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Granadeiro L, Zarralanga VE, Rosa R, Franquinho F, Lamas S, Brites P. Ataxia with giant axonopathy in Acbd5-deficient mice halted by adeno-associated virus gene therapy. Brain 2024; 147:1457-1473. [PMID: 38066620 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Acyl-CoA binding domain containing 5 (ACBD5) is a critical player in handling very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA) en route for peroxisomal β-oxidation. Mutations in ACBD5 lead to the accumulation of VLCFA and patients present retinal dystrophy, ataxia, psychomotor delay and a severe leukodystrophy. Using CRISPR/Cas9, we generated and characterized an Acbd5 Gly357* mutant allele. Gly357* mutant mice recapitulated key features of the human disorder, including reduced survival, impaired locomotion and reflexes, loss of photoreceptors, and demyelination. The ataxic presentation of Gly357* mice involved the loss of cerebellar Purkinje cells and a giant axonopathy throughout the CNS. Lipidomic studies provided evidence for the extensive lipid dysregulation caused by VLCFA accumulation. Following a proteomic survey, functional studies in neurons treated with VLCFA unravelled a deregulated cytoskeleton with reduced actin dynamics and increased neuronal filopodia. We also show that an adeno-associated virus-mediated gene delivery ameliorated the gait phenotypes and the giant axonopathy, also improving myelination and astrocyte reactivity. Collectively, we established a mouse model with significance for VLCFA-related disorders. The development of relevant neuropathological outcomes enabled the understanding of mechanisms modulated by VLCFA and the evaluation of the efficacy of preclinical therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Granadeiro
- Neurolipid Biology, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto - i3S and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular - IBMC, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cell Biology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Violeta Enríquez Zarralanga
- Neurolipid Biology, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto - i3S and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular - IBMC, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Rosa
- Neurolipid Biology, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto - i3S and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular - IBMC, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Filipa Franquinho
- Animal Facility, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto - i3S, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sofia Lamas
- Animal Facility, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto - i3S, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Brites
- Neurolipid Biology, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto - i3S and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular - IBMC, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
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Braz SO, Morgado MM, Pereira MI, Monteiro AC, Golonzhka O, Jarpe M, Brites P, Sousa MM, Nogueira-Rodrigues J. HDAC-6 inhibition ameliorates the early neuropathology in a mouse model of Krabbe disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1231659. [PMID: 37588057 PMCID: PMC10426153 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1231659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction In Krabbe disease (KD), mutations in β-galactosylceramidase (GALC), a lysosomal enzyme responsible for the catabolism of galactolipids, leads to the accumulation of its substrates galactocerebroside and psychosine. This neurologic condition is characterized by a severe and progressive demyelination together with neuron-autonomous defects and degeneration. Twitcher mice mimic the infantile form of KD, which is the most common form of the human disease. The Twitcher CNS and PNS present demyelination, axonal loss and neuronal defects including decreased levels of acetylated tubulin, decreased microtubule stability and impaired axonal transport. Methods We tested whether inhibiting the α-tubulin deacetylase HDAC6 with a specific inhibitor, ACY-738, was able to counteract the early neuropathology and neuronal defects of Twitcher mice. Results Our data show that delivery of ACY-738 corrects the low levels of acetylated tubulin in the Twitcher nervous system. Furthermore, it reverts the loss myelinated axons in the sciatic nerve and in the optic nerve when administered from birth to postnatal day 9, suggesting that the drug holds neuroprotective properties. The extended delivery of ACY-738 to Twitcher mice delayed axonal degeneration in the CNS and ameliorated the general presentation of the disease. ACY-738 was effective in rescuing neuronal defects of Twitcher neurons, stabilizing microtubule dynamics and increasing the axonal transport of mitochondria. Discussion Overall, our results support that ACY-738 has a neuroprotective effect in KD and should be considered as an add-on therapy combined with strategies targeting metabolic correction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra O. Braz
- Nerve Regeneration Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marlene M. Morgado
- Nerve Regeneration Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta I. Pereira
- Nerve Regeneration Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana C. Monteiro
- Nerve Regeneration Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Olga Golonzhka
- Acetylon Pharmaceuticals Inc., Boston, MA, United States
| | - Matthew Jarpe
- Acetylon Pharmaceuticals Inc., Boston, MA, United States
| | - Pedro Brites
- NeuroLipid Biology Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Monica M. Sousa
- Nerve Regeneration Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Nogueira-Rodrigues
- Nerve Regeneration Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Brites P, Sousa MM. Neurons contribute to pathology in a mouse model of Krabbe disease in a cell-autonomous manner. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001706. [PMID: 35793314 PMCID: PMC9258894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This Primer explores the implications of a PLOS Biology showing that in vivo, neurons (not only myelinating glia) are primary effectors of disease progression in Krabbe disease; the neuron-specific animal model described allows an unprecedented opportunity to investigate the neuronal-autonomous component of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Brites
- Neurolipid Biology Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Monica M. Sousa
- Nerve Regeneration Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- * E-mail:
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4
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Pinto-Costa R, Sousa SC, Leite SC, Nogueira-Rodrigues J, Ferreira da Silva T, Machado D, Marques J, Costa AC, Liz MA, Bartolini F, Brites P, Costell M, Fässler R, Sousa MM. Profilin 1 delivery tunes cytoskeletal dynamics toward CNS axon regeneration. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:2024-2040. [PMID: 31945017 DOI: 10.1172/jci125771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
After trauma, regeneration of adult CNS axons is abortive, causing devastating neurologic deficits. Despite progress in rehabilitative care, there is no effective treatment that stimulates axonal growth following injury. Using models with different regenerative capacities, followed by gain- and loss-of-function analysis, we identified profilin 1 (Pfn1) as a coordinator of actin and microtubules (MTs), powering axonal growth and regeneration. In growth cones, Pfn1 increased actin retrograde flow, MT growth speed, and invasion of filopodia by MTs, orchestrating cytoskeletal dynamics toward axonal growth. In vitro, active Pfn1 promoted MT growth in a formin-dependent manner, whereas localization of MTs to growth cone filopodia was facilitated by direct MT binding and interaction with formins. In vivo, Pfn1 ablation limited regeneration of growth-competent axons after sciatic nerve and spinal cord injury. Adeno-associated viral (AAV) delivery of constitutively active Pfn1 to rodents promoted axonal regeneration, neuromuscular junction maturation, and functional recovery of injured sciatic nerves, and increased the ability of regenerating axons to penetrate the inhibitory spinal cord glial scar. Thus, we identify Pfn1 as an important regulator of axonal regeneration and suggest that AAV-mediated delivery of constitutively active Pfn1, together with the identification of modulators of Pfn1 activity, should be considered to treat the injured nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Pinto-Costa
- Nerve Regeneration Group, Program in Neurobiology and Neurologic Disorders, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC) and Instituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde, and.,Graduate Program in Molecular and Cell Biology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara C Sousa
- Nerve Regeneration Group, Program in Neurobiology and Neurologic Disorders, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC) and Instituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde, and.,Graduate Program in Molecular and Cell Biology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sérgio C Leite
