1
|
Kocherlakota S, Baes M. Benefits and Caveats in the Use of Retinal Pigment Epithelium-Specific Cre Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1293. [PMID: 38279294 PMCID: PMC10816505 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is an important monolayer of cells present in the outer retina, forming a major part of the blood-retina barrier (BRB). It performs many tasks essential for the maintenance of retinal integrity and function. With increasing knowledge of the retina, it is becoming clear that both common retinal disorders, like age-related macular degeneration, and rare genetic disorders originate in the RPE. This calls for a better understanding of the functions of various proteins within the RPE. In this regard, mice enabling an RPE-specific gene deletion are a powerful tool to study the role of a particular protein within the RPE cells in their native environment, simultaneously negating any potential influences of systemic changes. Moreover, since RPE cells interact closely with adjacent photoreceptors, these mice also provide an excellent avenue to study the importance of a particular gene function within the RPE to the retina as a whole. In this review, we outline and compare the features of various Cre mice created for this purpose, which allow for inducible or non-inducible RPE-specific knockout of a gene of interest. We summarize the various benefits and caveats involved in the use of such mouse lines, allowing researchers to make a well-informed decision on the choice of Cre mouse to use in relation to their research needs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Myriam Baes
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Swinkels D, Kocherlakota S, Das Y, Dane AD, Wever EJM, Vaz FM, Bazan NG, Van Veldhoven PP, Baes M. DHA Shortage Causes the Early Degeneration of Photoreceptors and RPE in Mice With Peroxisomal β-Oxidation Deficiency. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:10. [PMID: 37934161 PMCID: PMC10631513 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.14.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Patients deficient in peroxisomal β-oxidation, which is essential for the synthesis of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n-3) and breakdown of very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLC-PUFAs), both important components of photoreceptor outer segments, develop retinopathy present with retinopathy. The representative mouse model lacking the central enzyme of this pathway, multifunctional protein 2 (Mfp2-/-), also show early-onset retinal decay and cell-autonomous retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) degeneration, accompanied by reduced plasma and retinal DHA levels. In this study, we investigated whether DHA supplementation can rescue the retinal degeneration of Mfp2-/- mice. Methods Mfp2+/- breeding pairs and their offspring were fed a 0.12% DHA or control diet during gestation and lactation and until sacrifice. Offspring were analyzed for retinal function via electroretinograms and for lipid composition of neural retina and plasma with lipidome analysis and gas chromatography, respectively, and histologically using retinal sections and RPE flatmounts at the ages of 4, 8, and 16 weeks. Results DHA supplementation to Mfp2-/- mice restored retinal DHA levels and prevented photoreceptor shortening, death, and impaired functioning until 8 weeks. In addition, rescue of retinal DHA levels temporarily improved the ability of the RPE to phagocytose outer segments and delayed the RPE dedifferentiation. However, despite the initial rescue of retinal integrity, DHA supplementation could not prevent retinal degeneration at 16 weeks. Conclusions We reveal that the shortage of a systemic supply of DHA is pivotal for the early retinal degeneration in Mfp2-/- mice. Furthermore, we report that adequate retinal DHA levels are essential not only for photoreceptors but also for RPE homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniëlle Swinkels
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sai Kocherlakota
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yannick Das
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Adriaan D. Dane
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Core Facility Metabolomics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric J. M. Wever
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Core Facility Metabolomics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frédéric M. Vaz
- Core Facility Metabolomics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicolas G. Bazan
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
| | - Paul P. Van Veldhoven
- Laboratory of Peroxisome Biology and Intracellular Communication, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Myriam Baes
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kocherlakota S, Das Y, Swinkels D, Vanmunster M, Callens M, Vinckier S, Vaz FM, Sinha D, Van Veldhoven PP, Fransen M, Baes M. The murine retinal pigment epithelium requires peroxisomal β-oxidation to maintain lysosomal function and prevent dedifferentiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2301733120. [PMID: 37862382 PMCID: PMC10614831 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2301733120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells have to phagocytose shed photoreceptor outer segments (POS) on a daily basis over the lifetime of an organism, but the mechanisms involved in the digestion and recycling of POS lipids are poorly understood. Although it was frequently assumed that peroxisomes may play an essential role, this was never investigated. Here, we show that global as well as RPE-selective loss of peroxisomal β-oxidation in multifunctional protein 2 (MFP2) knockout mice impairs the digestive function of lysosomes in the RPE at a very early age, followed by RPE degeneration. This was accompanied by prolonged mammalian target of rapamycin activation, lipid deregulation, and mitochondrial structural anomalies without, however, causing oxidative stress or energy shortage. The RPE degeneration caused secondary photoreceptor death. Notably, the deterioration of the RPE did not occur in an Mfp2/rd1 mutant mouse line, characterized by absent POS shedding. Our findings prove that peroxisomal β-oxidation in the RPE is essential for handling the polyunsaturated fatty acids present in ingested POS and shed light on retinopathy in patients with peroxisomal disorders. Our data also have implications for gene therapy development as they highlight the importance of targeting the RPE in addition to the photoreceptor cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sai Kocherlakota
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven3000, Belgium
| | - Yannick Das
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven3000, Belgium
| | - Daniëlle Swinkels
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven3000, Belgium
| | - Maarten Vanmunster
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven3000, Belgium
| | - Manon Callens
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven3000, Belgium
| | - Stefan Vinckier
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, Vlaams Insituut voor Biotechnologie, Leuven3000, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven3000, Belgium
| | - Frédéric M. Vaz
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam1105AZ, The Netherlands
- Core Facility Metabolomics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam1105AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Debasish Sinha
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA15213
- Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21287
| | - Paul P. Van Veldhoven
- Laboratory of Peroxisome Biology and Intracellular Communication, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven3000, Belgium
| | - Marc Fransen
- Laboratory of Peroxisome Biology and Intracellular Communication, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven3000, Belgium
| | - Myriam Baes
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven3000, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Swinkels D, Baes M. The essential role of docosahexaenoic acid and its derivatives for retinal integrity. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 247:108440. [PMID: 37201739 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The fatty acid composition of photoreceptor outer segment (POS) phospholipids diverges from other membranes, being highly enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). The most abundant PUFA is docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n-3), an omega-3 PUFA that amounts to over 50% of the POS phospholipid fatty acid side chains. Interestingly, DHA is the precursor of other bioactive lipids such as elongated PUFAs and oxygenated derivatives. In this review, we present the current view on metabolism, trafficking and function of DHA and very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLC-PUFAs) in the retina. New insights on pathological features generated from PUFA deficient mouse models with enzyme or transporter defects and corresponding patients are discussed. Not only the neural retina, but also abnormalities in the retinal pigment epithelium are considered. Furthermore, the potential involvement of PUFAs in more common retinal degeneration diseases such as diabetic retinopathy, retinitis pigmentosa and age-related macular degeneration are evaluated. Supplementation treatment strategies and their outcome are summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniëlle Swinkels
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Myriam Baes
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li H, Lismont C, Costa CF, Hussein MAF, Baes M, Fransen M. Enhanced Levels of Peroxisome-Derived H2O2 Do Not Induce Pexophagy but Impair Autophagic Flux in HEK-293 and HeLa Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12030613. [PMID: 36978861 PMCID: PMC10045779 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are functionally specialized organelles that harbor multiple hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-producing and -degrading enzymes. Given that this oxidant functions as a major redox signaling agent, peroxisomes have the intrinsic ability to mediate and modulate H2O2-driven processes, including autophagy. However, it remains unclear whether changes in peroxisomal H2O2 (po-H2O2) emission impact the autophagic process and to which extent peroxisomes with a disturbed H2O2 metabolism are selectively eliminated through a process called “pexophagy”. To address these issues, we generated and validated HEK-293 and HeLa pexophagy reporter cell lines in which the production of po-H2O2 can be modulated. We demonstrate that (i) po-H2O2 can oxidatively modify multiple selective autophagy receptors and core autophagy proteins, (ii) neither modest nor robust levels of po-H2O2 emission act as a prime determinant of pexophagy, and (iii) high levels of po-H2O2 impair autophagic flux by oxidative inhibition of enzymes involved in LC3II formation. Unexpectedly, our analyses also revealed that the autophagy receptor optineurin can be recruited to peroxisomes, thereby triggering pexophagy. In summary, these findings lend support to the idea that, during cellular and organismal aging, peroxisomes with enhanced H2O2 release can escape pexophagy and downregulate autophagic activity, thereby perpetuating the accumulation of damaged and toxic cellular debris.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Li
- Laboratory of Peroxisome Biology and Intracellular Communication, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Celien Lismont
- Laboratory of Peroxisome Biology and Intracellular Communication, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Cláudio F. Costa
- Laboratory of Peroxisome Biology and Intracellular Communication, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mohamed A. F. Hussein
- Laboratory of Peroxisome Biology and Intracellular Communication, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Asyut 71515, Egypt
| | - Myriam Baes
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marc Fransen
- Laboratory of Peroxisome Biology and Intracellular Communication, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-16-330114
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Peperstraete K, Baes M, Swinkels D. Unexpected failure of rod bipolar cell targeting using L7Cre-2 mice. Exp Eye Res 2023; 228:109406. [PMID: 36740160 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Utilizing cell type-specific knockout mice has been an excellent tool for decades not only to explore the role of a gene in a specific cell, but also to unravel the underlying mechanism in diseases. To investigate the mechanistic association between dysfunction of the peroxisomal protein multifunctional protein 2 (MFP2) and retinopathy, we generated and phenotyped multiple transgenic mouse models with global or cell type-specific MFP2 deletion. These studies pointed to a potential role of MFP2 specifically in rod bipolar cells. To explore this, we aimed to create rod bipolar cell specific knockout mice of Mfp2 by crossing Mfp2L/L mice with L7Cre-2 mice (also known as PCP2Cre), generating L7-Mfp2-/- mice. L7Cre-2 mice express Cre recombinase under the control of the L7 promoter, which is believed to be exclusively expressed in rod bipolar cells and cerebellar Purkinje cells. Unexpectedly, only sporadic Cre activity was observed in the rod bipolar cells of L7-Mfp2-/- mice, despite efficient Cre recombination in cerebellar Purkinje cells. Moreover, a variable fraction of photoreceptors was targeted, which does not correspond with the supposed specificity of L7Cre-2 mice. These observations indicate that L7Cre-2 mice can be exploited to manipulate Purkinje cells in the cerebellum, whereas they cannot be used to generate rod bipolar cell specific knockout mice. For this aim, we suggest utilizing an independently generated mouse line named BAC-L7-IRES-Cre.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaat Peperstraete
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Myriam Baes
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Daniëlle Swinkels
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kocherlakota S, Swinkels D, Van Veldhoven PP, Baes M. Mouse Models to Study Peroxisomal Functions and Disorders: Overview, Caveats, and Recommendations. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2643:469-500. [PMID: 36952207 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3048-8_34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
