and acetaminophen-induced toxicity in vivo by enhancing blood circulation and poison excretion. Phytomedicine 2021; 87:153579. [PMID: 33991865 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) from the flower of Carthamus tinctorius (Safflower) has been reported to have various pharmacological effects. However, little is known about the bioactivities of other chemical constituents in Safflower and the relationship between enhancement of blood circulation and hepatoprotection by HSYA. PURPOSE The present research was to evaluate the antithrombotic and hepatoprotective activities of HSYA and C, examine their mechanisms of actions, including influence on the excretion velocity of acetaminophen, and the relationship between the antithrombotic, hepatoprotective, and other bioactivities. METHODS The hepatoprotective activities were examined by acetaminophen (APAP)-induced zebrafish toxicity and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced mouse liver injury. The concentrations of APAP in zebrafish and APAP that was excreted to the culture media were quantified by UHPLC-MS. The anti-thrombosis effect of HSYA and C were examined by the phenylhydrazine (PHZ)-induced zebrafish thrombosis. RESULTS HSYA and HSYC showed robust protection on APAP-induced toxicity and PHZ-induced thrombosis. The hepatoprotective effects of HSYA and C were more potent than that of the positive control, acetylcysteine (61.7% and 58.0%, respectively, vs. 56.9% at 100 µM) and their antithrombosis effects were more robust than aspirin (95.1% and 86.2% vs. 52.7% at 100 µM). HSYA and C enhanced blood circulation, rescued APAP-treated zebrafish from morphological abnormalities, and mitigated APAP-induced toxicity in liver development in liver-specific RFP-expressing transgenic zebrafish. HSYC attenuated CCl4-induced mouse liver injury and regulated the levels of HIF-1α, iNOS, TNF-α, α-SMA, and NFκB in liver tissues. HSYA was also protective in a dual thrombotic and liver toxicity zebrafish model. By UHPLC-MS, HSYA accelerated the excretion of APAP. CONCLUSION HSYA and C are the bioactive constituents of Safflower that are responsible for the herbal drug's traditional use in promoting blood circulation to remove blood stasis. Safflower and its chalcone constituents may protect from damage due to exogenous or disease-induced endogenous toxins by enhancing the excretion velocity of toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China; Key Laboratory of Herbage & Endemic Crop Biology of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China
| | - Xue-Ying Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China; Key Laboratory of Herbage & Endemic Crop Biology of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China
| | - Jiang-Feng He
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural & Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot 010031, China
| | - Shen Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China; Key Laboratory of Herbage & Endemic Crop Biology of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China
| | - Chun-Rui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China; Key Laboratory of Herbage & Endemic Crop Biology of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China
| | - Cheng-Bin Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China; Key Laboratory of Herbage & Endemic Crop Biology of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China; Key Laboratory of Herbage & Endemic Crop Biology of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China
| | - Chao-Mei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China; Key Laboratory of Herbage & Endemic Crop Biology of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China.
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21
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Yasmin H, Mazher J, Azmat A, Nosheen A, Naz R, Hassan MN, Noureldeen A, Ahmad P. Combined application of zinc oxide nanoparticles and biofertilizer to induce salt resistance in safflower by regulating ion homeostasis and antioxidant defence responses. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2021; 218:112262. [PMID: 33964549 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Salinity is a key devastating abiotic factor that hinders the development and yield of safflower. The sole and combined application of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) and a biofertilizer (BF) to improve salt tolerance in safflower has not been thoroughly explored. The response of safflower plants in a pot experiment to the foliar spray of ZnO-NPs alone and in combination with a BF was thus detected. We determined that a ZnO-NP concentration of 17 mg/L was sufficient to protect safflower against salinity (250 mM NaCl) by increasing the plant productivity, percent water content, and osmolyte levels. Coapplication of ZnO-NPs and Phytoguard protected safflower plants from salinity stress by improving the activities of antioxidant enzymes and decreasing the levels of proline (leaves (61%) and roots (63%)) and malondialdehyde (MDA) (leaves (54%) and roots (65%)). Under salt stress, the Na+ content increased, while seed coating with biofertilizer and ZnO-NP spray significantly decreased the Na+ concentration (74% in leaves and 60% in roots). For the K+ concentration, however, antagonistic outcomes were observed. Additionally, the combined treatment significantly enhanced agronomic parameters such as the number of leaves and pods per plant, capitulum weight, and the number of yellow and wilted leaves per plant under salinity stress. Thus, ZnO-NPs could be an effective bio-source for the protection of safflower plants under salinity stress. Our findings showed that in the combined treatment of ZnO-NPs and biofertilizer, the salinity tolerance was more pronounced than in the single treatment and untreated control. A thorough analysis at the molecular level, however, is still required to understand the mechanism by which ZnO-NPs and BF in safflower plants alleviate salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humaira Yasmin
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Javeria Mazher
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ammar Azmat
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Asia Nosheen
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Rabia Naz
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Ahmed Noureldeen
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Parvaiz Ahmad
- Department of Botany, S.P. College, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
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Ghassemi-Golezani K, Farhangi-Abriz S, Abdoli S. How can biochar-based metal oxide nanocomposites counter salt toxicity in plants? Environ Geochem Health 2021; 43:2007-2023. [PMID: 33219907 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00780-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Application of biochar-based metal oxide nanocomposites can acquire new composites and combine the benefits of biochar with nanomaterials. For the first time, this research was conducted to evaluate the possible effects of solid biochar (25 g biochar kg-1 soil) and biochar-based nanocomposites (BNCs) of magnesium oxide (25 g BNC-MgO kg-1 soil), manganese oxide (25 g BNC-MnO biochar kg-1 soil) and combined use of these nanocomposites (12.5 g BNC-MgO + 12.5 g BNC-MnO kg-1 soil) on salt (non-saline, 6 and 12 dSm-1 NaCl salinities) tolerance of safflower plants (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Salinity reduced potassium, magnesium and manganese contents in root and leaf tissues, chlorophyll content index, photosynthetic pigments, maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) and relative photosynthetic electron transport rate (RETR), leaf water content and plant biomass, but increased the sodium content, reactive oxygen species generation (ROS), oxidative stress and antioxidants and ROS detoxification potential of safflower roots and leaves. Application of biochar and BNCs increased the contents of potassium, manganese and magnesium in plant tissues, photosynthetic pigments, Fv/Fm and RETR, leaf water content and reduced sodium accumulation, ROS generation and oxidative stress under saline conditions, leading to a higher plant biomass in comparison with control. The BNC-MgO + BNC-MnO was the superior treatment on reducing salt toxicity. This treatment reduced oxidative stress by enhancing photosynthetic pigments, Fv/Fm and RETR of safflower under salt stress. These results revealed that BNCs have a great potential for improving salt tolerance of plants through increasing RETR and decreasing sodium accumulation and ROS generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazem Ghassemi-Golezani
- Department of Plant Eco-Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Salar Farhangi-Abriz
- Department of Plant Eco-Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Soheila Abdoli
- Department of Plant Eco-Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
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Li D, Wang Q, Xu X, Yu J, Chen Z, Wei B, Wu W. Temporal transcriptome profiling of developing seeds reveals candidate genes involved in oil accumulation in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). BMC Plant Biol 2021; 21:181. [PMID: 33858333 PMCID: PMC8051040 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-02964-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The investigation of molecular mechanisms involved in lipid metabolism plays a critical role for the genetic engineering of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) to increase the oil accumulation level or to change the oil composition. Although transcript sequences are currently available for the leaves and flowers of safflower, a wide range scan of temporal transcripts at different stages of seed development has not been conducted for safflower. RESULTS In this study, temporal transcriptome sequencing was executed at 10, 14, 18, and 22 days after flowering (DAF) to uncover the molecular networks concerned in the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids (USFAs). The results revealed that the biosynthesis of fatty acids is a dominant cellular process from 10 to 14 DAF, while degradation mainly happens after 18 DAF. Significant expression changes of two genes, stearoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] 9-desaturase gene (SAD) from 10 to 14 DAF and oleate desaturase (FAD2-1) from 14 to 18 DAF, were detected at the transcriptomic levels, and the temporal expression patterns revealed by the transcriptomic analysis were confirmed using quantitative real-time PCR experiments. In addition, 13 candidate transcription factors (TFs) involved in regulating the expression level of the FAD2-1 gene were identified. CONCLUSIONS These results create a link between fatty acid biosynthesis and gene expression at different developmental stages of the seeds, provide insight into the underlying lipid metabolism, and meanwhile lay an important foundation for the genetic engineering of safflower varieties. We have identified novel candidate genes, including TFs, that are worthy of further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Li