- Nerve Regeneration Group, Program in Neurobiology and Neurologic Disorders, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC) and Instituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde, and
| | - Joana Nogueira-Rodrigues
- Nerve Regeneration Group, Program in Neurobiology and Neurologic Disorders, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC) and Instituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde, and.,Graduate Program in Molecular and Cell Biology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Tiago Ferreira da Silva
- NeuroLipid Biology Group, Program in Neurobiology and Neurologic Disorders, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC) and Instituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Diana Machado
- Nerve Regeneration Group, Program in Neurobiology and Neurologic Disorders, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC) and Instituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde, and
| | - Joana Marques
- Nerve Regeneration Group, Program in Neurobiology and Neurologic Disorders, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC) and Instituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde, and
| | - Ana Catarina Costa
- Nerve Regeneration Group, Program in Neurobiology and Neurologic Disorders, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC) and Instituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde, and
| | - Márcia A Liz
- Nerve Regeneration Group, Program in Neurobiology and Neurologic Disorders, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC) and Instituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde, and
| | - Francesca Bartolini
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Pedro Brites
- NeuroLipid Biology Group, Program in Neurobiology and Neurologic Disorders, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC) and Instituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mercedes Costell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Estructura de Reserca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Reinhard Fässler
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Max Plank Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Mónica M Sousa
- Nerve Regeneration Group, Program in Neurobiology and Neurologic Disorders, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC) and Instituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde, and
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Malheiro AR, Correia B, Ferreira da Silva T, Bessa-Neto D, Van Veldhoven PP, Brites P. Leukodystrophy caused by plasmalogen deficiency rescued by glyceryl 1-myristyl ether treatment. Brain Pathol 2019; 29:622-639. [PMID: 30667116 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmalogens are the most abundant form of ether phospholipids in myelin and their deficiency causes Rhizomelic Chondrodysplasia Punctata (RCDP), a severe developmental disorder. Using the Gnpat-knockout (KO) mouse as a model of RCDP, we determined the consequences of a plasmalogen deficiency during myelination and myelin homeostasis in the central nervous system (CNS). We unraveled that the lack of plasmalogens causes a generalized hypomyelination in several CNS regions including the optic nerve, corpus callosum and spinal cord. The defect in myelin content evolved to a progressive demyelination concomitant with generalized astrocytosis and white matter-selective microgliosis. Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPC) and mature oligodendrocytes were abundant in the CNS of Gnpat KO mice during the active period of demyelination. Axonal loss was minimal in plasmalogen-deficient mice, although axonal damage was observed in spinal cords from aged Gnpat KO mice. Characterization of the plasmalogen-deficient myelin identified myelin basic protein and septin 7 as early markers of dysmyelination, whereas myelin-associated glycoprotein was associated with the active demyelination phase. Using in vitro myelination assays, we unraveled that the intrinsic capacity of oligodendrocytes to ensheath and initiate membrane wrapping requires plasmalogens. The defect in plasmalogens was rescued with glyceryl 1-myristyl ether [1-O-tetradecyl glycerol (1-O-TDG)], a novel alternative precursor in the plasmalogen biosynthesis pathway. 1-O-TDG treatment rescued myelination in plasmalogen-deficient oligodendrocytes and in mutant mice. Our results demonstrate the importance of plasmalogens for oligodendrocyte function and myelin assembly, and identified a novel strategy to promote myelination in nervous tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R Malheiro
- Neurolipid Biology, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde - i3S, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular - IBMC e Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,ICBAS, Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Porto, Portugal
| | - Barbara Correia
- Neurolipid Biology, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde - i3S, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular - IBMC e Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Tiago Ferreira da Silva
- Neurolipid Biology, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde - i3S, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular - IBMC e Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Diogo Bessa-Neto
- Neurolipid Biology, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde - i3S, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular - IBMC e Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paul P Van Veldhoven
- Laboratory of Lipid Biochemistry and Protein Interactions (LIPIT), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pedro Brites
- Neurolipid Biology, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde - i3S, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular - IBMC e Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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6
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Shinde AB, Baboota RK, Denis S, Loizides-Mangold U, Peeters A, Espeel M, Malheiro AR, Riezman H, Vinckier S, Vaz FM, Brites P, Ferdinandusse S, Van Veldhoven PP, Baes M. Mitochondrial disruption in peroxisome deficient cells is hepatocyte selective but is not mediated by common hepatic peroxisomal metabolites. Mitochondrion 2018; 39:51-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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7
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De Munter S, Bamps D, Malheiro AR, Kumar Baboota R, Brites P, Baes M. Autonomous Purkinje cell axonal dystrophy causes ataxia in peroxisomal multifunctional protein-2 deficiency. Brain Pathol 2018; 28:631-643. [PMID: 29341299 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes play a crucial role in normal neurodevelopment and in the maintenance of the adult brain. This depends largely on intact peroxisomal β-oxidation given the similarities in pathologies between peroxisome biogenesis disorders and deficiency of multifunctional protein-2 (MFP2), the central enzyme of this pathway. Recently, adult patients diagnosed with cerebellar ataxia were shown to have mild mutations in the MFP2 gene, hydroxy-steroid dehydrogenase (17 beta) type 4 (HSD17B4). Cerebellar atrophy also develops in MFP2 deficient mice but the cellular origin of the degeneration is unexplored. In order to investigate whether peroxisomal β-oxidation is essential within Purkinje cells, the sole output neurons of the cerebellum, we generated and characterized a mouse model with Purkinje cell selective deletion of the MFP2 gene. We show that selective loss of MFP2 from mature cerebellar Purkinje neurons causes a late-onset motor phenotype and progressive Purkinje cell degeneration, thereby mimicking ataxia and cerebellar deterioration in patients with mild HSD17B4 mutations. We demonstrate that swellings on Purkinje cell axons coincide with ataxic behavior and precede neurodegeneration. Loss of Purkinje cells occurs in a characteristic banded pattern, proceeds in an anterior to posterior fashion and is accompanied by progressive astro- and microgliosis. These data prove that the peroxisomal β-oxidation pathway is required within Purkinje neurons to maintain their axonal integrity, independent of glial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie De Munter
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Cell Metabolism, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dorien Bamps
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Cell Metabolism, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ana Rita Malheiro
- Neurolipid Biology group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular - IBMC and Instituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ritesh Kumar Baboota
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Cell Metabolism, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pedro Brites
- Neurolipid Biology group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular - IBMC and Instituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Myriam Baes
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Cell Metabolism, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Franquinho F, Nogueira-Rodrigues J, Duarte JM, Esteves SS, Carter-Su C, Monaco AP, Molnár Z, Velayos-Baeza A, Brites P, Sousa MM. The Dyslexia-susceptibility Protein KIAA0319 Inhibits Axon Growth Through Smad2 Signaling. Cereb Cortex 2017; 27:1732-1747. [PMID: 28334068 PMCID: PMC5905272 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