During the last three decades many mouse lines were created or identified that are deficient in one or more peroxisomal functions. Different methodologies were applied to obtain global, hypomorph, cell type selective, inducible, and knockin mice. Whereas some models closely mimic pathologies in patients, others strongly deviate or no human counterpart has been reported. Often, mice, apparently endowed with a stronger transcriptional adaptation, have to be challenged with dietary additions or restrictions in order to trigger phenotypic changes. Depending on the inactivated peroxisomal protein, several approaches can be taken to validate the loss-of-function. Here, an overview is given of the available mouse models and their most important characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sai Kocherlakota
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daniëlle Swinkels
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul P Van Veldhoven
- Laboratory of Peroxisome Biology and Intracellular Communication, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Myriam Baes
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Peroxisomes are subcellular organelles that play a central role in human physiology by catalyzing a range of unique metabolic functions. The importance of peroxisomes for human health is exemplified by the existence of a group of usually severe diseases caused by an impairment in one or more peroxisomal functions. Among others these include the Zellweger spectrum disorders, X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, and Refsum disease. To fulfill their role in metabolism, peroxisomes require continued interaction with other subcellular organelles including lipid droplets, lysosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria. In recent years it has become clear that the metabolic alliance between peroxisomes and other organelles requires the active participation of tethering proteins to bring the organelles physically closer together, thereby achieving efficient transfer of metabolites. This review intends to describe the current state of knowledge about the metabolic role of peroxisomes in humans, with particular emphasis on the metabolic partnership between peroxisomes and other organelles and the consequences of genetic defects in these processes. We also describe the biogenesis of peroxisomes and the consequences of the multiple genetic defects therein. In addition, we discuss the functional role of peroxisomes in different organs and tissues and include relevant information derived from model systems, notably peroxisomal mouse models. Finally, we pay particular attention to a hitherto underrated role of peroxisomes in viral infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J A Wanders
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,United for Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Myriam Baes
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daniela Ribeiro
- Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED) and Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sacha Ferdinandusse
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,United for Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans R Waterham
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,United for Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Barat S, Esmaeilzadeh S, Ghanbarpour A, Baes M, Golsorkhtabaramiri M. Addition of isosorbide mononitrate to misoprostol for cervical ripening in post-term pregnancy: A randomized controlled trial. Clínica e Investigación en Ginecología y Obstetricia 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gine.2021.100737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
10
|
Ansermet C, Centeno G, Pradervand S, Harmacek D, Garcia A, Daraspe J, Kocherlakota S, Baes M, Bignon Y, Firsov D. Renal tubular peroxisomes are dispensable for normal kidney function. JCI Insight 2022; 7:155836. [PMID: 35191396 PMCID: PMC8876468 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.155836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are specialized cellular organelles involved in a variety of metabolic processes. In humans, mutations leading to complete loss of peroxisomes cause multiorgan failure (Zellweger’s spectrum disorders, ZSD), including renal impairment. However, the (patho)physiological role of peroxisomes in the kidney remains unknown. We addressed the role of peroxisomes in renal function in mice with conditional ablation of peroxisomal biogenesis in the renal tubule (cKO mice). Functional analyses did not reveal any overt kidney phenotype in cKO mice. However, infant male cKO mice had lower body and kidney weights, and adult male cKO mice exhibited substantial reductions in kidney weight and kidney weight/body weight ratio. Stereological analysis showed an increase in mitochondria density in proximal tubule cells of cKO mice. Integrated transcriptome and metabolome analyses revealed profound reprogramming of a number of metabolic pathways, including metabolism of glutathione and biosynthesis/biotransformation of several major classes of lipids. Although this analysis suggested compensated oxidative stress, challenge with high-fat feeding did not induce significant renal impairments in cKO mice. We demonstrate that renal tubular peroxisomes are dispensable for normal renal function. Our data also suggest that renal impairments in patients with ZSD are of extrarenal origin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jean Daraspe
- Electron Microscopy Facility, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sai Kocherlakota
- Department for Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Myriam Baes
- Department for Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Muri J, Corak B, Matsushita M, Baes M, Kopf M. Peroxisomes Are Critical for the Development and Maintenance of B1 and Marginal Zone B Cells but Dispensable for Follicular B Cells and T Cells. J Immunol 2022; 208:839-850. [PMID: 35074867 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Antioxidant systems maintain cellular redox (oxidation-reduction) homeostasis. In contrast with other key redox pathways, such as the thioredoxin system, glutathione, and NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), little is known about the function of the redox-sensitive organelle "peroxisome" in immune cells. In this study, we show that the absence of peroxisomes in conditional Pex5-deficient mice strikingly results in impaired homeostatic maintenance of innate-like B cells, namely, B1 and marginal zone B cells, which translates into a defective Ab response to Streptococcus pneumoniae Surprisingly, however, follicular B2 cell development, homeostatic maintenance, germinal center reactions, Ab production, class switching, and B cell memory formation were unaffected in Pex5-deficient animals. Similarly, T cell development and responses to viral infections also remained unaltered in the absence of Pex5 Thus, this study highlights the differential requirement of peroxisomes in distinct lymphocyte subtypes and may provide a rationale for specifically targeting peroxisomal metabolism in innate-like B cells in certain forms of B cell malignancies involving B1 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Muri
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; and
| | - Basak Corak
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; and
| | - Mai Matsushita
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; and
| | - Myriam Baes
- Lab of Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Manfred Kopf
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; and
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Das Y, Swinkels D, Baes M. Peroxisomal Disorders and Their Mouse Models Point to Essential Roles of Peroxisomes for Retinal Integrity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084101. [PMID: 33921065 PMCID: PMC8071455 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are multifunctional organelles, well known for their role in cellular lipid homeostasis. Their importance is highlighted by the life-threatening diseases caused by peroxisomal dysfunction. Importantly, most patients suffering from peroxisomal biogenesis disorders, even those with a milder disease course, present with a number of ocular symptoms, including retinopathy. Patients with a selective defect in either peroxisomal α- or β-oxidation or ether lipid synthesis also suffer from vision problems. In this review, we thoroughly discuss the ophthalmological pathology in peroxisomal disorder patients and, where possible, the corresponding animal models, with a special emphasis on the retina. In addition, we attempt to link the observed retinal phenotype to the underlying biochemical alterations. It appears that the retinal pathology is highly variable and the lack of histopathological descriptions in patients hampers the translation of the findings in the mouse models. Furthermore, it becomes clear that there are still large gaps in the current knowledge on the contribution of the different metabolic disturbances to the retinopathy, but branched chain fatty acid accumulation and impaired retinal PUFA homeostasis are likely important factors.
Collapse
|
13
|
Das Y, Swinkels D, Kocherlakota S, Vinckier S, Vaz FM, Wever E, van Kampen AHC, Jun B, Do KV, Moons L, Bazan NG, Van Veldhoven PP, Baes M. Peroxisomal Multifunctional Protein 2 Deficiency Perturbs Lipid Homeostasis in the Retina and Causes Visual Dysfunction in Mice. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:632930. [PMID: 33604342 PMCID: PMC7884615 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.632930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients lacking multifunctional protein 2 (MFP2), the central enzyme of the peroxisomal β-oxidation pathway, develop retinopathy. This pathway is involved in the metabolism of very long chain (VLCFAs) and polyunsaturated (PUFAs) fatty acids, which are enriched in the photoreceptor outer segments (POS). The molecular mechanisms underlying the retinopathy remain, however, elusive. Here, we report that mice with MFP2 inactivation display decreased retinal function already at the age of 3 weeks, which is accompanied by a profound shortening of the photoreceptor outer and inner segments, but with preserved photoreceptor ultrastructure. Furthermore, MFP2 deficient retinas exhibit severe changes in gene expression with downregulation of genes involved in the phototransduction pathway and upregulation of inflammation related genes. Lipid profiling of the mutant retinas revealed a profound reduction of DHA-containing phospholipids. This was likely due to a hampered systemic supply and retinal traffic of this PUFA, although we cannot exclude that the local defect of peroxisomal β-oxidation contributes to this DHA decrease. Moreover, very long chain PUFAs were also reduced, with the exception of those containing ≥ 34 carbons that accumulated. The latter suggests that there is an uncontrollable elongation of retinal PUFAs. In conclusion, our data reveal that intact peroxisomal β-oxidation is indispensable for retinal integrity, most likely by maintaining PUFA homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Das
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daniëlle Swinkels
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sai Kocherlakota
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefan Vinckier
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven-VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frédéric M Vaz
- Laboratory of Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Core Facility Metabolomics, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Eric Wever
- Laboratory of Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Core Facility Metabolomics, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Antoine H C van Kampen
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Biosystems Data Analysis, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bokkyoo Jun
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Khanh V Do
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Lieve Moons
- Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nicolas G Bazan
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Paul P Van Veldhoven
- Lipid Biochemistry and Protein Interactions (LIPIT), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Myriam Baes
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Van Veldhoven PP, de Schryver E, Young SG, Zwijsen A, Fransen M, Espeel M, Baes M, Van Ael E. Slc25a17 Gene Trapped Mice: PMP34 Plays a Role in the Peroxisomal Degradation of Phytanic and Pristanic Acid. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:144. [PMID: 32266253 PMCID: PMC7106852 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice lacking PMP34, a peroxisomal membrane transporter encoded by Slc25a17, did not manifest any obvious phenotype on a Swiss Webster genetic background, even with various treatments designed to unmask impaired peroxisomal functioning. Peroxisomal α- and β-oxidation rates in PMP34 deficient fibroblasts or liver slices were not or only modestly affected and in bile, no abnormal bile acid intermediates were detected. Peroxisomal content of cofactors like CoA, ATP, NAD+, thiamine-pyrophosphate and pyridoxal-phosphate, based on direct or indirect data, appeared normal as were tissue plasmalogen and very long chain fatty acid levels. However, upon dietary phytol administration, the knockout mice displayed hepatomegaly, liver inflammation, and an induction of peroxisomal enzymes. This phenotype was partially mediated by PPARα. Hepatic triacylglycerols and cholesterylesters were elevated and both phytanic acid and pristanic acid accumulated in the liver lipids, in females to higher extent than in males. In addition, pristanic acid degradation products were detected, as wells as the CoA-esters of all these branched fatty acids. Hence, PMP34 is important for the degradation of phytanic/pristanic acid and/or export of their metabolites. Whether this is caused by a shortage of peroxisomal CoA affecting the intraperoxisomal formation of pristanoyl-CoA (and perhaps of phytanoyl-CoA), or the SCPx-catalyzed thiolytic cleavage during pristanic acid β-oxidation, could not be proven in this model, but the phytol-derived acyl-CoA profile is compatible with the latter possibility. On the other hand, the normal functioning of other peroxisomal pathways, and especially bile acid formation, seems to exclude severe transport problems or a shortage of CoA, and other cofactors like FAD, NAD(P)+, TPP. Based on our findings, PMP34 deficiency in humans is unlikely to be a life threatening condition but could cause elevated phytanic/pristanic acid levels in older adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Evelyn de Schryver
