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Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is not only the viral receptor for the novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) but is also classically known as a key carboxypeptidase, which through multiple interacting partners plays vital physiological roles in the heart, kidney, lung, and gastrointestinal tract. An accumulating body of evidence has implicated the dysregulation of ACE2 abundance and activity in the pathophysiology of multiple disease states. ACE2 has recently regained attention due to its evolving role in driving the susceptibility and disease severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This narrative review outlines the current knowledge of the structure and tissue distribution of ACE2, its role in mediating SARS-CoV-2 cellular entry, its interacting partners, and functions. It also highlights how SARS-CoV-2-mediated dysregulation of membrane-bound and circulating soluble ACE2 during infection plays an important role in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. We explore contemporary evidence for the dysregulation of ACE2 in populations that have emerged as most vulnerable to COVID-19 morbidity and mortality, including the elderly, men, and pregnant women, and draw attention to ACE2 dynamics and discrepancies across the mRNA, protein (membrane-bound and circulating), and activity levels. This review highlights the need for improved understanding of the basic biology of ACE2 in populations vulnerable to COVID-19 to best ensure their clinical management and the appropriate prescription of targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty G Pringle
- School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Mothers and Babies Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lisa K Philp
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health & School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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2
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Philp LK, Rockstroh A, Sadowski MC, Taherian Fard A, Lehman M, Tevz G, Libério MS, Bidgood CL, Gunter JH, McPherson S, Bartonicek N, Wade JD, Otvos L, Nelson CC. Leptin antagonism inhibits prostate cancer xenograft growth and progression. Endocr Relat Cancer 2021; 28:353-375. [PMID: 33794502 DOI: 10.1530/erc-20-0405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Hyperleptinaemia is a well-established therapeutic side effect of drugs inhibiting the androgen axis in prostate cancer (PCa), including main stay androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) and androgen targeted therapies (ATT). Given significant crossover between the adipokine hormone signalling of leptin and multiple cancer-promoting hallmark pathways, including growth, proliferation, migration, angiogenesis, metabolism and inflammation, targeting the leptin axis is therapeutically appealing, especially in advanced PCa where current therapies fail to be curative. In this study, we uncover leptin as a novel universal target in PCa and are the first to highlight increased intratumoural leptin and leptin receptor (LEPR) expression in PCa cells and patients' tumours exposed to androgen deprivation, as is observed in patients' tumours of metastatic and castrate resistant (CRPC) PCa. We also reveal the world-first preclinical evidence that demonstrates marked efficacy of targeted leptin-signalling blockade, using Allo-aca, a potent, specific, and safe LEPR peptide antagonist. Allo-aca-suppressed tumour growth and delayed progression to CRPC in mice bearing LNCaP xenografts, with reduced tumour vascularity and altered pathways of apoptosis, transcription/translation, and energetics in tumours determined as potential mechanisms underpinning anti-tumour efficacy. We highlight LEPR blockade in combination with androgen axis inhibition represents a promising new therapeutic strategy vital in advanced PCa treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa K Philp
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anja Rockstroh
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Martin C Sadowski
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Atefeh Taherian Fard
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Melanie Lehman
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gregor Tevz
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michelle S Libério
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Charles L Bidgood
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jennifer H Gunter
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stephen McPherson
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nenad Bartonicek
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John D Wade
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Laszlo Otvos
- OLPE, LLC, Audubon, Pennsylvania, USA
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Colleen C Nelson