KIAA0319 is a transmembrane protein associated with dyslexia with a presumed role in neuronal migration. Here we show that KIAA0319 expression is not restricted to the brain but also occurs in sensory and spinal cord neurons, increasing from early postnatal stages to adulthood and being downregulated by injury. This suggested that KIAA0319 participates in functions unrelated to neuronal migration. Supporting this hypothesis, overexpression of KIAA0319 repressed axon growth in hippocampal and dorsal root ganglia neurons; the intracellular domain of KIAA0319 was sufficient to elicit this effect. A similar inhibitory effect was observed in vivo as axon regeneration was impaired after transduction of sensory neurons with KIAA0319. Conversely, the deletion of Kiaa0319 in neurons increased neurite outgrowth in vitro and improved axon regeneration in vivo. At the mechanistic level, KIAA0319 engaged the JAK2-SH2B1 pathway to activate Smad2, which played a central role in KIAA0319-mediated repression of axon growth. In summary, we establish KIAA0319 as a novel player in axon growth and regeneration with the ability to repress the intrinsic growth potential of axons. This study describes a novel regulatory mechanism operating during peripheral nervous system and central nervous system axon growth, and offers novel targets for the development of effective therapies to promote axon regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Franquinho
- Nerve Regeneration group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular – IBMC and Instituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar – ICBAS, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Nogueira-Rodrigues
- Nerve Regeneration group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular – IBMC and Instituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana M. Duarte
- Nerve Regeneration group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular – IBMC and Instituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sofia S. Esteves
- Nerve Regeneration group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular – IBMC and Instituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Christin Carter-Su
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-22, USA
| | - Anthony P. Monaco
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- Office of the President, Ballou Hall, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Zoltán Molnár
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | | | - Pedro Brites
- Nerve Regeneration group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular – IBMC and Instituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mónica M. Sousa
- Nerve Regeneration group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular – IBMC and Instituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
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De Munter S, Verheijden S, Vanderstuyft E, Malheiro AR, Brites P, Gall D, Schiffmann SN, Baes M. Early-onset Purkinje cell dysfunction underlies cerebellar ataxia in peroxisomal multifunctional protein-2 deficiency. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 94:157-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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10
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Nogueira-Rodrigues J, Brites P, Sousa MM. Axonal pathology in Krabbe's disease: The cytoskeleton as an emerging therapeutic target. J Neurosci Res 2016; 94:1037-41. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joana Nogueira-Rodrigues
- Nerve Regeneration Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC) and Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde; Universidade do Porto; Porto Portugal
| | - Pedro Brites
- Nerve Regeneration Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC) and Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde; Universidade do Porto; Porto Portugal
| | - Mónica Mendes Sousa
- Nerve Regeneration Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC) and Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde; Universidade do Porto; Porto Portugal
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Leite SC, Sampaio P, Sousa VF, Nogueira-Rodrigues J, Pinto-Costa R, Peters LL, Brites P, Sousa MM. The Actin-Binding Protein α-Adducin Is Required for Maintaining Axon Diameter. Cell Rep 2016; 15:490-498. [PMID: 27068466 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The actin-binding protein adducin was recently identified as a component of the neuronal subcortical cytoskeleton. Here, we analyzed mice lacking adducin to uncover the function of this protein in actin rings. α-adducin knockout mice presented progressive axon enlargement in the spinal cord and optic and sciatic nerves, followed by axon degeneration and loss. Using stimulated emission depletion super-resolution microscopy, we show that a periodic subcortical actin cytoskeleton is assembled in every neuron type inspected including retinal ganglion cells and dorsal root ganglia neurons. In neurons devoid of adducin, the actin ring diameter increased, although the inter-ring periodicity was maintained. In vitro, the actin ring diameter adjusted as axons grew, suggesting the lattice is dynamic. Our data support a model in which adducin activity is not essential for actin ring assembly and periodicity but is necessary to control the diameter of both actin rings and axons and actin filament growth within rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio Carvalho Leite
- Nerve Regeneration Group, IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; ICBAS, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Sampaio
- Advanced Light Microscopy Unit, IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Vera Filipe Sousa
- Nerve Regeneration Group, IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; ICBAS, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Nogueira-Rodrigues
- Nerve Regeneration Group, IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rita Pinto-Costa
- Nerve Regeneration Group, IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Pedro Brites
- Nerve Regeneration Group, IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mónica Mendes Sousa
- Nerve Regeneration Group, IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
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12
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Luoma AM, Kuo F, Cakici O, Crowther MN, Denninger AR, Avila RL, Brites P, Kirschner DA. Plasmalogen phospholipids protect internodal myelin from oxidative damage. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 84:296-310. [PMID: 25801291 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are implicated in a range of degenerative conditions, including aging, neurodegenerative diseases, and neurological disorders. Myelin is a lipid-rich multilamellar sheath that facilitates rapid nerve conduction in vertebrates. Given the high energetic demands and low antioxidant capacity of the cells that elaborate the sheaths, myelin is considered intrinsically vulnerable to oxidative damage, raising the question whether additional mechanisms prevent structural damage. We characterized the structural and biochemical basis of ROS-mediated myelin damage in murine tissues from both central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). To determine whether ROS can cause structural damage to the internodal myelin, whole sciatic and optic nerves were incubated ex vivo with a hydroxyl radical-generating system consisting of copper (Cu), hydrogen peroxide (HP), and ortho-phenanthroline (OP). Quantitative assessment of unfixed tissue by X-ray diffraction revealed irreversible compaction of myelin membrane stacking in both sciatic and optic nerves. Incubation in the presence of the hydroxyl radical scavenger sodium formate prevented this damage, implicating hydroxyl radical species. Myelin membranes are particularly enriched in plasmalogens, a class of ether-linked phospholipids proposed to have antioxidant properties. Myelin in sciatic nerve from plasmalogen-deficient (Pex7 knockout) mice was significantly more vulnerable to Cu/OP/HP-mediated ROS-induced compaction than myelin from WT mice. Our results directly support the role of plasmalogens as endogenous antioxidants providing a defense that protects ROS-vulnerable myelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne M Luoma
- Biology Department, Boston College, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467-3811, USA
| | - Fonghsu Kuo
- Biology Department, Boston College, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467-3811, USA
| | - Ozgur Cakici
- Biology Department, Boston College, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467-3811, USA
| | - Michelle N Crowther
- Biology Department, Boston College, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467-3811, USA
| | - Andrew R Denninger
- Biology Department, Boston College, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467-3811, USA
| | - Robin L Avila
- Biology Department, Boston College, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467-3811, USA
| | - Pedro Brites
- Nerve Regeneration Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniel A Kirschner
- Biology Department, Boston College, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467-3811, USA.