- LIPIT, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephen G. Young
- Departments of Medicine and Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - An Zwijsen
- Laboratory of Developmental Signaling, Department Human Genetics, VIB-KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marc Fransen
- LIPIT, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marc Espeel
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology, Histology and Medical Physics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Myriam Baes
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elke Van Ael
- LIPIT, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lismont C, Koster J, Provost S, Baes M, Van Veldhoven PP, Waterham HR, Fransen M. Deciphering the potential involvement of PXMP2 and PEX11B in hydrogen peroxide permeation across the peroxisomal membrane reveals a role for PEX11B in protein sorting. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 2019; 1861:182991. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
16
|
Berendse K, Boek M, Gijbels M, Van der Wel NN, Klouwer FC, van den Bergh-Weerman MA, Shinde AB, Ofman R, Poll-The BT, Houten SM, Baes M, Wanders RJA, Waterham HR. Liver disease predominates in a mouse model for mild human Zellweger spectrum disorder. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:2774-2787. [PMID: 31207289 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Zellweger spectrum disorders (ZSDs) are autosomal recessive diseases caused by defective peroxisome assembly. They constitute a clinical continuum from severe early lethal to relatively milder presentations in adulthood. Liver disease is a prevalent symptom in ZSD patients. The underlying pathogenesis for the liver disease, however, is not fully understood. We report a hypomorphic ZSD mouse model, which is homozygous for Pex1-c.2531G>A (p.G844D), the equivalent of the most common pathogenic variant found in ZSD, and which predominantly presents with liver disease. After introducing the Pex1-G844D allele by knock-in, we characterized homozygous Pex1-G844D mice for survival, biochemical parameters, including peroxisomal and mitochondrial functions, organ histology, and developmental parameters. The first 20 post-natal days (P20) were critical for survival of homozygous Pex1-G844D mice (~20% survival rate). Lethality was likely due to a combination of cholestatic liver problems, liver dysfunction and caloric deficit, probably as a consequence of defective bile acid biosynthesis. Survival beyond P20 was nearly 100%, but surviving mice showed a marked delay in growth. Surviving mice showed similar hepatic problems as described for mild ZSD patients, including hepatomegaly, bile duct proliferation, liver fibrosis and mitochondrial alterations. Biochemical analyses of various tissues showed the absence of functional peroxisomes accompanied with aberrant levels of peroxisomal metabolites predominantly in the liver, while other tissues were relatively spared. ur findings show that homozygous Pex1-G844D mice have a predominant liver disease phenotype, mimicking the hepatic pathology of ZSD patients, and thus constitute a good model to study pathogenesis and treatment of liver disease in ZSD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Berendse
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, the Netherlands; Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Paediatric Neurology, the Netherlands
| | - Maxim Boek
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, the Netherlands
| | - Marion Gijbels
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, University of Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Femke C Klouwer
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, the Netherlands; Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Paediatric Neurology, the Netherlands
| | | | - Abhijit Babaji Shinde
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rob Ofman
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, the Netherlands
| | - Bwee Tien Poll-The
- Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Paediatric Neurology, the Netherlands
| | - Sander M Houten
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Myriam Baes
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ronald J A Wanders
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, the Netherlands
| | - Hans R Waterham
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Beckers L, Geric I, Stroobants S, Beel S, Van Damme P, D'Hooge R, Baes M. Microglia lacking a peroxisomal β-oxidation enzyme chronically alter their inflammatory profile without evoking neuronal and behavioral deficits. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:61. [PMID: 30866963 PMCID: PMC6417251 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1442-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microglia play a central role in most neurological disorders, but the impact of microgliosis on brain environment and clinical functions is not fully understood. Mice lacking multifunctional protein-2 (MFP2), a pivotal enzyme in peroxisomal β-oxidation, develop a fatal disorder characterized by motor problems similar to the milder form of MFP2 deficiency in humans. The hallmark of disease in mice is the chronic proliferation of microglia in the brain, but molecular pathomechanisms that drive rapid clinical deterioration in human and mice remain unknown. In the present study, we identified the effects of specific deletion of MFP2 from microglia in the brain on immune responses, neuronal functioning, and behavior. Methods We created a novel Cx3cr1-Mfp2−/− mouse model and studied the impact of MFP2 deficiency on microglial behavior at different ages using immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR. Pro- and anti-inflammatory responses of Mfp2−/− microglia were assessed in vitro and in vivo after stimulation with IL-1β/INFγ and IL-4 (in vitro) and LPS and IL-4 (in vivo). Facial nerve axotomy was unilaterally performed in Cx3cr1-Mfp2−/− and control mice, and microglial functioning in response to neuronal injury was subsequently analyzed by histology and real-time PCR. Finally, neuronal function, motor function, behavior, and cognition were assessed using brainstem auditory evoked potentials, grip strength and inverted grid test, open field exploration, and passive avoidance learning, respectively. Results We found that Mfp2−/− microglia in a genetically intact brain environment adopt an inflammatory activated and proliferative state. In addition, we found that acute inflammatory and neuronal injury provoked normal responses of Mfp2−/− microglia in Cx3cr1-Mfp2−/− mice during the post-injury period. Despite chronic pro-inflammatory microglial reactivity, Cx3cr1-Mfp2−/− mice exhibited normal neuronal transmission, clinical performance, and cognition. Conclusion Our data demonstrate that MFP2 deficiency in microglia causes intrinsic dysregulation of their inflammatory profile, which is not harmful to neuronal function, motor function, and cognition in mice during their first year of life. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-019-1442-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lien Beckers
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory for Cell Metabolism, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O/N2, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Present Address: Center for Translational and Computational Neuro-immunology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Ivana Geric
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory for Cell Metabolism, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O/N2, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stijn Stroobants
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Biological Psychology Unit, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sander Beel
- Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory for Neurobiology, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Center for Brain and Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philip Van Damme
- Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory for Neurobiology, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Center for Brain and Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium.,Neurology Department, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rudi D'Hooge
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Biological Psychology Unit, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Myriam Baes
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory for Cell Metabolism, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O/N2, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Baboota RK, Shinde AB, Lemaire K, Fransen M, Vinckier S, Van Veldhoven PP, Schuit F, Baes M. Functional peroxisomes are required for β-cell integrity in mice. Mol Metab 2019; 22:71-83. [PMID: 30795913 PMCID: PMC6437690 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Peroxisomes play a crucial role in lipid and reactive oxygen species metabolism, but their importance for pancreatic β-cell functioning is presently unknown. To examine the contribution of peroxisomal metabolism to β-cell homeostasis in mice, we inactivated PEX5, the import receptor for peroxisomal matrix proteins, in an inducible and β-cell restricted manner (Rip-Pex5−/− mice). Methods After tamoxifen-induced recombination of the Pex5 gene at the age of 6 weeks, mice were fed either normal chow or a high-fat diet for 12 weeks and were subsequently phenotyped. Results Increased levels of very long chain fatty acids and reduced levels of plasmalogens in islets confirmed impairment of peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation and ether lipid synthesis, respectively. The Rip-Pex5−/− mice fed on either diet exhibited glucose intolerance associated with impaired insulin secretion. Ultrastructural and biochemical analysis revealed a decrease in the density of mature insulin granules and total pancreatic insulin content, which was further accompanied by mitochondrial disruptions, reduced complex I activity and massive vacuole overload in β-cells. RNAseq analysis suggested that cell death pathways were affected in islets from HFD-fed Rip-Pex5−/− mice. Consistent with this change we observed increased β-cell apoptosis in islets and a decrease in β-cell mass. Conclusions Our data indicate that normal peroxisome metabolism in β-cells is crucial to preserve their structure and function. Pex5 deletion in β-cells impairs glucose tolerance and reduces β-cell mass. Pex5-deficient β-cells display increased apoptosis. Peroxisomal loss causes mitochondrial deterioration and cytoplasmic vacuolization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh Kumar Baboota
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Abhijit Babaji Shinde
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katleen Lemaire
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Gene Expression Unit, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marc Fransen
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory for Lipid Biochemistry and Protein Interactions, KU Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefan Vinckier
- VIB-KULeuven Centre for Cancer Biology, Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul P Van Veldhoven
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory for Lipid Biochemistry and Protein Interactions, KU Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frans Schuit
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Gene Expression Unit, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Myriam Baes
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Das Y, Roose N, De Groef L, Fransen M, Moons L, Van Veldhoven PP, Baes M. Differential distribution of peroxisomal proteins points to specific roles of peroxisomes in the murine retina. Mol Cell Biochem 2019; 456:53-62. [PMID: 30604065 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-018-3489-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The retinal pathology in peroxisomal disorders suggests that peroxisomes are important to maintain retinal homeostasis and function. These ubiquitous cell organelles are mainly involved in lipid metabolism, which comprises α- and β-oxidation and ether lipid synthesis. Although peroxisomes were extensively studied in liver, their role in the retina still remains to be elucidated. As a first step in gaining more insight into the role of peroxisomes in retinal physiology, we performed immunohistochemical stainings, immunoblotting and enzyme activity measurements to reveal the distribution of peroxisomes and peroxisomal lipid metabolizing enzymes in the murine retina. Whereas peroxisomes were detected in every retinal layer, we found a clear differential distribution of the peroxisomal lipid metabolizing enzymes in the neural retina compared to the retinal pigment epithelium. In particular, the ABC transporters that transfer lipid substrates into the organelle as well as several enzymes of the β-oxidation pathway were enriched either in the neural retina or in the retinal pigment epithelium. In conclusion, our results strongly indicate that peroxisome function varies between different regions in the murine retina.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Cell Metabolism, KU Leuven -University of Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nele Roose
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Cell Metabolism, KU Leuven -University of Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lies De Groef
- Department of Biology, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, KU Leuven -University of Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marc Fransen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lipid Biochemistry and Protein Interactions (LIPIT), KU Leuven -University of Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lieve Moons
