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Zhan Y, Hou J, Xing L, Zhang Y, Yu H, Yu B. Impact of coronary calcifications 12 months after everolimus-eluting stent implantation: an optical coherence tomography study. Eur Heart J Suppl 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/suv051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Terao Y, Satomi-Kobayashi S, Hirata KI, Rikitake Y. Involvement of Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) and bone morphogenetic protein-binding endothelial cell precursor-derived regulator (BMPER) in high glucose-increased alkaline phosphatase expression and activity in human coronary artery smooth muscle cells. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2015; 14:104. [PMID: 26264461 PMCID: PMC4534147 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-015-0271-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vascular calcification is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Diabetes mellitus increases the incidence of vascular calcification; however, detailed molecular mechanisms of vascular calcification in diabetes mellitus remain unknown. We recently reported that bone morphogenetic protein-binding endothelial cell precursor-derived regulator (BMPER) regulates osteoblast-like trans-differentiation of human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (HCASMCs). Methods We investigated the effect of a hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitor (statin), commonly used in patients with atherosclerotic diseases and diabetes mellitus, on alkaline phosphatase (ALP) mRNA expression in aortas of streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. We also investigated the effects of the statin, Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) inhibitors and BMPER knockdown on ALP mRNA expression and activity in HCASMCs cultured in high glucose-containing media. Results Alkaline phosphatase mRNA expression was increased in aortas of streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice, and the increase was inhibited by rosuvastatin. ALP mRNA expression and activity were increased in HCASMCs cultured in high glucose-containing media, and the increases were suppressed by rosuvastatin. This suppression was reversed by the addition of mevalonate or geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, but not farnesyl pyrophosphate. High glucose-increased ALP mRNA expression and activity were suppressed by ROCK inhibitors. Moreover, BMPER mRNA expression was increased in diabetic mouse aortas and in HCASMCs cultured in high glucose-containing media, but was not inhibited by rosuvastatin or ROCK inhibitors. Knockdown of BMPER suppressed high glucose-increased ALP activity, but not ROCK activity in HCASMCs. Conclusions There are at least two independent pathways in high glucose-induced ALP activation in HCASMCs: the Rho–ROCK signaling pathway and the BMPER-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Terao
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.
| | - Seimi Satomi-Kobayashi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.
| | - Ken-ichi Hirata
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.
| | - Yoshiyuki Rikitake
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan. .,Division of Signal Transduction, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.
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Abstract
Arterial calcification is highly prevalent and correlated with cardiovascular mortality, especially in patients with ESRD or diabetes. The pathogenesis of arterial calcification is multifactorial, with both genetic and environmental factors being implicated. In recent years, several mechanisms contributing to arterial calcification have been proposed. However, these can only explain a small proportion of the variability in arterial calcification, which is a major obstacle for its prevention and management. Epigenetics has emerged as one of the most promising areas that may fill in some of the gaps in our current knowledge of the interaction between the environmental insults with gene regulation in the development of diseases. Epigenetics refers to heritable and acquired changes in gene transcription that occur independently of the DNA sequence. Well-known components of epigenetic regulation include DNA methylation, histone modifications, and microRNAs. Epigenetics research in the regulation of arterial calcification has only recently been elucidated. In this review, we will summarise recent progress in epigenetic pathways involved in arterial calcification and discuss potential therapeutic interventions based on epigenetic mechanisms.
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Tang F, Chan E, Lu M, Zhang X, Dai C, Mei M, Zhang S, Wang H, Song Q. Calpain-1 Mediated Disorder of Pyrophosphate Metabolism Contributes to Vascular Calcification Induced by oxLDL. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129128. [PMID: 26047104 PMCID: PMC4457882 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL) accelerated the calcification in aorta of rats and rat vascular smooth muscle cells (RVSMCs). However, the molecular mechanism underlying the acceleration remains poorly understood. The present study aimed to investigate the role of calpain-1, Ca2+-sensitive intracellular cysteine proteases, in the vascular calcification of rats treated with both high dose of vitamin D2 and high cholesterol diet. The results showed that calpain activity significantly increased in calcified aortic tissue of rats and RVSMCs treated with oxLDL. Specific calpain inhibitor I (CAI, 0.5mg/kg, intraperitoneal) inhibited the vascular calcification in rats with hypercholesterolemia accompanied by the increase in the level of extracellular inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi), the endogenous inhibitor of vascular calcification. In addition, CAI increased the content of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), decreased the activity, mRNA and protein expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and reduced the production of superoxide anion in calcified aortic tissue. CAI also increased the activity of ATP synthase as well as protein expression of ATP5D, δ subunit of ATP synthase. In the in vitro study, suppression of calpain-1 using siRNA assay inhibited the calcium deposition, increased the levels of PPi and ATP, improved the activity of ATP synthase as well as protein expression of ATP5D in RVSMCs treated with oxLDL. Calpain-1 suppression also decreased the activity, mRNA and protein expression of ALP and reduced the mitochondrial ROS (Mito-ROS) production in RVSMCs. However, mito-TEMPO, the mitochondria-targeted ROS scavenger, reduced the calcium deposition, increased the PPi in culture medium, decreased the activity, mRNA and protein expression of ALP in RVSMCs treated with oxLDL. Taken together, the results suggested that calpain-1 activation plays critical role in vascular calcification caused by oxLDL, which might be mediated by PPi metabolism disorder. The results also implied that Mito-ROS might contribute to the PPi metabolism disorder through regulation of the activity and expression of ALP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Futian Tang
- Key Laboratory of Cardio- and Cerebro-vascular Drug Research of Liaoning Province, Drug Research Institute, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Erqing Chan
- Cerebrovascular Diseases Center of Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Meili Lu
- Key Laboratory of Cardio- and Cerebro-vascular Drug Research of Liaoning Province, Drug Research Institute, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Xiaowen Zhang
- Guangzhou Institute of Sports Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunmei Dai
- Key Laboratory of Cardio- and Cerebro-vascular Drug Research of Liaoning Province, Drug Research Institute, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Meng Mei
- Key Laboratory of Cardio- and Cerebro-vascular Drug Research of Liaoning Province, Drug Research Institute, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Suping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cardio- and Cerebro-vascular Drug Research of Liaoning Province, Drug Research Institute, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Hongxin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cardio- and Cerebro-vascular Drug Research of Liaoning Province, Drug Research Institute, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, China
- * E-mail: (HXW); (QS)
| | - Qing Song
- Guangzhou Vocational and Technical College, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (HXW); (QS)
