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Zhang W, Hu W, Zhu Q, Niu M, An N, Feng Y, Kawamura K, Fu P. Hydroxy fatty acids in the surface Earth system. Sci Total Environ 2024; 906:167358. [PMID: 37793460 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Lipids are ubiquitous and highly abundant in a wide range of organisms and have been found in various types of environmental media. These molecules play a crucial role as organic tracers by providing a chemical perspective on viewing the material world, as well as offering a wealth of information on metabolic activities. Among the diverse lipid compounds, hydroxy fatty acids (HFAs) with one to multiple hydroxyl groups attached to the carbon chain stand out as important biomarkers for different sources of organic matter. HFAs are widespread in nature and are involved in biotransformation and oxidation processes in living organisms. The unique chemical and physical properties attributed to the hydroxyl group make HFAs ideal biomarkers in biomedicine and environmental toxicology, as well as organic geochemistry. The molecular distribution patterns of HFAs can be unique and diagnostic for a given class of organisms, including animals, plants, and microorganisms. Thus, HFAs can act as a valuable proxy for understanding the ecological relationships between different organisms and their environment. Furthermore, HFAs have numerous industrial applications due to their higher reactivity, viscosity, and solvent miscibility. This review paper integrates the latest research on the sources and chemical analyses of HFAs, as well as their applications in industrial/medicinal production and as biomarkers in environmental studies. This review article also provides insights into the biogeochemical cycles of HFAs in the surface Earth system, highlighting the importance of these compounds in understanding the complex interactions between living organisms and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Zhang
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin Bohai Rim Coastal Earth Critical Zone National Observation and Research Station, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Quanfei Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Mutong Niu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Na An
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yuqi Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Kimitaka Kawamura
- Chubu Institute for Advanced Studies, Chubu University, Kasugai 487-8501, Japan
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Earth Critical Zone Science and Sustainable Development in Bohai Rim, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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2
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Fiorino GM, Tlais AZA, Losito I, Filannino P, Gobbetti M, Di Cagno R. Triacylglycerols hydrolysis and hydroxy- and epoxy-fatty acids release during lactic fermentation of plant matrices: An extensive study showing inter- and intra-species capabilities of lactic acid bacteria. Food Chem 2023; 412:135552. [PMID: 36716627 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to show that lactic fermentation by selected starters can enrich plant matrices with hydroxy- and oxo-fatty acids. The behavior of 31 lactic acid bacteria strains was investigated during the fermentation of Persian walnut, which was selected as a model growth substrate due to its inherent lipids content. The content of the following free fatty acids increased in the majority of the fermented walnut samples: linoleic, α-linolenic, palmitic, and oleic acids. The increase of diacylglycerols and, especially, monoacylglycerols levels in fermented walnuts confirmed that strain-specific bacterial lipolytic activities hydrolyzed triacylglycerols during walnut fermentation. Twelve hydroxylated or epoxidized derivatives arising from oleic, linoleic, and linolenic fatty acids, in five groups of isomeric compounds, were also identified. In addition to the better-known lactobacilli, certain strains of Weissella cibaria, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, and Enterococcus faecalis emerged for their lipolytic activities and ability to release hydroxy- and epoxy-fatty acids during walnut fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ilario Losito
- Department of Chemistry and SMART Inter-department Research Center, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Pasquale Filannino
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Marco Gobbetti
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Libera Università di Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Raffaella Di Cagno
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Libera Università di Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
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3
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Lee J, Kim TH, Shin KC, Lee TE, Kim MJ, Oh DK. Biotransformation of C20- and C22-polyunsaturated fatty acids to 11S- and 13S- hydroxy fatty acids by Escherichia coli expressing 11S-lipoxygenase from Enhygromyxa salina. Biotechnol Lett 2022. [PMID: 35834094 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-022-03278-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Peroxidation and reduction of 11S- and 13S-positions on C20 and C22 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) by Escherichia coli expressing highly active arachidonate (ARA) 11S-lipoxygenase (11S-LOX) from Enhygromyxa salina with the reducing agent cysteine. RESULTS The specific activity and catalytic efficiency of ARA 11S-LOX from E. salina were 4.1- and 91-fold higher than those of only reported ARA 11S-LOX from Myxococcus xanthus, respectively. The hydroxy fatty acids (HFAs) obtained by the biotransformation of ARA, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), and docosahexanoic acid (DHA) by Escherichia coli expressing 11S-LOX from E. salina in the presence of cysteine were identified as 11S-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (11S-HETE), 11S-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid (11S-HEPE), 13S-hydroxydocosapentaenoic acid (13S-HDPA), and 13S-hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid (13S-HDHA), respectively. The recombinant cells converted 3 mM of ARA, EPA, DPA, and DHA into 2.9 mM of 11S-HETE, 2.4 mM 11S-HEPE, 1. 9 mM 13S-HDPA, and 2.2 mM 13S-HDHA in 60, 80, 120, and 120 min, corresponding to productivities of 72.5, 40.4, 18.5, and 22.4 μM min-1 and conversion yields of 96.7, 80.0, 62.3, and 74.6%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS We report the highest concentrations, conversion yields, and productivities of 11S- and 13S-hydroxy fatty acids from C20- and C22-PUFAs achieved via E. coli expressing highly active E. salina 11S-LOX.