- Department of Biology, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, KU Leuven -University of Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul P Van Veldhoven
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lipid Biochemistry and Protein Interactions (LIPIT), KU Leuven -University of Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Myriam Baes
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Cell Metabolism, KU Leuven -University of Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Peroxisomal disorders are a group of inherited metabolic diseases, which can be incompatible with life in the postnatal period or allow survival into adulthood. Retinopathy is a recurrent feature in both the severely and mildly affected patients, which can be accompanied with other ophthalmological pathologies. Thanks to next-generation sequencing, patients originally identified with other inherited blinding diseases were reclassified as suffering from peroxisomal disorders. In addition, new peroxisomal gene defects or disease presentations exhibiting retinal degeneration were recently identified. The pathogenic mechanisms underlying retinopathy in peroxisomal disorders remain unresolved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Das
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department for Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Lab for Cell Metabolism, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Myriam Baes
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department for Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Lab for Cell Metabolism, Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Violante S, Achetib N, van Roermund CWT, Hagen J, Dodatko T, Vaz FM, Waterham HR, Chen H, Baes M, Yu C, Argmann CA, Houten SM. Peroxisomes can oxidize medium- and long-chain fatty acids through a pathway involving ABCD3 and HSD17B4. FASEB J 2018; 33:4355-4364. [PMID: 30540494 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801498r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are essential organelles for the specialized oxidation of a wide variety of fatty acids, but they are also able to degrade fatty acids that are typically handled by mitochondria. Using a combination of pharmacological inhibition and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR associated protein 9 genome editing technology to simultaneously manipulate peroxisomal and mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO) in HEK-293 cells, we identified essential players in the metabolic crosstalk between these organelles. Depletion of carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT)2 activity through pharmacological inhibition or knockout (KO) uncovered a significant residual peroxisomal oxidation of lauric and palmitic acid, leading to the production of peroxisomal acylcarnitine intermediates. Generation and analysis of additional single- and double-KO cell lines revealed that the D-bifunctional protein (HSD17B4) and the peroxisomal ABC transporter ABCD3 are essential in peroxisomal oxidation of lauric and palmitic acid. Our results indicate that peroxisomes not only accept acyl-CoAs but can also oxidize acylcarnitines in a similar biochemical pathway. By using an Hsd17b4 KO mouse model, we demonstrated that peroxisomes contribute to the plasma acylcarnitine profile after acute inhibition of CPT2, proving in vivo relevance of this pathway. We summarize that peroxisomal FAO is important when mitochondrial FAO is defective or overloaded.-Violante, S., Achetib, N., van Roermund, C. W. T., Hagen, J., Dodatko, T., Vaz, F. M., Waterham, H. R., Chen, H., Baes, M., Yu, C., Argmann, C. A., Houten, S. M. Peroxisomes can oxidize medium- and long-chain fatty acids through a pathway involving ABCD3 and HSD17B4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Violante
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Mount Sinai Genomics, Incorporated, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nihad Achetib
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Carlo W T van Roermund
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | - Jacob Hagen
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Tetyana Dodatko
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Frédéric M Vaz
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | - Hans R Waterham
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | - Hongjie Chen
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Mount Sinai Genomics, Incorporated, New York, New York, USA
| | - Myriam Baes
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chunli Yu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Mount Sinai Genomics, Incorporated, New York, New York, USA
| | - Carmen A Argmann
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sander M Houten
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Beckers L, Ory D, Geric I, Declercq L, Koole M, Kassiou M, Bormans G, Baes M. Increased Expression of Translocator Protein (TSPO) Marks Pro-inflammatory Microglia but Does Not Predict Neurodegeneration. Mol Imaging Biol 2018; 20:94-102. [PMID: 28695372 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-017-1099-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Activation of the innate immune system plays a significant role in pathologies of the central nervous system (CNS). In order to follow disease progression and evaluate effectiveness of potential treatments involved in neuroinflammation, it is important to track neuroinflammatory markers in vivo longitudinally. The translocator protein (TSPO) is used as a target to image neuroinflammation as its expression is upregulated in reactive glial cells during CNS pathologies. However, it remains unclear in which microglial phenotypes TSPO levels are upregulated, as microglia can display a plethora of activation states that can be protective or detrimental to the CNS. PROCEDURES We assessed the levels of TSPO transcripts in cultured microglia that were polarized into pro- and anti-inflammatory states in vitro and in the brain of mice in which an anti-inflammatory environment was induced in vivo. In addition, we used a mouse model of peroxisomal multifunctional protein-2 (MFP2) deficiency that exhibits widespread neuroinflammation despite no neuronal loss and monitored TSPO expression by immunohistochemistry and by imaging using the TSPO radiotracer [18F]DPA-714. RESULTS TSPO expression was selectively increased in so-called classically activated or M1 microglia but not in alternatively activated or M2 microglia in vitro. In agreement, TSPO transcript levels were not induced in an anti-inflammatory brain environment. We found that both transcript and protein levels of TSPO are significantly increased in the brain of Mfp2 -/- compared to those of the control mice and TSPO immunoreactivity colocalized predominantly with microglia in Mfp2 -/- brain. In vitro and ex vivo autoradiography in Mfp2 -/- mice using the TSPO radiotracer [18F]DPA-714 confirmed increased expression of TSPO. These data demonstrate that TSPO imaging reveals microgliosis in non-neurodegenerative brain pathologies. CONCLUSIONS We show that induced TSPO expression marks a pro-inflammatory brain environment that is not necessarily accompanied by neuronal loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lien Beckers
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory for Cell Metabolism, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O/N2, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dieter Ory
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory for Radiopharmacy, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ivana Geric
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory for Cell Metabolism, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O/N2, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lieven Declercq
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory for Radiopharmacy, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michel Koole
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, KU Leuven- University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michael Kassiou
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Guy Bormans
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory for Radiopharmacy, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Myriam Baes
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory for Cell Metabolism, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O/N2, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Beckers L, Stroobants S, D'Hooge R, Baes M. Neuronal Dysfunction and Behavioral Abnormalities Are Evoked by Neural Cells and Aggravated by Inflammatory Microglia in Peroxisomal β-Oxidation Deficiency. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:136. [PMID: 29892213 PMCID: PMC5975114 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
It is becoming evident that microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), are active contributors in neurological disorders. Nevertheless, the impact of microgliosis on neuropathology, behavior and clinical decline in neuropathological conditions remains elusive. A mouse model lacking multifunctional protein-2 (MFP2), a pivotal enzyme in peroxisomal β-oxidation, develops a fatal disorder characterized by motor problems similar to the milder form of human disease. The molecular mechanisms underlying neurological decline in men and mice remain unknown. The hallmark of disease in the mouse model is chronic proliferation of microglia in the brain without provoking neuronal loss or demyelination. In order to define the contribution of Mfp2-/- neural cells to development of microgliosis and clinical neuropathology, the constitutive Mfp2-/- mouse model was compared to a neural selective Nestin-Mfp2-/- mouse model. We demonstrate in this study that, in contrast to early-onset and severe microgliosis in constitutive Mfp2-/- mice, Mfp2+/+ microglia in Nestin-Mfp2-/- mice only become mildly inflammatory at end stage of disease. Mfp2-/- microglia are primed and acquire a chronic and strong inflammatory state in Mfp2-/- mice whereas Mfp2+/+ microglia in Nestin-Mfp2-/- mice are not primed and adopt a minimal activation state. The inflammatory microglial phenotype in Mfp2-/- mice is correlated with more severe neuronal dysfunction, faster clinical deterioration and reduced life span compared to Nestin-Mfp2-/- mice. Taken together, our study shows that deletion of MFP2 impairs behavior and locomotion. Clinical decline and neural pathology is aggravated by an early-onset and excessive microglial response in Mfp2-/- mice and strongly indicates a cell-autonomous role of MFP2 in microglia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lien Beckers
- Laboratory for Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stijn Stroobants
- Department of Biological Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rudi D'Hooge
- Department of Biological Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Myriam Baes
- Laboratory for Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Shinde AB, Baboota RK, Denis S, Loizides-Mangold U, Peeters A, Espeel M, Malheiro AR, Riezman H, Vinckier S, Vaz FM, Brites P, Ferdinandusse S, Van Veldhoven PP, Baes M. Mitochondrial disruption in peroxisome deficient cells is hepatocyte selective but is not mediated by common hepatic peroxisomal metabolites. Mitochondrion 2018; 39:51-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
25
|
Beckers L, Baes M. Response to Notter and Meyer's Letter to the Editor Regarding Increased Expression of Translocator Protein (TSPO) Marks Pro-inflammatory Microglia but Does Not Predict Neurodegeneration. Mol Imaging Biol 2018; 20:354-355. [PMID: 29464497 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-018-1173-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lien Beckers
- Laboratory for Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O/N2, Herestraat 49, B 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Myriam Baes
- Laboratory for Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O/N2, Herestraat 49, B 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
De Munter S, Bamps D, Malheiro AR, Kumar Baboota R, Brites P, Baes M. Autonomous Purkinje cell axonal dystrophy causes ataxia in peroxisomal multifunctional protein-2 deficiency. Brain Pathol 2018; 28:631-643. [PMID: 29341299 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes play a crucial role in normal neurodevelopment and in the maintenance of the adult brain. This depends largely on intact peroxisomal β-oxidation given the similarities in pathologies between peroxisome biogenesis disorders and deficiency of multifunctional protein-2 (MFP2), the central enzyme of this pathway. Recently, adult patients diagnosed with cerebellar ataxia were shown to have mild mutations in the MFP2 gene, hydroxy-steroid dehydrogenase (17 beta) type 4 (HSD17B4). Cerebellar atrophy also develops in MFP2 deficient mice but the cellular origin of the degeneration is unexplored. In order to investigate whether peroxisomal β-oxidation is essential within Purkinje cells, the sole output neurons of the cerebellum, we generated and characterized a mouse model with Purkinje cell selective deletion of the MFP2 gene. We show that selective loss of MFP2 from mature cerebellar Purkinje neurons causes a late-onset motor phenotype and progressive Purkinje cell degeneration, thereby mimicking ataxia and cerebellar deterioration in patients with mild HSD17B4 mutations. We demonstrate that swellings on Purkinje cell axons coincide with ataxic behavior and precede neurodegeneration. Loss of Purkinje cells occurs in a characteristic banded pattern, proceeds in an anterior to posterior fashion and is accompanied by progressive astro- and microgliosis. These data prove that the peroxisomal β-oxidation pathway is required within Purkinje neurons to maintain their axonal integrity, independent of glial dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie De Munter
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Cell Metabolism, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dorien Bamps
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Cell Metabolism, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ana Rita Malheiro
- Neurolipid Biology group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular - IBMC and Instituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ritesh Kumar Baboota
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Cell Metabolism, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pedro Brites