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Philp LK, Rockstroh A, Lehman M, Sadowski MC, Bartonicek N, Wade JD, Otvos L, Nelson CC. Adiponectin receptor activation inhibits prostate cancer xenograft growth. Endocr Relat Cancer 2020; 27:711-729. [PMID: 33112829 DOI: 10.1530/erc-20-0297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Adiponectin is an adipokine originally identified as dysregulated in obesity, with a key role in insulin sensitisation and in maintaining systemic energy balance. However, adiponectin is progressively emerging as having aberrant signalling in multiple disease states, including prostate cancer (PCa). Circulating adiponectin is lower in patients with PCa than in non-malignant disease, and inversely correlates with cancer severity. More severe hypoadiponectinemia is observed in advanced PCa than in organ-confined disease. Given the crossover between adiponectin signalling and several cancer hallmark pathways that influence PCa growth and progression, we hypothesised that targeting dysregulated adiponectin signalling may inhibit tumour growth and progression. We, therefore, aimed to test the efficacy of correcting the hypoadiponectinemia and dysregulated adiponectin signalling observed in PCa, a world-first PCa therapeutic approach, using peptide adiponectin receptor (ADIPOR) agonist ADP355 in mice bearing subcutaneous LNCaP xenografts. We demonstrate significant evidence for PCa growth inhibition by ADP355, which slowed tumour growth and delayed progression of serum PCa biomarker, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), compared to vehicle. ADP355 conferred a significant advantage by increasing time on treatment with a delayed ethical endpoint. mRNA sequencing and protein expression analyses of tumours revealed ADP355 PCa growth inhibition may be through altered cellular energetics, cellular stress and protein synthesis, which may culminate in apoptosis, as evidenced by the increased apoptotic marker in ADP355-treated tumours. Our findings highlight the efficacy of ADP355 in targeting classical adiponectin-associated signalling pathways in vivo and provide insights into the promising future for modulating adiponectin signalling through ADIPOR agonism as a novel anti-tumour treatment modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa K Philp
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anja Rockstroh
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Melanie Lehman
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Martin C Sadowski
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nenad Bartonicek
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John D Wade
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Laszlo Otvos
- OLPE, LLC, Audubon, Pennsylvania, USA
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Colleen C Nelson
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Tousignant KD, Rockstroh A, Taherian Fard A, Lehman ML, Wang C, McPherson SJ, Philp LK, Bartonicek N, Dinger ME, Nelson CC, Sadowski MC. Lipid Uptake Is an Androgen-Enhanced Lipid Supply Pathway Associated with Prostate Cancer Disease Progression and Bone Metastasis. Mol Cancer Res 2019; 17:1166-1179. [PMID: 30808729 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-18-1147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
De novo lipogenesis is a well-described androgen receptor (AR)-regulated metabolic pathway that supports prostate cancer tumor growth by providing fuel, membrane material, and steroid hormone precursor. In contrast, our current understanding of lipid supply from uptake of exogenous lipids and its regulation by AR is limited, and exogenous lipids may play a much more significant role in prostate cancer and disease progression than previously thought. By applying advanced automated quantitative fluorescence microscopy, we provide the most comprehensive functional analysis of lipid uptake in cancer cells to date and demonstrate that treatment of AR-positive prostate cancer cell lines with androgens results in significantly increased cellular uptake of fatty acids, cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein particles. Consistent with a direct, regulatory role of AR in this process, androgen-enhanced lipid uptake can be blocked by the AR-antagonist enzalutamide, but is independent of proliferation and cell-cycle progression. This work for the first time comprehensively delineates the lipid transporter landscape in prostate cancer cell lines and patient samples by analysis of transcriptomics and proteomics data, including the plasma membrane proteome. We show that androgen exposure or deprivation regulates the expression of multiple lipid transporters in prostate cancer cell lines and tumor xenografts and that mRNA and protein expression of lipid transporters is enhanced in bone metastatic disease when compared with primary, localized prostate cancer. Our findings provide a strong rationale to investigate lipid uptake as a therapeutic cotarget in the fight against advanced prostate cancer in combination with inhibitors of lipogenesis to delay disease progression and metastasis. IMPLICATIONS: Prostate cancer exhibits metabolic plasticity in acquiring lipids from uptake and lipogenesis at different disease stages, indicating potential therapeutic benefit by cotargeting lipid supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaylyn D Tousignant
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anja Rockstroh
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Atefeh Taherian Fard
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Melanie L Lehman
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Chenwei Wang
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stephen J McPherson
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lisa K Philp
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nenad Bartonicek
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Marcel E Dinger
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Colleen C Nelson
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Martin C Sadowski
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia.