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Abstract
Because they are highly unsaturated, plant lipids are sensitive to oxidation and constitute a primary target of reactive oxygen species. Therefore, quantification of lipid peroxidation provides a pertinent approach to evaluating oxidative stress in plants. Here, we describe a simple method to measure upstream products of the peroxidation of the major polyunsaturated fatty acids in plants, namely, linolenic acid (C18:3) and linoleic acid (C18:2). The method uses conventional HPLC with UV detection to measure hydroxy C18:3 and C18:2 after reduction of their respective hydroperoxides. The described experimental approach requires low amounts of plant material (a few hundred milligrams), monitors oxidation of both membrane and free fatty acids, and can discriminate between enzymatic and non-enzymatic lipid peroxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Ksas
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, CEA, UMR7265, Biosciences and Biotechnologies Institute of Aix-Marseille, CEA/Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Michel Havaux
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, CEA, UMR7265, Biosciences and Biotechnologies Institute of Aix-Marseille, CEA/Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France.
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Tran TK, Singhvi M, Jeong JW, Dikshit PK, Kim HR, Hou CT, Kim BS. Production of 7,10-dihydroxy-8(E)-octadecenoic acid using cell-free supernatant of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Enzyme Microb Technol 2021; 150:109892. [PMID: 34489045 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2021.109892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cell-free synthesis has been adopted in the bioconversion process due to its known advantages, such as fast production rate, high product content, and no substrate/product inhibition effect. In this study, the cell-free supernatant of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was used to improve the production of 7,10-dihydroxy-8(E)-octadecenoic acid (DOD) from oleic acid. DOD production using cell-free supernatant demonstrated reduction in bioconversion duration and higher product concentration than conventional method using whole cell culture. The maximum DOD concentration (6.41 g/L) was obtained after 36 h of biotransformation using 1 % v/v oleic acid as a substrate with a productivity of 0.178 g/L/h and a yield of 74.8 %. DOD concentration, productivity, and yield using cell-free supernatant were 2.12, 7.12, and 2.22 times higher, respectively, than using the conventional whole cell culture method. Of the carbon and nitrogen sources used in pre-culture, galactose and sodium glutamate along with diammonium phosphate were found to be the most effective for DOD production. An incubation temperature of 27 °C and pH 8.0 were found to be most favorable for DOD production. In addition, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis demonstrated the presence of enzymes related to DOD production in the cell-free supernatant, which was substantiated by performing DOD production experiment using the supernatant enzymes extracted from protein gel bands with oleic acid as a substrate. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on DOD production using a cell-free supernatant and verifying the existence of the relevant enzymes in the cell-free supernatant. Compared to whole cell process, cell-free DOD production holds several advantages, including higher DOD productivity which could be beneficial for large-scale production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan Kiet Tran
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Mamata Singhvi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Wan Jeong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Pritam Kumar Dikshit
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak-Ryul Kim
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Ching T Hou
- National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, ARS, USDA, Peoria, IL, 61604, USA
| | - Beom Soo Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea.