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Borrás T, Smith MH, Buie LK. A Novel Mgp-Cre Knock-In Mouse Reveals an Anticalcification/Antistiffness Candidate Gene in the Trabecular Meshwork and Peripapillary Scleral Region. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015; 56:2203-14. [PMID: 25711639 PMCID: PMC4406033 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-16460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Soft tissue calcification is a pathological condition. Matrix Gla (MGP) is a potent mineralization inhibitor secreted by cartilage chondrocytes and arteries' vascular smooth muscle cells. Mgp knock-out mice die at 6 weeks due to massive arterial calcification. Arterial calcification results in arterial stiffness and higher systolic blood pressure. Intriguingly, MGP was highly abundant in trabecular meshwork (TM). Because tissue stiffness is relevant to glaucoma, we investigated which additional eye tissues use Mgp's function using knock-in mice. METHODS An Mgp-Cre-recombinase coding sequence (Cre) knock-in mouse, containing Mgp DNA plus an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES)-Cre-cassette was generated by homologous recombination. Founders were crossed with Cre-mediated reporter mouse R26R-lacZ. Their offspring expresses lacZ where Mgp is transcribed. Eyes from MgpCre/+;R26RlacZ/+ (Mgp-lacZ knock-in) and controls, 1 to 8 months were assayed for β-gal enzyme histochemistry. RESULTS As expected, Mgp-lacZ knock-in's TM was intensely blue. In addition, this mouse revealed high specific expression in the sclera, particularly in the peripapillary scleral region (ppSC). Ciliary muscle and sclera above the TM were also positive. Scleral staining was located immediately underneath the choroid (chondrocyte layer), began midsclera and was remarkably high in the ppSC. Cornea, iris, lens, ciliary body, and retina were negative. All mice exhibited similar staining patterns. All controls were negative. CONCLUSIONS Matrix Gla's restricted expression to glaucoma-associated tissues from anterior and posterior segments suggests its involvement in the development of the disease. Matrix Gla's anticalcification/antistiffness properties in the vascular tissue, together with its high TM and ppCS expression, place this gene as a strong candidate for TM's softness and sclera's stiffness regulation in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Borrás
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Matthew H. Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - LaKisha K. Buie
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
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Kataoka Y, Puri R, Hammadah M, Duggal B, Uno K, Kapadia SR, Tuzcu EM, Nissen SE, Nicholls SJ. Spotty calcification and plaque vulnerability in vivo: frequency-domain optical coherence tomography analysis. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 2015; 4:460-9. [PMID: 25610803 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2223-3652.2014.11.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spotty calcification is a morphological characteristic of a vulnerable plaque phenotype. While this calcium pattern is considered an active process, promoted by inflammation, it is unknown whether spotty calcification associates with development of microstructures observed in vulnerable plaques. As frequency-domain optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT) enables visualization of microstructures associated with plaque vulnerability, we investigated the association between spotty calcification and plaque microstructures by using FD-OCT. METHODS A total of 300 patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD), having clinical indication for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), were analyzed. Totally 280 non-culprit lipid plaques within the target vessel requiring PCI were evaluated by FD-OCT. Spotty calcification was defined as a presence of lesion <4 mm in length, containing an arc of calcification <90° on FD-OCT. Plaque microstructures were compared in non-culprit lipid-rich plaques with and without spotty calcification. RESULTS Spotty calcification was observed in 39.6% of non-culprit lipid-rich plaques, with 30.6% of these plaques demonstrating multiple spotty calcifications. Plaques containing spotty calcification exhibited a greater lipid index (= averaged lipid arc × lipid length); 1,511.8±1,522.3 vs. 815.2±1,040.3 mm°, P<0.0001), thinner fibrous caps (89.0±31.6 vs. 136.5±32.5 µm, P=0.002) and a higher prevalence of microchannels (45.9% vs. 17.7%, P=0.007). A significant association was observed between the number of spotty calcifications per plaque and fibrous cap thickness (r=-0.40, P=0.006). Increased number of spotty calcification was also associated with a higher prevalence of microchannel within plaques (P=0.01). CONCLUSIONS In patients with stable CAD requiring PCI, the presence of spotty calcification imaged by FD-OCT was associated with features of greater plaque vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kataoka
- 1 South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia ; 2 Cleveland linic Coordinating Center for Clinical Research, Cleveland, Ohio, USA ; 3 Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart & Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Rishi Puri
- 1 South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia ; 2 Cleveland linic Coordinating Center for Clinical Research, Cleveland, Ohio, USA ; 3 Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart & Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Muhammad Hammadah
- 1 South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia ; 2 Cleveland linic Coordinating Center for Clinical Research, Cleveland, Ohio, USA ; 3 Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart & Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Bhanu Duggal
- 1 South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia ; 2 Cleveland linic Coordinating Center for Clinical Research, Cleveland, Ohio, USA ; 3 Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart & Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Kiyoko Uno
- 1 South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia ; 2 Cleveland linic Coordinating Center for Clinical Research, Cleveland, Ohio, USA ; 3 Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart & Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Samir R Kapadia
- 1 South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia ; 2 Cleveland linic Coordinating Center for Clinical Research, Cleveland, Ohio, USA ; 3 Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart & Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - E Murat Tuzcu
- 1 South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia ; 2 Cleveland linic Coordinating Center for Clinical Research, Cleveland, Ohio, USA ; 3 Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart & Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Steven E Nissen
- 1 South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia ; 2 Cleveland linic Coordinating Center for Clinical Research, Cleveland, Ohio, USA ; 3 Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart & Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Stephen J Nicholls
- 1 South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia ; 2 Cleveland linic Coordinating Center for Clinical Research, Cleveland, Ohio, USA ; 3 Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart & Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Wiltz DC, Han RI, Wilson RL, Kumar A, Morrisett JD, Grande-Allen KJ. Differential Aortic and Mitral Valve Interstitial Cell Mineralization and the Induction of Mineralization by Lysophosphatidylcholine In Vitro.. Cardiovasc Eng Technol 2014; 5:371-383. [PMID: 25419248 PMCID: PMC4235965 DOI: 10.1007/s13239-014-0197-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is a serious condition with vast uncertainty regarding the precise mechanism leading to valve calcification. This study was undertaken to examine the role of the lipid lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) in a comparison of aortic and mitral valve cellular mineralization. METHODS The proportion of LPC in differentially calcified regions of diseased aortic valves was determined using thin layer chromatography (TLC). Next, porcine valvular interstitial cells (pVICs) from the aortic (paVICs) and mitral valve (pmVICs) were cultured with LPC (10-1 - 105 nM) and analyzed for cellular mineralization, alkaline phosphatase activity (ALPa), proliferation, and apoptosis. RESULTS TLC showed a higher percentage of LPC in calcified regions of tissue compared to non-calcified regions. In pVIC cultures, with the exception of 105 nM LPC, increasing concentrations of LPC led to an increase in phosphate mineralization. Increased levels of calcium content were exhibited at 104 nm LPC application compared to baseline controls. Compared to pmVIC cultures, paVIC cultures had greater total phosphate mineralization, ALPa, calcium content, and apoptosis, under both a baseline control and LPC-treated conditions. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that LPC has the capacity to promote pVIC calcification. Also, paVICs have a greater propensity for mineralization than pmVICs. LPC may be a key factor in the transition of the aortic valve from a healthy to diseased state. In addition, there are intrinsic differences that exist between VICs from different valves that may play a key role in heart valve pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dena C. Wiltz
- Rice University, Department of Bioengineering, Houston, TX
| | - Richard I. Han
- Rice University, Department of Bioengineering, Houston, TX
- Baylor College of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Houston, TX
| | - Reid L. Wilson
- Rice University, Department of Bioengineering, Houston, TX
- Baylor College of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Houston, TX
| | - Aditya Kumar
- Rice University, Department of Bioengineering, Houston, TX
| | - Joel D. Morrisett
- Baylor College of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Houston, TX
