1
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Gannett C, Tiller K, Briganti AJ, Brown AM, Weger-Lucarelli J, Lowell AN. Forgotten Natural Products: Semisynthetic Development of Blasticidin S As an Antibiotic Lead. ACS Med Chem Lett 2024; 15:362-368. [PMID: 38505852 PMCID: PMC10945559 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Forgotten natural products offer value as antimicrobial scaffolds, providing diverse mechanisms of action that complement existing antibiotic classes. This study focuses on the derivatization of the cytotoxin blasticidin S, seeking to leverage its unique ribosome inhibition mechanism. Despite its complex zwitterionic properties, a selective protection and amidation strategy enabled the creation of a library of blasticidin S derivatives including the natural product P10. The amides exhibited significantly increased activity against Gram-positive bacteria and enhanced specificity for pathogenic bacteria over human cells. Molecular docking and computational property analysis suggested variable binding poses and indicated a potential correlation between cLogP values and activity. This work demonstrates how densely functionalized forgotten antimicrobials can be straightforwardly modified, enabling the further development of blasticidin S derivatives as lead compounds for a novel class of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cole Gannett
- Department
of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute
and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Center
for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
(Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Kateland Tiller
- Center
for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
(Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, VA-MD Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Anthony J. Briganti
- Department
of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Anne M. Brown
- Center
for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
(Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Department
of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Research
and Informatics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Interdisciplinary
Program in Genetics, Bioinformatics, and Computational Biology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - James Weger-Lucarelli
- Center
for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
(Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, VA-MD Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Andrew N. Lowell
- Department
of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute
and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Center
for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
(Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Faculty of
Health Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute
and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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2
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Singh SK, King K, Gannett C, Chuong C, Joshi SY, Plate C, Farzeen P, Webb EM, Kunche LK, Weger-Lucarelli J, Lowell AN, Brown AM, Deshmukh SA. Data Driven Computational Design and Experimental Validation of Drugs for Accelerated Mitigation of Pandemic-like Scenarios. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:9490-9499. [PMID: 37850349 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Emerging pathogens are a historic threat to public health and economic stability. Current trial-and-error approaches to identify new therapeutics are often ineffective due to their inefficient exploration of the enormous small molecule design space. Here, we present a data-driven computational framework composed of hybrid evolutionary algorithms for evolving functional groups on existing drugs to improve their binding affinity toward the main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2. We show that combinations of functional groups and sites are critical to design drugs with improved binding affinity, which can be easily achieved using our framework by exploring a fraction of the available search space. Atomistic simulations and experimental validation elucidate that enhanced and prolonged interactions between functionalized drugs and Mpro residues result in their improved therapeutic value over that of the parental compound. Overall, this novel framework is extremely flexible and has the potential to rapidly design inhibitors for any protein with available crystal structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samrendra K Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Kelsie King
- Research and Informatics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetics, Bioinformatics, and Computational Biology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Cole Gannett
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Christina Chuong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, VA-MD Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Soumil Y Joshi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Charles Plate
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Parisa Farzeen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Emily M Webb
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Lakshmi Kumar Kunche
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - James Weger-Lucarelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, VA-MD Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Andrew N Lowell
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Anne M Brown
- Research and Informatics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetics, Bioinformatics, and Computational Biology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Sanket A Deshmukh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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3
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Gannett C, Banks P, Chuong C, Weger-Lucarelli J, Mevers E, Lowell AN. Semisynthetic blasticidin S ester derivatives show enhanced antibiotic activity. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:782-789. [PMID: 37122539 PMCID: PMC10131614 DOI: 10.1039/d2md00412g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A rich potential source of new antibiotics are undeveloped natural product cytotoxins, provided they can be derivatized to restrict their activity to bacteria. In this work, we describe modification of one such candidate, the broad-spectrum, translation termination inhibitor, blasticidin S. By semisynthetically modifying blasticidin S, we produced a series of ester derivatives of this highly polar, zwitterionic compound in a single step. These derivatives showed a marked increase in activity against Gram-positive bacteria and an increase in selectivity index for pathogenic bacteria over human cells. The results of this study suggest that semisynthetic derivatization of blasticidin S and other neglected natural product antimicrobials has the potential to increase their activity against and selectivity for bacteria, an approach that can be leveraged for the development of leads against antimicrobial resistant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cole Gannett