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Cosovanu D, Llovera M, Villorbina G, Canela-Garayoa R, Eras J. A simple and fast method for metabolomic analysis by gas liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Metabolomics 2021; 17:22. [PMID: 33547979 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-021-01771-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The metabolomic profile is an essential tool for understanding the physiological processes of biological samples and their changes. In addition, it makes it possible to find new substances with industrial applications or use as drugs. As GC-MS is a very common tool for obtaining the metabolomic profile, a simple and fast method for sample preparation is required. OBJECTIVES The aim of this research was to develop a direct derivatization method for GC-MS to simplify the sample preparation process and apply it to a wide range of samples for non-targeted metabolomic analysis purposes. METHODS One pot combined esterification of carboxylic acids with methanol and silylation of the hydroxyl groups was achieved using a molar excess of chlorotrimethylsilane with respect to methanol in the presence of pyridine. RESULTS The metabolome profile obtained from different samples, such as bilberry and cherry cuticles, olive leaves, P. aeruginosa and E. coli bacteria, A. niger fungi and human sebum from the ceruminous gland, shows that the procedure allows the identification of a wide variety of metabolites. Aliphatic fatty acids, hydroxyfatty acids, phenolic and other aromatic compounds, fatty alcohols, fatty aldehydes dimethylacetals, hydrocarbons, terpenoids, sterols and carbohydrates were identified at different MSI levels using their mass spectra. CONCLUSION The metabolomic profile of different biological samples can be easily obtained by GC-MS using an efficient simultaneous esterification-silylation reaction. The derivatization method can be carried out in a short time in the same injection vial with a small amount of reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Cosovanu
- Department of Chemistry, DBA Center, ETSEA, University of Lleida, 25003, Lleida, Spain
| | - Montserrat Llovera
- Scientific Technical Service TCEM, University of Lleida, 25003, Lleida, Spain
| | - Gemma Villorbina
- Department of Chemistry, DBA Center, ETSEA, University of Lleida, 25003, Lleida, Spain
| | - Ramon Canela-Garayoa
- Department of Chemistry, DBA Center, ETSEA, University of Lleida, 25003, Lleida, Spain
| | - Jordi Eras
- Department of Chemistry, DBA Center, ETSEA, University of Lleida, 25003, Lleida, Spain.
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Jeck V, Froning M, Tiso T, Blank LM, Hayen H. Double bond localization in unsaturated rhamnolipid precursors 3-(3-hydroxyalkanoyloxy)alkanoic acids by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry applying online Paternò-Büchi reaction. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:5601-5613. [PMID: 32627084 PMCID: PMC7413879 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02776-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Lipids are biomolecules with a broad variety of chemical structures, which renders them essential not only for various biological functions but also interestingly for biotechnological applications. Rhamnolipids are microbial glycolipids with surface-active properties and are widely used biosurfactants. They are composed of one or two L-rhamnoses and up to three hydroxy fatty acids. Their biosynthetic precursors are 3-hydroxy(alkanoyloxy)alkanoic acids (HAAs). The latter are also present in cell supernatants as complex mixtures and are extensively studied for their potential to replace synthetically derived surfactants. The carbon chain lengths of HAAs determine their physical properties, such as their abilities to foam and emulsify, and their critical micelle concentration. Despite growing biotechnological interest, methods for structural elucidation are limited and often rely on hydrolysis and analysis of free hydroxy fatty acids losing the connectivity information. Therefore, a high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method was developed for comprehensive structural characterization of intact HAAs. Information is provided on chain length and number of double bonds in each hydroxy fatty acid and their linkage by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Post-column photochemical derivatization by online Paternὸ-Büchi reaction and MS/MS fragmentation experiments generated diagnostic fragments allowing structural characterization down to the double bond position level. Furthermore, the presented experiments demonstrate a powerful approach for structure elucidation of complex lipids by tailored fragmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola Jeck
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 30, 48149, Münster, Germany
- Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety - LAVES, Martin-Niemöller-Str. 2, 26133, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Matti Froning
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 30, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Till Tiso
- iAMB - Institute of Applied Microbiology, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lars M Blank
- iAMB - Institute of Applied Microbiology, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Heiko Hayen
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 30, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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Abstract
Multiple variables that control the relative levels of successful heritable plant genome editing were addressed using simple case studies in Arabidopsis thaliana. The recent advent of genome editing technologies (especially CRISPR, Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) has revolutionized various fields of scientific research. The process is much more specific than previous mutagenic processes and allows for targeting of nearly any gene of interest for the creation of loss-of-function mutations and many other types of editing, including gene-replacement and gene activation. However, not all CRISPR construct designs are successful, due to several factors, including differences in the strength and cell- or tissue-type specificity of the regulatory elements used to express the Cas9 (CRISPR Associated protein 9) DNA nuclease and single guide RNA components, and differences in the relative editing efficiency at different target areas within a given gene. Here we compare the levels of editing created in Arabidopsis thaliana by CRISPR constructs containing either different promoters, or altered target sites with varied levels of guanine-cytosine base content. Additionally, nuclease activity at sites targeted by imperfectly matched single guide RNAs was observed, suggesting that while the primary goal of most CRISPR construct designs is to achieve rapid, robust, heritable gene editing, the formation of unintended mutations at other genomic loci must be carefully monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Shockey
- Agricultural Research Service, Southern Regional Research Center, Commodity Utilization Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, 1100 Robert E. Lee Blvd., New Orleans, LA, 70124, USA.