- Agronomy College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130 Chengdu, Sichuan People’s Republic of China
- Agronomy College, Guizhou University, Huaxi, 550025 Guiyang, Guizhou People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing Wang
- Agronomy College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130 Chengdu, Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Xu
- Agronomy College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130 Chengdu, Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingsheng Yu
- Agronomy College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130 Chengdu, Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiyu Chen
- Agronomy College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130 Chengdu, Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Wei
- Agronomy College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130 Chengdu, Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Wu
- Agronomy College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130 Chengdu, Sichuan People’s Republic of China
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Çulha Erdal Ş, Eyidoğan F, Ekmekçi Y. Comparative physiological and proteomic analysis of cultivated and wild safflower response to drought stress and re-watering. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 2021; 27:281-295. [PMID: 33707869 PMCID: PMC7907392 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-021-00934-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Drought is one of the major environmental stress that adversely affect the growth and development of oil seed plant, safflower. There is a limited knowledge on proteomic responses to support physiological, biochemical changes in how safflowers can regulate growth and metabolism under drought conditions and followed by re-watering. The changes in morphological, physiological, biochemical and proteomics of safflower genotypes (Carthamus tinctorius L.; Remzibey-05 and Linas, tolerant and sensitive cultivars, respectively, and C. oxyacantha M. Bieb., wild type) after exposure to drought and followed by re-watering have been examined. Drought negatively affected the shoot weight, water content, chlorophyll fluorescence, and biochemical parameters, including photosynthetic pigment, proline, MDA, and H2O2 contents and antioxidant enzyme activities in all genotypes, while the re-watering period allowed Remzibey-05 to recover, and it even provided the wild type completely recovered (approximately 100%). A total of 72 protein spots were observed as differently accumulated under treatments. The identified proteins were mainly involved in photosynthesis and carbohydrate, protein, defense, and energy metabolisms. Protein accumulation related to these metabolisms in Remzibey-05 were decreased under drought, while increased following re-watering. However, sensitive cultivar, Linas, could not exhibit an effective performance under drought and recovery when compared with other safflower genotypes. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at (10.1007/s12298-021-00934-2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Şeküre Çulha Erdal
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Hacettepe University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Füsun Eyidoğan
- Faculty of Education, Department of Elementary Education, Başkent University, 06810 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Ekmekçi
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Hacettepe University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
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25
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Lewin G, Joel M, Peter B, Lützow M. Food grade safflower concentrate: No evidence for reproduction and early developmental toxicity. Reprod Toxicol 2021; 104:155-165. [PMID: 33515695 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2021.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) petals have been used for centuries as a spice, in tea blends and in traditional Asian medicine. Aqueous extracts of Safflower petals have been used as a colouring food over the last 30 years due to their bright colour. Publications in the past raised concerns about fertility impairing, maternal toxicity, fetotoxic and teratogenic properties in rodents. As the tested extracts were poorly characterized and the studies were not performed according to guidelines, a need for further evaluation was seen. In silico predictions for the main pigments provided negative results for bacterial mutagenicity. Further, in vitro genotoxicity and in vivo reproductive toxicity studies of a well-characterized aqueous safflower concentrate generated more relevant data for risk assessment of its use in food. In vitro AMES tests and a mouse lymphoma cell assay were negative. An OECD guideline 421 screening study was performed in rats with oral daily doses of up to 1000 mg/kg bodyweight, applied via gavage to simulate a bolus effect. The highest dose reflected a toxicological limit test. The study did not give indications of general toxicity, did not show any effect on fertility and reproduction nor any effect on prenatal development and, also in contrast to previous results, treatment did not affect estradiol and FSH levels. Furthermore, pups raised until PND 14-16, developed normally with no adverse effects observed. With the established NOAEL of at least 1000 mg/kg/d, a considerable margin of exposure is achieved when compared with human intake estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geertje Lewin
- Preclinical Science - Föll, Mecklenburg & Partner GmbH, Althausweg 158, 48159, Münster, Germany.
| | - Madeleine Joel
- Preclinical Science - Föll, Mecklenburg & Partner GmbH, Althausweg 158, 48159, Münster, Germany
| | - Birgit Peter
- Charles River Laboratories Den Bosch BV, Hambakenwetering 7, 5231, DD 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Manfred Lützow
- Saqual GmbH - Food & Feed Safety, Hardstrasse 59, 5432, Neuenhof, Switzerland
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26
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Wang C, Gao Y, Zhang Z, Chi Q, Liu Y, Yang L, Xu K. Safflower yellow alleviates osteoarthritis and prevents inflammation by inhibiting PGE2 release and regulating NF-κB/SIRT1/AMPK signaling pathways. Phytomedicine 2020; 78:153305. [PMID: 32871523 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Safflower yellow (SY) is the main active ingredient of safflower, with various pharmacological effects such as anticoagulating, antioxidant, and anti-arthritis effects. PURPOSE To investigate the anti-inflammatory and chondrocyte protecting role of SY, which subsequently leads to the inhibition of cartilage degradation. METHODS Rat chondrocytes were stimulated with tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) with or without SY treatment. Following this, CCK-8 assay was performed to detect cytotoxicity. RT-qPCR, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence staining were used to detect the gene/protein expression of typical cartilage matrix genes and related inflammatory markers. Subsequently, EdU assay was used to evaluate cell proliferation. RNA sequencing, online target prediction, and molecular docking were performed to determine the possible molecular targets and pathways. RESULTS The results showed that SY restored the TNF-α-induced up-regulation of IL-1β, PTGS2, and MMP-13 and down-regulation of COL2A1 and ACAN. Furthermore, it recovered cell proliferation by suppressing TNF-α. Gene expression profiles identified 717 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the cells cultured with or without SY under TNF-α stimulation. After pathway enrichment, PI3K-Akt, TNF, Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, NF-κB, NOD-like receptor, and Chemokine signaling pathways were notably selected to highlight NFKBIA, CCL5, CCL2, IL6, and TNF as potential targets in osteoarthritis (OA). SY inhibited TNF-α-induced activation of NF-κB and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress by promoting AMPK phosphorylation along with SIRT1 expression. Further, SY reduced MMP-13 expression and targeted COX-2 for decreasing PGE2 release. In addition, anterior cruciate ligament transection-induced OA was ameliorated by local administration of SY. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that SY protects chondrocytes and inhibits inflammation by regulating the NF-κB/SIRT1/AMPK pathways and ER stress, thus preventing cartilage degeneration in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Wang
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center of TCM Processing, College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China; National Innovation and Attracting Talents "111" base, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Yan Gao
- National Innovation and Attracting Talents "111" base, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Zike Zhang
- National Innovation and Attracting Talents "111" base, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Qingjia Chi
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Theory and Application of Advanced Materials Mechanics, Department of Mechanics and Engineering Structure, Wuhan University of Technology, China
| | - Yanju Liu
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center of TCM Processing, College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Li Yang
- National Innovation and Attracting Talents "111" base, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Kang Xu
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center of TCM Processing, College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China.