- Neurolipid Biology group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular - IBMC and Instituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Myriam Baes
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Cell Metabolism, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Geric I, Tyurina YY, Krysko O, Krysko DV, De Schryver E, Kagan VE, Van Veldhoven PP, Baes M, Verheijden S. Lipid homeostasis and inflammatory activation are disturbed in classically activated macrophages with peroxisomal β-oxidation deficiency. Immunology 2017; 153:342-356. [PMID: 28940384 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophage activation is characterized by pronounced metabolic adaptation. Classically activated macrophages show decreased rates of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and oxidative phosphorylation and acquire a glycolytic state together with their pro-inflammatory phenotype. In contrast, alternatively activated macrophages require oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation for their anti-inflammatory function. Although it is evident that mitochondrial metabolism is regulated during macrophage polarization and essential for macrophage function, little is known on the regulation and role of peroxisomal β-oxidation during macrophage activation. In this study, we show that peroxisomal β-oxidation is strongly decreased in classically activated bone-marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) and mildly induced in alternatively activated BMDM. To examine the role of peroxisomal β-oxidation in macrophages, we used Mfp2-/- BMDM lacking the key enzyme of this pathway. Impairment of peroxisomal β-oxidation in Mfp2-/- BMDM did not cause lipid accumulation but rather an altered distribution of lipid species with very-long-chain fatty acids accumulating in the triglyceride and phospholipid fraction. These lipid alterations in Mfp2-/- macrophages led to decreased inflammatory activation of Mfp2-/- BMDM and peritoneal macrophages evidenced by impaired production of several inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, but did not affect anti-inflammatory polarization. The disturbed inflammatory responses of Mfp2-/- macrophages did not affect immune cell infiltration, as mice with selective elimination of MFP2 from myeloid cells showed normal monocyte and neutrophil influx upon challenge with zymosan. Together, these data demonstrate that peroxisomal β-oxidation is involved in fine-tuning the phenotype of macrophages, probably by influencing the dynamic lipid profile during macrophage polarization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Geric
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Cell Metabolism, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yulia Y Tyurina
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Olga Krysko
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, The Upper Airway Research Laboratory, Hospital, Ghent University Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dmitri V Krysko
- Molecular Signalling and Cell Death Unit, VIB, Centre for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evelyn De Schryver
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, LIPIT, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Valerian E Kagan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Paul P Van Veldhoven
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, LIPIT, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Myriam Baes
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Cell Metabolism, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Simon Verheijden
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Translational Research Centre for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
In contrast to the general belief, endothelial cell (EC) metabolism has recently been identified as a driver rather than a bystander effect of angiogenesis in health and disease. Indeed, different EC subtypes present with distinct metabolic properties, which determine their function in angiogenesis upon growth factor stimulation. One of the main stimulators of angiogenesis is hypoxia, frequently observed in disease settings such as cancer and atherosclerosis. It has long been established that hypoxic signalling and metabolism changes are highly interlinked. In this review, we will provide an overview of the literature and recent findings on hypoxia-driven EC function and metabolism in health and disease. We summarize evidence on metabolic crosstalk between different hypoxic cell types with ECs and suggest new metabolic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian W Wong
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elke Marsch
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lucas Treps
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Myriam Baes
- Laboratory for Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium .,Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Mezzar S, De Schryver E, Asselberghs S, Meyhi E, Morvay PL, Baes M, Van Veldhoven PP. Phytol-induced pathology in 2-hydroxyacyl-CoA lyase (HACL1) deficient mice. Evidence for a second non-HACL1-related lyase. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017. [PMID: 28629946 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
2-Hydroxyacyl-CoA lyase (HACL1) is a key enzyme of the peroxisomal α-oxidation of phytanic acid. To better understand its role in health and disease, a mouse model lacking HACL1 was investigated. Under normal conditions, these mice did not display a particular phenotype. However, upon dietary administration of phytol, phytanic acid accumulated in tissues, mainly in liver and serum of KO mice. As a consequence of phytanic acid (or a metabolite) toxicity, KO mice displayed a significant weight loss, absence of abdominal white adipose tissue, enlarged and mottled liver and reduced hepatic glycogen and triglycerides. In addition, hepatic PPARα was activated. The central nervous system of the phytol-treated mice was apparently not affected. In addition, 2OH-FA did not accumulate in the central nervous system of HACL1 deficient mice, likely due to the presence in the endoplasmic reticulum of an alternate HACL1-unrelated lyase. The latter may serve as a backup system in certain tissues and account for the formation of pristanic acid in the phytol-fed KO mice. As the degradation of pristanic acid is also impaired, both phytanoyl- and pristanoyl-CoA levels are increased in liver, and the ω-oxidized metabolites are excreted in urine. In conclusion, HACL1 deficiency is not associated with a severe phenotype, but in combination with phytanic acid intake, the normal situation in man, it might present with phytanic acid elevation and resemble a Refsum like disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serena Mezzar
- LIPIT, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Evelyn De Schryver
- LIPIT, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stanny Asselberghs
- LIPIT, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Els Meyhi
- LIPIT, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Petruta L Morvay
- LIPIT, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Myriam Baes
- Laboratory for Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wangler MF, Chao YH, Bayat V, Giagtzoglou N, Shinde AB, Putluri N, Coarfa C, Donti T, Graham BH, Faust JE, McNew JA, Moser A, Sardiello M, Baes M, Bellen HJ. Peroxisomal biogenesis is genetically and biochemically linked to carbohydrate metabolism in Drosophila and mouse. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006825. [PMID: 28640802 PMCID: PMC5480855 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome biogenesis disorders (PBD) are a group of multi-system human diseases due to mutations in the PEX genes that are responsible for peroxisome assembly and function. These disorders lead to global defects in peroxisomal function and result in severe brain, liver, bone and kidney disease. In order to study their pathogenesis we undertook a systematic genetic and biochemical study of Drosophila pex16 and pex2 mutants. These mutants are short-lived with defects in locomotion and activity. Moreover these mutants exhibit severe morphologic and functional peroxisomal defects. Using metabolomics we uncovered defects in multiple biochemical pathways including defects outside the canonical specialized lipid pathways performed by peroxisomal enzymes. These included unanticipated changes in metabolites in glycolysis, glycogen metabolism, and the pentose phosphate pathway, carbohydrate metabolic pathways that do not utilize known peroxisomal enzymes. In addition, mutant flies are starvation sensitive and are very sensitive to glucose deprivation exhibiting dramatic shortening of lifespan and hyperactivity on low-sugar food. We use bioinformatic transcriptional profiling to examine gene co-regulation between peroxisomal genes and other metabolic pathways and we observe that the expression of peroxisomal and carbohydrate pathway genes in flies and mouse are tightly correlated. Indeed key steps in carbohydrate metabolism were found to be strongly co-regulated with peroxisomal genes in flies and mice. Moreover mice lacking peroxisomes exhibit defective carbohydrate metabolism at the same key steps in carbohydrate breakdown. Our data indicate an unexpected link between these two metabolic processes and suggest metabolism of carbohydrates could be a new therapeutic target for patients with PBD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael F. Wangler
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX, United States of America
- Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston TX, United States of America
- Program in Developmental Biology, BCM, Houston, TX, United States of America
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Yu-Hsin Chao
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Vafa Bayat
- Program in Developmental Biology, BCM, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Nikolaos Giagtzoglou
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Abhijit Babaji Shinde
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nagireddy Putluri
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, BCM, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Cristian Coarfa
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, BCM, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Taraka Donti
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Brett H. Graham
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Joseph E. Faust
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston TX, United States of America
| | - James A. McNew
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston TX, United States of America
| | - Ann Moser
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore MD, United States of America
| | - Marco Sardiello
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX, United States of America
- Program in Developmental Biology, BCM, Houston, TX, United States of America
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Myriam Baes
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hugo J. Bellen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX, United States of America
- Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston TX, United States of America
- Program in Developmental Biology, BCM, Houston, TX, United States of America
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital (TCH), Houston, TX, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Houston, TX, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, BCM, Houston, TX, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kleinecke S, Richert S, de Hoz L, Brügger B, Kungl T, Asadollahi E, Quintes S, Blanz J, McGonigal R, Naseri K, Sereda MW, Sachsenheimer T, Lüchtenborg C, Möbius W, Willison H, Baes M, Nave KA, Kassmann CM. Peroxisomal dysfunctions cause lysosomal storage and axonal Kv1 channel redistribution in peripheral neuropathy. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28470148 PMCID: PMC5417850 DOI: 10.7554/elife.23332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Impairment of peripheral nerve function is frequent in neurometabolic diseases, but mechanistically not well understood. Here, we report a novel disease mechanism and the finding that glial lipid metabolism is critical for axon function, independent of myelin itself. Surprisingly, nerves of Schwann cell-specific Pex5 mutant mice were unaltered regarding axon numbers, axonal calibers, and myelin sheath thickness by electron microscopy. In search for a molecular mechanism, we revealed enhanced abundance and internodal expression of axonal membrane proteins normally restricted to juxtaparanodal lipid-rafts. Gangliosides were altered and enriched within an expanded lysosomal compartment of paranodal loops. We revealed the same pathological features in a mouse model of human Adrenomyeloneuropathy, preceding disease-onset by one year. Thus, peroxisomal dysfunction causes secondary failure of local lysosomes, thereby impairing the turnover of gangliosides in myelin. This reveals a new aspect of axon-glia interactions, with Schwann cell lipid metabolism regulating the anchorage of juxtaparanodal Kv1-channels. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.23332.001 Nerve cells transmit messages along their length in the form of electrical signals. Much like an electrical wire, the nerve fiber or axon is coated by a multiple-layered insulation, called the myelin sheath. However, unlike electrical insulation, the myelin sheath is regularly interrupted to expose short regions of the underlying nerve. These exposed regions and the adjacent regions underneath the myelin contain ion channels that help to propagate electrical signals along the axon. Peroxisomes are compartments in animal cells that process fats. Genetic mutations that prevent peroxisomes from working properly can lead to diseases where the nerves cannot transmit signals correctly. This is thought to be because the nerves lose their myelin sheath, which largely consists of fatty molecules. The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord are known as peripheral nerves. Kleinecke et al. have now analyzed peripheral nerves from mice that had one of three different genetic mutations, preventing their peroxisomes from working correctly. Even in cases where the mutation severely impaired nerve signaling, the peripheral nerves retained their myelin sheath. The peroxisome mutations did affect a particular type of potassium ion channel and the anchor proteins that hold these channels in place. The role of these potassium ion channels is not fully known, but normally they are only found close to regions of the axon that are not coated by myelin. However, the peroxisome mutations meant that the channels and their protein anchors were now also located along the myelinated segments of the nerve’s axons. This redistribution of the potassium ion channels likely contributes to the peripheral nerves being unable to signal properly. In addition, Kleinecke et al. found that disrupting the peroxisomes also affected another cell compartment, called the lysosome, in the nerve cells that insulate axons with myelin sheaths. Lysosomes help to break down unwanted fat molecules. Mutant mice had more lysosomes than normal, but these lysosomes did not work efficiently. This caused the nerve cells to store more of certain types of molecules, including molecules called glycolipids that stabilize protein anchors, which hold the potassium channels in place. A likely result is that protein anchors that would normally be degraded are not, leading to the potassium channels appearing inappropriately throughout the nerve. Future work is now needed to investigate whether peroxisomal diseases cause similar changes in the brain. The results presented by Kleinecke et al. also suggest that targeting the lysosomes or the potassium channels could present new ways to treat disorders of the peroxisomes. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.23332.002