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9
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Filannino P, Tlais AZA, Morozova K, Cavoski I, Scampicchio M, Gobbetti M, Di Cagno R. Lactic acid fermentation enriches the profile of biogenic fatty acid derivatives of avocado fruit (Persea americana Mill.). Food Chem 2020; 317:126384. [PMID: 32078997 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the capability of selected autochthonous lactic acid bacteria to enrich the portfolio of bioactive compounds of avocado fruit (Persea americana Mill.), with the perspective of producing dietary supplements or pharmaceutical preparations. Fermented avocado puree resulted in high levels of total free amino acids. Fermentation also led to a marked increase of antioxidant activity, with the highest levels found in water and hexane soluble extracts. Bio-converted phenolic compounds and fatty acids derivatives resulting from bacterial metabolism were likely responsible for the increased antioxidant activity. Fermentation caused the fortification of avocado puree with some hydroxy fatty acids, which deserved marked attention due to their health-promoting activities. Oleic and linoleic acids were highly metabolized by Lactobacillus plantarum AVEF17, leading to high levels of mono, di-, and tri-hydroxy-octadecenoic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Filannino
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Ali Z A Tlais
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Libera Università di Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Ksenia Morozova
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Libera Università di Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Ivana Cavoski
- CIHEAM-MAIB, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Matteo Scampicchio
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Libera Università di Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Marco Gobbetti
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Libera Università di Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Raffaella Di Cagno
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Libera Università di Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy.
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Marella ER, Dahlin J, Dam MI, Ter Horst J, Christensen HB, Sudarsan S, Wang G, Holkenbrink C, Borodina I. A single-host fermentation process for the production of flavor lactones from non-hydroxylated fatty acids. Metab Eng 2019; 61:427-436. [PMID: 31404648 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2019.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Lactone flavors with fruity, milky, coconut, and other aromas are widely used in the food and fragrance industries. Lactones are produced by chemical synthesis or by biotransformation of plant-sourced hydroxy fatty acids. We established a novel method to produce flavor lactones from abundant non-hydroxylated fatty acids using yeast cell factories. Oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica was engineered to perform hydroxylation of fatty acids and chain-shortening via β-oxidation to preferentially twelve or ten carbons. The strains could produce γ-dodecalactone from oleic acid and δ-decalactone from linoleic acid. Through metabolic engineering, the titer was improved 4-fold, and the final strain produced 282 mg/L γ-dodecalactone in a fed-batch bioreactor. The study paves the way for the production of lactones by fermentation of abundant fatty feedstocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eko Roy Marella
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 220, 2800, Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jonathan Dahlin
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 220, 2800, Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Marie Inger Dam
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 220, 2800, Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jolanda Ter Horst
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 220, 2800, Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Hanne Bjerre Christensen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 220, 2800, Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Suresh Sudarsan
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 220, 2800, Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Guokun Wang
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 220, 2800, Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Carina Holkenbrink
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 220, 2800, Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Irina Borodina
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 220, 2800, Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark.