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Lin L, Xu M, Ma L, Zeng J, Zhang F, Qiao Y, Wu Z. A rapid analysis method of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) using combination of computer vision and near-infrared. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2020; 236:118360. [PMID: 32330825 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The quality of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) in the market is uneven due to the problems of dyeing and adulteration of safflower, and there is no perfect standard for the classification of quality grade of safflower at present. In this study, computer vision (CV) and near-infrared (NIR) were combined to realize the rapid and nondestructive analysis of safflower. First, the partial least squares discrimination analysis (PLS-DA) model was used to qualitatively identify the dyed safflower from 150 samples. Then the partial least squares (PLS) model was used for quantitative analysis of the hydroxy safflower yellow pigment A (HSYA) and water extract of undyed safflower. Herein, the discrimination rate of PLS-DA model reached 100%, and the residual predictive deviation (RPD) values of the PLS models for HSYA and water extract were 2.5046 and 5.6195, respectively. It indicated that the rapid analysis method combining CV and NIR was reliable, and its results can provide important reference for the formulation of safflower quality classification standards in the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Lin
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Manfei Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Lijuan Ma
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China; Pharmaceutical Engineering and New Drug Development of TCM of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Jingqi Zeng
- Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Fuzhou 350122, Fujian, China
| | - Fangyu Zhang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Yanjiang Qiao
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China; Pharmaceutical Engineering and New Drug Development of TCM of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Zhisheng Wu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China; Pharmaceutical Engineering and New Drug Development of TCM of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100102, China.
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Chen J, Wang J, Wang R, Xian B, Ren C, Liu Q, Wu Q, Pei J. Integrated metabolomics and transcriptome analysis on flavonoid biosynthesis in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) under MeJA treatment. BMC Plant Biol 2020; 20:353. [PMID: 32727365 PMCID: PMC7391820 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02554-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is an important cash crop, of which the dried tube flower is not only an important raw material for dyes and cosmetics but also an important herb widely used in traditional Chinese medicine. The pigment and bioactive compounds are composed of flavonoids (mainly quinone chalcones), and studies have reported that MeJA can promote the biosynthesis of quinone chalcones, but the mechanism underlying the effect of MeJA in safflower remains unclear. Here, we attempt to use metabolomics and transcriptome technologies to analyse the molecular mechanism of flavonoid biosynthesis under MeJA treatment in safflower. RESULTS Based on a UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS detection platform and a self-built database (including hydroxysafflor yellow A, HSYA), a total of 209 flavonoid metabolites were detected, and 35 metabolites were significantly different after treatment with MeJA. Among them, 24 metabolites were upregulated upon MeJA treatment, especially HSYA. Eleven metabolites were downregulated after MeJA treatment. Integrated metabolomics and transcriptome analysis showed that MeJA might upregulate the expression of upstream genes in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway (such as CHSs, CHIs and HCTs) and downregulate the expression of downstream genes (such as F3Ms, ANRs and ANSs), thus promoting the biosynthesis of quinone chalcones, such as HSYA. The transcription expressions of these genes were validated by real-time PCR. In addition, the promoters of two genes (CtCHI and CtHCT) that were significantly upregulated under MeJA treatment were cloned and analysed. 7 and 3 MeJA response elements were found in the promoters, respectively. CONCLUSIONS MeJA might upregulate the expression of the upstream genes in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway and downregulate the expression of the downstream genes, thus promoting the biosynthesis of quinone chalcones. Our results provide insights and basic data for the molecular mechanism analysis of flavonoid synthesis in safflower under MeJA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137 China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137 China
| | - Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137 China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137 China
| | - Rui Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137 China
| | - Bin Xian
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137 China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137 China
| | - Chaoxiang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137 China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137 China
| | - Qianqian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137 China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137 China
| | - Qinghua Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137 China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137 China
| | - Jin Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137 China
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137 China
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Nimrouzi M, Ruyvaran M, Zamani A, Nasiri K, Akbari A. Oil and extract of safflower seed improve fructose induced metabolic syndrome through modulating the homeostasis of trace elements, TNF-α and fatty acids metabolism. J Ethnopharmacol 2020; 254:112721. [PMID: 32119951 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) has many applications in folk medicine. Its oil is used traditionally to treat obesity and other metabolic disorders. The anti-hypercholesterolemic and antioxidant effects of this plant have been well documented, but the anti-inflammatory effects and its role on fatty acid oxidation and homeostasis of trace elements are not fully understood. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effects of different doses of oil and extract of safflower seed against fructose induced metabolic syndrome by investigating the homeostasis of trace elements, TNF-α, and fatty acids metabolism. METHODS Eighty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into ten groups and treated daily for 16 weeks. At the end of the study, plasma levels of liver enzymes, lipid profiles, blood glucose, insulin and TNF-α were measured. The levels of antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation were also measured along with the expression of CD36, fatty acyl-CoA synthetase (FAS), and Carnitine palmitoyl transferase I (CPT-1) beta genes in the liver. RESULTS The antioxidant enzymes activity significantly decreased and lipid peroxidation, lipid profiles, liver enzymes, and TNF-α significantly increased in fructose-induced metabolic syndrome compared to the control groups, as well as the level of some trace elements significantly changed (p < 0.05). Treatment with oil and safflower seed extract in a dose dependent manner could improve biochemical parameters in groups of metabolic syndrome treated with oil and extract compared to metabolic syndrome (p < 0.05). The results also showed that the expression of above mentioned genes significantly increased in groups of metabolic syndrome treated with oil and extract compared to control and metabolic syndrome groups (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION It can be concluded that safflower seed extract and its oil can improve fructose-induced metabolic syndrome through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, adjustment of homeostasis of trace elements, and enhancing the beta-oxidation capacity of the liver by increasing the expression of CD36, FAS, and CPT-1beta genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Nimrouzi
- Department of Traditional Persian Medicine, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Maede Ruyvaran
- Department of Traditional Persian Medicine, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Ali Zamani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrine and Metabolism Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Khadijeh Nasiri
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Mazandaran, Bābolsar, Iran.