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Kleinecke
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sarah Richert
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Livia de Hoz
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Britta Brügger
- University of Heidelberg, Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Theresa Kungl
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ebrahim Asadollahi
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Susanne Quintes
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Judith Blanz
- Unit of Molecular Cell Biology and Transgenic, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Rhona McGonigal
- Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Kobra Naseri
- Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Michael W Sereda
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Timo Sachsenheimer
- University of Heidelberg, Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Wiebke Möbius
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hugh Willison
- Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Myriam Baes
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Cell Metabolism, KU Leuven- University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Celia Michèle Kassmann
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Fattah S, Shinde AB, Matic M, Baes M, van Schaik RHN, Allegaert K, Parmentier C, Richert L, Augustijns P, Annaert P. Inter-Subject Variability in OCT1 Activity in 27 Batches of Cryopreserved Human Hepatocytes and Association with OCT1 mRNA Expression and Genotype. Pharm Res 2017; 34:1309-1319. [PMID: 28364304 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2148-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OCT1/3 (Organic Cation Transporter-1 and -3; SLC22A1/3) are transmembrane proteins localized at the basolateral membrane of hepatocytes. They mediate the uptake of cationic endogenous compounds and/or xenobiotics. The present study was set up to verify whether the previously observed variability in OCT activity in hepatocytes may be explained by inter-individual differences in OCT1/3 mRNA levels or OCT1 genotype. METHODS Twenty-seven batches of cryopreserved human hepatocytes (male and female, age 24-88 y) were characterized for OCT activity, normalized OCT1/3 mRNA expression, and OCT1 genetic mutation. ASP+ (4-[4-(dimethylamino)styryl]-N-methylpyridinium iodide) was used as probe substrate. RESULTS ASP+ uptake ranged between 75 ± 61 and 2531 ± 202 pmol/(min × million cells). The relative OCT1 and OCT3 mRNA expression ranged between 0.007-0.46 and 0.0002-0.005, respectively. The presence of one or two nonfunctional SLC22A1 alleles was observed in 13 batches and these exhibited significant (p = 0.04) association with OCT1 and OCT3 mRNA expression. However, direct association between genotype and OCT activity could not be established. CONCLUSION mRNA levels and genotype of OCT only partially explain inter-individual variability in OCT-mediated transport. Our findings illustrate the necessity of in vitro transporter activity profiling for better understanding of inter-individual drug disposition behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarinj Fattah
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N II Herestraat 49 Box 921, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Abhijit Babaji Shinde
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maja Matic
- Department Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Intensive Care and Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Myriam Baes
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ron H N van Schaik
- Department Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Karel Allegaert
- Intensive Care and Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Lysiane Richert
- KaLy-Cell, Plobsheim, France.,Université de Franche-Comté, 4267, Besançon, EA, France
| | - Patrick Augustijns
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N II Herestraat 49 Box 921, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Annaert
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N II Herestraat 49 Box 921, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Morvay PL, Baes M, Van Veldhoven PP. Differential activities of peroxisomes along the mouse intestinal epithelium. Cell Biochem Funct 2017; 35:144-155. [PMID: 28370438 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The presence of peroxisomes in mammalian intestine has been revealed formerly by catalase staining combined with electron microscopy. Despite the central role of intestine in lipid uptake and the established importance of peroxisomes in different lipid-related pathways, few data are available on the physiological role of peroxisomes in intestinal metabolism, more specifically, α-, β-oxidation, and etherlipid synthesis. Hence, the peroxisomal compartment was analyzed in more detail in mouse intestine. On the basis of immunohistochemistry, the organelles are mainly confined to the epithelial cells. The expression of the classical peroxisome marker catalase was highest in the proximal part of jejunum and decreased along the tract. PEX14 showed a similar profile, but was still substantial expressed in large intestinal epithelium. Immunoblotting of epithelial cells, isolated from the different segments, showed also such gradient for some enzymes, ie, catalase, ACOX1, and D-specific multifunctional protein 2, and for the ABCD1 transporter, being high in small and low or absent in large intestine. Other peroxisomal enzymes (PHYH, HACL1, and ACAA1), the ABCD2 and ABCD3 transporters, and peroxins PEX13 and PEX14, however, did not follow this pattern, displaying rather constant signals throughout the intestinal epithelium. The small intestine displayed the highest peroxisomal β-oxidation activity and is particularly active on dicarboxylic acids. Etherlipid synthesis was high in the large intestine, and colonic cells had the highest content of plasmalogens. Overall, these data suggest that peroxisomes exert different functions according to the intestinal segment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petruta L Morvay
- Lipid Biochemistry and Protein Interactions (LIPIT), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Beckers L, Stroobants S, Verheijden S, West B, D'Hooge R, Baes M. Specific suppression of microgliosis cannot circumvent the severe neuropathology in peroxisomal β-oxidation-deficient mice. Mol Cell Neurosci 2017; 80:123-133. [PMID: 28286294 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An important hallmark of various neurodegenerative disorders is the proliferation and activation of microglial cells, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS). Mice that lack multifunctional protein-2 (MFP2), the key enzyme in peroxisomal β-oxidation, develop excessive microgliosis that positively correlates with behavioral deficits whereas no neuronal loss occurs. However, the precise contribution of neuroinflammation to the fatal neuropathology of MFP2 deficiency remains largely unknown. Here, we first attempted to suppress the inflammatory response by administering various anti-inflammatory drugs but they failed to reduce microgliosis. Subsequently, Mfp2-/- mice were treated with the selective colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) inhibitor PLX5622 as microglial proliferation and survival is dependent on CSF1R signaling. This resulted in the elimination of >95% of microglia from control mice but only 70% of the expanded microglial population from Mfp2-/- mice. Despite microglial diminution in Mfp2-/- brain, inflammatory markers remained unaltered and residual microglia persisted in a reactive state. CSF1R inhibition did not prevent neuronal dysfunction, cognitive decline and clinical deterioration of Mfp2-/- mice. Collectively, the unaltered inflammatory profile despite suppressed microgliosis concurrent with persevering clinical decline strengthens our hypothesis that neuroinflammation importantly contributes to the Mfp2-/- phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Beckers
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Cell Metabolism, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - S Stroobants
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Biological Psychology, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - S Verheijden
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Cell Metabolism, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - B West
- Plexxikon Inc., Berkeley, CA 94710, USA
| | - R D'Hooge
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Biological Psychology, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - M Baes
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Cell Metabolism, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
De Munter S, Verheijden S, Vanderstuyft E, Malheiro AR, Brites P, Gall D, Schiffmann SN, Baes M. Early-onset Purkinje cell dysfunction underlies cerebellar ataxia in peroxisomal multifunctional protein-2 deficiency. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 94:157-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|
36
|
Baes M, Galina C, Vanlandschoot K. Quantification of Parameters Influencing the Long-Term Dimensional Stability Performance of Pentane Blown Laminates. J CELL PLAST 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x9903500505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In view of the formulation changes induced by the use of alternative physical blowing agents, the understanding of the main parameters determining the dimensional stability performance was an important issue for the rigid laminate industry. So far, the influence of formulation and processing variables on dimensional stability has mainly been described qualitatively, and new evaluation techniques have been proposed in several publications. This paper describes how the application of the so-called dimvac test has led to a better quantification of the formulation and processing parameters influencing the long-term dimensional stability performance. A series of pentane blown laminates based on different formulations and processed on a variety of equipment were evaluated at the most severe condition in the dimvac test. We found that a set of formulation and processing requirements had to be fulfilled in order to ensure the dimensional stability of the laminates in service. The requirements were different for each formulation, production line and product. To quantify the influence of polyether polyol composition and type of non-reactive liquid fire retardant, a systematic laboratory study was carried out. For foams without fire retardant, a clear model was obtained predicting the dimvac performance in terms of foam density and polymer network parameters. For formulations including fire retardants, deviations from the model were observed, and differentiation between dilution and plasticization could be made.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Baes
- Shell Chemicals, Shell Research and Technology Centre, Louvain-la-Neuve, Avenue Jean Monnet, 1, B-1348 Ottignies Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - C. Galina
- Shell Chemicals, Shell Research and Technology Centre, Louvain-la-Neuve, Avenue Jean Monnet, 1, B-1348 Ottignies Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - K. Vanlandschoot
- Shell Chemicals, Shell Research and Technology Centre, Louvain-la-Neuve, Avenue Jean Monnet, 1, B-1348 Ottignies Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Boens S, Verbinnen I, Verhulst S, Szekér K, Ferreira M, Gevaert T, Baes M, Roskams T, van Grunsven LA, Van Eynde A, Bollen M. Brief Report: The Deletion of the Phosphatase Regulator NIPP1 Causes Progenitor Cell Expansion in the Adult Liver. Stem Cells 2016; 34:2256-62. [PMID: 27068806 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The Ppp1r8 gene encodes NIPP1, a nuclear interactor of protein phosphatase PP1. The deletion of NIPP1 is embryonic lethal at the gastrulation stage, which has hampered its functional characterization in adult tissues. Here, we describe the effects of a conditional deletion of NIPP1 in mouse liver epithelial cells. Ppp1r8(-/-) livers developed a ductular reaction, that is, bile-duct hyperplasia with associated fibrosis. The increased proliferation of biliary epithelial cells was at least partially due to an expansion of the progenitor cell compartment that was independent of liver injury. Gene-expression analysis confirmed an upregulation of progenitor cell markers in the liver knockout livers but showed no effect on the expression of liver-injury associated regulators of cholangiocyte differentiation markers. Consistent with an inhibitory effect of NIPP1 on progenitor cell proliferation, Ppp1r8(-/-) livers displayed an increased sensitivity to diet-supplemented 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine, which also causes bile-duct hyperplasia through progenitor cell expansion. In contrast, the liver knockouts responded normally to injuries (partial hepatectomy, single CCl4 administration) that are restored through proliferation of differentiated parenchymal cells. Our data indicate that NIPP1 does not regulate the proliferation of hepatocytes but is a suppressor of biliary epithelial cell proliferation, including progenitor cells, in the adult liver. Stem Cells 2016;34:2256-2262.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shannah Boens