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Maugham ML, Thomas PB, Crisp GJ, Philp LK, Shah ET, Herington AC, Chen C, Gregory LS, Nelson CC, Seim I, Jeffery PL, Chopin LK. Abstract 4819: Insights from engraftable immunodeficient mouse models of hyperinsulinaemia. Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2017-4819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Hyperinsulinemia, obesity and dyslipidemia are independent and collective risk factors for many cancers, however, there is a lack of suitable mouse models available to study this association.
We examined the long-term effects of a “Western style” 23% high fat diet (HFD, 46% of total calculated energy from lipids) in two immunodeficient mouse strains (NOD/SCID and Rag1 -/-) suitable for engraftment with human-derived cell lines and tissue xenografts. HFD-fed mice of both strains exhibited diet-induced impairments in glucose tolerance at 16 and 23 weeks post initiation of HFD feeding. Only Rag1 -/- mice developed higher fasting insulin levels (2.16 ± 1.01ng/ml versus 0.71 ± 0.12ng/ml, P = 0.01) and increased insulin resistance (6.70 ± 1.68 HOMA-IR, versus 2.91 ± 0.42, P = 0.01) when fed a HFD. Similarly, hepatic steatosis was more extensive, and intramyocellular lipid storage was increased in HFD-fed Rag1 -/- mice. Conversely, NOD/SCID mice exhibited relatively low levels of steatosis and no intramyocellular lipid was observed. These data suggest that Rag1 -/- mice are a more suitable pre-clinical model for examining the interactions between hyperinsulinemia, obesity and hyperlipidemia and cancer than the more commonly used NOD/SCID mouse model.
We next investigated the growth of human prostate cancer cell lines (PC3 and LNCaP) subcutaneously injected into hyperinsulinemic Rag1 -/- mice. Compared to normal chow-fed mice, tumor growth velocity was greater in HFD-fed mice with PC3 and LNCaP xenografts, and mice reached humane endpoints (cancer-associated cachexia and tumor burden) significantly earlier (P = 0.0078 and P = 0.031). Strikingly, HFD-fed mice bearing PC3 xenografts presented with significantly greater normalized wet tumor weight (485.16 ± 143.80% vs. 1562.69 ± 338.20%, P = 0.032), tumor volume (485.16 ± 143.80% vs.1562.69 ± 338.20%, P = 0.032) and number of Ki67 positive (proliferating) tumor cells (36.08 ± 2.53% vs. 66.14 ± 8.514, P = 0.032), compared to mice fed a normal chow diet.
In summary, this is the first study of the metabolic effects of a long-term “Western style” HFD in two immunodeficient mouse strains suitable for xenograft studies. We demonstrate that the Rag1 -/- mouse is an appropriate and novel model for studying the interactions between hyperinsulinaemia and cancer.
