Mitochondrial Fatty Acid β-Oxidation Disorders: From Disease to Lipidomic Studies-A Critical Review

Fatty acid oxidation disorders (FAODs) are inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs) caused by defects in the fatty acid (FA) mitochondrial β-oxidation. The most common FAODs are characterized by the accumulation of medium-chain FAs and long-chain (3-hydroxy) FAs (and their carnitine derivatives), respectively. These deregulations are associated with lipotoxicity which affects several organs and potentially leads to life-threatening complications and comorbidities. Changes in the lipidome have been associated with several diseases, including some IEMs. In FAODs, the alteration of acylcarnitines (CARs) and FA profiles have been reported in patients and animal models, but changes in polar and neutral lipid profile are still scarcely studied. In this review, we present the main findings on FA and CAR profile changes associated with FAOD pathogenesis, their correlation with oxidative damage, and the consequent disturbance of mitochondrial homeostasis. Moreover, alterations in polar and neutral lipid classes and lipid species identified so far and their possible role in FAODs are discussed. We highlight the need of mass-spectrometry-based lipidomic studies to understand (epi)lipidome remodelling in FAODs, thus allowing to elucidate the pathophysiology and the identification of possible biomarkers for disease prognosis and an evaluation of therapeutic efficacy.

Effects of fasting, feeding and exercise on plasma acylcarnitines among subjects with CPT2D, VLCADD and LCHADD/TFPD

BACKGROUND

The plasma acylcarnitine profile is frequently used as a biochemical assessment for follow-up in diagnosed patients with fatty acid oxidation disorders (FAODs). Disease specific acylcarnitine species are elevated during metabolic decompensation but there is clinical and biochemical heterogeneity among patients and limited data on the utility of an acylcarnitine profile for routine clinical monitoring.

METHODS

We evaluated plasma acylcarnitine profiles from 30 diagnosed patients with long-chain FAODs (carnitine palmitoyltransferase-2 (CPT2), very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (VLCAD), and long-chain 3-hydroxy acyl-CoA dehydrogenase or mitochondrial trifunctional protein (LCHAD/TFP) deficiencies) collected after an overnight fast, after feeding a controlled low-fat diet, and before and after moderate exercise. Our purpose was to describe the variability in this biomarker and how various physiologic states effect the acylcarnitine concentrations in circulation.

RESULTS

Disease specific acylcarnitine species were higher after an overnight fast and decreased by approximately 60% two hours after a controlled breakfast meal. Moderate-intensity exercise increased the acylcarnitine species but it varied by diagnosis. When analyzed for a genotype/phenotype correlation, the presence of the common LCHADD mutation (c.1528G > C) was associated with higher levels of 3-hydroxyacylcarnitines than in patients with other mutations.

CONCLUSIONS

We found that feeding consistently suppressed and that moderate intensity exercise increased disease specific acylcarnitine species, but the response to exercise was highly variable across subjects and diagnoses. The clinical utility of routine plasma acylcarnitine analysis for outpatient treatment monitoring remains questionable; however, if acylcarnitine profiles are measured in the clinical setting, standardized procedures are required for sample collection to be of value.