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Sturtevant D, Romsdahl TB, Yu XH, Burks DJ, Azad RK, Shanklin J, Chapman KD. Tissue-specific differences in metabolites and transcripts contribute to the heterogeneity of ricinoleic acid accumulation in Ricinus communis L. (castor) seeds. Metabolomics 2019; 15:6. [PMID: 30830477 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-018-1464-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Castor (Ricinus communis L.) seeds are valued for their production of oils which can comprise up to 90% hydroxy-fatty acids (ricinoleic acid). Castor oil contains mono-, di- and tri- ricinoleic acid containing triacylglycerols (TAGs). Although the enzymatic synthesis of ricinoleic acid is well described, the differential compartmentalization of these TAG molecular species has remained undefined. OBJECTIVES To examine the distribution of hydroxy fatty acid accumulation within the endosperm and embryo tissues of castor seeds. METHODS Matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging was used to map the distribution of triacylglycerols in tissue sections of castor seeds. In addition, the endosperm and embryo (cotyledons and embryonic axis) tissues were dissected and extracted for quantitative lipidomics analysis and Illumina-based RNA deep sequencing. RESULTS This study revealed an unexpected heterogeneous tissue distribution of mono-, di- and tri- hydroxy-triacylglycerols in the embryo and endosperm tissues of castor seeds. Pathway analysis based on transcript abundance suggested that distinct embryo- and endosperm-specific mechanisms may exist for the shuttling of ricinoleic acid away from phosphatidylcholine (PC) and into hydroxy TAG production. The embryo-biased mechanism appears to favor removal of ricinoleic acid from PC through phophatidylcholine: diacylglycerol acyltransferase while the endosperm pathway appears to remove ricinoleic acid from the PC pool by preferences of phospholipase A (PLA2α) and/or phosphatidylcholine: diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, a combination of lipidomics and transcriptomics analyses revealed previously undefined spatial aspects of hydroxy fatty acid metabolism in castor seeds. These studies underscore a need for tissue-specific studies as a means to better understand the regulation of triacylglycerol accumulation in oilseeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew Sturtevant
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
- BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Trevor B Romsdahl
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
- BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Xiao-Hong Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - David J Burks
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
- BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Rajeev K Azad
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
- BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
- Department of Mathematics, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - John Shanklin
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Kent D Chapman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA.
- BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA.
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12
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Ben Mouhoub R, El May A, Cheraief I, Landoulsi A. Influence of static magnetic field exposure on fatty acid composition in Salmonella Hadar. Microb Pathog 2017; 108:13-20. [PMID: 28455137 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have been interested, in this work, to investigate the effect of the exposure to static magnetic field at 200 mT (SMF) on the fatty acid (FA) composition of Salmonella enterica subsp Enterica serovar Hadar isolate 287: effects on the proportion of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids (SFAs, UFAs), cyclopropane fatty acids (CFAs) and hydroxy fatty acids after exposure to the static magnetic field at 200 mT (SMF). Analysis with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) of total lipid showed that the proportion of the most fatty acids was clearly affected. The comparison of UFAs/SFAs ratio in exposed bacteria and controls showed a diminution after 3 and 6 h of exposure. This ration reached a balance after 9 h of treatment with SMF. So we can conclude that S. Hadar tries to adapt to magnetic stress by changing the proportions of SFAs and UFAs over time to maintain an equilibrium after 9 h of exposure, thus to maintain the inner membranes fluidity. Also, a decrease in the proportion of hydroxy FAs was observed after 6 h but an increase of this proportion after 9 h of exposure. Concerning CFAs, its proportion raised after 6 h of exposure to the SMF but it decreased after 9 h of exposure. These results are strongly correlated with those of cfa (cyclopropane fatty acid synthase) gene expression which showed a decrease of its expression after 9 h of exposure.
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Kim KR, Kang WR, Oh DK. Complete genome sequence of Stenotrophomonas sp. KACC 91585, an efficient bacterium for unsaturated fatty acid hydration. J Biotechnol 2017; 241:108-111. [PMID: 27899336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxy fatty acids (HFAs) such as 10-hydroxystearic acid (10-HSA) and 10-hydroxy-12(Z)-octadecenoic acid (10-HOD), which are similar to ricinoleic acid, are important starting materials and intermediates for the industrial manufacture of many commodities. Stenotrophomonas sp. KACC 91585, which was isolated from lake sediment, is an efficient bacterium for unsaturated fatty acid hydration that produces 10-HSA and 10-HOD from oleic acid and linoleic acid, respectively, with high conversion rates. The complete genome of this strain is 4,541,729bp with 63.83% GC content and devoid of plasmids. Sets of genes involved in the fatty acid biosynthesis and modification as well as modified lipids were identified in the genome, and these genes were concerned with HFA production. This genome sequence provides molecular information and elucidation for HFA production, and will be used as an efficient biocatalyst source for the biotechnological production of HFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Rok Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, South Korea
| | - Woo-Ri Kang
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, South Korea
| | - Deok-Kun Oh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, South Korea.