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13
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Mar FM, da Silva TF, Morgado MM, Rodrigues LG, Rodrigues D, Pereira MIL, Marques A, Sousa VF, Coentro J, Sá-Miranda C, Sousa MM, Brites P. Myelin Lipids Inhibit Axon Regeneration Following Spinal Cord Injury: a Novel Perspective for Therapy. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:1052-1064. [PMID: 25579385 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-9072-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lack of axon regeneration following spinal cord injury has been mainly ascribed to the inhibitory environment of the injury site, i.e., to chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) and myelin-associated inhibitors (MAIs). Here, we used shiverer (shi) mice to assess axon regeneration following spinal cord injury in the presence of MAIs and CSPG but in the absence of compact myelin. Although in vitro shi neurons displayed a similar intrinsic neurite outgrowth to wild-type neurons, in vivo, shi fibers had increased regenerative capacity, suggesting that the wild-type spinal cord contains additional inhibitors besides MAIs and CSPG. Our data show that besides myelin protein, myelin lipids are highly inhibitory for neurite outgrowth and suggest that this inhibitory effect is released in the shi spinal cord given its decreased lipid content. Specifically, we identified cholesterol and sphingomyelin as novel myelin-associated inhibitors that operate through a Rho-dependent mechanism and have inhibitory activity in multiple neuron types. We further demonstrated the inhibitory action of myelin lipids in vivo, by showing that delivery of 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin, a drug that reduces the levels of lipids specifically in the injury site, leads to increased axon regeneration of wild-type (WT) dorsal column axons following spinal cord injury. In summary, our work shows that myelin lipids are important modulators of axon regeneration that should be considered together with protein MAIs as critical targets in strategies aiming at improving axonal growth following injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando M Mar
- Nerve Regeneration group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular-IBMC, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar-ICBAS, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Tiago F da Silva
- Nerve Regeneration group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular-IBMC, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar-ICBAS, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marlene M Morgado
- Nerve Regeneration group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular-IBMC, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180, Porto, Portugal
| | - Lorena G Rodrigues
- Nerve Regeneration group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular-IBMC, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180, Porto, Portugal.,Lysosome and Peroxisome Biology group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular-IBMC, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180, Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniel Rodrigues
- Lysosome and Peroxisome Biology group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular-IBMC, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta I L Pereira
- Nerve Regeneration group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular-IBMC, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Marques
- Nerve Regeneration group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular-IBMC, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180, Porto, Portugal
| | - Vera F Sousa
- Nerve Regeneration group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular-IBMC, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar-ICBAS, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Coentro
- Nerve Regeneration group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular-IBMC, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180, Porto, Portugal
| | - Clara Sá-Miranda
- Lysosome and Peroxisome Biology group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular-IBMC, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mónica M Sousa
- Nerve Regeneration group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular-IBMC, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Pedro Brites
- Nerve Regeneration group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular-IBMC, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180, Porto, Portugal
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Malheiro AR, da Silva TF, Brites P. Plasmalogens and fatty alcohols in rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata and Sjögren-Larsson syndrome. J Inherit Metab Dis 2015; 38:111-21. [PMID: 25432520 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-014-9795-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Plasmalogens are a special class of ether-phospholipids, best recognized by their vinyl-ether bond at the sn-1 position of the glycerobackbone and by the observation that their deficiency causes rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata (RCDP). The complex plasmalogen biosynthetic pathway involves multiple enzymatic steps carried-out in peroxisomes and in the endoplasmic reticulum. The rate limiting step in the biosynthesis of plasmalogens resides in the formation of the fatty alcohol responsible for the formation of an intermediate with an alkyl-linked moiety. The regulation in the biosynthesis of plasmalogens also takes place at this step using a feedback mechanism to stimulate or inhibit the biosynthesis. As such, fatty alcohols play a relevant role in the formation of ether-phospholipids. These advances in our understanding of complex lipid biosynthesis brought two seemingly distinct disorders into the spotlight. Sjögren-Larsson syndrome (SLS) is caused by defects in the microsomal fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase (FALDH) leading to the accumulation of fatty alcohols and fatty aldehydes. In RCDP cells, the defect in plasmalogens is thought to generate a feedback signal to increase their biosynthesis, through the activity of fatty acid reductases to produce fatty alcohols. However, the enzymatic defects in either glyceronephosphate O-acyltransferase (GNPAT) or alkylglycerone phosphate synthase (AGPS) disrupt the biosynthesis and result in the accumulation of the fatty alcohols. A detailed characterization on the processes and enzymes that govern these intricate biosynthetic pathways, as well as, the metabolic characterization of defects along the pathway should increase our understanding of the causes and mechanisms behind these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R Malheiro
- Lab Nerve Regeneration, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular - IBMC, Porto, Portugal
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15
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Teixeira CA, Miranda CO, Sousa VF, Santos TE, Malheiro AR, Solomon M, Maegawa GH, Brites P, Sousa MM. Early axonal loss accompanied by impaired endocytosis, abnormal axonal transport, and decreased microtubule stability occur in the model of Krabbe's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 66:92-103. [PMID: 24607884 PMCID: PMC4307018 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In Krabbe's disease (KD), a leukodystrophy caused by β-galactosylceramidase deficiency, demyelination and a myelin-independent axonopathy contributes to the severe neuropathology. Beyond axonopathy, we show that in Twitcher mice, a model of KD, a decreased number of axons both in the PNS and in the CNS, and of neurons in dorsal root ganglia (DRG), occurred before the onset of demyelination. Despite the early axonal loss, and although in vitro Twitcher neurites degenerated over time, Twitcher DRG neurons displayed an initial neurite overgrowth and, following sciatic nerve injury, Twitcher axons were regeneration-competent, at a time point where axonopathy was already ongoing. Psychosine, the toxic substrate that accumulates in KD, induced lipid raft clustering. At the mechanistic level, TrkA recruitment to lipid rafts was dysregulated in Twitcher neurons, and defective activation of the ERK1/2 and AKT pathways was identified. Besides defective recruitment of signaling molecules to lipid rafts, the early steps of endocytosis and the transport of endocytic and synaptic vesicles were impaired in Twitcher DRG neurons. Defects in axonal transport, specifically in the retrograde component, correlated with decreased levels of dynein, abnormal levels of post-translational tubulin modifications and decreased microtubule stability. The identification of the axonal defects that precede demyelination in KD, together with the finding that Twitcher axons are regeneration-competent when axonopathy is already installed, opens new windows of action to effectively correct the neuropathology that characterizes this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Andreia Teixeira
- Nerve Regeneration Group, IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina Oliveira Miranda
- Nerve Regeneration Group, IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Largo Prof. Abel Salazar, 2, 4099-003 Porto, Portugal
| | - Vera Filipe Sousa
- Nerve Regeneration Group, IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Largo Prof. Abel Salazar, 2, 4099-003 Porto, Portugal
| | - Telma Emanuela Santos
- Nerve Regeneration Group, IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Malheiro
- Nerve Regeneration Group, IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Melani Solomon
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine and Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Gustavo H Maegawa
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine and Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Pedro Brites
- Nerve Regeneration Group, IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mónica Mendes Sousa
- Nerve Regeneration Group, IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal.