| | - Abolfazl Akbari
- Department of Physiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
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Shafiei-Koij F, Ravichandran S, Barthet VJ, Rodrigue N, Mirlohi A, Majidi MM, Cloutier S. Evolution of Carthamus species revealed through sequence analyses of the fad2 gene family. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 2020; 26:419-432. [PMID: 32205920 PMCID: PMC7078429 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-019-00739-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The diversity of 11 fatty acid desaturase (fad2) genes has not been investigated between cultivated and wild species in the Carthamus genus. In this study, 17 C. tinctorius accessions and 28 accessions from other Carthamus species were subjected to sequence analyses of this fad2 gene family. Results showed that among these genes, fad2-1 had a major role in the conversion of oleic acid to linoleic acid. Grouping of all studied wild polyploid species and the wild diploid C. leucocaulos suggested that C. lanatus transferred its fad2-1 gene to C. turkestanicus and C. lanatus. A phylogenetic tree based on fad2-1 gene sequences also showed that C. palaestinus and C. oxyacanthus grouped with C. tinctorius individuals, suggesting that C. tinctorius is closely related to both wild species. A one base pair deletion at position 604 in the fad2-1 gene coding region correlated with high levels of oleic acid content in five mutant phenotypes of the evaluated C. tinctorius accessions. Grouping of fad2-1 and fad2-8 (Ctfad2-10) indicated that both of these genes are involved in oleate desaturases activity. The fad2-3 (Ctfad2-3) and Ctfad2-4 had the highest sequence similarity among the other fad2 genes, indicating the conservative nature of these two genes among all the studied species. Our results suggest that C. lanatus is the likely progenitor of C. turkestanicus and C. creticus (Synonym C. baeticus). Also, C. palaestinus is genetically closer to C. tinctorius but the involvement of C. oxyacanthus cannot be excluded and, this requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Shafiei-Koij
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-8311 Iran
| | - Sridhar Ravichandran
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6 Canada
| | | | - Nicolas Rodrigue
- Department of Biology, School of Mathematics and Statistics, Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6 Canada
| | - Aghafakhr Mirlohi
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-8311 Iran
| | - Mohamad Mahdi Majidi
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-8311 Iran
| | - Sylvie Cloutier
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6 Canada
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Shaki F, Ebrahimzadeh Maboud H, Niknam V. Differential proteomics: Effect of growth regulators on salt stress responses in safflower seedlings. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2020; 164:149-155. [PMID: 32284121 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2020.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Productivity of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is markedly reduced by salt stress. This study is based on analysis of proteins profile of safflower plants treated with 200 mM NaCl, with exogenously applied salicylic acid (SA) and penconazole (PEN), as growth regulators. Plants were investigated through a gel-based proteomic approach, which resulted in the identification of 17 salt-responsive proteins related to different metabolic modifications. Of these, seven different proteins were up or down regulated by both SA and PEN, suggesting the synergistic and antagonistic effects of SA and PEN. The classification of differentially expressed proteins showed that salt-responsive proteins were mainly involved in photosynthesis, ion homeostasis, and oxidative stress response, as well as nitrogen, protein, and carbohydrate metabolism. The identified stress-responsive proteins in this study could pave the way to develop salt tolerance in safflower, thus sustaining its productivity under salinity. In addition, SA and PEN may be considered as a foliar application to ameliorate salinity effects, due to their low price and availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Shaki
- Department of Plant Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hasan Ebrahimzadeh Maboud
- Department of Plant Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Vahid Niknam
- Department of Plant Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Ren C, Wang J, Xian B, Tang X, Liu X, Hu X, Hu Z, Wu Y, Chen C, Wu Q, Chen J, Pei J. Transcriptome analysis of flavonoid biosynthesis in safflower flowers grown under different light intensities. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8671. [PMID: 32117646 PMCID: PMC7039124 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is a domesticated species with a long history of cultivation and widespread distribution across the globe, and light plays an important role in controlling its distribution boundary. Flowers from safflower have been widely used in traditional Chinese medicine because of their ability to improve cerebral blood flow. Flavonoids are the main active compounds in safflower and have many pharmacological effects. In this study, we aimed to explore the relationship between different light intensities and flavonoid biosynthesis in safflower flowers cultivated in greenhouse. Methods The transcriptome of safflower flowers grown under different light intensities were sequenced through BGISEQ-500 platform. After assembled and filtered, Unigenes were annotated by aligning with seven functional databases. Differential expression analysis of two samples was performed with the DEseq2 package. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related with flavonoids biosynthesis were analyzed by Real-time PCR (RT-PCR). Flavonoids accumulation in flowers were determined by high performance liquid chromatography and spectrophotometer. Results Transcriptome analysis of safflower flowers cultivated under different light intensities was performed. A total of 99.16 Gb data were obtained, and 78,179 Unigenes were annotated. Among the DEGs, 13 genes were related to flavonoid biosynthesis. The differential expressions of seven key genes were confirmed by RT-PCR. In addition, the levels of some flavonoids were measured in safflower flowers grown under different light intensities. CtHCT3 gene expression showed a significantly negative correlation with kaempferol content in safflower grown under different light intensities. Conclusion Our results strongly suggested that the reduction in light intensity in a suitable range promoted flavonoid biosynthesis in safflower flowers. We suggest that the expressions of HCT genes played an important role in flavonoid accumulation in safflower flowers. Our study lays a foundation for further research on the effects of light on flavonoid biosynthesis in safflower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoxiang Ren
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin Xian
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaohui Tang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuyun Liu
- Industrial Crop Institute of Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yunnan, China
| | - Xueli Hu
- Industrial Crop Institute of Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yunnan, China
| | - Zunhong Hu
- Industrial Crop Institute of Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yunnan, China
| | - Yiyun Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Chengdu, China
| | - Cuiping Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Chengdu, China
| | - Qinghua Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiang Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Chengdu, China
| | - Jin Pei
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Chengdu, China
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Hassani SMR, Talebi R, Pourdad SS, Naji AM, Fayaz F. In-depth genome diversity, population structure and linkage disequilibrium analysis of worldwide diverse safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) accessions using NGS data generated by DArTseq technology. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:2123-2135. [PMID: 32062796 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05312-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is one of the most important oilseed crops for its seed oil rich in unsaturated fatty acids. Precise utilization of diverse genetic resources is fundamental in breeding programs to improve high yield genotypes with desirable traits. In this study, for the first time we report successful application of DArTseq technology; an efficient genotyping-by-sequencing (NGS); to analysis genetic diversity and population structure of 89 safflower accessions from worldwide origins. Totally, 19,639 DArTseq markers (10,130 SilicoDArTs and 9509 SNPs) generated through DArTseq genotyping. After filtering the data, 3431 polymorphic DArTseq markers (1136 SilicoDArTs and 2295 SNPs) used for genetic diversity, population structure and linkage disequilibrium analysis in safflower genotypes. All the SilicoDArT and SNP markers showed high reproducibility and call rate. Polymorphism information content (PIC) values ranged from 0.1 to 0.5, while ≥ 0.50% of SilicoDArTs and ≥ 0.64% SNPs showed PIC values more than median. Genotypes grouping using DArTseq markers resulted in three distinct clusters. Results showed weak correlation between safflower diversity pattern and origins. Analysis of molecular variance revealed that the majority of genetic variation was attributed to the differences among varieties within cluster populations and there was no significant molecular variance between origins. However, safflower of accessions belonged to Iran, Turkey, Pakistan and India indeed appear to be genetically similar and grouped close in referred cluster, while the accessions from Near East (Afghanistan, China) being distinct. Our results were in agreement with hypothesis that safflower domesticated in somewhere west of Fertile Crescent and then expanded through Africa and Europe. Present study using a panel of globally diverse safflower accessions and large number of DArTseq markers set the stage for future analysis of safflower domestication using large germplasm from proposed domestication centers. Also, studied germplasm in this study can be used as a valuable source for future genomic studies in safflower for mapping desirable traits through genome-wide association mapping studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reza Talebi
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran.