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech) Blacksburg VA 24061 USA (540) 231 5842
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech) Blacksburg VA 24061 USA
| | - Paige Banks
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech) Blacksburg VA 24061 USA (540) 231 5842
| | - Christina Chuong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, VA-MD Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech) Blacksburg VA 24061 USA
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech) Blacksburg VA 24061 USA
| | - James Weger-Lucarelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, VA-MD Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech) Blacksburg VA 24061 USA
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech) Blacksburg VA 24061 USA
| | - Emily Mevers
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech) Blacksburg VA 24061 USA (540) 231 5842
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech) Blacksburg VA 24061 USA
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech) Blacksburg VA 24061 USA
| | - Andrew N Lowell
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech) Blacksburg VA 24061 USA (540) 231 5842
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech) Blacksburg VA 24061 USA
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech) Blacksburg VA 24061 USA
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4
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McCord JP, Kohanov ZA, Lowell AN. Thermorubin Biosynthesis Initiated by a Salicylate Synthase Suggests an Unusual Conversion of Phenols to Pyrones. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:3169-3177. [PMID: 36255735 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Thermorubin is a tetracyclic naphthoisocoumarin natural product that demands investigation due to its novel mechanism of bacterial protein synthesis inhibition and its unusual structural features. In this work, we describe the identification of the biosynthetic cluster responsible for thermorubin from the sequenced Laceyella sacchari producer species and its confirmation via heterologous production in Escherichia coli. Based on an in-depth annotation of the cluster, we propose a biosynthetic pathway that accounts for the formation of the unique, nonterminal pyrone. Additionally, the expression and use of salicylate synthase TheO enabled testing of the stability properties of this extremophile-derived enzyme. TheO displayed rapid kinetics and a remarkably robust secondary structure, converting chorismate to salicylate with a KM of 109 ± 12 μM, kcat of 9.17 ± 0.36 min-1, and catalytic efficiency (kcat/KM) of 84 ± 9 nM-1 min-1, and retained significant activity up to 50 °C. These studies serve as the basis for continued biosynthetic investigations and bioinspired synthetic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer P McCord
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech (Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University), Davidson Hall Rm. 480, 1040 Drillfield Dr., Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Zachary A Kohanov
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech (Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University), Davidson Hall Rm. 480, 1040 Drillfield Dr., Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Andrew N Lowell
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech (Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University), Davidson Hall Rm. 480, 1040 Drillfield Dr., Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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5
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Hohlman RM, Newmister SA, Sanders JN, Khatri Y, Li S, Keramati NR, Lowell AN, Houk KN, Sherman DH. Structural diversification of hapalindole and fischerindole natural products via cascade biocatalysis. ACS Catal 2021; 11:4670-4681. [PMID: 34354850 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c05656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hapalindoles and related compounds (ambiguines, fischerindoles, welwitindolinones) are a diverse class of indole alkaloid natural products. They are typically isolated from the Stigonemataceae order of cyanobacteria and possess a broad scope of biological activities. Recently the biosynthetic pathway for assembly of these metabolites has been elucidated. In order to generate the core ring system, L-tryptophan is converted into the cis-indole isonitrile subunit before being prenylated with geranyl pyrophosphate at the C-3 position. A class of cyclases (Stig) catalyzes a three-step process including a Cope rearrangement, 6-exo-trig cyclization and electrophilic aromatic substitution to create a polycyclic core. Formation of the initial alkaloid is followed by diverse late-stage tailoring reactions mediated by additional biosynthetic enzymes to give rise to the wide array of structural variations observed in this compound class. Herein, we demonstrate the versatility and utility of the Fam prenyltransferase and Stig cyclases toward core structural diversification of this family of indole alkaloids. Through synthesis of cis-indole isonitrile subunit derivatives, and aided by protein engineering and computational analysis, we have employed cascade biocatalysis to generate a range of derivatives, and gained insights into the basis for substrate flexibility in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jacob N. Sanders
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - K. N. Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - David H. Sherman
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2216, United States
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6
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Koch AA, Schmidt JJ, Lowell AN, Hansen DA, Coburn KM, Chemler JA, Sherman DH. Probing Selectivity and Creating Structural Diversity Through Hybrid Polyketide Synthases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202004991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron A. Koch
- Life Sciences Institute The University of Michigan (USA) 210 Washtenaw Avenue Ann Arbor MI 48109-2216 USA
| | - Jennifer J. Schmidt
- Life Sciences Institute The University of Michigan (USA) 210 Washtenaw Avenue Ann Arbor MI 48109-2216 USA
| | - Andrew N. Lowell
- Life Sciences Institute The University of Michigan (USA) 210 Washtenaw Avenue Ann Arbor MI 48109-2216 USA
- Current address: Department of Chemistry Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA 24061 USA
| | - Douglas A. Hansen
- Life Sciences Institute The University of Michigan (USA) 210 Washtenaw Avenue Ann Arbor MI 48109-2216 USA
| | - Katherine M. Coburn
- Life Sciences Institute The University of Michigan (USA) 210 Washtenaw Avenue Ann Arbor MI 48109-2216 USA
| | - Joseph A. Chemler
- Life Sciences Institute The University of Michigan (USA) 210 Washtenaw Avenue Ann Arbor MI 48109-2216 USA
| | - David H. Sherman