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da Silva TF, Eira J, Lopes AT, Malheiro AR, Sousa V, Luoma A, Avila RL, Wanders RJA, Just WW, Kirschner DA, Sousa MM, Brites P. Peripheral nervous system plasmalogens regulate Schwann cell differentiation and myelination. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:2560-70. [PMID: 24762439 DOI: 10.1172/jci72063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata (RCDP) is a developmental disorder characterized by hypotonia, cataracts, abnormal ossification, impaired motor development, and intellectual disability. The underlying etiology of RCDP is a deficiency in the biosynthesis of ether phospholipids, of which plasmalogens are the most abundant form in nervous tissue and myelin; however, the role of plasmalogens in the peripheral nervous system is poorly defined. Here, we used mouse models of RCDP and analyzed the consequence of plasmalogen deficiency in peripheral nerves. We determined that plasmalogens are crucial for Schwann cell development and differentiation and that plasmalogen defects impaired radial sorting, myelination, and myelin structure. Plasmalogen insufficiency resulted in defective protein kinase B (AKT) phosphorylation and subsequent signaling, causing overt activation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) in nerves of mutant mice. Treatment with GSK3β inhibitors, lithium, or 4-benzyl-2-methyl-1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione (TDZD-8) restored Schwann cell defects, effectively bypassing plasmalogen deficiency. Our results demonstrate the requirement of plasmalogens for the correct and timely differentiation of Schwann cells and for the process of myelination. In addition, these studies identify a mechanism by which the lack of a membrane phospholipid causes neuropathology, implicating plasmalogens as regulators of membrane and cell signaling.
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Abstract
Mammalian central nervous system (CNS) neurons do not regenerate after injury due to the inhibitory environment formed by the glial scar, largely constituted by myelin debris. The use of biomaterials to bridge the lesion area and the creation of an environment favoring axonal regeneration is an appealing approach, currently under investigation. This work aimed at assessing the suitability of three candidate polymers – poly(ε-caprolactone), poly(trimethylene carbonate-co-ε-caprolactone) (P(TMC-CL)) (11∶89 mol%) and poly(trimethylene carbonate) - with the final goal of using these materials in the development of conduits to promote spinal cord regeneration. Poly(L-lysine) (PLL) coated polymeric films were tested for neuronal cell adhesion and neurite outgrowth. At similar PLL film area coverage conditions, neuronal polarization and axonal elongation was significantly higher on P(TMC-CL) films. Furthermore, cortical neurons cultured on P(TMC-CL) were able to extend neurites even when seeded onto myelin. This effect was found to be mediated by the glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) signaling pathway with impact on the collapsin response mediator protein 4 (CRMP4), suggesting that besides surface topography, nanomechanical properties were implicated in this process. The obtained results indicate P(TMC-CL) as a promising material for CNS regenerative applications as it promotes axonal growth, overcoming myelin inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Nogueira Rocha
- INEB – Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- FEUP - Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Brites
- Nerve Regeneration Group, IBMC – Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carlos Fonseca
- INEB – Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- FEUP - Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Paula Pêgo
- INEB – Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- FEUP - Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS – Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Leukodystrophies are a group of disorders characterized by myelin dysfunction, either at the level of myelin formation or maintenance, that affect the central nervous system (CNS) and also in some cases, to a lesser extent, the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Although these genetic-based disorders are generally rare, all together they have a significant impact in the society, with an estimated overall incidence of 1 in 7,663 live births. Currently, there is no cure for leukodystrophies, and the development of effective treatments remains challenging. Not only leukodystrophies generally progress very fast, but also most are multifocal needing the simultaneous targeting at multiple sites. Moreover, as the CNS is affected, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) limits the efficacy of treatment. Recently, interest on cell therapy has increased, and the leukodystrophies for which metabolic correction is needed have become first-choice candidates for cell-based clinical trials. In this review, we present and discuss the available cell transplantation therapies in metabolic leukodystrophies including fucosidosis, X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, metachromatic leukodystrophy, Canavan disease, and Krabbe's disease. We will discuss the latest advances of cell therapy and its pitfalls in this group of disorders, taking into account, among others, the limitations imposed by reduced cell migration in multifocal conditions, the need to achieve corrective enzyme threshold levels, and the growing awareness that not only myelin but also the associated axonopathy needs to be targeted in some leukodystrophies.
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da Silva TF, Sousa VF, Malheiro AR, Brites P. The importance of ether-phospholipids: a view from the perspective of mouse models. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2012; 1822:1501-8. [PMID: 22659211 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ether-phospholipids represent an important group of phospholipids characterized by an alkyl or an alkenyl bond at the sn-1 position of the glycerol backbone. Plasmalogens are the most abundant form of alkenyl-glycerophospholipids, and their synthesis requires functional peroxisomes. Defects in the biosynthesis of plasmalogens are the biochemical hallmark of the human peroxisomal disorder Rhizomelic Chondrodysplasia Punctata (RCDP), which is characterized by defects in eye, bone and nervous tissue. The generation and characterization of mouse models with defects in plasmalogen levels have significantly advanced our understanding of the role and importance of plasmalogens as well as pathogenetic mechanisms underlying RCDP. A review of the current mouse models and the description of the combined knowledge gathered from the histopathological and biochemical studies is presented and discussed. Further characterization of the role and functions of plasmalogens will contribute to the elucidation of disease pathogenesis in peroxisomal and non-peroxisomal disorders. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Metabolic Functions and Biogenesis of Peroxisomes in Health and Disease.