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Calpain 1 inhibitor BDA-410 ameliorates α-klotho-deficiency phenotypes resembling human aging-related syndromes. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5847. [PMID: 25080854 PMCID: PMC4118420 DOI: 10.1038/srep05847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Taking good care of elderly is a major challenge of our society, and thus identification of potential drug targets to reduce age-associated disease burden is desirable. α-klotho-/- (α-kl) is a short-lived mouse model that displays multiple phenotypes resembling human aging-related syndromes. Such ageing phenotype of α-kl-/- mice is associated with activation of a proteolytic enzyme, Calpain-1. We hypothesized that uncontrolled activation of calpain-1 might be causing age-related phenotypes in α-kl-deficient mice. We found that daily administration of BDA-410, a calpain-1 inhibitor, strikingly ameliorated multiple aging-related phenotypes. Treated mice showed recovery of reproductive ability, increased body weight, reduced organ atrophy, and suppression of ectopic calcifications, bone mineral density reduction, pulmonary emphysema and senile atrophy of skin. We also observed ectopic expression of FGF23 in calcified arteries of α-kl-/- mice, which might account for the clinically observed association of increased FGF23 level with increased risk of cardiovascular mortality. These findings allow us to propose that modulation of calpain-1 activity is a potential therapeutic option for delaying age-associated organ pathology, particularly caused by the dysregulation of mineral ion homeostasis.
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Ameer OZ, Salman IM, Avolio AP, Phillips JK, Butlin M. Opposing changes in thoracic and abdominal aortic biomechanical properties in rodent models of vascular calcification and hypertension. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2014; 307:H143-51. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00139.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of hypertension on regional aortic biomechanical and structural properties in three rat models of vascular calcification: the hypertensive Lewis polycystic kidney (LPK; n = 13) model of chronic kidney disease, spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs; n = 12), and calcification in normotensive Lewis rats induced by vitamin D3 and nicotine (VDN; n = 8). Lewis and Wistar-Kyoto rats were controls. Thoracic and abdominal aortic stiffness parameters were assessed by tensile testing. In models where aortic stiffness differences compared with controls existed in both thoracic and abdominal segments, an additional cohort was quantified by histology for thoracic and abdominal aortic elastin, collagen, and calcification. LPK and VDN animals had higher thoracic breaking strain than control animals ( P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively) and lower energy absorption within the tensile curve of the abdominal aorta ( P < 0.05). SHRs had a lower abdominal breaking stress than Wistar-Kyoto rats. LPK and VDN rats had more elastic lamellae fractures than control rats ( P < 0.001), which were associated with calcium deposition (thoracic R = 0.37, P = 0.048; abdominal: R = 0.40, P = 0.046). LPK rats had higher nuclear density than control rats ( P < 0.01), which was also evident in the thoracic but not abdominal aorta of VDN rats ( P < 0.01). In LPK and VDN rats, but not in control rats, media thickness and cross-sectional area were at least 1.5-fold greater in thoracic than abdominal regions. The calcification models chronic kidney disease and induced calcification in normotension caused differences in regional aortic stiffness not seen in a genetic form of hypertension. Detrimental abdominal aortic remodeling but lower stiffness in the thoracic aorta with disease indicates possible compensatory mechanisms in the proximal aorta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Z. Ameer
- The Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ibrahim M. Salman
- The Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alberto P. Avolio
- The Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jacqueline K. Phillips
- The Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark Butlin
- The Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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de Jong PA, Hellings WE, Takx RAP, Išgum I, van Herwaarden JA, Mali WPTM. Computed tomography of aortic wall calcifications in aortic dissection patients. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102036. [PMID: 25003993 PMCID: PMC4087005 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives To investigate the frequency of aortic calcifications at the outer edge of the false lumen and the frequency of fully circular aortic calcifications in a consecutive series of patients with aortic dissection who underwent contrast-enhanced CT. Methods The study population compromised of 69 consecutive subjects aged 60 years and older with a contrast-enhanced CT scan demonstrating an aortic dissection. All CT scans were evaluated for the frequency of aortic calcifications at the outer edge of the false lumen and the frequency of fully circular aortic calcifications by two experienced observers. Between observer reliability was evaluated by using Cohen’s Kappa. Differences between groups were tested using unpaired T test and Chi-square test. Results Presumed media calcifications were observed in 22 (32%) patients of 60 years and older and were found more frequently in chronic aortic dissection (N = 12/23, 52%) than in acute aortic dissection (N = 10/46, 22%). Conclusion As the intima has been torn away by the aortic dissection it is highly likely that CT scans can visualize the calcifications in the tunica media of the aorta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pim A. de Jong
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Willem E. Hellings
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Richard A. P. Takx
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ivana Išgum
- Images Sciences Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Willem P. Th. M. Mali
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Cenizo Revuelta N, Gonzalez-Fajardo J, Bratos M, Alvarez-Gago T, Aguirre B, Vaquero C. Role of Calcifying Nanoparticle in the Development of Hyperplasia and Vascular Calcification in an Animal Model. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2014; 47:640-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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van Hamersvelt RW, Willemink MJ, Takx RAP, Eikendal ALM, Budde RPJ, Leiner T, Mol CP, Isgum I, de Jong PA. Cardiac valve calcifications on low-dose unenhanced ungated chest computed tomography: inter-observer and inter-examination reliability, agreement and variability. Eur Radiol 2014; 24:1557-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s00330-014-3191-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Hosen MJ, Coucke PJ, Le Saux O, De Paepe A, Vanakker OM. Perturbation of specific pro-mineralizing signalling pathways in human and murine pseudoxanthoma elasticum. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2014; 9:66. [PMID: 24775865 PMCID: PMC4022264 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-9-66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) is characterized by skin (papular lesions), ocular (subretinal neovascularisation) and cardiovascular manifestations (peripheral artery disease), due to mineralization and fragmentation of elastic fibres in the extracellular matrix (ECM). Caused by mutations in the ABCC6 gene, the mechanisms underlying this disease remain unknown. The knowledge on the molecular background of soft tissue mineralization largely comes from insights in vascular calcification, with involvement of the osteoinductive Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGFβ) family (TGFβ1-3 and Bone Morphogenetic Proteins [BMP]), together with ectonucleotides (ENPP1), Wnt signalling and a variety of local and systemic calcification inhibitors. In this study, we have investigated the relevance of the signalling pathways described in vascular soft tissue mineralization in the PXE knock-out mouse model and in PXE patients. Methods The role of the pro-osteogenic pathways BMP2-SMADs-RUNX2, TGFβ-SMAD2/3 and Wnt-MSX2, apoptosis and ER stress was evaluated using immunohistochemistry, mRNA expression profiling and immune-co-staining in dermal tissues and fibroblast cultures of PXE patients and the eyes and whiskers of the PXE knock-out mouse. Apoptosis was further evaluated by TUNEL staining and siRNA mediated gene knockdown. ALPL activity in PXE fibroblasts was studied using ALPL stains. Results We demonstrate the upregulation of the BMP2-SMADs-RUNX2 and TGFβ-2-SMAD2/3 pathway, co-localizing with the mineralization sites, and the involvement of MSX2-canonical Wnt signalling. Further, we show that apoptosis is also involved in PXE with activation of Caspases and BCL-2. In contrast to vascular calcification, neither the other BMPs and TGFβs nor endoplasmic reticulum stress pathways seem to be perturbed in PXE. Conclusions Our study shows that we cannot simply extrapolate knowledge on cell signalling in vascular soft tissue calcification to a multisystem ectopic mineralisation disease as PXE. Contrary, we demonstrate a specific set of perturbed signalling pathways in PXE patients and the knock-out mouse model. Based on our findings and previously reported data, we propose a preliminary cell model of ECM calcification in PXE.