| | - Sayyed Saeid Pourdad
- Dryland Agricultural Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Kermanshah, 1164-67145, Iran
| | - Amir Mohammad Naji
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Fayaz
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran
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Cui D, Zhao D, Huang S. Structural characterization of a safflower polysaccharide and its promotion effect on steroid-induced osteonecrosis in vivo. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 233:115856. [PMID: 32059907 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.115856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A water-soluble polysaccharide (SPAW) was purified from Safflower and it was identified to be (1→3)-linked β-d-Glucan. The therapeutic effect and underlying mechanism of SPAW on steroid-induced avascular necrosis of the femoral head (SANFH) in a rabbit model was performed here. The abnormal histopathologic changes and apoptosis of femoral head in model group were significantly reverted after SPAW (25, 100 and 200 mg/kg) administration for 60 days, as evidenced by the a decline of empty lacunae rate, the average bone marrow fat cell size and the proportion of apoptotic cells. Furthermore, administration of SPAW significantly decreased the Bax and caspase-3 protein expression, but increased the protein expression of Bcl-2 when compared these in model rabbits. Meanwhile, increased hydroxyproline (HOP) and decreased serum hexosamine (HOM) concentration in rabbit serum were turned to the opposite way. The present study suggested that SPAW may provide an alternative treatment for the treatment of SANFH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daping Cui
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, No 6 Jiefang Street, Zhongshan District, Dalian 116001, China
| | - Dewei Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, No 6 Jiefang Street, Zhongshan District, Dalian 116001, China.
| | - Shibo Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, No 6 Jiefang Street, Zhongshan District, Dalian 116001, China
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Eroğlu GB, Nalçacioğlu R, Demirbağ Z. A new Helicoverpa armigera Nucleopolyhedrovirus isolate from Heliothis peltigera (Denis & Schiffermuller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Turkey. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 43:340-348. [PMID: 31768105 PMCID: PMC6823914 DOI: 10.3906/biy-1902-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
This study reports a new Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) isolated from Heliothis peltigera (Denis & Schiffermuller), collected in the vicinity of Adana, Turkey. Infection was confirmed by tissue polymerase chain reaction and sequence analysis. Results showed that dead H. peltigera larvae contain Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus. Thus, the isolate was named as HearNPV-TR. Microscopy studies indicated that occlusion bodies were 0.73 to 1.66 μm in diameter. The nucleocapsids are approximately 184 × 41 nm in size. The genome of HearNPV-TR was digested with KpnI and XhoI enzymes and calculated as 130.5 kb. Phylogenetic analysis showed that HearNPV-TR has close relation with the H. armigera SNPV-1073 China isolate. The Kimura analysis confirmed that the isolate is a variant of H. armigera NPV. Bioassays were performed using six different concentrations (1 × 103 to 1 × 108 occlusion bodies (OBs)/mL) on 2nd instar larvae of H. peltigera, H. armigera, Heliothis viriplaca, Heliothis nubigera. LC50 values were calculated to be 9.5 × 103, 1.9 × 104, 8.6 × 104 and 9.2 × 104 OBs/mL within 14 days, respectively. Results showed that it is a promising biocontrol agent against Heliothinae species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gözde Büşra Eroğlu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Remziye Nalçacioğlu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Zihni Demirbağ
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
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Anand G, Kapoor R. Nested PCR assay for specific and sensitive detection of Alternaria carthami. Arch Microbiol 2019; 202:171-179. [PMID: 31549205 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-019-01732-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Alternaria leaf spot (ALS) caused by Alternaria carthami Chowdhary is one of the major threats to the cultivation of safflower in the world. The pathogen is seed borne and requires early detection for restricting its transmission and proliferation. A PCR-based diagnostic assay was developed for easy, quick and reliable detection of A. carthami in infected seeds and leaf samples of safflower. A primer set, AcSPF and AcSPR was designed using ribosomal internal transcribed spacer regions of A. carthami that consistently produced a distinct amplicon of 340 bp with DNA extracted from thirty A. carthami isolates. The specificity of the primer was confirmed using strains of 26 other strains of Alternaria and four other fungal pathogens of safflower. The sensitivity of detection was further enhanced from concentration of 100 pg by simple PCR to as low as 10 pg fungal DNA by a nested PCR assay using ITS and AcSPF and AcSPR primers. The primer pair also facilitated detection of A. carthami in infected seeds and leaf samples. The study provides an accurate and sensitive diagnostic tool for detection of A. carthami.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Anand
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Rupam Kapoor
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.
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Liu X, Ahmad N, Yang L, Fu T, Kong J, Yao N, Dong Y, Wang N, Li X, Wang F, Liu X, Liu W, Li H. Molecular cloning and functional characterization of chalcone isomerase from Carthamus tinctorius. AMB Express 2019; 9:132. [PMID: 31435742 PMCID: PMC6704227 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-019-0854-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavonoid is one of the widespread groups of plant secondary metabolites that provide several health benefits. However, the explicit mechanism of flavonoid biosynthesis in plants largely remains unclear. Chalcone isomerase an important class of enzyme presents crucial role during flavonoid metabolism in many plants. Here, we isolated the full-length cDNA (1161 bp) of a novel Chalcone Isomerase from safflower encoding 217 amino acid polypeptide using oligos from 5′ and 3′ ends. The result of Sanger sequencing and phylogenetic analysis revealed that CtCHI is highly homologous to other plants, including typical polyadenylation signals AATAA and Poly A tail. The transient expression in tobacco mesophyll cells using Green Fluorescent Protein tagging determined the subcellular localization of CtCHI in cell membrane and nucleus. The CtCHI ectopic expression in different safflower varieties at different flowering stages showed that CtCHI were found in abundance at the bud stage of Jihong No. 1. Further correlation analysis between CtCHI expression and flavonoid accumulation at various flowering phases suggested that CtCHI might play a potential role during flavonoid biosynthesis in safflower. In addition, the overexpression of pBASTA-CtCHI in transgenic Arabidopsis infiltrated with floral dip transformation showed relatively higher expression level and increased flavonoid accumulation than wild type. Moreover, the in vitro enzymatic activity and HPLC analysis of transgenic Arabidopsis confirmed the de novo biosynthesis of Rutin. Taken together, our findings laid the foundation of identifying an important gene that might influence flavonoid metabolism in safflower.