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Alves J, Santos A, Brites P, Ferreira-Dias G. Evaluation of physical fitness in police dogs using an incremental exercise test. Comparative Exercise Physiology 2012. [DOI: 10.3920/cep12027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of using blood lactate (BL), heart rate (HR) and rectal temperature (RT) to evaluate the physical fitness of police dogs using a treadmill incremental exercise test. The animals (n=20) were exercised using a protocol that consisted of five stages of six minutes each at increasing speeds of 9.66, 11.27, 12.87, 14.48 and 16.09 km/h with a slope adjusted to 10%. The test ended when the animal completed the five steps or when exhaustion was reached, either during or between steps. BL from the marginal ear vein, HR and RT were measured on the police dogs at rest (T0), after each step (T1 to T5) and after a recovery period of 20 minutes (T6). The mean duration of exercise was 19 min 17 s (standard deviation ± 5 min 30 s), with only one animal completing all five stages. In the case of BL, no differences were found when comparing consecutive stages, but when compared to the values at rest (T0), a significant increase was found in T2 (P<0.05), T3, T4 and T6 (P<0.001). When the RT was considered, an increase was found between T0 and T3 (P<0.05). HR was the parameter in which the largest variations were observed, between T1 and T2 (P<0.05), and T1, T4 and T6 when compared to the stage immediately before (P<0.01). When compared to T0, all stages showed differences (P<0.001). However, no correlation was found between the parameters evaluated in this test. This study showed the feasibility of evaluating the physical fitness of police dogs using a blood sample from the marginal ear vein and a lactate portable measuring device. It was also found that the values recorded in animals previously familiarised with the treadmill were similar to those that were not. This work provides data that can be used in training and testing of dogs that perform this kind of work, and can be the basis for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Alves
- Divisão de Medicina Veterinária, Guarda Nacional Republicana, Rua da Cruz de Santa Apolónia n°16, 1149-064 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - A. Santos
- Divisão de Medicina Veterinária, Guarda Nacional Republicana, Rua da Cruz de Santa Apolónia n°16, 1149-064 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - P. Brites
- Laboratório Militar, Clínica de Canídeos do Exército, Avenida Alfredo Bensaúde, 1800-172 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - G. Ferreira-Dias
- CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Polo Universitário da Ajuda, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
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Brites P, Ferreira AS, da Silva TF, Sousa VF, Malheiro AR, Duran M, Waterham HR, Baes M, Wanders RJA. Alkyl-glycerol rescues plasmalogen levels and pathology of ether-phospholipid deficient mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28539. [PMID: 22163031 PMCID: PMC3232224 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A deficiency of plasmalogens, caused by impaired peroxisomal metabolism affects normal development and multiple organs in adulthood. Treatment options aimed at restoring plasmalogen levels may be relevant for the therapy of peroxisomal and non-peroxisomal disorders. In this study we determined the in vivo efficacy of an alkyl glycerol (AG), namely, 1-O-octadecyl-rac-glycerol, as a therapeutic agent for defects in plasmalogen synthesis. To achieve this, Pex7 knockout mice, a mouse model for Rhizomelic Chondrodysplasia Punctata type 1 characterized by the absence of plasmalogens, and WT mice were fed a control diet or a diet containing 2% alkyl-glycerol. Plasmalogen levels were measured in target organs and the biochemical data were correlated with the histological analysis of affected organs. Plasmalogen levels in all peripheral tissues of Pex7 KO mice fed the AG diet for 2 months normalized to the levels of AG fed WT mice. In nervous tissues of Pex7 KO mice fed the AG-diet, plasmalogen levels were significantly increased compared to control fed KO mice. Histological analysis of target organs revealed that the AG-diet was able to stop the progression of the pathology in testis, adipose tissue and the Harderian gland. Interestingly, the latter tissues are characterized by the presence of lipid droplets which were absent or reduced in size and number when ether-phospholipids are lacking, but which can be restored with the AAG treatment. Furthermore, nerve conduction in peripheral nerves was improved. When given prior to the occurrence of major pathological changes, the AG-diet prevented or ameliorated the pathology observed in Pex7 KO mice depending on the degree of plasmalogen restoration. This study provides evidence of the beneficial effects of treating a plasmalogen deficiency with alkyl-glycerol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Brites
- Nerve Regeneration Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal.