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Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is a major contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and, given its association with age, the prevalence of CAVD is expected to continue to rise as global life expectancy increases. No drug strategies currently exist to prevent or treat CAVD. Given that valve replacement is the only available clinical option, patients often cope with a deteriorating quality of life until diminished valve function demands intervention. The recognition that CAVD results from active cellular mechanisms suggests that the underlying pathways might be targeted to treat the condition. However, no such therapeutic strategy has been successfully developed to date. One hope was that drugs already used to treat vascular complications might also improve CAVD outcomes, but the mechanisms of CAVD progression and the desired therapeutic outcomes are often different from those of vascular diseases. Therefore, we discuss the benchmarks that must be met by a CAVD treatment approach, and highlight advances in the understanding of CAVD mechanisms to identify potential novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Hutcheson
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, 3 Blackfan Circle, 17th Floor, Center for Life Sciences Boston, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, 3 Blackfan Circle, 17th Floor, Center for Life Sciences Boston, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - W David Merryman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 2213 Garland Avenue, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
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Boudina S. Cardiac aging and insulin resistance: could insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling be used as a therapeutic target? Curr Pharm Des 2014; 19:5684-94. [PMID: 23448491 DOI: 10.2174/1381612811319320004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Intrinsic cardiac aging is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease and is associated with structural and functional changes that impede cardiac responses to stress and to cardio-protective mechanisms. Although systemic insulin resistance and the associated risk factors exacerbate cardiac aging, cardiac-specific insulin resistance without confounding systemic alterations, could prevent cardiac aging. Thus, strategies aimed to reduce insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling in the heart prevent cardiac aging in lower organisms and in mammals but the mechanisms underlying this protection are not fully understood. In this review, we describe the impact of aging on the cardiovascular system and discuss the mounting evidence that reduced insulin/IGF signaling in the heart could alleviate age-associated alterations and preserve cardiac performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihem Boudina
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Program in Human Molecular Biology & Genetics, 15 N 2030 E Bldg # 533 Rm. 3410B, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA.
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66
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Mani S, Untereiner A, Wu L, Wang R. Hydrogen sulfide and the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:805-17. [PMID: 23582095 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Stigmatized as a toxic environmental pollutant for centuries, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has gained recognition over the last decade as an important gasotransmitter that functions in physiological and pathophysiological conditions, such as atherosclerosis. RECENT ADVANCES Atherosclerosis is a common disease that stems from the buildup of fatty/cholesterol plaques on the endothelial cells of arteries. The deposits mitigate thickening and stiffening of arterial tissue, which contributes to concomitant systemic or localized vascular disorders. Recently, it has been recognized that H2S plays an anti-atherosclerotic role, and its deficiency leads to early development and progression of atherosclerosis. This review article presents multiple lines of evidence for the protective effects of H2S against the development of atherosclerosis. Also highlighted are the characterization of altered metabolism of H2S in the development of atherosclerosis, underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms, and potential therapeutic intervention based on H2S supplementation for atherosclerosis management. CRITICAL ISSUES Although a protective role of H2S against atherosclerosis has emerged, controversy remains regarding the mechanisms underlying H2S-induced endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis as well as its anti-inflammatory properties. The therapeutic value of H2S to this pathophysiological condition has not been tested clinically but, nonetheless, it shows tremendous promise. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The efficiency and safety profile of H2S-based therapeutic approaches should be refined, and the mechanisms by which H2S exerts its beneficial effects should be elucidated to develop more specific and potent therapeutic strategies to treat atherosclerosis. Whether the therapeutic effects of H2S in animal studies are transferable to clinical studies merits future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarathi Mani
- 1 Department of Biology, Lakehead University , Thunder Bay, Canada
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67
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Crystal P, Zelingher J, Crystal E. Breast arterial calcifications as a cardiovascular risk marker in women. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2014; 2:753-60. [PMID: 15350176 DOI: 10.1586/14779072.2.5.753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease and breast cancer are the two main causes of mortality in women. Mammography as a screening test for breast cancer is recommended for all women from the age of 40 to 50 years. Mammographically detected breast arterial calcifications are currently considered an incidental finding without clinical importance, since they are not associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. However, recent studies have shown that breast arterial calcifications on mammograms have been associated with cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. These results suggest that breast arterial calcifications, detected during routine mammography, are a noteworthy finding that could be valuable in identifying asymptomatic women at increased cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Crystal
- Department of Radiology, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