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Biosignaling & Therapeutics, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Iris Verbinnen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Biosignaling & Therapeutics, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefaan Verhulst
- Liver Cell Biology Lab, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussel, Belgium
| | - Kathelijne Szekér
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Biosignaling & Therapeutics, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Monica Ferreira
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Biosignaling & Therapeutics, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas Gevaert
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Organ Systems, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Myriam Baes
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory for Cell Metabolism, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tania Roskams
- Department of Imaging & Pathology, Laboratory of Translational Cell & Tissue Research, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Aleyde Van Eynde
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Biosignaling & Therapeutics, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Bollen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Biosignaling & Therapeutics, KU Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Fitzpatrick SF, Fábián Z, Schaible B, Lenihan CR, Schwarzl T, Rodriguez J, Zheng X, Li Z, Tambuwala MM, Higgins DG, O'Meara Y, Slattery C, Manresa MC, Fraisl P, Bruning U, Baes M, Carmeliet P, Doherty G, von Kriegsheim A, Cummins EP, Taylor CT. Prolyl hydroxylase-1 regulates hepatocyte apoptosis in an NF-κB-dependent manner. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 474:579-586. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.04.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
39
|
Baes M, Van Veldhoven PP. Hepatic dysfunction in peroxisomal disorders. Biochim Biophys Acta 2015; 1863:956-70. [PMID: 26453805 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The peroxisomal compartment in hepatocytes hosts several essential metabolic conversions. These are defective in peroxisomal disorders that are either caused by failure to import the enzymes in the organelle or by mutations in the enzymes or in transporters needed to transfer the substrates across the peroxisomal membrane. Hepatic pathology is one of the cardinal features in disorders of peroxisome biogenesis and peroxisomal β-oxidation although it only rarely determines the clinical fate. In mouse models of these diseases liver pathologies also occur, although these are not always concordant with the human phenotype which might be due to differences in diet, expression of enzymes and backup mechanisms. Besides the morphological changes, we overview the impact of peroxisome malfunction on other cellular compartments including mitochondria and the ER. We further focus on the metabolic pathways that are affected such as bile acid formation, and dicarboxylic acid and branched chain fatty acid degradation. It appears that the association between deregulated metabolites and pathological events remains unclear.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Baes
- Laboratory for Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Paul P Van Veldhoven
- Laboratory for Lipid Biochemistry and Protein Interactions, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
Peroxisomes are organelles with diverse metabolic tasks including essential roles in lipid metabolism. They are of utmost importance for the normal functioning of the nervous system as most peroxisomal disorders are accompanied with neurological symptoms. Remarkably, the cerebellum exquisitely depends on intact peroxisomal function both during development and adulthood. In this review, we cover all aspects of cerebellar pathology that were reported in peroxisome biogenesis disorders and in diseases caused by dysfunction of the peroxisomal α-oxidation, β-oxidation or ether lipid synthesis pathways. We also discuss the phenotypes of mouse models in which cerebellar pathologies were recapitulated and search for connections with the metabolic abnormalities. It becomes increasingly clear that besides the most severe forms of peroxisome dysfunction that are associated with developmental cerebellar defects, milder impairments can give rise to ataxia later in life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie De Munter
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Cell Metabolism, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Simon Verheijden
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, TARGID, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luc Régal
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Metabolic Disorders, UZ Brussel-University Hospital Brussels, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Myriam Baes
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Cell Metabolism, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Selkälä EM, Nair RR, Schmitz W, Kvist AP, Baes M, Hiltunen JK, Autio KJ. Phytol is lethal for Amacr-deficient mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1851:1394-405. [PMID: 26248199 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
α-Methylacyl-CoA racemase (Amacr) catalyzes the racemization of the 25-methyl group in C27-intermediates in bile acid synthesis and in methyl-branched fatty acids such as pristanic acid, a metabolite derived from phytol. Consequently, patients with Amacr deficiency accumulate C27-bile acid intermediates, pristanic and phytanic acid and display sensorimotor neuropathy, seizures and relapsing encephalopathy. In contrast to humans, Amacr-deficient mice are clinically symptomless on a standard laboratory diet, but failed to thrive when fed phytol-enriched chow. In this study, the effect and the mechanisms behind the development of the phytol-feeding associated disease state in Amacr-deficient mice were investigated. All Amacr-/- mice died within 36weeks on a phytol diet, while wild-type mice survived. Liver failure was the main cause of death accompanied by kidney and brain abnormalities. Histological analysis of liver showed inflammation, fibrotic and necrotic changes, Kupffer cell proliferation and fatty changes in hepatocytes, and serum analysis confirmed the hepatic disease. Pristanic and phytanic acids accumulated in livers of Amacr-/- mice after a phytol diet. Microarray analysis also revealed changes in the expression levels of numerous genes in wild-type mouse livers after two weeks of the phytol diet compared to a control diet. This indicates that detoxification of phytol metabolites in liver is accompanied by activation of multiple pathways at the molecular level and Amacr-/- mice are not able to respond adequately. Phytol causes primary failure in liver leading to death of Amacr-/- mice thus emphasizing the indispensable role of Amacr in detoxification of α-methyl-branched fatty acids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eija M Selkälä
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5400, FI-90014, Finland; Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Remya R Nair
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5400, FI-90014, Finland; Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Werner Schmitz
- Theodor-Boveri-Institut für Biowissenschaften, Lehrstuhl für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie der Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97974 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ari-Pekka Kvist
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5400, FI-90014, Finland; Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Myriam Baes
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49 O&N 2, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - J Kalervo Hiltunen
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5400, FI-90014, Finland; Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Kaija J Autio
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5400, FI-90014, Finland; Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Crick PJ, Beckers L, Baes M, Van Veldhoven PP, Wang Y, Griffiths WJ. The oxysterol and cholestenoic acid profile of mouse cerebrospinal fluid. Steroids 2015; 99:172-7. [PMID: 25759118 PMCID: PMC4503871 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Oxysterols and cholestenoic acids are oxidised forms of cholesterol with a host of biological functions. The possible roles of oxysterols in various neurological diseases makes the analysis of these metabolites in the central nervous system of particular interest. Here, we report the identification and quantification of a panel of twelve sterols in mouse cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry exploiting enzyme assisted derivatisation for sterol analysis technology. We found low levels of oxysterols and cholestenoic acids in CSF in the range of 5pg/mL-2.6ng/mL. As found in man, these concentrations are one to two orders of magnitude lower than in plasma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Crick
- College of Medicine, Grove Building, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Lien Beckers
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Campus Gasthuisberg O/N2, B 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Myriam Baes
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Campus Gasthuisberg O/N2, B 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul P Van Veldhoven
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, LIPIT, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N1, B3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yuqin Wang
- College of Medicine, Grove Building, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - William J Griffiths
- College of Medicine, Grove Building, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Škrášková K, Khmelinskii A, Abdelmoula WM, De Munter S, Baes M, McDonnell L, Dijkstra J, Heeren RMA. Precise Anatomic Localization of Accumulated Lipids in Mfp2 Deficient Murine Brains Through Automated Registration of SIMS Images to the Allen Brain Atlas. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2015; 26:948-57. [PMID: 25916600 PMCID: PMC4422856 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-015-1146-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is a powerful tool for the molecular characterization of specific tissue regions. Histochemical staining provides anatomic information complementary to MSI data. The combination of both modalities has been proven to be beneficial. However, direct comparison of histology based and mass spectrometry-based molecular images can become problematic because of potential tissue damages or changes caused by different sample preparation. Curated atlases such as the Allen Brain Atlas (ABA) offer a collection of highly detailed and standardized anatomic information. Direct comparison of MSI brain data to the ABA allows for conclusions to be drawn on precise anatomic localization of the molecular signal. Here we applied secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging at high spatial resolution to study brains of knock-out mouse models with impaired peroxisomal β-oxidation. Murine models were lacking D-multifunctional protein (MFP2), which is involved in degradation of very long chain fatty acids. SIMS imaging revealed deposits of fatty acids within distinct brain regions. Manual comparison of the MSI data with the histologic stains did not allow for an unequivocal anatomic identification of the fatty acids rich regions. We further employed an automated pipeline for co-registration of the SIMS data to the ABA. The registration enabled precise anatomic annotation of the brain structures with the revealed lipid deposits. The precise anatomic localization allowed for a deeper insight into the pathology of Mfp2 deficient mouse models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Škrášková
- />FOM-Institute AMOLF, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- />TI-COAST, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Artem Khmelinskii
- />FOM-Institute AMOLF, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- />Percuros B.V., Enschede, The Netherlands
- />Division of Image Processing, Department of Radiology, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Walid M. Abdelmoula
- />Division of Image Processing, Department of Radiology, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Myriam Baes
- />Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liam McDonnell
- />Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- />Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza ONLUS, Pisa, Italy
| | - Jouke Dijkstra
- />Division of Image Processing, Department of Radiology, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ron M. A. Heeren