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Wanders RJA, Brites P. Biosynthesis of ether-phospholipids including plasmalogens, peroxisomes and human disease: new insights into an old problem. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.10.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Brites P, Mooyer PAW, el Mrabet L, Waterham HR, Wanders RJA. Plasmalogens participate in very-long-chain fatty acid-induced pathology. Brain 2008; 132:482-92. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awn295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Cuperus R, Tytgat GAM, Leen R, Brites P, Bras J, Caron HN, Van Kuilenburg ABP. Pleiotropic effects of fenretinide in neuroblastoma cell lines and multicellular tumor spheroids. Int J Oncol 2008; 32:1011-1019. [PMID: 18425327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficacy and mechanism of action of fenretinide (4-HPR), a vitamin A analogue, was investigated in a panel of six neuroblastoma cell lines and multicellular tumor spheroids. The latter are three dimensional cell aggregates and as such, a model for micrometastases. In all cell lines, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) increased with 163-680% after 1 h of treatment with 4-HPR. In addition, a decrease of the mitochondrial membrane potential of 30-75% was observed after 4 h of incubation with 4-HPR. A 6-12-fold difference was observed between the IC50 values for cell proliferation and viability between the most sensitive (IMR32) and most resistant (NASS) cell line towards 4-HPR. Flow cytometric analysis showed an increased amount of apoptotic bodies and no cell-cycle arrest. The antioxidant Trolox completely inhibited the accumulation of 4HPR-induced ROS and prevented the 4HPR-associated cytotoxicity. In all neuroblastoma spheroids, 4-HPR induced a complete cytostasis at clinical relevant concentrations (3-10 microM). Immunohistochemical analysis of 4-HPR-treated spheroids showed a decreased staining for proliferation marker Ki-67 and an increased staining for cleaved-PARP, a marker of apoptosis. Our results suggest that 4-HPR might be a promising agent for the treatment of micrometastases and high-risk neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roos Cuperus
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases and Department of Pediatrics/Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Cuperus R, Tytgat G, Leen R, Brites P, Bras J, Caron H, Van Kuilenburg A. Pleiotropic effects of fenretinide in neuroblastoma cell lines and multicellular tumor spheroids. Int J Oncol 2008. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.32.5.1011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Brites P, Waterham HR, Wanders RJA. Functions and biosynthesis of plasmalogens in health and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2004; 1636:219-31. [PMID: 15164770 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2003.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2003] [Accepted: 12/15/2003] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Plasmalogens (1-O-alk-1'-enyl-2-acyl glycerophospholipids) constitute a special class of phospholipids characterized by the presence of a vinyl-ether bond at the sn-1 position. Although long considered as biological peculiarities, interest in this group of phospholipids has grown in recent years, thanks to the realization that plasmalogens are involved in different human diseases. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge with respect to the enzymatic synthesis of plasmalogens, the characteristic topology of the enzymes involved and the biological roles that have been assigned to plasmalogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Brites
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, Lab Genetic Metabolic Diseases, F0-224, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, Netherlands
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Brites P, Motley AM, Gressens P, Mooyer PAW, Ploegaert I, Everts V, Evrard P, Carmeliet P, Dewerchin M, Schoonjans L, Duran M, Waterham HR, Wanders RJA, Baes M. Impaired neuronal migration and endochondral ossification in Pex7 knockout mice: a model for rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata. Hum Mol Genet 2003; 12:2255-67. [PMID: 12915479 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddg236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata is a human autosomal recessive disorder characterized by skeletal, eye and brain abnormalities. The disorder is caused by mutations in the PEX7 gene, which encodes the receptor for a class of peroxisomal matrix enzymes. We describe the generation and characterization of a Pex7 mouse knockout (Pex7(-/-)). Pex7(-/-) mice are born severely hypotonic and have a growth impairment. Mortality in Pex7(-/-) mice is highest in the perinatal period although some Pex7(-/-) mice survived beyond 18 months. Biochemically Pex7(-/-) mice display the abnormalities related to a Pex7 deficiency, i.e. a severe depletion of plasmalogens, impaired alpha-oxidation of phytanic acid and impaired beta-oxidation of very-long-chain fatty acids. In the intermediate zone of the developing cerebral cortex Pex7(-/-) mice have an increase in neuronal density. In vivo neuronal birthdating revealed that Pex7(-/-) mice have a delay in neuronal migration. Analysis of bone ossification in newborn Pex7(-/-) mice revealed a defect in ossification of distal bone elements of the limbs as well as parts of the skull and vertebrae. These findings demonstrate that Pex7 knockout mice provide an important model to study the role of peroxisomal functioning in the pathogenesis of the human disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Brites
- Academic Medical Center, Laboratory of Genetic Metabolic Diseases F0-224, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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van den Brink DM, Brites P, Haasjes J, Wierzbicki AS, Mitchell J, Lambert-Hamill M, de Belleroche J, Jansen GA, Waterham HR, Wanders RJA. Identification of PEX7 as the second gene involved in Refsum disease. Am J Hum Genet 2003; 72:471-7. [PMID: 12522768 PMCID: PMC379239 DOI: 10.1086/346093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2002] [Accepted: 11/04/2002] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients affected with Refsum disease (RD) have elevated levels of phytanic acid due to a deficiency of the peroxisomal enzyme phytanoyl-CoA hydroxylase (PhyH). In most patients with RD, disease-causing mutations in the PHYH gene have been identified, but, in a subset, no mutations could be found, indicating that the condition is genetically heterogeneous. Linkage analysis of a few patients diagnosed with RD, but without mutations in PHYH, suggested a second locus on chromosome 6q22-24. This region includes the PEX7 gene, which codes for the peroxin 7 receptor protein required for peroxisomal import of proteins containing a peroxisomal targeting signal type 2. Mutations in PEX7 normally cause rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata type 1, a severe peroxisomal disorder. Biochemical analyses of the patients with RD revealed defects not only in phytanic acid alpha-oxidation but also in plasmalogen synthesis and peroxisomal thiolase. Furthermore, we identified mutations in the PEX7 gene. Our data show that mutations in the PEX7 gene may result in a broad clinical spectrum ranging from severe rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata to relatively mild RD and that clinical diagnosis of conditions involving retinitis pigmentosa, ataxia, and polyneuropathy may require a full screen of peroxisomal functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan M. van den Brink
- Departments of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam; Department of Chemical Pathology, King’s College London, St. Thomas' Hospital Campus, Refsum’s Disease Clinic, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, and Department of Neuromuscular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College Medical School, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, London
| | - Pedro Brites
- Departments of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam; Department of Chemical Pathology, King’s College London, St. Thomas' Hospital Campus, Refsum’s Disease Clinic, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, and Department of Neuromuscular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College Medical School, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, London
| | - Janet Haasjes
- Departments of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam; Department of Chemical Pathology, King’s College London, St. Thomas' Hospital Campus, Refsum’s Disease Clinic, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, and Department of Neuromuscular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College Medical School, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, London
| | - Anthony S. Wierzbicki
- Departments of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam; Department of Chemical Pathology, King’s College London, St. Thomas' Hospital Campus, Refsum’s Disease Clinic, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, and Department of Neuromuscular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College Medical School, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, London
| | - John Mitchell
- Departments of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam; Department of Chemical Pathology, King’s College London, St. Thomas' Hospital Campus, Refsum’s Disease Clinic, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, and Department of Neuromuscular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College Medical School, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, London
| | - Michelle Lambert-Hamill