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68
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Buie LK, Karim MZ, Smith MH, Borrás T. Development of a model of elevated intraocular pressure in rats by gene transfer of bone morphogenetic protein 2. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:5441-55. [PMID: 23821199 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-11651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether inducing calcification in the trabecular meshwork results in elevated IOP in living rats. To use this property to create an elevated IOP animal model by gene transfer of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2). METHODS Calcification was assessed by alizarin red staining in primary human trabecular meshwork (HTM) cells and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in the angle tissue. Brown Norway (BN) and Wistar rats were intracamerally injected with Ad5BMP2 (OS) and control Ad5.CMV-Null (OD). IOPs were taken twice a week and expressed as mean integral pressures. Morphology was assessed on fixed, paraffin-embedded anterior segments. Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) were quantified on retrograde and Brn-3a-labeled flat mounts using MetaMorph software. RESULTS BMP2-treated cells displayed marked increase in calcification. Trabecular meshwork tissue showed moderate ALP activity at 13 days postinjection. Fifty-four of 55 BN and 15 of 19 Wistar rats displayed significantly elevated IOP. In a representative 29-day experiment, the integral IOP difference between treated and control eyes was 367.7 ± 83 mm Hg-days (P = 0.007). Morphological evaluation revealed a well-organized trabecular meshwork tissue, exhibiting denser matrix in the treated eyes. The Ad5BMP2-treated eye showed 34.4% ± 4.8% (P = 0.00002) loss of peripheral RGC over controls. CONCLUSIONS Gene transfer of the calcification inducer BMP2 gene to the trabecular meshwork induces elevated IOP in living rats without altering the basic structure of the tissue. This strategy generates an elevated IOP model in rats that would be useful for evaluation of glaucoma drugs targeting the outflow pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakisha K Buie
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7041, USA
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69
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Iribarren C, Molloi S. Breast Arterial Calcification: a New Marker of Cardiovascular Risk? CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR RISK REPORTS 2013; 7:126-135. [PMID: 23538556 PMCID: PMC3605493 DOI: 10.1007/s12170-013-0290-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mammographically-detected breast arterial calcifications (BAC) are considered to be an incidental finding without clinical importance since they are not associated with increased risk of breast cancer. The goal of this article is to review existing evidence that the presence of BAC on mammography correlates with several (but not all) traditional cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and with prevalent and incident CVD. Thus, BAC detected during routine mammography is a noteworthy finding that could be valuable in identifying asymptomatic women at increased future CVD risk that may be candidates for more aggressive management. In addition, there are notable differences in measures of subclinical atherosclerosis burden in women (ie, coronary artery calcification) by race/ethnic background, and the same appears to be true for BAC, although data are very limited. Another noteworthy limitation of prior research on BAC is the reliance on absence vs presence of BAC; no study to date has determined gradation of BAC. Further research is thus required to elucidate the role of BAC gradation in the prediction of CVD outcomes and to determine whether adding BAC gradation to prediction models based on traditional risk factors improves classification of CVD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Iribarren
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, 2000 Broadway, Oakland, CA 94612 USA
| | - Sabee Molloi
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Medical Sciences I, B-140, Irvine, CA USA
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70
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Wang Y, Zhang ZY, Chen XQ, Wang X, Cao H, Liu SW. Advanced glycation end products promote human aortic smooth muscle cell calcification in vitro via activating NF-κB and down-regulating IGF1R expression. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2013; 34:480-6. [PMID: 23416929 PMCID: PMC4002782 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2012.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effects of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) on calcification in human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) in vitro and the underlying mechanisms. METHODS AGEs were artificially prepared. Calcification of HASMCs was induced by adding inorganic phosphate (Pi, 2 mmol/L) in the media, and observed with Alizarin red staining. The calcium content in the supernatant was measured using QuantiChrome Calcium Assay Kit. Expression of the related mRNAs and proteins was analyzed using real-time PCR and Western blot, respectively. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay was used to detect the binding of NF-κB to the putative IGF1R promoter. RESULTS AGEs (100 μg/mL) significantly enhanced Pi-induced calcification and the levels of osteocalcin and Cbfα1 in HASMCs. Furthermore, the treatment decreased the expression of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R). Over-expression of IGF1R in HASMCs suppressed the AGEs-induced increase in calcium deposition. When IGF1R expression was knocked down in HASMCs, AGEs did not enhance the calcium deposition. Meanwhile, AGEs time-dependently decreased the amounts of IκBα and Flag-tagged p65 in the cytoplasmic extracts, and increased the amount of nuclear p65 in HASMCs. In the presence of NF-κB inhibitor PDTC (50 μmol/L), the AGEs-induced increase in calcium deposition was blocked. Over-expression of p65 significantly enhanced Pi-induced mineralization, but suppressed IGF1R mRNA level. Knockdown of p65 suppressed the AGEs-induced increase in calcium deposition, and rescued the IGF1R expression. The ChIP analysis revealed that NF-κB bound the putative IGF1R promoter at position -230 to -219 bp. The inhibition of IGF1R by NF-κB was abolished when IGF1R reporter plasmid contained mutated binding sequence for NF-κB or an NF-κB reporter vector. CONCLUSION The results demonstrate that AGEs promote calcification of human aortic smooth muscle cells in vitro via activation of NF-κB and down-regulation of IGF1R expression.