Citation Format: Michelle L. Maugham, Patrick B. Thomas, Gabrielle J. Crisp, Lisa K. Philp, Esha T. Shah, Adrian C. Herington, Chen Chen, Laura S. Gregory, Colleen C. Nelson, Inge Seim, Penny L. Jeffery, Lisa K. Chopin. Insights from engraftable immunodeficient mouse models of hyperinsulinaemia [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4819. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-4819
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lisa K. Philp
- 1Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Esha T. Shah
- 1Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Chen Chen
- 2University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | | | - Inge Seim
- 1Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Lisa K. Chopin
- 1Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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Maugham ML, Thomas PB, Crisp GJ, Philp LK, Shah ET, Herington AC, Chen C, Gregory LS, Nelson CC, Seim I, Jeffery PL, Chopin LK. Insights from engraftable immunodeficient mouse models of hyperinsulinaemia. Sci Rep 2017; 7:491. [PMID: 28352127 PMCID: PMC5428450 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00443-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperinsulinaemia, obesity and dyslipidaemia are independent and collective risk factors for many cancers. Here, the long-term effects of a 23% Western high-fat diet (HFD) in two immunodeficient mouse strains (NOD/SCID and Rag1 -/-) suitable for engraftment with human-derived tissue xenografts, and the effect of diet-induced hyperinsulinaemia on human prostate cancer cell line xenograft growth, were investigated. Rag1 -/-and NOD/SCID HFD-fed mice demonstrated diet-induced impairments in glucose tolerance at 16 and 23 weeks post weaning. Rag1 -/- mice developed significantly higher fasting insulin levels (2.16 ± 1.01 ng/ml, P = 0.01) and increased insulin resistance (6.70 ± 1.68 HOMA-IR, P = 0.01) compared to low-fat chow-fed mice (0.71 ± 0.12 ng/ml and 2.91 ± 0.42 HOMA-IR). This was not observed in the NOD/SCID strain. Hepatic steatosis was more extensive in Rag1 -/- HFD-fed mice compared to NOD/SCID mice. Intramyocellular lipid storage was increased in Rag1 -/- HFD-fed mice, but not in NOD/SCID mice. In Rag1 -/- HFD-fed mice, LNCaP xenograft tumours grew more rapidly compared to low-fat chow-fed mice. This is the first characterisation of the metabolic effects of long-term Western HFD in two mouse strains suitable for xenograft studies. We conclude that Rag1 -/- mice are an appropriate and novel xenograft model for studying the relationship between cancer and hyperinsulinaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Maugham
- Ghrelin Research Group, Translational Research Institute, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Comparative and Endocrine Biology Laboratory, Translational Research Institute, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Skeletal Biology and Forensic Anthropology Research Laboratory, Cancer Program, School of Biomedical Sciences, Translational Research Institute (TRI), Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Patrick B Thomas
- Ghrelin Research Group, Translational Research Institute, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Comparative and Endocrine Biology Laboratory, Translational Research Institute, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gabrielle J Crisp
- Ghrelin Research Group, Translational Research Institute, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Comparative and Endocrine Biology Laboratory, Translational Research Institute, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lisa K Philp
- Ghrelin Research Group, Translational Research Institute, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Esha T Shah
- Ghrelin Research Group, Translational Research Institute, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Comparative and Endocrine Biology Laboratory, Translational Research Institute, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Adrian C Herington
- Ghrelin Research Group, Translational Research Institute, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Laura S Gregory
- Skeletal Biology and Forensic Anthropology Research Laboratory, Cancer Program, School of Biomedical Sciences, Translational Research Institute (TRI), Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Colleen C Nelson
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Inge Seim
- Ghrelin Research Group, Translational Research Institute, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Comparative and Endocrine Biology Laboratory, Translational Research Institute, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Penny L Jeffery
- Ghrelin Research Group, Translational Research Institute, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
- Comparative and Endocrine Biology Laboratory, Translational Research Institute, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Lisa K Chopin
- Ghrelin Research Group, Translational Research Institute, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