- Life Sciences Institute The University of Michigan (USA) 210 Washtenaw Avenue Ann Arbor MI 48109-2216 USA
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Chemistry, Microbiology & Immunology The University of Michigan USA
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7
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Khatri Y, Hohlman RM, Mendoza J, Li S, Lowell AN, Asahara H, Sherman DH. Multicomponent Microscale Biosynthesis of Unnatural Cyanobacterial Indole Alkaloids. ACS Synth Biol 2020; 9:1349-1360. [PMID: 32302487 PMCID: PMC7323787 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Genome sequencing and bioinformatics tools have facilitated the identification and expression of an increasing number of cryptic biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs). However, functional analysis of all components of a metabolic pathway to precisely determine biocatalytic properties remains time-consuming and labor intensive. One way to speed this process involves microscale cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) for direct gene to biochemical function analysis, which has rarely been applied to study multicomponent enzymatic systems in specialized metabolism. We sought to establish an in vitro transcription/translation (TT)-assay to assess assembly of cyanobacterial-derived hapalindole-type natural products (cNPs) because of their diverse bioactivity profiles and complex structural diversity. Using a CFPS system including a plasmid bearing famD2 prenyltransferase from Fischerella ambigua UTEX 1903, we showed production of the central prenylated intermediate (3GC) in the presence of exogenous geranyl-pyrophosphate (GPP) and cis-indole isonitrile. Further addition of a plasmid bearing the famC1 Stig cyclase resulted in synthesis of both FamD2 and FamC1 enzymes, which was confirmed by proteomics analysis, and catalyzed assembly of 12-epi-hapalindole U. Further combinations of Stig cyclases (FamC1-C4) produced hapalindole U and hapalindole H, while FisC identified from Fischerella sp. SAG46.79 generated 12-epi-fischerindole U. The CFPS system was further employed to screen six unnatural halogenated cis-indole isonitrile substrates using FamC1 and FisC, and the reactions were scaled-up using chemoenzymatic synthesis and identified as 5- and 6-fluoro-12-epi-hapalindole U, and 5- and 6-fluoro-12-epi-fischerindole U, respectively. This approach represents an effective, high throughput strategy to determine the functional role of biosynthetic enzymes from diverse natural product BGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Haruichi Asahara
- New England Biolabs, Inc., Ipswich, Massachusetts 01938, United States
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8
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Koch AA, Schmidt JJ, Lowell AN, Hansen DA, Coburn KM, Chemler JA, Sherman DH. Probing Selectivity and Creating Structural Diversity Through Hybrid Polyketide Synthases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:13575-13580. [PMID: 32357274 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202004991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Engineering polyketide synthases (PKS) to produce new metabolites requires an understanding of catalytic points of failure during substrate processing. Growing evidence indicates the thioesterase (TE) domain as a significant bottleneck within engineered PKS systems. We created a series of hybrid PKS modules bearing exchanged TE domains from heterologous pathways and challenged them with both native and non-native polyketide substrates. Reactions pairing wildtype PKS modules with non-native substrates primarily resulted in poor conversions to anticipated macrolactones. Likewise, product formation with native substrates and hybrid PKS modules bearing non-cognate TE domains was severely reduced. In contrast, non-native substrates were converted by most hybrid modules containing a substrate compatible TE, directly implicating this domain as the major catalytic gatekeeper and highlighting its value as a target for protein engineering to improve analog production in PKS pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron A Koch
- Life Sciences Institute, The University of Michigan (USA), 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2216, USA
| | - Jennifer J Schmidt
- Life Sciences Institute, The University of Michigan (USA), 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2216, USA
| | - Andrew N Lowell
- Life Sciences Institute, The University of Michigan (USA), 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2216, USA.,Current address: Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Douglas A Hansen
- Life Sciences Institute, The University of Michigan (USA), 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2216, USA
| | - Katherine M Coburn
- Life Sciences Institute, The University of Michigan (USA), 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2216, USA
| | - Joseph A Chemler
- Life Sciences Institute, The University of Michigan (USA), 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2216, USA
| | - David H Sherman
- Life Sciences Institute, The University of Michigan (USA), 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2216, USA.,Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Chemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Michigan, USA
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9
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Li S, Newmister SA, Lowell AN, Zi J, Chappell CR, Yu F, Hohlman RM, Orjala J, Williams RM, Sherman DH. Control of Stereoselectivity in Diverse Hapalindole Metabolites is Mediated by Cofactor‐Induced Combinatorial Pairing of Stig Cyclases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201913686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Li
- Life Sciences InstituteDepartment of Medicinal ChemistryThe University of Michigan USA
| | | | - Andrew N. Lowell
- Life Science InstituteThe University of Michigan USA
- Department of ChemistryVirginia Tech Blacksburg VA 24061 USA
| | - Jiachen Zi
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesCollege of PharmacyUniversity of Illinois at Chicago Chicago IL 60612 USA
| | - Callie R. Chappell
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Developmental BiologyThe University of Michigan USA
| | - Fengan Yu
- Life Science InstituteThe University of Michigan USA
| | - Robert M. Hohlman
- Life Sciences InstituteDepartment of Medicinal ChemistryThe University of Michigan USA
| | - Jimmy Orjala
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesCollege of PharmacyUniversity of Illinois at Chicago Chicago IL 60612 USA
| | - Robert M. Williams
- Department of ChemistryColorado State University Fort Collins CO 80523 USA
- University of Colorado Cancer Center Aurora CO 80045 USA
| | - David H. Sherman
- Life Sciences InstituteDepartments of Medicinal Chemistry, Chemistry, Microbiology & ImmunologyThe University of Michigan 210 Washtenaw Avenue Ann Arbor MI 48109-2216n USA
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10