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MESH Headings
- Aorta/metabolism
- Aorta/pathology
- Calcium/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit/genetics
- Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit/metabolism
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Glycation End Products, Advanced/genetics
- Glycation End Products, Advanced/metabolism
- Humans
- I-kappa B Proteins/genetics
- I-kappa B Proteins/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha
- NF-kappa B/genetics
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/metabolism
- Vascular Calcification/genetics
- Vascular Calcification/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Zhen-yu Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Xiao-qing Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Heng Cao
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Shao-wen Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, China
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Chu Y, Lund DD, Weiss RM, Brooks RM, Doshi H, Hajj GP, Sigmund CD, Heistad DD. Pioglitazone attenuates valvular calcification induced by hypercholesterolemia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:523-32. [PMID: 23288158 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.300794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Development of calcific aortic valve stenosis involves multiple signaling pathways, which may be modulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ). This study tested the hypothesis that pioglitazone (Pio), a ligand for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, inhibits calcification of the aortic valve in hypercholesteremic mice. METHODS AND RESULTS Low density lipoprotein receptor(-/-)/apolipoprotein B(100/100) mice were fed a Western-type diet with or without Pio (20 mg/kg per day) for 6 months. Pio attenuated lipid deposition and calcification in the aortic valve, but not aorta. In the aortic valve, Pio reduced levels of active caspase-3 and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling staining. Valve function (echocardiography) was significantly improved by Pio. To determine whether changes in gene expression are associated with differential effects of Pio on aortic valves versus aorta, Reversa mice were fed Western diet with or without Pio for 2 months. Several procalcific genes were increased by Western diet, and the increase was attenuated by Pio, in aortic valve, but not aorta. CONCLUSIONS Pio attenuates lipid deposition, calcification, and apoptosis in aortic valves of hypercholesterolemic mice, improves aortic valve function, and exhibits preferential effects on aortic valves versus aorta. We suggest that Pio protects against calcific aortic valve stenosis, and Pio or other peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ ligands may be useful for early intervention to prevent or slow stenosis of aortic valves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
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72
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Fantus D, Awan Z, Seidah NG, Genest J. Aortic calcification: Novel insights from familial hypercholesterolemia and potential role for the low-density lipoprotein receptor. Atherosclerosis 2013; 226:9-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 08/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Jiang L, Zhang J, Monticone RE, Telljohann R, Wu J, Wang M, Lakatta EG. Calpain-1 regulation of matrix metalloproteinase 2 activity in vascular smooth muscle cells facilitates age-associated aortic wall calcification and fibrosis. Hypertension 2012; 60:1192-9. [PMID: 23006733 PMCID: PMC3487400 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.112.196840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Age-associated central arterial wall stiffness is linked to extracellular matrix remodeling, including fibrosis and vascular calcification. Angiotensin II induces both matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) and calpain-1 expression and activity in the arterial wall. However, the role of calpain-1 in MMP2 activation and extracellular matrix remodeling remains unknown. Dual histo-immunolabeling demonstrates colocalization of calpain-1 and MMP2 within old rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Overexpression of calpain-1 induces MMP2 transcripts, protein levels, and activity, in part, by increasing the ratio of membrane type 1 MMPs to tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 2. These effects of calpain-1 overexpression-induced MMP2 activation are linked to increased collagen I and III production and vascular calcification. In addition, overexpression of calpain-1 also induces transforming growth factor-β1/Smad signaling, elastin degradation, alkaline phosphatase activation, and total calcium content but reduces the expression of calcification inhibitors, osteopontin, and osteonectin, in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro and in carotid artery rings ex vivo. Furthermore, both calpain-1 and collagen II increase with aging within human aortic intima. Interestingly, in aged human aortic wall, both calpain-1 and collagen II are highly expressed in artherosclerotic plaque areas compared with grossly normal areas. Cross-talk of 2 proteases, calpain-1 and MMP2, leads to secretion of active MMP2, which modulates extracellular matrix remodeling via enhancing collagen production and facilitating vascular calcification. These results establish calpain-1 as a novel molecular candidate to retard age-associated extracellular matrix remodeling and its attendant risk for hypertension and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Jiang
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jing Zhang
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert E. Monticone
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Richard Telljohann
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - James Wu
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mingyi Wang
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Edward G. Lakatta
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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74
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Sabbagh Y, Graciolli FG, O'Brien S, Tang W, dos Reis LM, Ryan S, Phillips L, Boulanger J, Song W, Bracken C, Liu S, Ledbetter S, Dechow P, Canziani MEF, Carvalho AB, Jorgetti V, Moyses RMA, Schiavi SC. Repression of osteocyte Wnt/β-catenin signaling is an early event in the progression of renal osteodystrophy. J Bone Miner Res 2012; 27:1757-72. [PMID: 22492547 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.1630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorder (CKD-MBD) is defined by abnormalities in mineral and hormone metabolism, bone histomorphometric changes, and/or the presence of soft-tissue calcification. Emerging evidence suggests that features of CKD-MBD may occur early in disease progression and are associated with changes in osteocyte function. To identify early changes in bone, we utilized the jck mouse, a genetic model of polycystic kidney disease that exhibits progressive renal disease. At 6 weeks of age, jck mice have normal renal function and no evidence of bone disease but exhibit continual decline in renal function and death by 20 weeks of age, when approximately 40% to 60% of them have vascular calcification. Temporal changes in serum parameters were identified in jck relative to wild-type mice from 6 through 18 weeks of age and were subsequently shown to largely mirror serum changes commonly associated with clinical CKD-MBD. Bone histomorphometry revealed progressive changes associated with increased osteoclast activity and elevated bone formation relative to wild-type mice. To capture the early molecular and cellular events in the progression of CKD-MBD we examined cell-specific pathways associated with bone remodeling at the protein and/or gene expression level. Importantly, a steady increase in the number of cells expressing phosphor-Ser33/37-β-catenin was observed both in mouse and human bones. Overall repression of Wnt/β-catenin signaling within osteocytes occurred in conjunction with increased expression of Wnt antagonists (SOST and sFRP4) and genes associated with osteoclast activity, including receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL). The resulting increase in the RANKL/osteoprotegerin (OPG) ratio correlated with increased osteoclast activity. In late-stage disease, an apparent repression of genes associated with osteoblast function was observed. These data confirm that jck mice develop progressive biochemical changes in CKD-MBD and suggest that repression of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway is involved in the pathogenesis of renal osteodystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Sabbagh
- The Sanofi-Genzyme R&D Center, Genzyme, A Sanofi Company, Framingham, MA 01701, USA
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75
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Matsumoto KI, Satoh K, Maniwa T, Araki A, Maruyama R, Oda T. Noticeable decreased expression of tenascin-X in calcific aortic valves. Connect Tissue Res 2012; 53:460-8. [PMID: 22827484 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2012.702818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Calcification of aortic valves results in valvular aortic stenosis and is becoming a common valvular condition in elderly populations. An understanding of the molecular mechanisms of this valve lesion is important for revealing potential biomarkers associated with the development and progression of this disease. In order to identify proteins that are differentially expressed in calcific aortic valves (CAVs) compared with those in adjacent normal valvular tissues, comprehensive analysis of differentially expressed proteins in the tissues was done by a quantitative proteomic approach with isobaric tag for absolute and relative quantitation labeling followed by nanoliquid chromatography matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. The proteomic analysis revealed 105 proteins differentially expressed in CAVs in contrast to adjacent normal valvular tissues with high confidence. Significantly increased expression (≥1.3-fold) was found in 34 proteins, whereas decreased expression (<0.77-fold) was found in 39 proteins in CAVs. Among them, α-2-HS-glycoprotein showed the greatest increase in expression (6.54-fold) and tenascin-X showed the greatest decrease in expression (0.37-fold). Numerous extracellular matrix proteins such as collagens were identified as proteins with significantly decreased expression. Panther pathway analysis showed that some of the identified proteins were linked to blood coagulation and integrin signaling pathways. Cluster analysis of the 105 proteins differentially expressed in CAVs based on the expression pattern revealed that tenascin-X was clustered with proteins controlling collagen structure and function, especially collagen fibrillogenesis, such as decorin and fibromodulin. We confirmed decreased levels of these proteins in CAVs by Western blot analyses. These results indicated that massive destruction of the extracellular matrix occurs in CAVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichi Matsumoto
- Department of Biosignaling and Radioisotope Experiment, Center for Integrated Research in Science, Shimane University, Enya-cho, Izumo, Japan.