- Comparative and Endocrine Biology Laboratory, Translational Research Institute, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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Philp LK, Day TK, Butler MS, Laven-Law G, Jindal S, Hickey TE, Scher HI, Butler LM, Tilley WD. Small Glutamine-Rich Tetratricopeptide Repeat-Containing Protein Alpha (SGTA) Ablation Limits Offspring Viability and Growth in Mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28950. [PMID: 27358191 PMCID: PMC4928056 DOI: 10.1038/srep28950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Small glutamine-rich tetratricopeptide repeat-containing protein α (SGTA) has been implicated as a co-chaperone and regulator of androgen and growth hormone receptor (AR, GHR) signalling. We investigated the functional consequences of partial and full Sgta ablation in vivo using Cre-lox Sgta-null mice. Sgta(+/-) breeders generated viable Sgta(-/-) offspring, but at less than Mendelian expectancy. Sgta(-/-) breeders were subfertile with small litters and higher neonatal death (P < 0.02). Body size was significantly and proportionately smaller in male and female Sgta(-/-) (vs WT, Sgta(+/-) P < 0.001) from d19. Serum IGF-1 levels were genotype- and sex-dependent. Food intake, muscle and bone mass and adiposity were unchanged in Sgta(-/-). Vital and sex organs had normal relative weight, morphology and histology, although certain androgen-sensitive measures such as penis and preputial size, and testis descent, were greater in Sgta(-/-). Expression of AR and its targets remained largely unchanged, although AR localisation was genotype- and tissue-dependent. Generally expression of other TPR-containing proteins was unchanged. In conclusion, this thorough investigation of SGTA-null mutation reports a mild phenotype of reduced body size. The model's full potential likely will be realised by genetic crosses with other models to interrogate the role of SGTA in the many diseases in which it has been implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa K. Philp
- Adelaide Prostate Cancer Research Centre and Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Tanya K. Day
- Adelaide Prostate Cancer Research Centre and Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Miriam S. Butler
- Adelaide Prostate Cancer Research Centre and Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Geraldine Laven-Law
- Adelaide Prostate Cancer Research Centre and Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Shalini Jindal
- Adelaide Prostate Cancer Research Centre and Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Theresa E. Hickey
- Adelaide Prostate Cancer Research Centre and Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - Lisa M. Butler
- Adelaide Prostate Cancer Research Centre and Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Freemason’s Foundation Centre for Men’s Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Wayne D. Tilley
- Adelaide Prostate Cancer Research Centre and Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Freemason’s Foundation Centre for Men’s Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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Shah ET, Upadhyaya A, Philp LK, Tang T, Skalamera D, Gunter J, Nelson CC, Williams ED, Hollier BG. Repositioning "old" drugs for new causes: identifying new inhibitors of prostate cancer cell migration and invasion. Clin Exp Metastasis 2016; 33:385-99. [PMID: 26932199 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-016-9785-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The majority of prostate cancer (PCa) deaths occur due to the metastatic spread of tumor cells to distant organs. Currently, there is a lack of effective therapies once tumor cells have spread outside the prostate. It is therefore imperative to rapidly develop therapeutics to inhibit the metastatic spread of tumor cells. Gain of cell motility and invasive properties is the first step of metastasis and by inhibiting motility one can potentially inhibit metastasis. Using the drug repositioning strategy, we developed a cell-based multi-parameter primary screening assay to identify drugs that inhibit the migratory and invasive properties of metastatic PC-3 PCa cells. Following the completion of the primary screening assay, 33 drugs were identified from an FDA approved drug library that either inhibited migration or were cytotoxic to the PC-3 cells. Based on the data obtained from the subsequent validation studies, mitoxantrone hydrochloride, simvastatin, fluvastatin and vandetanib were identified as strong candidates that can inhibit both the migration and invasion of PC-3 cells without significantly affecting cell viability. By employing the drug repositioning strategy instead of a de novo drug discovery and development strategy, the identified drug candidates have the potential to be rapidly translated into the clinic for the management of men with aggressive forms of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esha T Shah
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Akanksha Upadhyaya
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lisa K Philp
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Tiffany Tang
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Dubravka Skalamera
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jennifer Gunter
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Colleen C Nelson
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Elizabeth D Williams
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Brett G Hollier
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.