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Li S, Newmister SA, Lowell AN, Zi J, Chappell CR, Yu F, Hohlman RM, Orjala J, Williams RM, Sherman DH. Control of Stereoselectivity in Diverse Hapalindole Metabolites is Mediated by Cofactor-Induced Combinatorial Pairing of Stig Cyclases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:8166-8172. [PMID: 32052896 PMCID: PMC7274885 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201913686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Stereospecific polycyclic core formation of hapalindoles and fischerindoles is controlled by Stig cyclases through a three-step cascade involving Cope rearrangement, 6-exo-trig cyclization, and a final electrophilic aromatic substitution. Reported here is a comprehensive study of all currently annotated Stig cyclases, revealing that these proteins can assemble into heteromeric complexes, induced by Ca2+ , to cooperatively control the stereochemistry of hapalindole natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Li
- Life Sciences Institute, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Michigan, USA
| | | | - Andrew N Lowell
- Life Science Institute, The University of Michigan, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Jiachen Zi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Callie R Chappell
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan, USA
| | - Fengan Yu
- Life Science Institute, The University of Michigan, USA
| | - Robert M Hohlman
- Life Sciences Institute, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Michigan, USA
| | - Jimmy Orjala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Robert M Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - David H Sherman
- Life Sciences Institute, Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Chemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2216n, USA
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11
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Kalkreuter E, CroweTipton JM, Lowell AN, Sherman DH, Williams GJ. Engineering the Substrate Specificity of a Modular Polyketide Synthase for Installation of Consecutive Non-Natural Extender Units. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:1961-1969. [PMID: 30676722 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b10521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
There is significant interest in diversifying the structures of polyketides to create new analogues of these bioactive molecules. This has traditionally been done by focusing on engineering the acyltransferase (AT) domains of polyketide synthases (PKSs) responsible for the incorporation of malonyl-CoA extender units. Non-natural extender units have been utilized by engineered PKSs previously; however, most of the work to date has been accomplished with ATs that are either naturally promiscuous and/or located in terminal modules lacking downstream bottlenecks. These limitations have prevented the engineering of ATs with low native promiscuity and the study of any potential gatekeeping effects by domains downstream of an engineered AT. In an effort to address this gap in PKS engineering knowledge, the substrate preferences of the final two modules of the pikromycin PKS were compared for several non-natural extender units and through active site mutagenesis. This led to engineering of the methylmalonyl-CoA specificity of both modules and inversion of their selectivity to prefer consecutive non-natural derivatives. Analysis of the product distributions of these bimodular reactions revealed unexpected metabolites resulting from gatekeeping by the downstream ketoreductase and ketosynthase domains. Despite these new bottlenecks, AT engineering provided the first full-length polyketide products incorporating two non-natural extender units. Together, this combination of tandem AT engineering and the identification of previously poorly characterized bottlenecks provides a platform for future advancements in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Kalkreuter
- Department of Chemistry , NC State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695 , United States.,Comparative Medicine Institute , NC State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695 , United States
| | - Jared M CroweTipton
- Department of Chemistry , NC State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695 , United States
| | - Andrew N Lowell
- Life Sciences Institute, Department of Medicinal Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - David H Sherman
- Life Sciences Institute, Department of Medicinal Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States.,Department of Chemistry and Department of Microbiology & Immunology , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Gavin J Williams
- Department of Chemistry , NC State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695 , United States.,Comparative Medicine Institute , NC State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695 , United States
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12
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Abstract
A series of quinoxaline cavitands bearing pendant amide groups with various substituent sizes (Et, iPr, tBu) were synthesized, and their cavity size/structure were investigated by X-ray and NMR analyses. In the case of the Et or iPr amide cavitand, the conformation of the molecule was in the vase form, while the bulky tBu amide cavitand gave the kite conformation at room temperature. X-ray crystal structures of Et and iPr cavitands clearly showed the intramolecular H-bondings to influence the conformation and the cavity sizes dependent on the bulkiness of functional groups. The 1H NMR spectrum revealed that the Et cavitand can encapsulate an adamantane guest compound with slow exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safwan Aroua
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie , ETH Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 , CH8093 Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Andrew N Lowell
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , 231 South, 34th Street , Philadelphia , PA19104-6323 , United States
| | - Ankita Ray
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie , ETH Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 , CH8093 Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Nils Trapp
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie , ETH Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 , CH8093 Zürich , Switzerland
| | - W Bernd Schweizer
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie , ETH Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 , CH8093 Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Marc-Olivier Ebert
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie , ETH Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 , CH8093 Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Yoko Yamakoshi
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie , ETH Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 , CH8093 Zürich , Switzerland.,Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , 231 South, 34th Street , Philadelphia , PA19104-6323 , United States