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Mann K, Edsinger-Gonzales E, Mann M. In-depth proteomic analysis of a mollusc shell: acid-soluble and acid-insoluble matrix of the limpet Lottia gigantea. Proteome Sci 2012; 10:28. [PMID: 22540284 PMCID: PMC3374290 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-10-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Invertebrate biominerals are characterized by their extraordinary functionality and physical properties, such as strength, stiffness and toughness that by far exceed those of the pure mineral component of such composites. This is attributed to the organic matrix, secreted by specialized cells, which pervades and envelops the mineral crystals. Despite the obvious importance of the protein fraction of the organic matrix, only few in-depth proteomic studies have been performed due to the lack of comprehensive protein sequence databases. The recent public release of the gastropod Lottia gigantea genome sequence and the associated protein sequence database provides for the first time the opportunity to do a state-of-the-art proteomic in-depth analysis of the organic matrix of a mollusc shell. RESULTS Using three different sodium hypochlorite washing protocols before shell demineralization, a total of 569 proteins were identified in Lottia gigantea shell matrix. Of these, 311 were assembled in a consensus proteome comprising identifications contained in all proteomes irrespective of shell cleaning procedure. Some of these proteins were similar in amino acid sequence, amino acid composition, or domain structure to proteins identified previously in different bivalve or gastropod shells, such as BMSP, dermatopontin, nacrein, perlustrin, perlucin, or Pif. In addition there were dozens of previously uncharacterized proteins, many containing repeated short linear motifs or homorepeats. Such proteins may play a role in shell matrix construction or control of mineralization processes. CONCLUSIONS The organic matrix of Lottia gigantea shells is a complex mixture of proteins comprising possible homologs of some previously characterized mollusc shell proteins, but also many novel proteins with a possible function in biomineralization as framework building blocks or as regulatory components. We hope that this data set, the most comprehensive available at present, will provide a platform for the further exploration of biomineralization processes in molluscs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlheinz Mann
- Abteilung Proteomics und Signaltransduktion, Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, Am Klopferspitz 18, D-82152, Martinsried, Munich, Germany.
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MATSUMOTO KENICHI, MANIWA TOMOKO, TANAKA TETSUYA, SATOH KAZUMI, OKUNISHI HIDEKI, ODA TEIJI. Proteomic analysis of calcified abdominal and thoracic aortic aneurysms. Int J Mol Med 2012; 30:417-29. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2012.985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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78
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Lehto LJ, Sierra A, Corum CA, Zhang J, Idiyatullin D, Pitkänen A, Garwood M, Gröhn O. Detection of calcifications in vivo and ex vivo after brain injury in rat using SWIFT. Neuroimage 2012; 61:761-72. [PMID: 22425671 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcifications represent one component of pathology in many brain diseases. With MRI, they are most often detected by exploiting negative contrast in magnitude images. Calcifications are more diamagnetic than tissue, leading to a magnetic field disturbance that can be seen in phase MR images. Most phase imaging studies use gradient recalled echo based pulse sequences. Here, the phase component of SWIFT, a virtually zero acquisition delay sequence, was used to detect calcifications ex vivo and in vivo in rat models of status epilepticus and traumatic brain injury. Calcifications were detected in phase and imaginary SWIFT images based on their dipole like magnetic field disturbances. In magnitude SWIFT images, calcifications were distinguished as hypointense and hyperintense. Hypointense calcifications showed large crystallized granules with few surrounding inflammatory cells, while hyperintense calcifications contained small granules with the presence of more inflammatory cells. The size of the calcifications in SWIFT magnitude images correlated with that in Alizarin stained histological sections. Our data indicate that SWIFT is likely to better preserve signal in the proximity of a calcification or other field perturber in comparison to gradient echo due to its short acquisition delay and broad excitation bandwidth. Furthermore, a quantitative description for the phase contrast near dipole magnetic field inhomogeneities for the SWIFT pulse sequence is given. In vivo detection of calcifications provides a tool to probe the progression of pathology in neurodegenerative diseases. In particular, it appears to provide a surrogate marker for inflammatory cells around the calcifications after brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauri Juhani Lehto
- Department of Neurobiology, Biomedical Imaging Unit, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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Calcified atherosclerotic plaque - where exactly is the calcium and what does it contain? Indian J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12055-012-0133-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Pal SN, Golledge J. Osteo-progenitors in vascular calcification: a circulating cell theory. J Atheroscler Thromb 2011; 18:551-9. [PMID: 21551961 DOI: 10.5551/jat.8656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification has been associated with the incidence of cardiovascular events and thus there has been interest in better understanding its pathogenesis. Early theories considered vascular calcification to be a passive process which occurred as a non-specific response to tissue injury or necrosis. More recent theories propose vascular calcification results from loss of molecular inhibitors or via an active cell mediated process. The origin of the cells responsible for vascular calcification is controversial and may vary in different sites and patients. Calcification has been reported as result of apoptosis or death of vascular smooth muscle cells for example. One novel source of cells controlling vascular calcification is from the bone marrow. A circulating immature bone marrow derived population has been identified and a small subset of this bone marrow population has been reported to possess bone forming properties in vitro and hence termed osteo-progenitors. This article reviews evidence supporting the contribution of these naive bone marrow derived circulating osteo-progenitor cells in vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shripad Nagesh Pal
- Vascular Biology Unit, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
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81
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Di Bartolo BA, Schoppet M, Mattar MZ, Rachner TD, Shanahan CM, Kavurma MM. Calcium and osteoprotegerin regulate IGF1R expression to inhibit vascular calcification. Cardiovasc Res 2011; 91:537-45. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvr084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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82
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Le JD, Eisner BH, Tseng TY, Chi T, Stoller ML. Laterality of nephrocalcinosis in kidney stone formers with severe hypocitraturia. BJU Int 2011; 107:106-10. [PMID: 20590541 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2010.09492.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the hypothesis that the distribution of nephrocalcinosis in patients with severe hypocitraturia should be symmetric. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with profound hypocitraturia defined as a 24-h urine citrate < 50 mg at the time of initial presentation were identified from the metabolic stone clinic database at our academic medical center. Two independent blinded reviewers evaluated all of the abdominal radiographs for the segmental distribution of macroscopic nephrocalcinosis. RESULTS A total of 44 patients met study criteria, with an equal distribution of males and females and a mean age of 55.4 ± 13.7 years. Mean urinary citrate was 28 ± 11 mg/day. Nephrocalcinosis was present in at least one renal segment in 22 patients (50%). Of the 22 patients with nephrocalcinosis, 9 patients (41%) had unilateral nephrocalcinosis and 13 patients (59%) had bilateral nephrocalcinosis. Of the 35 kidneys with nephrocalcinosis, 14 kidneys (40%) had nephrocalcinosis in only one renal segment, 13 kidneys (37%) had nephrocalcinosis in two segments and eight kidneys (23%) had nephrocalcinosis involving all three segments. CONCLUSIONS Despite the systemic nature of severe hypocitraturia, nephrocalcinosis is frequently asymmetric and focal in nature. This suggests that local factors intrinsic to the renal medullary interstitium, such as vascular injury, must play a role in the formation of nephrocalcinosis. Further study to elucidate these intrinsic local factors may further improve the treatment and prevention of urinary stone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse D Le