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Abstract
Oils of plant origin have been predominantly used for food-based applications. Plant oils not only represent a non-polluting renewable resource but also provide a wide diversity in fatty acids (FAs) composition with diverse applications. Besides being edible, they are now increasingly being used in industrial applications such as paints, lubricants, soaps, biofuels etc. In addition, plants can be engineered to produce fatty acids which are nutritionally beneficial to human health. Thus these oils have potential to 1) substitute ever increasing demand of non –renewable petroleum sources for industrial application and 2) also spare the marine life by providing an alternative source to nutritionally and medically important long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids or ‘Fish oil’. The biochemical pathways producing storage oils in plants have been extensively characterized, but the factors regulating fatty acid synthesis and controlling total oil content in oilseed crops are still poorly understood. Thus understanding of plant lipid metabolism is fundamental to its manipulation and increased production. This review on oils discusses fatty acids of nutritional and industrial importance, and approaches for achieving future designer vegetable oil for both edible and non-edible uses. The review will discuss the success and bottlenecks in efficient production of novel FAs in non-native plants using genetic engineering as a tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruna Kumar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Aarti Sharma
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Kailash C Upadhyaya
- Amity Institute of Molecular Biology and Genomics, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
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Racovita RC, Peng C, Awakawa T, Abe I, Jetter R. Very-long-chain 3- hydroxy fatty acids, 3-hydroxy fatty acid methyl esters and 2-alkanols from cuticular waxes of Aloe arborescens leaves. Phytochemistry 2015; 113:183-94. [PMID: 25200334 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The present work aimed at a comprehensive chemical characterization of the cuticular wax mixtures covering leaves of the monocot species Aloe arborescens. The wax mixtures were found to contain typical aliphatic compound classes in characteristic chain length distributions, including alkanes (predominantly C31), primary alcohols (predominantly C28), aldehydes (predominantly C32), fatty acid methyl esters (predominantly C28) and fatty acids (bimodal distribution around C32 and C28). Alkyl esters ranging from C42 to C52 were identified, and found to mainly contain C28 alcohol linked to C16-C20 acids. Three other homologous series were identified as 3-hydroxy fatty acids (predominantly C28), their methyl esters (predominantly C28), and 2-alkanols (predominantly C31). Based on structural similarities and homolog distributions, the biosynthetic pathways leading to these novel wax constituents can be hypothesized. Further detailed analyses showed that the A. arborescens leaf was covered with 15 μg/cm(2) wax on its adaxial side and 36 μg/cm(2) on the abaxial side, with 3:2 and 1:1 ratios between epicuticular and intracuticular wax layers on each side, respectively. Terpenoids were found mainly in the intracuticular waxes, whereas very-long-chain alkanes and fatty acids accumulated to relatively high concentrations in the epicuticular wax, hence near the true surface of the leaf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radu C Racovita
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Chen Peng
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Takayoshi Awakawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ikuro Abe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Reinhard Jetter
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada; Department of Botany, The University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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Gangadhara KL, Srivastava P, Rozenski J, Mattelaer HP, Leen V, Dehaen W, Hofkens J, Lescrinier E, Herdewijn P. Design and synthesis of nucleolipids as possible activated precursors for oligomer formation via intramolecular catalysis: stability study and supramolecular organization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 5:5. [PMID: 25558290 PMCID: PMC4279058 DOI: 10.1186/s13322-014-0005-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fatty acid vesicles are an important part of protocell models currently studied. As protocells can be considered as pre-biological precursors of cells, the models try to contribute to a better understanding of the (cellular) origin of life and emphasize on 2 major aspects: compartmentalization and replication. It has been demonstrated that lipid-based membranes are amenable to growth and division (shell replication). Furthermore compartmentalization creates a unique micro-environment in which biomolecules can accumulate and reactions can occur. Pioneering research by Sugawara, Deamer, Luisi, Szostak and Rasmussen gave more insight in obtaining autocatalytic, self-replicating vesicles capable of containing and reproducing nucleic acid sequences (core replication). Linking both core and shell replication is a challenging feat requiring thorough understanding of membrane dynamics and (auto)catalytic systems. A possible solution may lie in a class of compounds called nucleolipids, who combine a nucleoside, nucleotide or nucleobase with a lipophilic moiety. Early contributions by the group of Yanagawa mentions the prebiotic significance (as a primitive helical template) arising from the supramolecular organization of these compounds. Further contributions, exploring the supramolecular scope regarding phospoliponucleosides (e.g. 5'-dioleylphosphatidyl