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Koh JCO, Hayden M, Daetwyler H, Kant S. Estimation of crop plant density at early mixed growth stages using UAV imagery. Plant Methods 2019; 15:64. [PMID: 31249606 PMCID: PMC6584986 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-019-0449-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) equipped with lightweight sensors are making a significant impact in field-based crop phenotyping. UAV platforms have been successfully deployed to acquire phenotypic data in a precise and efficient manner that would otherwise be time-consuming and costly to acquire when undertaken through manual assessment. One example is the estimation of plant density (or counts) in field experiments. Challenges posed to digital plant counting models are heterogenous germination and mixed growth stages that are present in field experiments with diverse genotypes. Here we describe, using safflower as an example, a method based on template matching for seedling count estimation at early mixed growth stages using UAV imagery. RESULTS An object-based image analysis algorithm based on template matching was developed for safflower seedling detection at early mixed growth stages in field experiments conducted in 2017 and 2018. Seedling detection was successful when tested using a grouped template type with 10 subgroups representing safflower at 2-4 leaves growth stage in 100 selected plots from the 2017 field experiment. The algorithm was validated for 300 plots each from the 2017 and 2018 field experiments, where estimated seedling counts correlated closely with manual counting; R2 = 0.87, MAE = 8.18, RSME = 9.38 for 2017 field experiment and R2 = 0.86, MAE = 9.16, RSME = 10.51 for 2018. CONCLUSION A method for safflower seedling count at early mixed growth stages using UAV imagery was developed and validated. The model performed well across heterogenous growth stages and has the potential to be used for plant density estimation across various crop species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua C. O. Koh
- Agriculture Victoria, Grains Innovation Park, 110 Natimuk Rd, Horsham, VIC 3400 Australia
| | - Matthew Hayden
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086 Australia
| | - Hans Daetwyler
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086 Australia
| | - Surya Kant
- Agriculture Victoria, Grains Innovation Park, 110 Natimuk Rd, Horsham, VIC 3400 Australia
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Huang XX, Yan ZY, Liu S, Wang XB, Song SJ. Investigation of chemical constituents of safflower and their tyrosinase inhibitory activity. J Asian Nat Prod Res 2019; 21:248-256. [PMID: 29376407 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2018.1430775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Investigation on bioactive chemical constituents of safflower led to the isolation of 10 compounds from the aqueous extract, including a new alkaloid (1), a new glucopyranoside (2), and 8 known compounds (3-10). The structures of two new compounds were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectral analyses, including 1D, 2D-NMR and HRESIMS. Biological research on the isolates indicated that compounds 3, 4 and 9 remarkably inhibited tyrosinase with IC50 at 0.11, 0.20 and 0.11 mM, respectively, compared with the positive control arbutin (0.26 mM). To investigate the interaction between enzyme and isolated compounds, an in silico docking study was carried out. The research provided valuable experience for phytochemistry and biological investigation on safflower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xiao Huang
- a Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica , Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang 110016 , China
- b Chinese People's Liberation Army , Dalian 116021 , China
| | - Zhi-Yang Yan
- a Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica , Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang 110016 , China
| | - Sen Liu
- a Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica , Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang 110016 , China
| | - Xiao-Bo Wang
- b Chinese People's Liberation Army , Dalian 116021 , China
| | - Shao-Jiang Song
- a Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica , Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang 110016 , China
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Singh N, Kapoor R. Quick and accurate detection of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. carthami in host tissue and soil using conventional and real-time PCR assay. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 34:175. [PMID: 30446834 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-018-2556-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Safflower wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. carthami (Foc) is a major limiting factor for safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) production worldwide. In India alone, about 40-80% disease incidence has been reported. A rapid, efficient, specific, and sensitive diagnostic technique for Foc is therefore crucial to manage Fusarium wilt of safflower. Twenty-five isolates of F. oxysporum formae speciales infecting other crops, 17 isolates of Fusarium spp. and seven isolates of other fungal pathogens of safflower along with 75 Foc isolates were used for identification of band specific to Foc using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) analysis. Out of 70 ISSR primers, the one that specifically amplified a 490 bp fragment from all the Foc isolates was selected. Sequence of the amplified fragment was utilized to design sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) primers (FocScF/FocScR). The primer pair unambiguously and exclusively amplified a DNA fragment of approximately 213 bp in all the 75 Foc isolates. The primer set was able to detect as low as 10 pg of Foc genomic DNA using conventional PCR, while the SCAR primers when coupled with real-time qPCR demonstrated detection limits of 1 pg for Foc genomic DNA and 1000 conidia/g for soil. The assay enabled reliable diagnosis of Foc DNA in contaminated safflower fields and expedited Foc detection at 72 h post inoculation in asymptomatic seedlings. This method facilitates quick and precise detection of Foc in plant and soil samples and can be exploited for timely surveillance and sustainable management of the disease.
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Golkar P, Mokhtari N. Molecular diversity assessment of a world collection of safflower genotypes by SRAP and SCoT molecular markers. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 2018; 24:1261-1271. [PMID: 30425439 PMCID: PMC6214440 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-018-0545-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is considered as an oil crop that is rich in medicinal and industrial properties. In this study, the genetic diversity of safflower was assessed using 12 polymorphic sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAPs) and 11 polymorphic start codon targeted (SCoT) markers in 100 genotypes of safflower gathered from different geographical regions of the world. The 23 primers generated a total of 227 polymorphism fragments with a mean of 68.2% within the range of 3 (SCoT 31 and SCoT 35) to 13 (SCoT 35) bands per primer. Polymorphism per primer ranged between 100% (in Me4-Em1) and 18.1% (in SCoT19), with an average of 36.76%. The polymorphism information contents of the SRAP and SCoT markers were 0.35 and 0.30, respectively, indicating that SRAP markers were more effective than SCoT markers for assessing the degree of genetic diversity of the safflower. The results of the analysis of molecular variance showed a significant difference across cultivated safflower genotypes possessing a high intra-population variation. The examined accessions were categorized into five clusters based on similarity centers: the Middle East containing Iran, Iraq, Turkey, and Tajikistan; the Far East, including India, Pakistan, and Korea; Europe; the American continent; and Africa, including Egypt, Sudan and Libya. The present study shows the effectiveness of employing the mixture of SRAP and SCoT markers in the identification of safflower genetic diversity that would be useful for conservation and population genetics of safflower improvement in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooran Golkar
- Research Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156 83111 Iran
| | - Niloofar Mokhtari
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156 83111 Iran
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Anand G, Kapoor R. Population structure and virulence analysis of Alternaria carthami isolates of India using ISSR and SSR markers. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 34:140. [PMID: 30171375 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-018-2524-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Alternaria leaf spot caused by Alternaria carthami is one of the most devastating diseases of safflower. Diversity among 95 isolates of A. carthami was determined using virulence assays, enzyme assays, dominant (ISSR) and co-dominant (SSR) markers. Collections and isolations were made from three major safflower producing states of India. The virulence assays categorised the population into four groups based on level of virulence. Estimation of activities of cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDE) yielded concurrent results to virulence assays with maximum CWDE activities in most virulent group. Eighteen ISSR primers were used and 23 polymorphic microsatellite markers were developed to assess the genetic diversity and determine the population structure of A. carthami. Analysis of ISSR profiles revealed high genetic diversity (Nei's Genetic diversity index; h = 0.36). Microsatellite markers produced a total of 56 alleles with an average of 2.43 alleles per microsatellite marker and Nei's genetic diversity index as h = 0.43. Unweighted Neighbor-joining and population structure analysis using both the marker systems differently arranged the isolates into three clusters. Distance analysis of the marker profiles provided no evidence for geographical clustering of isolates, indicating that isolates are randomly spread across India, signifying high potential of the fungus to adapt to diverse regions. Microsatellite markers clustered the isolates in consonance to the virulence groups in the dendrogram. This implies that the fungus has a high potential to adapt to resistant cultivars or fungicides. The information can aid in the breeding and deployment of A. carthami resistant varieties, and in early blight disease management in all safflower growing regions of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Anand
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, New Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Rupam Kapoor
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, New Delhi, 110007, India.