- />FOM-Institute AMOLF, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- />TI-COAST, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- />M4I, The Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Verheijden S, Beckers L, Casazza A, Butovsky O, Mazzone M, Baes M. Identification of a chronic non-neurodegenerative microglia activation state in a mouse model of peroxisomal β-oxidation deficiency. Glia 2015; 63:1606-20. [PMID: 25846981 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The functional diversity and molecular adaptations of reactive microglia in the chronically inflamed central nervous system (CNS) are poorly understood. We previously showed that mice lacking multifunctional protein 2 (MFP2), a pivotal enzyme in peroxisomal β-oxidation, persistently accumulate reactive myeloid cells in the gray matter of the CNS. Here, we show that the increased numbers of myeloid cells solely derive from the proliferation of resident microglia and not from infiltrating monocytes. We defined the signature of Mfp2(-/-) microglia by gene expression profiling after acute isolation, which was validated by quantitative polymerase reaction (qPCR), immunohistochemical, and flow cytometric analysis. The features of Mfp2(-/-) microglia were compared with those from SOD1(G93A) mice, an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis model. In contrast to the neurodegenerative milieu of SOD1(G93A) spinal cord, neurons were intact in Mfp2(-/-) brain and Mfp2(-/-) microglia lacked signs of phagocytic and neurotoxic activity. The chronically reactive state of Mfp2(-/-) microglia was accompanied by the downregulation of markers that specify the unique microglial signature in homeostatic conditions. In contrast, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and downstream glycolytic and protein translation pathways were induced, indicative of metabolic adaptations. Mfp2(-/-) microglia were immunologically activated but not polarized to a pro- or anti-inflammatory phenotype. A peripheral lipopolysaccharide challenge provoked an exaggerated inflammatory response in Mfp2(-/-) brain, consistent with a primed state. Taken together, we demonstrate that chronic activation of resident microglia does not necessarily lead to phagocytosis nor overt neurotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Verheijden
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Cell Metabolism, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lien Beckers
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Cell Metabolism, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Andrea Casazza
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis, VIB, Vesalius Research Center, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Oleg Butovsky
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Massimiliano Mazzone
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis, VIB, Vesalius Research Center, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Myriam Baes
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Cell Metabolism, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Schoors S, Bruning U, Missiaen R, Queiroz KC, Borgers G, Elia I, Zecchin A, Cantelmo AR, Christen S, Goveia J, Heggermont W, Goddé L, Vinckier S, Van Veldhoven PP, Eelen G, Schoonjans L, Gerhardt H, Dewerchin M, Baes M, De Bock K, Ghesquière B, Lunt SY, Fendt SM, Carmeliet P. Fatty acid carbon is essential for dNTP synthesis in endothelial cells. Nature 2015; 520:192-197. [PMID: 25830893 PMCID: PMC4413024 DOI: 10.1038/nature14362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 415] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The metabolism of endothelial cells (ECs) during vessel sprouting remains poorly studied. Here, we report that endothelial loss of CPT1a, a rate-limiting enzyme of fatty acid oxidation (FAO), caused vascular sprouting defects due to impaired proliferation, not migration of ECs. Reduction of FAO in ECs did not cause energy depletion or disturb redox homeostasis, but impaired de novo nucleotide synthesis for DNA replication. Isotope labeling studies in control ECs showed that fatty acid carbons substantially replenished the Krebs cycle, and were incorporated into aspartate (a nucleotide precursor), uridine monophosphate (a precursor of pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphates) and DNA. CPT1a silencing reduced these processes and depleted EC stores of aspartate and deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates. Acetate (metabolized to acetyl-CoA, thereby substituting for the depleted FAO-derived acetyl-CoA) or a nucleoside mix rescued the phenotype of CPT1a-silenced ECs. Finally, CPT1 blockade inhibited pathological ocular angiogenesis, suggesting a novel strategy for blocking angiogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Schoors
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium.,Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
| | - Ulrike Bruning
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium.,Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
| | - Rindert Missiaen
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium.,Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
| | - Karla Cs Queiroz
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium.,Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
| | - Gitte Borgers
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium.,Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
| | - Ilaria Elia
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium.,Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
| | - Annalisa Zecchin
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium.,Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
| | - Anna Rita Cantelmo
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium.,Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
| | - Stefan Christen
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium.,Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
| | - Jermaine Goveia
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium.,Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
| | - Ward Heggermont
- Center for Molecular & Vascular Biology, KU Leuven; Division of Clinical Cardiology, UZ Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
| | - Lucica Goddé
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium.,Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
| | - Stefan Vinckier
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium.,Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
| | - Paul P Van Veldhoven
- Laboratory of Lipid biochemistry and protein interactions, University of Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guy Eelen
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium.,Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
| | - Luc Schoonjans
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium.,Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
| | - Holger Gerhardt
- Vascular Patterning Laboratory, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium.,Vascular Patterning Laboratory, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium.,Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mieke Dewerchin
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium.,Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
| | - Myriam Baes
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Department of pharmaceutical and pharmacological sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, B-3000,Belgium
| | - Katrien De Bock
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium.,Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium.,Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, University of Leuven, Leuven, B-3001, Belgium
| | - Bart Ghesquière
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium.,Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
| | - Sophia Y Lunt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Sarah-Maria Fendt
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium.,Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium.,Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular link, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Chen H, Blanchaert B, Shinde AB, Adams E, Rozenski J, Baes M, Van Schepdael A. Abl1 inhibitory contaminants leach from plastic tubes. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2015; 31:340-3. [DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2015.1022171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium,
| | - Bart Blanchaert
- Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium,
| | | | - Erwin Adams
- Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium,
| | | | - Myriam Baes
- Cell Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, and
| | - Ann Van Schepdael
- Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium,
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Grammen C, Baes M, Haenen S, Verguts J, Augustyns K, Zydowsky T, La Colla P, Augustijns P, Brouwers J. Vaginal Expression of Efflux Transporters and the Potential Impact on the Disposition of Microbicides in Vitro and in Rabbits. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:4405-14. [DOI: 10.1021/mp5005004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carolien Grammen
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Drug Delivery and
Disposition, KU Leuven—University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Myriam Baes
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory for Cell
Metabolism, KU Leuven—University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven Haenen
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Drug Delivery and
Disposition, KU Leuven—University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jasper Verguts
- Department
of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Augustyns
- Laboratory
of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Thomas Zydowsky
- The Population Council, New York, New York 10017, United States
| | - Paolo La Colla
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Patrick Augustijns
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Drug Delivery and
Disposition, KU Leuven—University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joachim Brouwers
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Drug Delivery and
Disposition, KU Leuven—University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Verheijden S, Beckers L, De Munter S, Van Veldhoven PP, Baes M. Central nervous system pathology in MFP2 deficiency: Insights from general and conditional knockout mouse models. Biochimie 2014; 98:119-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
49
|
Wang B, Van Veldhoven PP, Brees C, Rubio N, Nordgren M, Apanasets O, Kunze M, Baes M, Agostinis P, Fransen M. Mitochondria are targets for peroxisome-derived oxidative stress in cultured mammalian cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 65:882-894. [PMID: 23988789 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.08.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Many cellular processes are driven by spatially and temporally regulated redox-dependent signaling events. Although mounting evidence indicates that organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria can function as signaling platforms for oxidative stress-regulated pathways, little is known about the role of peroxisomes in these processes. In this study, we employ targeted variants of the genetically encoded photosensitizer KillerRed to gain a better insight into the interplay between peroxisomes and cellular oxidative stress. We show that the phototoxic effects of peroxisomal KillerRed induce mitochondria-mediated cell death and that this process can be counteracted by targeted overexpression of a select set of antioxidant enzymes, including peroxisomal glutathione S-transferase kappa 1, superoxide dismutase 1, and mitochondrial catalase. We also present evidence that peroxisomal disease cell lines deficient in plasmalogen biosynthesis or peroxisome assembly are more sensitive to KillerRed-induced oxidative stress than control cells. Collectively, these findings confirm and extend previous observations suggesting that disturbances in peroxisomal redox control and metabolism can sensitize cells to oxidative stress. In addition, they lend strong support to the ideas that peroxisomes and mitochondria share a redox-sensitive relationship and that the redox communication between these organelles is not only mediated by diffusion of reactive oxygen species from one compartment to the other. Finally, these findings indicate that mitochondria may act as dynamic receivers, integrators, and transmitters of peroxisome-derived mediators of oxidative stress, and this may have profound implications for our views on cellular aging and age-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Laboratory of Lipid Biochemistry and Protein Interactions, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul P Van Veldhoven
- Laboratory of Lipid Biochemistry and Protein Interactions, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chantal Brees
- Laboratory of Lipid Biochemistry and Protein Interactions, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Noemí Rubio
- Laboratory of Cell Death Research and Therapy, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marcus Nordgren
- Laboratory of Lipid Biochemistry and Protein Interactions, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Oksana Apanasets
- Laboratory of Lipid Biochemistry and Protein Interactions, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Markus Kunze
- Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Myriam Baes
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrizia Agostinis
- Laboratory of Cell Death Research and Therapy, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marc Fransen
- Laboratory of Lipid Biochemistry and Protein Interactions, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
Although peroxisomes are ubiquitous organelles in all animal species, their importance for the functioning of tissues and organs remains largely unresolved. Because peroxins are essential for the biogenesis of peroxisomes, an obvious approach to investigate their physiological role is to inactivate a Pex gene or to suppress its translation. This has been performed in mice but also in more primitive organisms including D. melanogaster, C. elegans, and D. rerio, and the major findings and abnormalities in these models will be highlighted. Although peroxisomes are generally not essential for embryonic development and organogenesis, a generalized inactivity of peroxisomes affects lifespan and posthatching/postnatal growth, proving that peroxisomal metabolism is necessary for the normal maturation of these organisms. Strikingly, despite the wide variety of model organisms, corresponding tissues are affected including the central nervous system and the testis. By inactivating peroxisomes in a cell type selective way in the brain of mice, it was also demonstrated that peroxisomes are necessary to prevent neurodegeneration. As these peroxisome deficient model organisms recapitulate pathologies of patients affected with peroxisomal diseases, their further analysis will contribute to the elucidation of still elusive pathogenic mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Myriam Baes
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|