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13
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Skiba MA, Sikkema AP, Moss NA, Lowell AN, Su M, Sturgis RM, Gerwick L, Gerwick WH, Sherman DH, Smith JL. Biosynthesis of t-Butyl in Apratoxin A: Functional Analysis and Architecture of a PKS Loading Module. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:1640-1650. [PMID: 29701944 PMCID: PMC6003868 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The unusual feature of a t-butyl group is found in several marine-derived natural products including apratoxin A, a Sec61 inhibitor produced by the cyanobacterium Moorea bouillonii PNG 5-198. Here, we determine that the apratoxin A t-butyl group is formed as a pivaloyl acyl carrier protein (ACP) by AprA, the polyketide synthase (PKS) loading module of the apratoxin A biosynthetic pathway. AprA contains an inactive "pseudo" GCN5-related N-acetyltransferase domain (ΨGNAT) flanked by two methyltransferase domains (MT1 and MT2) that differ distinctly in sequence. Structural, biochemical, and precursor incorporation studies reveal that MT2 catalyzes unusually coupled decarboxylation and methylation reactions to transform dimethylmalonyl-ACP, the product of MT1, to pivaloyl-ACP. Further, pivaloyl-ACP synthesis is primed by the fatty acid synthase malonyl acyltransferase (FabD), which compensates for the ΨGNAT and provides the initial acyl-transfer step to form AprA malonyl-ACP. Additionally, images of AprA from negative stain electron microscopy reveal multiple conformations that may facilitate the individual catalytic steps of the multienzyme module.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith A Skiba
- Life Sciences Institute , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
- Department of Biological Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Andrew P Sikkema
- Life Sciences Institute , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
- Department of Biological Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Nathan A Moss
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Andrew N Lowell
- Life Sciences Institute , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Min Su
- Life Sciences Institute , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Rebecca M Sturgis
- Life Sciences Institute , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Lena Gerwick
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - William H Gerwick
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - David H Sherman
- Life Sciences Institute , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
- Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Janet L Smith
- Life Sciences Institute , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
- Department of Biological Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor Michigan 48109 , United States
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14
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Abstract
β-Branching is an expansion upon canonical polyketide synthase extension that allows for the installation of diverse chemical moieties in several natural products. Several of these moieties are unique among natural products, including the two vinyl methylesters found in the core structure of bryostatins. This family of molecules is derived from an obligate bacterial symbiont of a sessile marine bryozoan, Bugula neritina. Within this family, bryostatin 1 has been investigated as an anticancer, neuroprotective, and immunomodulatory compound. We have turned to the biosynthetic gene cluster within the bacterial symbiont to investigate the biosynthesis of bryostatins. Recent sequencing efforts resulted in the annotation of two missing genes: bryT and bryU. Using novel chemoenzymatic techniques, we have validated these as the missing enoyl-CoA hydratase and donor acyl carrier protein, essential components of the β-branching cassette of the bryostatin pathway. Together, this cassette installs the vinyl methylester moieties essential to the activity of bryostatins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel T Slocum
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Life Sciences Institute, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Andrew N Lowell
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Ashootosh Tripathi
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Vikram V Shende
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Janet L Smith
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Life Sciences Institute, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - David H Sherman
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Life Sciences Institute, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Life Sciences Institute, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Life Sciences Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
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15
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DeMars MD, Yang S, Sheng F, Samora NL, Park SR, Lowell AN, Houk KN, Podust LM, Sherman DH. Comparative Analysis of Bacterial Cytochromes P450 Involved in the Biosynthesis of 16‐ Membered Ring Macrolide Antibiotics. FASEB J 2018. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2018.32.1_supplement.529.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Song Yang
- Department of Chemistry & BiochemistryUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesLos AngelesCA
| | - Fang Sheng
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoLa JollaCA
| | - Nathan L. Samora
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoLa JollaCA
| | | | | | - K. N. Houk
- Department of Chemistry & BiochemistryUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesLos AngelesCA
| | - Larissa M. Podust
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoLa JollaCA
| | - David H. Sherman
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI
- Department of Microbiology & ImmunologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI
- Life Sciences InstituteUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI
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16
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Newmister SA, Li S, Garcia-Borràs M, Sanders JN, Yang S, Lowell AN, Yu F, Smith JL, Williams RM, Houk KN, Sherman DH. Structural basis of the Cope rearrangement and cyclization in hapalindole biogenesis. Nat Chem Biol 2018. [PMID: 29531360 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-018-0003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Hapalindole alkaloids are a structurally diverse class of cyanobacterial natural products defined by their varied polycyclic ring systems and diverse biological activities. These complex metabolites are generated from a common biosynthetic intermediate by the Stig cyclases in three mechanistic steps: a rare Cope rearrangement, 6-exo-trig cyclization, and electrophilic aromatic substitution. Here we report the structure of HpiC1, a Stig cyclase that catalyzes the formation of 12-epi-hapalindole U in vitro. The 1.5-Å structure revealed a dimeric assembly with two calcium ions per monomer and with the active sites located at the distal ends of the protein dimer. Mutational analysis and computational methods uncovered key residues for an acid-catalyzed [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement, as well as specific determinants that control the position of terminal electrophilic aromatic substitution, leading to a switch from hapalindole to fischerindole alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean A Newmister