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9
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Philp LK, Heilbronn LK, Janovska A, Wittert GA. Dietary enrichment with fish oil prevents high fat-induced metabolic dysfunction in skeletal muscle in mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117494. [PMID: 25658742 PMCID: PMC4320112 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
High saturated fat (HF-S) diets increase intramyocellular lipid, an effect ameliorated by omega-3 fatty acids in vitro and in vivo, though little is known about sex- and muscle fiber type-specific effects. We compared effects of standard chow, HF-S, and 7.5% HF-S replaced with fish oil (HF-FO) diets on the metabolic profile and lipid metabolism gene and protein content in red (soleus) and white (extensor digitorum longus) muscles of male and female C57BL/6 mice (n = 9-12/group). Weight gain was similar in HF-S- and HF-FO-fed groups. HF-S feeding increased mesenteric fat mass and lipid marker, Oil Red O, in red and mixed muscle; HF-FO increased interscapular brown fat mass. Compared to chow, HF-S and HF-FO increased expression of genes regulating triacylglycerol synthesis and fatty acid transport, HF-S suppressed genes and proteins regulating fatty acid oxidation, whereas HF-FO increased oxidative genes, proteins and enzymes and lipolytic gene content, whilst suppressing lipogenic genes. In comparison to HF-S, HF-FO further increased fat transporters, markers of fatty acid oxidation and mitochondrial content, and reduced lipogenic genes. No diet-by-sex interactions were observed. Neither diet influenced fiber type composition. However, some interactions between muscle type and diet were observed. HF-S induced changes in triacylglycerol synthesis and lipogenic genes in red, but not white, muscle, and mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative genes were suppressed by HF-S and increased by HF-FO in red muscle only. In conclusion, HF-S feeding promotes lipid storage in red muscle, an effect abrogated by the fish oil, which increases mediators of lipolysis, oxidation and thermogenesis while inhibiting lipogenic genes. Greater storage and synthesis, and lower oxidative genes in red, but not white, muscle likely contribute to lipid accretion encountered in red muscle. Despite several gender-dimorphic genes, both sexes exhibited a similar HF-S-induced metabolic and gene expression profile; likewise fish oil was similarly protective in both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa K. Philp
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Leonie K. Heilbronn
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Alena Janovska
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Gary A. Wittert
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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10
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Abstract
Small glutamine-rich tetratricopeptide repeat-containing protein α (SGTA) is a steroid receptor molecular co-chaperone that may substantially influence hormone action and, consequently, hormone-mediated carcinogenesis. To date, published studies describe SGTA as a protein that is potentially critical in a range of biological processes, including viral infection, cell division, mitosis, and cell cycle checkpoint activation. SGTA interacts with the molecular chaperones, heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and HSP90, and with steroid receptor complexes, including those containing the androgen receptor. Steroid receptors are critical for maintaining cell growth and differentiation in hormonally regulated tissues, such as male and female reproductive tissues, and also play a role in disease states involving these tissues. There is growing evidence that, through its interactions with chaperones and steroid receptors, SGTA may be a key player in the pathogenesis of hormonally influenced disease states, including prostate cancer and polycystic ovary syndrome. Research into the function of SGTA has been conducted in several model organisms and cell types, with these studies showing that SGTA functionality is cell-specific and tissue-specific. However, very few studies have been replicated in multiple cell types or experimental systems. Although a broad range of functions have been attributed to SGTA, there is a serious lack of mechanistic information to describe how SGTA acts. In this review, published evidence linking SGTA with hormonally regulated disease states is summarized and discussed, highlighting the need for future research to more clearly define the biological function(s) of this potentially important co-chaperone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa K. Philp
- Adelaide Prostate Cancer Research Centre and Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Level 4, Hanson Institute Building, DX Number 650 801, Adelaide, South Australia 5000 Australia
| | - Miriam S. Butler
- Adelaide Prostate Cancer Research Centre and Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Level 4, Hanson Institute Building, DX Number 650 801, Adelaide, South Australia 5000 Australia
| | - Theresa E. Hickey
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Level 4, Hanson Institute Building, DX Number 650 801, Adelaide, South Australia 5000 Australia
| | - Lisa M. Butler