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Chen J, Tang X, Ren C, Wei B, Wu Y, Wu Q, Pei J. Full-length transcriptome sequences and the identification of putative genes for flavonoid biosynthesis in safflower. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:548. [PMID: 30041604 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4946-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The flower of the safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) has been widely used in traditional Chinese medicine for the ability to improve cerebral blood flow. Flavonoids are the primary bioactive components in safflower, and their biosynthesis has attracted widespread interest. Previous studies mostly used second-generation sequencing platforms to survey the putative flavonoid biosynthesis genes. For a better understanding of transcription data and the putative genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis in safflower, we carry our study. Results High-quality RNA was extracted from six types of safflower tissue. The RNAs of different tissues were mixed equally and used for multiple size-fractionated libraries (1–2, 2–3 and 3-6 k) library construction. Five cells were carried (2 cells for 1–2 and for 2-3 k libraries and 1 cell for 3-6 k libraries). 10.43Gb clean data and 38,302 de-redundant sequences were captured. 44 unique isoforms were annotated as encoding enzymes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis. The full length flavonoid genes were characterized and their evolutional relationship and expressional pattern were analyzed. They can be divided into eight families, with a large differences in the tissue expression. The temporal expressions under MeJA treatment were also measured, 9 genes are significantly up-regulated and 2 genes are significantly down-regulated. The genes involved in flavonoid synthesis in safflower were predicted in our study. Besides, the SSR and lncRNA are also analyzed in our study. Conclusions Full-length transcriptome sequences were used in our study. The genes involved in flavonoid synthesis in safflower were predicted in our study. Combined the determination of flavonoids, CtC4H2, CtCHS3, CtCHI3, CtF3H3, CtF3H1 are mainly participated in MeJA promoting the synthesis of flavonoids. Our results also provide a valuable resource for further study on safflower. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-4946-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Turgumbayeva AA, Ustenova GO, Yeskalieva BK, Ramazanova BA, Rahimov KD, Aisa H, Juszkiewicz KT. Volatile oil composition of Carthamus Tinctorius L. flowers grown in Kazakhstan. Ann Agric Environ Med 2018; 25:87-89. [PMID: 29575869 DOI: 10.5604/12321966.1235170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Carthamus tinctorius L. is commonly known as Safflower. C. tinctorius extracts and oil are important in drug development with numerous pharmacological activities in the world. This plant is cultivated mainly for its seed which is used as edible oil. For a long time, C. tinctorius has been used in traditional medicines as a purgative, analgesic, antipyretic and an antidote to poisoning. It is a useful plant in painful menstrual problems, post-partum haemorrhage and osteoporosis. OBJECTIVE The subject of this study is the seeds of Kazakhstan species of 'Akmai' safflower, collected in the flowering stage in Southern Kazakhstan. Volatile oil was carry out to study the component composition of Kazakhstan 'AkMai' safflower flowers. MATERIALS AND METHOD Pale yellow oily extracts were obtain by varying the process parameters. The volatile oil obtained by hydrodistillation of the petals Carthamus tinctorius L. was analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The yield of the oil was 0.175 % (v/w). 20 compounds representing 99.81% of the oil were characterized. The volatile oil was found to be rich in undecanoic acid, octane, 2-nonen -1-ol, hexadecanal, dodecanal, dec-2-en-1-ol, nonanoic acid, tetradecanoic acid, 2 pentadecanone, 6,10,14-trimethyl, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, isobutyl-beta-phenylpropionate, 1.3-cyclohexadiene, myrtenoic acid, octadecanoic acid, heneicosanoic acid, 2(3H)-furanone, 4,4-dipropylheptane, hexcosane,1-eicosanol, as well as heptocosane. RESULTS Volatile oil from the flowers of the Kazakhstan safflower species 'Ak-Mai' were investigated by GC/MS which allowed the detection of 20 compounds. Biologically active complex of the flower of the Kazakhstan safflower species 'Ak-Mai' was released for the first time by using this oil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Hajiakbar Aisa
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, CAS Urumqi, Xinjiang
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Gautam S, Anjani K, Srivastava N. In vitro evaluation of excess copper affecting seedlings and their biochemical characteristics in Carthamus tinctorius L. (variety PBNS-12). Physiol Mol Biol Plants 2016; 22:121-9. [PMID: 27186026 PMCID: PMC4840150 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-016-0339-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The present study was focused to recognize the changes in the Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L. variety PBNS-12), when exposed to different concentration of copper (25, 50 and 100 μM) along with control (0.5 μM) for 10 and 20 days. This experiment used Hoagland's nutrient solution to meet the external nutrient conditions, which includes micro and macronutrients equivalent to soil solution with copper sulphate (CuSO4. 5H2O) as a metal stress. The plant samples were harvested after 10 and 20 days. The effect of increased concentrations of copper was indicated by the reduction in overall growth with reduced fresh and dry weight. Copper stress caused significant increase in the non- enzymatic antioxidants (polyphenols and flavonoids) in leaves of treated safflower seedlings as compared to the control. Also, enhanced accumulation of proline was observed in the safflower leaves. In response to excess copper concentration, the level of MDA content was found to be increased. The results showed that the copper has time and dose-dependent effects on safflower seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanskriti Gautam
- />Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali University, Banasthali, Rajasthan 304022 India
| | - K. Anjani
- />Directorate of Oilseed Research Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Nidhi Srivastava
- />Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali University, Banasthali, Rajasthan 304022 India
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de Figueiredo AK, Rodríguez LM, Fernández M, Riccobene IC, Nolasco SM. Loss of lipid material during the dehulling of oilseeds with different structural characteristics. J Food Sci Technol 2015; 52:7934-43. [PMID: 26604365 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-015-1910-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The loss of lipid material by migration to the hull during the dehulling of oilseeds with different structural characteristics was evaluated. The samples selected -three sunflower hybrids and a safflower cultivar- were processed under optimal dehulling operating conditions and with two passes through a dehuller. From the SEM micrographs of the samples it was possible to observe structural differences which affect the mechanical properties of the pericarps and, consequently, the dehulling process. The black-hull sunflower hybrid exhibited residual hull percentages lightly above those recommended by the industry after one pass through the dehuller, therefore, this hybrid should not be further processed to avoid oil losses due to migration to the hull. On the other hand, the safflower cultivar and the high stearic high oleic sunflower hybrid and the traditional striped-hull sunflower require two passes through the dehuller, but this resulted in an oil loss due to migration to the hull of over 0.9 % per gram of grains processed. These results suggest the need to reach 'compromise' decisions based on economic impact studies in the face of the variables that originate simultaneously both positive and negative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K de Figueiredo
- Núcleo TECSE- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Av. del Valle 5737, B7400JWI Olavarría, Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - L M Rodríguez
- CIFICEN (Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires-CONICET), Pinto 399, Tandil, Argentina
| | - M Fernández
- Núcleo TECSE- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Av. del Valle 5737, B7400JWI Olavarría, Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - I C Riccobene
- Núcleo TECSE- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Av. del Valle 5737, B7400JWI Olavarría, Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - S M Nolasco
- Núcleo TECSE- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Av. del Valle 5737, B7400JWI Olavarría, Buenos Aires Argentina
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Moghbel N, Borujeni MK, Bernard F. Colchicine effect on the DNA content and stomata size of Glycyrrhiza glabra var.glandulifera and Carthamus tinctorius L. cultured in vitro. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2015; 13:1-6. [PMID: 30647560 PMCID: PMC6299812 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgeb.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In vitro induction of polyploids using colchicine causes an increase in DNA content in plants. This is of high importance especially for plants that have medicinal and commercial values. Seeds of two medicinal plants, licorice Glycyrrhiza glabra L. var.glandulifera and safflower Carthamus tinctorius were treated with different concentrations of colchicine, 0%, 0.03%, 0.05%, 0.08%, 0.1% (W/V) in vitro for 24 and 48 h. Treated seeds then were cultured on solid Murashige and Skoog (MS) media under controlled conditions. After a month, the length of the stomata was measured to study the effect of colchicine on stomata size. Cellular DNA content of the regenerated plants was measured by spectrophotometry. Flow cytometry was used for confirming the results obtained from stomata size measurement and spectrophotometry. Results suggested that treated plants have a fair amount of larger stomata, significantly in licorice plantlets that were treated with 0.1% colchicine for 24 h and safflower plantlets that were treated with 0.03%, 0.05% and 0.1% colchicine. Safflower DNA content in all treatments enhanced significantly, but in licorice only DNA content of plantlets that were treated with 0.05% colchicine for 24 h and 0.1%, 0.03% colchicine for 48 h found to be increased significantly. The morphological features of treated plantlets such as shoot and leaf thickness were found to be increased. Flow cytometry confirmed the previously mentioned results and suggested tetraploids in all treated safflower plantlets and licorice plantlets obtained from treatment with 0.08% of colchicine and mixoploids in licorice plantlets obtained from treatment with 0.1% of colchicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Moghbel