derivatives of adenosine, uridine and cytidine) can be accounted to Baglioni, Luisi and Berti. This emerging field of amphiphiles is being investigated for surface behavior, supramolecular assembly and even drug ability. RESULTS A series of α/β-hydroxy fatty acids and α-amino fatty acids, covalently bound to nucleoside-5'-monophosphates via a hydroxyl or amino group on the fatty acid was examined for spontaneous self-assembly in spherical aggregates and their stability towards intramolecular cleavage. Staining the resulting hydrophobic aggregates with BODIPY-dyes followed by fluorescent microscopy gave several distinct images of vesicles varying from small, isolated spheres to higher order aggregates and large, multimicrometer sized particles. Other observations include rod-like vesicle precursors. NMR was used to assess the stability of a representative sample of nucleolipids. 1D 31P NMR revealed that β-hydroxy fatty acids containing nucleotides were pH-stable while the α-analogs are acid labile. Degradation products identified by [1H-31P] heteroTOCSY revealed that phosphoesters are cleaved between sugar and phosphate, while phosphoramidates are also cleaved at the lipid-phosphate bond. For the latter compounds, the ratio between both degradation pathways is influenced by the nucleobase moiety. However no oligomerization of nucleotides was observed; nor the formation of 3'-5'-cyclic nucleotides, possible intermediates for oligonucleotide synthesis. CONCLUSIONS The nucleolipids with a deoxyribose sugar moiety form small or large vesicles, rod-like structures, vesicle aggregates or large vesicles. Some of these aggregates can be considered as intermediate forms in vesicle formation or division. However, we could not observe nucleotide polymerization or cyclic nucleotide function of these nucleolipids, regardless of the sugar moiety that is investigated (deoxyribose, ribose, xylose). To unravel this observation, the chemical stability of the constructs was studied. While the nucleolipids containing β-hydroxy fatty acids are stable as well in base as in acid circumstances, others degraded in acidic conditions. Phosphoramidate nucleolipids hydrolyzed by P-N as well as P-O bond cleavage where the ratio between both pathways depends on the nucleobase. Diester constructs with an α-hydroxy stearic acid degraded exclusively by hydrolysis of the 5'-O-nucleoside ester bond. As the compounds are too stable and harsh conditions would destruct the material itself, more reactive species such as lipid imidazolates of nucleotides need to be synthesized to further analyze the potential polymerization process. Graphical AbstractVesicle information of a nucleolipid consisting of a nucleoside 5'-monophosphate and a α-hydroxy fatty acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishore Lingam Gangadhara
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Minderbroederstraat-10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Puneet Srivastava
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Minderbroederstraat-10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jef Rozenski
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Minderbroederstraat-10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Henri-Philippe Mattelaer
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Minderbroederstraat-10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium ; Department of Chemistry, Molecular Design and Synthesis, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Volker Leen
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Design and Synthesis, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Dehaen
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Design and Synthesis, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Hofkens
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eveline Lescrinier
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Minderbroederstraat-10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Piet Herdewijn
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Minderbroederstraat-10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Abstract
Enzymatic and microbial conversion of flour components during bread making determines bread quality. Metabolism of sourdough microbiota and the activity of cereal enzymes are interdependent. Acidification, oxygen consumption, and thiols accumulation by microbial metabolism modulate the activity of cereal enzymes. In turn, cereal enzymes provide substrates for bacterial growth. This review highlights the role of cereal enzymes and the metabolism of lactic acid bacteria in conversion of carbohydrates, proteins, phenolic compounds and lipids. Heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria prevailing in wheat and rye sourdoughs preferentially metabolise sucrose and maltose; the latter is released by cereal enzymes during fermentation. Sucrose supports formation of acetate by heterofermentative lactobacilli, and the formation of exopolysaccharides. The release of maltose and glucose by cereal enzymes during fermentation determines the exopolysaccharide yield in sourdough fermentations. Proteolysis is dependent on cereal proteases. Peptidase activities of sourdough lactic acid bacteria determine the accumulation of (bioactive) peptides, amino acids, and amino acid metabolites in dough and bread. Enzymatic conversion and microbial metabolism of phenolic compounds is relevant in sorghum and millet containing high levels of phenolic compounds. The presence of phenolic compounds with antimicrobial activity in sorghum selects for fermentation microbiota that are resistant to the phenolic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Gänzle
- University of Alberta, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, 4-10 Ag/For Centre, Edmonton, Canada T6G 2P5.
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