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Shasha Li
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Marc Garcia-Borràs
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jacob N Sanders
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Song Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andrew N Lowell
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Fengan Yu
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Janet L Smith
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Robert M Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA. .,University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - David H Sherman
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. .,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. .,Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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17
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Lowell AN, DeMars MD, Slocum ST, Yu F, Anand K, Chemler JA, Korakavi N, Priessnitz JK, Park SR, Koch AA, Schultz PJ, Sherman DH. Chemoenzymatic Total Synthesis and Structural Diversification of Tylactone-Based Macrolide Antibiotics through Late-Stage Polyketide Assembly, Tailoring, and C-H Functionalization. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:7913-7920. [PMID: 28525276 PMCID: PMC5532807 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b02875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Polyketide synthases (PKSs) represent a powerful catalytic platform capable of effecting multiple carbon-carbon bond forming reactions and oxidation state adjustments. We explored the functionality of two terminal PKS modules that produce the 16-membered tylosin macrocycle, using them as biocatalysts in the chemoenzymatic synthesis of tylactone and its subsequent elaboration to complete the first total synthesis of the juvenimicin, M-4365, and rosamicin classes of macrolide antibiotics via late-stage diversification. Synthetic chemistry was employed to generate the tylactone hexaketide chain elongation intermediate that was accepted by the juvenimicin (Juv) ketosynthase of the penultimate JuvEIV PKS module. The hexaketide is processed through two complete modules (JuvEIV and JuvEV) in vitro, which catalyze elongation and functionalization of two ketide units followed by cyclization of the resulting octaketide into tylactone. After macrolactonization, a combination of in vivo glycosylation, selective in vitro cytochrome P450-mediated oxidation, and chemical oxidation was used to complete the scalable construction of a series of macrolide natural products in as few as 15 linear steps (21 total) with an overall yield of 4.6%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N. Lowell
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Matthew D. DeMars
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Samuel T. Slocum
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Fengan Yu
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Krithika Anand
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Joseph A. Chemler
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Nisha Korakavi
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jennifer K. Priessnitz
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Sung Ryeol Park
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Aaron A. Koch
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Pamela J. Schultz
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - David H. Sherman
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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18
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Li S, Lowell AN, Newmister SA, Yu F, Williams RM, Sherman DH. Decoding cyclase-dependent assembly of hapalindole and fischerindole alkaloids. Nat Chem Biol 2017; 13:467-469. [PMID: 28288107 PMCID: PMC5391265 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The formation of C-C bonds in an enantioselective fashion to create complex polycyclic scaffolds in the hapalindole- and fischerindole- type alkaloids from Stigonematales cyanobacteria represents a compelling and urgent challenge in adapting microbial biosynthesis as a catalytic platform in drug development. Here we determine the biochemical basis for tri- and tetracyclic core formation in these secondary metabolites, involving a new class of cyclases that catalyze a complex cyclization cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Li
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Andrew N Lowell
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Sean A Newmister
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Fengan Yu
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Robert M Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - David H Sherman
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Microbiology &Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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19
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Sherman DH, Li S, Lowell AN, Newmister SA, Yu F, Williams RM. Biocatalyst discovery from the secondary metabolome. FASEB J 2017. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.31.1_supplement.528.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shasha Li
- Medicinal ChemistryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI
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20
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Koryakina I, Kasey C, McArthur JB, Lowell AN, Chemler JA, Li S, Hansen DA, Sherman DH, Williams GJ. Inversion of Extender Unit Selectivity in the Erythromycin Polyketide Synthase by Acyltransferase Domain Engineering. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:114-123. [PMID: 28103677 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Acyltransferase (AT) domains of polyketide synthases (PKSs) select extender units for incorporation into polyketides and dictate large portions of the structures of clinically relevant natural products. Accordingly, there is significant interest in engineering the substrate specificity of PKS ATs in order to site-selectively manipulate polyketide structure. However, previous attempts to engineer ATs have yielded mutant PKSs with relaxed extender unit specificity, rather than an inversion of selectivity from one substrate to another. Here, by directly screening the extender unit selectivity of mutants from active site saturation libraries of an AT from the prototypical PKS, 6-deoxyerythronolide B synthase, a set of single amino acid substitutions was discovered that dramatically impact the selectivity of the PKS with only modest reductions of product yields. One particular substitution (Tyr189Arg) inverted the selectivity of the wild-type PKS from its natural substrate toward a non-natural alkynyl-modified extender unit while maintaining more than twice the activity of the wild-type PKS with its natural substrate. The strategy and mutations described herein form a platform for combinatorial biosynthesis of site-selectively modified polyketide analogues that are modified with non-natural and non-native chemical functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Koryakina