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University G.C., Tehran, Iran
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Wang Y, Chen P, Tang C, Wang Y, Li Y, Zhang H. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of extract and two isolated flavonoids of Carthamus tinctorius L. J Ethnopharmacol 2014; 151:944-950. [PMID: 24333963 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) has been long used both in the traditional system and folk medicine as an analgesic anti-inflammatory agent in China. The aim of the study was to evaluate the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of hydroalcoholic extract (HE) and two isolated kaempferol glycosides of Carthamus tinctorius L. to provide experimental evidence for its traditional use. MATERIALS AND METHODS Antinociceptive effects of HE, kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside (K-3-R) and kaempferol 3-O-glucoside (K-3-G) were assessed in mice using the acetic acid-induced writhing test, formalin test and cinnamaldehyde test. The anti-inflammatory effects of HE, K-3-R and K-3-G were determined in two animal models: carrageenan-induced paw edema and xylene-induced ear edema. RESULTS The HPLC analysis showed the presence of K-3-R and K-3-G in Carthamus tinctorius L. HE (500 and 1000mg/kg) as well as K-3-R and K-3-G (150, 300 and 600mg/kg) produced significant inhibition on nociception induced by acetic acid and formalin. Oral treatment of HE, K-3-R and K-3-G at all doses significantly reduced both the nociceptive response and cinnamaldehyde-induced paw edema, effect that was superior to aspirin. In anti-inflammatory tests, HE and K-3-G significantly inhibited the paw edema during the both phases of carrageenan-induced inflammation while K-3-G suppressed the late phase inflammation only. HE (400 and 800mg/kg) and K-3-G (200, 400, 800mg/kg) produced significant dose-dependent inhibition of xylene-induced ear edema development. K-3-R only suppressed ear edema formation at a high dose (800mg/kg). CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that Carthamus tinctorius L. extract possess remarkable antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities which may be due to K-3-R and K-3-G at least in part, supporting the folkloric usage of the plant to treat various inflammatory and pain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Pharmacognosy, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Changyun Tang
- Department of Pharmacognosy, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Pharmacognosy, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yazhen Li
- Department of Pharmacognosy, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Pharmacognosy, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Sadeghi M, Dehghan S, Fischer R, Wenzel U, Vilcinskas A, Kavousi HR, Rahnamaeian M. Isolation and characterization of isochorismate synthase and cinnamate 4-hydroxylase during salinity stress, wounding, and salicylic acid treatment in Carthamus tinctorius. Plant Signal Behav 2013; 8:e27335. [PMID: 24309561 PMCID: PMC4091385 DOI: 10.4161/psb.27335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is a prominent signaling molecule during biotic and abiotic stresses in plants biosynthesized via cinnamate and isochorismate pathways. Cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H) and isochorismate synthase (ICS) are the main enzymes in phenylpropanoid and isochorismate pathways, respectively. To investigate the actual roles of these genes in resistance mechanism to environmental stresses, here, the coding sequences of these enzymes in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius), as an oilseed industrial medicinal plant, were partially isolated and their expression profiles during salinity stress, wounding, and salicylic acid treatment were monitored. As a result, safflower ICS (CtICS) and C4H (CtC4H) were induced in early time points after wounding (3-6 h). Upon salinity stress, CtICS and CtC4H were highly expressed for the periods of 6-24 h and 3-6 h after treatment, respectively. It seems evident that ICS expression level is SA concentration dependent as if safflower treatment with 1 mM SA could induce ICS much stronger than that with 0.1 mM, while C4H is less likely to be so. Based on phylogenetic analysis, safflower ICS has maximum similarity to its ortholog in Vitis vinifera up to 69%, while C4H shows the highest similarity to its ortholog in Echinacea angustifolia up to 96%. Overall, the isolated genes of CtICS and CtC4H in safflower could be considered in plant breeding programs for salinity tolerance as well as for pathogen resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnaz Sadeghi
- Department of Plant Biotechnology; college of agriculture; shahid Bahonar University of Kerman; Kerman, Iran
| | - Sara Dehghan
- Department of Plant Biotechnology; college of agriculture; shahid Bahonar University of Kerman; Kerman, Iran
| | - Rainer Fischer
- Department of Bioresources; Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and applied ecology (IMe); Giessen, Germany
| | - Uwe Wenzel
- Molecular Nutrition Research; Interdisciplinary Research center (IFZ); Justus Liebig University of Giessen; Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- Department of Bioresources; Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and applied ecology (IMe); Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Phytopathology and applied Zoology; Interdisciplinary Research center (IFZ); Justus Liebig University of Giessen; Giessen, Germany
| | - Hamid Reza Kavousi
- Department of Plant Biotechnology; college of agriculture; shahid Bahonar University of Kerman; Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rahnamaeian
- Department of Bioresources; Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and applied ecology (IMe); Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Phytopathology and applied Zoology; Interdisciplinary Research center (IFZ); Justus Liebig University of Giessen; Giessen, Germany
- Correspondence to: Mohammad Rahnamaeian,
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Kuehnl S, Schroecksnadel S, Temml V, Gostner JM, Schennach H, Schuster D, Schwaiger S, Rollinger JM, Fuchs D, Stuppner H. Lignans from Carthamus tinctorius suppress tryptophan breakdown via indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. Phytomedicine 2013; 20:1190-1195. [PMID: 23867649 PMCID: PMC3845384 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Seed extracts of Carthamus tinctorius L. (Asteraceae), safflower, have been traditionally used to treat coronary disease, thrombotic disorders, and menstrual problems but also against cancer and depression. A possible effect of C. tinctorius compounds on tryptophan-degrading activity of enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) could explain many of its activities. To test for an effect of C. tinctorius extracts and isolated compounds on cytokine-induced IDO activity in immunocompetent cells in vitro methanol and ethylacetate seed extracts were prepared from cold pressed seed cakes of C. tinctorius and three lignan derivatives, trachelogenin, arctigenin and matairesinol were isolated. The influence on tryptophan breakdown was investigated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Effects were compared to neopterin production in the same cellular assay. Both seed extracts suppressed tryptophan breakdown in stimulated PBMC. The three structurally closely related isolates exerted differing suppressive activity on PBMC: arctigenin (IC50 26.5μM) and trachelogenin (IC50 of 57.4μM) showed higher activity than matairesinol (IC50 >200μM) to inhibit tryptophan breakdown. Effects on neopterin production were similar albeit generally less strong. Data show an immunosuppressive property of compounds which slows down IDO activity. The in vitro results support the view that some of the anti-inflammatory, anticancer and antidepressant properties of C. tinctorius lignans might relate to their suppressive influence on tryptophan breakdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Kuehnl
- University of Innsbruck, Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sebastian Schroecksnadel
- Innsbruck Medical University, Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Veronika Temml
- University of Innsbruck, Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johanna M. Gostner
- Innsbruck Medical University, Division of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, CCB Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Harald Schennach
- Central Institute of Blood Transfusion and Immunology, University Clinics, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Daniela Schuster
- University of Innsbruck, Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stefan Schwaiger
- University of Innsbruck, Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Judith M. Rollinger
- University of Innsbruck, Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Innsbruck Medical University, Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hermann Stuppner
- University of Innsbruck, Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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