- Departments of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam; Department of Chemical Pathology, King’s College London, St. Thomas' Hospital Campus, Refsum’s Disease Clinic, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, and Department of Neuromuscular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College Medical School, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, London
| | - Jacqueline de Belleroche
- Departments of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam; Department of Chemical Pathology, King’s College London, St. Thomas' Hospital Campus, Refsum’s Disease Clinic, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, and Department of Neuromuscular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College Medical School, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, London
| | - Gerbert A. Jansen
- Departments of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam; Department of Chemical Pathology, King’s College London, St. Thomas' Hospital Campus, Refsum’s Disease Clinic, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, and Department of Neuromuscular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College Medical School, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, London
| | - Hans R. Waterham
- Departments of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam; Department of Chemical Pathology, King’s College London, St. Thomas' Hospital Campus, Refsum’s Disease Clinic, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, and Department of Neuromuscular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College Medical School, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, London
| | - Ronald J. A. Wanders
- Departments of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam; Department of Chemical Pathology, King’s College London, St. Thomas' Hospital Campus, Refsum’s Disease Clinic, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, and Department of Neuromuscular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College Medical School, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, London
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Van den Brink DM, Brites P, Haasjes J, Wierzbicki AS, Mitchell J, Lambert-Hamill M, de Belleroche J, Jansen GA, Waterham HR, Wanders RJA. Identification of PEX7 as the Second Gene Involved in Refsum Disease. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 2003; 544:69-70. [PMID: 14713215 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-9072-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daan M Van den Brink
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Motley AM, Brites P, Gerez L, Hogenhout E, Haasjes J, Benne R, Tabak HF, Wanders RJA, Waterham HR. Mutational spectrum in the PEX7 gene and functional analysis of mutant alleles in 78 patients with rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata type 1. Am J Hum Genet 2002; 70:612-24. [PMID: 11781871 PMCID: PMC384941 DOI: 10.1086/338998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2001] [Accepted: 12/03/2001] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata (RCDP) is a genetically heterogeneous, autosomal recessive disorder of peroxisomal metabolism that is clinically characterized by symmetrical shortening of the proximal long bones, cataracts, periarticular calcifications, multiple joint contractures, and psychomotor retardation. Most patients with RCDP have mutations in the PEX7 gene encoding peroxin 7, the cytosolic PTS2-receptor protein required for targeting a subset of enzymes to peroxisomes. These enzymes are deficient in cells of patients with RCDP, because of their mislocalization to the cytoplasm. We report the mutational spectrum in the PEX7 gene of 78 patients (including five pairs of sibs) clinically and biochemically diagnosed with RCDP type I. We found 22 different mutations, including 18 novel ones. Furthermore, we show by functional analysis that disease severity correlates with PEX7 allele activity: expression of eight different alleles from patients with severe RCDP failed to restore the targeting defect in RCDP fibroblasts, whereas two alleles found only in patients with mild disease complemented the targeting defect upon overexpression. Surprisingly, one of the mild alleles comprises a duplication of nucleotides 45-52, which is predicted to lead to a frameshift at codon 17 and an absence of functional peroxin 7. The ability of this allele to complement the targeting defect in RCDP cells suggests that frame restoration occurs, resulting in full-length functional peroxin 7, which leads to amelioration of the predicted severe phenotype. This was confirmed in vitro by expression of the eight-nucleotide duplication-containing sequence fused in different reading frames to the coding sequence of firefly luciferase in COS cells.
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MESH Headings
- Alleles
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- COS Cells
- Chondrodysplasia Punctata, Rhizomelic/classification
- Chondrodysplasia Punctata, Rhizomelic/enzymology
- Chondrodysplasia Punctata, Rhizomelic/genetics
- Chondrodysplasia Punctata, Rhizomelic/pathology
- Codon/genetics
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- Fibroblasts
- Frameshift Mutation/genetics
- Genes, Recessive/genetics
- Genes, Reporter/genetics
- Genetic Complementation Test
- Homozygote
- Humans
- Luciferases/genetics
- Luciferases/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutation/genetics
- Open Reading Frames/genetics
- Peroxisomal Targeting Signal 2 Receptor
- Phenotype
- Protein Folding
- Protein Structure, Secondary
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/chemistry
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Repetitive Sequences, Amino Acid/genetics
- Sequence Alignment
- Structure-Activity Relationship
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison M. Motley
- Departments of Pediatrics, Biochemistry, and Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam
| | - Pedro Brites
- Departments of Pediatrics, Biochemistry, and Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam
| | - Lisya Gerez
- Departments of Pediatrics, Biochemistry, and Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam
| | - Eveline Hogenhout
- Departments of Pediatrics, Biochemistry, and Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam
| | - Janet Haasjes
- Departments of Pediatrics, Biochemistry, and Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam
| | - Rob Benne
- Departments of Pediatrics, Biochemistry, and Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam
| | - Henk F. Tabak
- Departments of Pediatrics, Biochemistry, and Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam
| | - Ronald J. A. Wanders
- Departments of Pediatrics, Biochemistry, and Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam
| | - Hans R. Waterham
- Departments of Pediatrics, Biochemistry, and Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam
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Brites P, Motley A, Hogenhout E, Hettema E, Wijburg F, Heijmans HS, Tabak HF, Distel B, Wanders RJ. Molecular basis of rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata type I: high frequency of the Leu-292 stop mutation in 38 patients. J Inherit Metab Dis 1998; 21:306-8. [PMID: 9686382 DOI: 10.1023/a:1005301112923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P Brites
- University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Centre, Department of Clinical Chemistry, The Netherlands
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Motley AM, Hettema EH, Hogenhout EM, Brites P, ten Asbroek AL, Wijburg FA, Baas F, Heijmans HS, Tabak HF, Wanders RJ, Distel B. Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata is a peroxisomal protein targeting disease caused by a non-functional PTS2 receptor. Nat Genet 1997; 15:377-80. [PMID: 9090382 DOI: 10.1038/ng0497-377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata (RCDP) is an autosomal recessive disease characterized clinically by a disproportionately short stature primarily affecting the proximal parts of the extremities, typical dysmorphic facial appearance, congenital contractures and severe growth and mental retardation. Although some patients have single enzyme deficiencies, the majority of RCDP patients (86%) belong to a single complementation group (CG11, also known as complementation group I, Amsterdam nomenclature). Cells from CG11 show a tetrad of biochemical abnormalities: a deficiency of i) dihydroxyacetonephosphate acyltransferase, ii) alkyldihydroxyacetonephosphate synthase, iii) phytanic acid alpha-oxidation and iv) inability to import peroxisomal thiolase. These deficiencies indicate involvement of a component required for correct targeting of these peroxisomal proteins. Deficiencies in peroxisomal targeting are also found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae pex5 and pex7 mutants, which show differential protein import deficiencies corresponding to two peroxisomal targeting sequences (PTS1 and PTS2). These mutants lack their PTS1 and PTS2 receptors, respectively. Like S. cerevisiae pex cells, RCDP cells from CG11 cannot import a PTS2 reporter protein. Here we report the cloning of PEX7 encoding the human PTS2 receptor, based on its similarity to two yeast orthologues. All RCDP patients from CG11 with detectable PEX7 mRNA were found to contain mutations in PEX7. A mutation resulting in C-terminal truncation of PEX7 cosegregates with the disease and expression of PEX7 in RCDP fibroblasts from CG11 rescues the PTS2 protein import deficiency. These findings prove that mutations in PEX7 cause RCDP, CG11.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Motley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Affiliation(s)
- P Jorge
- Unidade de Enzimologia, Instituto Genética Médica Jacinto de Magalhães, Porto, Portugal
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