- Department
of Chemistry, NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Christian Kasey
- Department
of Chemistry, NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | | | - Andrew N. Lowell
- Life
Sciences Institute, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Joseph A. Chemler
- Life
Sciences Institute, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Shasha Li
- Life
Sciences Institute, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Douglas A. Hansen
- Life
Sciences Institute, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - David H. Sherman
- Life
Sciences Institute, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Gavin J. Williams
- Department
of Chemistry, NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
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21
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DeMars MD, Sheng F, Park SR, Lowell AN, Podust LM, Sherman DH. Biochemical and Structural Characterization of MycCI, a Versatile P450 Biocatalyst from the Mycinamicin Biosynthetic Pathway. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:2642-54. [PMID: 27420774 PMCID: PMC5026600 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) are some of nature's most ubiquitous and versatile enzymes for performing oxidative metabolic transformations. Their unmatched ability to selectively functionalize inert C-H bonds has led to their increasing employment in academic and industrial settings for the production of fine and commodity chemicals. Many of the most interesting and potentially biocatalytically useful P450s come from microorganisms, where they catalyze key tailoring reactions in natural product biosynthetic pathways. While most of these enzymes act on structurally complex pathway intermediates with high selectivity, they often exhibit narrow substrate scope, thus limiting their broader application. In the present study, we investigated the reactivity of the P450 MycCI from the mycinamicin biosynthetic pathway toward a variety of macrocyclic compounds and discovered that the enzyme exhibits appreciable activity on several 16-membered ring macrolactones independent of their glycosylation state. These results were corroborated by performing equilibrium substrate binding experiments, steady-state kinetics studies, and X-ray crystallographic analysis of MycCI bound to its native substrate mycinamicin VIII. We also characterized TylHI, a homologous P450 from the tylosin pathway, and showed that its substrate scope is severely restricted compared to MycCI. Thus, the ability of the latter to hydroxylate both macrocyclic aglycones and macrolides sets it apart from related biosynthetic P450s and highlights its potential for developing novel P450 biocatalysts with broad substrate scope and high regioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. DeMars
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Fang Sheng
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sung Ryeol Park
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Andrew N. Lowell
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Larissa M. Podust
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - David H. Sherman
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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22
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Li S, Lowell AN, Yu F, Raveh A, Newmister SA, Bair N, Schaub JM, Williams RM, Sherman DH. Hapalindole/Ambiguine Biogenesis Is Mediated by a Cope Rearrangement, C-C Bond-Forming Cascade. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:15366-9. [PMID: 26629885 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b10136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hapalindoles are bioactive indole alkaloids with fascinating polycyclic ring systems whose biosynthetic assembly mechanism has remained unknown since their initial discovery in the 1980s. In this study, we describe the fam gene cluster from the cyanobacterium Fischerella ambigua UTEX 1903 encoding hapalindole and ambiguine biosynthesis along with the characterization of two aromatic prenyltransferases, FamD1 and FamD2, and a previously undescribed cyclase, FamC1. These studies demonstrate that FamD2 and FamC1 act in concert to form the tetracyclic core ring system of the hapalindoles from cis-indole isonitrile and geranyl pyrophosphate through a presumed biosynthetic Cope rearrangement and subsequent 6-exo-trig cyclization/electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Nathan Bair
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | | | - Robert M Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States.,University of Colorado Cancer Center , Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
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23
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Lowell AN, Santoro N, Swaney SM, McQuade TJ, Schultz PJ, Larsen MJ, Sherman DH. Microscale Adaptation of In Vitro Transcription/Translation for High-Throughput Screening of Natural Product Extract Libraries. Chem Biol Drug Des 2015; 86:1331-8. [PMID: 26147927 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Novel antimicrobials that effectively inhibit bacterial growth are essential to fight the growing threat of antibiotic resistance. A promising target is the bacterial ribosome, a 2.5 MDa organelle susceptible to several biorthogonal modes of action used by different classes of antibiotics. To promote the discovery of unique inhibitors, we have miniaturized a coupled transcription/translation assay using E. coli and applied it to screen a natural product library of ~30 000 extracts. We significantly reduced the scale of the assay to 2 μL in a 1536-well plate format and decreased the effective concentration of costly reagents. The improved assay returned 1327 hits (4.6% hit rate) with %CV and Z' values of 8.5% and 0.74, respectively. This assay represents a significant advance in molecular screening, both in miniaturization and its application to a natural product extract library, and we intend to apply it to a broad array of pathogenic microbes in the search for novel anti-infective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N Lowell
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Ave., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2216, USA
| | - Nicholas Santoro
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Ave., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2216, USA.,Center for Chemical Genomics, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Ave., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2216, USA