- Adelaide Prostate Cancer Research Centre and Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Level 4, Hanson Institute Building, DX Number 650 801, Adelaide, South Australia 5000 Australia
| | - Wayne D. Tilley
- Adelaide Prostate Cancer Research Centre and Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Level 4, Hanson Institute Building, DX Number 650 801, Adelaide, South Australia 5000 Australia
| | - Tanya K. Day
- Adelaide Prostate Cancer Research Centre and Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Level 4, Hanson Institute Building, DX Number 650 801, Adelaide, South Australia 5000 Australia
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11
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Kentish S, Li H, Philp LK, O'Donnell TA, Isaacs NJ, Young RL, Wittert GA, Blackshaw LA, Page AJ. Diet-induced adaptation of vagal afferent function. J Physiol 2011; 590:209-21. [PMID: 22063628 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2011.222158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Afferent signals from the stomach play an important role in inhibition of food intake during a meal. The gastric hormone ghrelin can influence gastric satiety signalling by altering the sensitivity of gastric vagal afferents. Changes in diet, including food restriction and high fat diet (HFD) alter satiety signalling. We hypothesised that the function of gastric vagal afferent endings are affected by both a period of food restriction and a high fat diet, and that the inhibitory effect of ghrelin on vagal afferents is influenced by the different feeding conditions. We found that both fasting and HFD reduced the responses of gastric vagal tension receptors to distension, but not responses of mucosal receptors to mucosal contact. We traced vagal afferents anterogradely to their terminals in the mucosa where we found they were in close apposition to ghrelin-containing cells. Ghrelin receptor mRNA was expressed in vagal afferent cell bodies of the nodose ganglia, and increased in response to caloric restriction, but decreased in HFD mice. In control mice, ghrelin decreased the sensitivity of tension but not mucosal receptors. After caloric restriction or high fat diet, ghrelin inhibited mucosal receptors, and the inhibition of mechanosensitive tension receptors was enhanced. Therefore, both caloric restriction and HFD decrease mechanosensory vagal afferent signals, and augment the inhibitory effect of ghrelin on vagal afferents, but different mechanisms mediate the short- and longer-term changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Kentish
- Nerve-Gut Research Laboratory, Hanson Institute, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia
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12
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Philp LK, Muhlhausler BS, Janovska A, Wittert GA, Duffield JA, McMillen IC. Maternal overnutrition suppresses the phosphorylation of 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase in liver, but not skeletal muscle, in the fetal and neonatal sheep. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2008; 295:R1982-90. [PMID: 18784329 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.90492.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have shown that infants exposed to an increased supply of nutrients before birth are at increased risk of type 2 diabetes in later life. We have investigated the hypothesis that fetal overnutrition results in reduced expression and phosphorylation of the cellular fuel sensor, AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) in liver and skeletal muscle before and after birth. From 115 days gestation, ewes were fed either at or approximately 55% above maintenance energy requirements. Postmortem was performed on lamb fetuses at 139-141 days gestation (n = 14) and lambs at 30 days of postnatal age (n = 21), and liver and quadriceps muscle were collected at each time point. The expression of AMPKalpha1 and AMPKalpha2 mRNA was determined by quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). The abundance of AMPKalpha and phospho-AMPKalpha (P-AMPKalpha) was determined by Western blot analysis, and the proportion of the total AMPKalpha pool that was phosphorylated in each sample (%P-AMPKalpha) was determined. The ratio of AMPKalpha2 to AMPKalpha1 mRNA expression was lower in fetuses compared with lambs in both liver and muscle, independent of maternal nutrition. Hepatic %P-AMPKalpha was lower in both fetuses and lambs in the Overfed group and %P-AMPKalpha in the lamb liver was inversely related to plasma glucose concentrations in the first 24 h after birth (r = 0.73, P < 0.025). There was no effect of maternal overnutrition on total AMPKalpha or P-AMPKalpha abundance in liver or skeletal muscle. We have, therefore, demonstrated that AMPKalpha responds to signals of increased nutrient availability in the fetal liver. Suppression of hepatic AMPK phosphorylation may contribute to increased glucose production, and basal hyperglycemia, present in lambs of overfed ewes in early postnatal life.
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Philp
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, Sansom Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, Australia
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