| | - Steven M Swaney
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Ave., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2216, USA.,Center for Chemical Genomics, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Ave., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2216, USA
| | - Thomas J McQuade
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Ave., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2216, USA.,Center for Chemical Genomics, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Ave., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2216, USA
| | - Pamela J Schultz
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Ave., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2216, USA
| | - Martha J Larsen
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Ave., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2216, USA.,Center for Chemical Genomics, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Ave., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2216, USA
| | - David H Sherman
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Ave., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2216, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Ave., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2216, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Ave., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2216, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Ave., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2216, USA
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24
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Lowell AN, Qiao H, Liu T, Ishikawa T, Zhang H, Oriana S, Wang M, Ricciotti E, FitzGerald GA, Zhou R, Yamakoshi Y. Functionalized low-density lipoprotein nanoparticles for in vivo enhancement of atherosclerosis on magnetic resonance images. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:2313-9. [PMID: 23075169 DOI: 10.1021/bc300561e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To allow visualization of macrophage-rich and miniature-sized atheromas by magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, we have converted low-density lipoprotein (LDL) into MR-active nanoparticles via the intercalation of a 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclodecane-1,4,7-triacetic acid (DO3A) derivative and the subsequent coordination reaction with Gd(3+). After careful removal of nonchelated Gd(3+), an MR-active LDL (Gd(3+)-LDL) with a remarkably high payload of Gd(3+) (in excess of 200 Gd(3+) atoms per particle) and a high relaxivity (r(1) = 20.1 s(-1) mM(-1) per Gd(3+) or 4040 s(-1) mM(-1) per LDL) was obtained. Dynamic light-scattering photon correlation spectroscopy (DLS) and cryo transmission electron microscope (cryoTEM) images showed that Gd(3+)-LDL particles did not aggregate and remained of a similar size (25-30 nm) to native LDL. Intravenous injection of Gd(3+)-LDL into an atherosclerotic mouse model (ApoE(-/-)) resulted in an extremely high enhancement of the atheroma-bearing aortic walls at 48 h after injection. Free Gd(3+) dissociation from Gd(3+)-LDL was not detected over the imaging time window (96 h). Because autologous LDL can be isolated, modified, and returned to the same patient, our results suggest that MR-active LDL can potentially be used as a noninfectious and nonimmunogenic imaging probe for the enhancement of atheroplaques presumably via the uptake into macrophages inside the plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N Lowell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
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Bandichhor R, Lowell AN, Kozlowski MC. Alternative spiroketalization methods toward purpuromycin: a hemiketal conjugate addition strategy and use of an electron-rich isocoumarin precursor. J Org Chem 2011; 76:6475-87. [PMID: 21707092 DOI: 10.1021/jo200398v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Two methods are presented that were designed to circumvent the persistent problem of benzofuran formation and instead yield a spiroketal of the rubromycin family type. First, using an alternative disconnection, a hemiketal conjugate addition to a naphthaquinone electrophile was investigated. Synthesis of the requisite electrophile provided insight into the selective oxidation and functionalization of the naphthalene portion. Second, the electronic features of the isocoumarin ring system were adjusted, and the corresponding reactivity further supports the hypothesis that electron-rich isocoumarins are capable of spiroketalization. Robust, flexible syntheses from simple precursors were developed that allowed multiple reduced isocoumarins to be generated. Combined, the data presented herein give insight into the sensitivities of this family and illuminate other potential methods of spiroketalization. In addition, the convergent assembly of substrates containing different naphthaquinone and isocoumarin subunits highlights the utility of our 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition approach to generate analogs of these structures for SAR, as well as chemical reactivity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakeshwar Bandichhor
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
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Lowell AN, Fennie MW, Kozlowski MC. Alternative Spiroketalization Methods toward Purpuromycin: A Diketone Approach To Prevent Benzofuran Formation. J Org Chem 2011; 76:6488-502. [DOI: 10.1021/jo200399z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N. Lowell
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Michael W. Fennie
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Marisa C. Kozlowski
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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Yamakoshi Y, Qiao H, Lowell AN, Woods M, Paulose B, Nakao Y, Zhang H, Liu T, Lund-Katz S, Zhou R. LDL-based nanoparticles for contrast enhanced MRI of atheroplaques in mouse models. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:8835-7. [PMID: 21743892 DOI: 10.1039/c1cc10924c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A LDL particle functionalized with a GdDO3A-monoamide chelate with a long alkenyl anchor (GdDO3A-OA) was prepared for in vivo detection of atheroplaques. The GdDO3A-OA, when successfully intercalated into the lipid layer of LDL particles, led to a significant enhancement of magnetic resonance imaging signal intensity of atheroplaques in atherosclerosis mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Yamakoshi
- Laboratories of Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N. Lowell
- Department of Chemistry, Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323
| | - Michael W. Fennie
- Department of Chemistry, Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323
| | - Marisa C. Kozlowski
- Department of Chemistry, Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323
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