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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83
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Miyabara Y, Camp J, Holmes D, Lahr B, Bailey K, Miller VM, Kearns AE. Coronary arterial calcification and thoracic spine mineral density in early menopause. Climacteric 2011; 14:438-44. [PMID: 21265610 DOI: 10.3109/13697137.2010.537409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis increase in women after menopause. While aortic calcification is associated with bone loss in women, a similar relationship for coronary arterial calcification (CAC), a risk factor for coronary artery disease in women, is less clear. This study was designed to examine the relationship between CAC and volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) in women (n=137) who were within a median of 18 months past their last menses at screening for the Kronos Early Estrogen Prevention Study (KEEPS). METHODS CAC was measured using 64-slice computed tomography; vBMD was measured from these images using the Spine Cancer Assessment program. Concentrations of osteocalcin, bone alkaline phosphatase, tartrate-resident acid phosphatase-5b and osteopontin as bone matrix protein in serum and plasma were evaluated by ELISA. RESULTS CAC scores ranged from 0 to 327.6 Agatston Units (AU); 113 women had a score of 0 AU, 20 had a CAC score between 0 and 50 AU, and four had a CAC score>50 AU. Although not statistically significant, there was a trend toward decreasing central density of thoracic T9 with increasing CAC. On average, levels of markers of bone turnover were within the normal range but did not correlate with age or with months past menopause. CONCLUSIONS Clinically significant CAC and spine vBMD are quantifiable from the same scans within the first 3 years of menopause. Additional work is needed to determine how these measurements change with increasing age or with estrogenic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Miyabara
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW. Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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84
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Hu MC, Shi M, Zhang J, Quiñones H, Griffith C, Kuro-o M, Moe OW. Klotho deficiency causes vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2011; 22:124-36. [PMID: 21115613 PMCID: PMC3014041 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2009121311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 693] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2009] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Soft-tissue calcification is a prominent feature in both chronic kidney disease (CKD) and experimental Klotho deficiency, but whether Klotho deficiency is responsible for the calcification in CKD is unknown. Here, wild-type mice with CKD had very low renal, plasma, and urinary levels of Klotho. In humans, we observed a graded reduction in urinary Klotho starting at an early stage of CKD and progressing with loss of renal function. Despite induction of CKD, transgenic mice that overexpressed Klotho had preserved levels of Klotho, enhanced phosphaturia, better renal function, and much less calcification compared with wild-type mice with CKD. Conversely, Klotho-haploinsufficient mice with CKD had undetectable levels of Klotho, worse renal function, and severe calcification. The beneficial effect of Klotho on vascular calcification was a result of more than its effect on renal function and phosphatemia, suggesting a direct effect of Klotho on the vasculature. In vitro, Klotho suppressed Na(+)-dependent uptake of phosphate and mineralization induced by high phosphate and preserved differentiation in vascular smooth muscle cells. In summary, Klotho is an early biomarker for CKD, and Klotho deficiency contributes to soft-tissue calcification in CKD. Klotho ameliorates vascular calcification by enhancing phosphaturia, preserving glomerular filtration, and directly inhibiting phosphate uptake by vascular smooth muscle. Replacement of Klotho may have therapeutic potential for CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chang Hu
- Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-8885, USA.
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85
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie E. P. New
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital
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86
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Grossman RC. Experimental models of renal disease and the cardiovascular system. Open Cardiovasc Med J 2010; 4:257-64. [PMID: 21258578 PMCID: PMC3024648 DOI: 10.2174/1874192401004010257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Revised: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death among patients with end stage renal failure. Animal models have played a crucial role in teasing apart the complex pathological processes involved. This review discusses the principles of using animal models, the history of their use in the study of renal hypertension, the controversies arising from experimental models of non-hypertensive uraemic cardiomyopathy and the lessons learned from these models, and highlights important areas of future research in this field, including de novo cardiomyopathy secondary to renal transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C Grossman
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Royal Free Hospital, London NW3 2QG, London, United Kingdom
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87
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Abstract
Arterial remodeling over time is a cornerstone of normal systemic aging. The age-associated arterial structural and functional changes in the intima, the media, and the adventitia are closely linked to angiotensin II (Ang II) signaling. A growing line of evidence indicates that essential elements of Ang II signaling, which encompasses milk fat globule epidermal growth factor-8, calpain-1, transforming growth factor-β1, matrix metalloproteinase-2/9, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase, and reactive oxygen species, are upregulated within the central arterial wall in rats, nonhuman primates, and humans during aging. In vitro studies show that the elevation of Ang II signaling induces the accumulation of collagen and advanced glycated end-products, the degradation of elastin, and the increased cell cycle disorder, invasion, and hypertrophy of endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells. Further, in vivo studies demonstrate that increased Ang II signaling accelerates arterial aging. Conversely, attenuating Ang II signaling via an inhibition of angiotensin conversing enzyme or a blockade of AT1 activation retards age-associated arterial remodeling. This review attempts to integrate complex facts of Ang II signaling within the aged central arterial wall and may shed light on new therapeutic targets for arterial aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyi Wang
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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88
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Li H, Tao HR, Hu T, Fan YH, Zhang RQ, Jia G, Wang HC. Atorvastatin Reduces Calcification in Rat Arteries and Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2010; 107:798-802. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2010.00580.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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89
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Endogenous hydrogen sulfide is involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 396:182-6. [PMID: 20394735 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2010] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic, complex, and progressive pathological process in large and medium sized arteries. The exact mechanism of this process remains unclear. Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S), a novel gasotransmitter, was confirmed as playing a major role in the pathogenesis of many cardiovascular diseases. It plays a role in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation and apoptosis, participates in the progress of hyperhomocysteinemia (HHCY), inhibits atherogenic modification of LDL, interferes with vascular calcification, intervenes with platelet function, and there are interactions between H(2)S and inflammatory processes. The role of H(2)S in atherosclerotic pathogenesis highlights the mysteries of atherosclerosis and inspires the search for innovative therapeutic strategies. Here, we review the studies to date that have considered the role of H(2)S in atherosclerosis.
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90
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Pang J, Xu Q, Xu X, Yin H, Xu R, Guo S, Hao W, Wang L, Chen C, Cao JM. Hexarelin suppresses high lipid diet and vitamin D3-induced atherosclerosis in the rat. Peptides 2010; 31:630-8. [PMID: 19931584 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2009.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2009] [Revised: 11/10/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone-releasing peptides (GHRP) and ghrelin are synthetic and natural ligands of growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) respectively and are shown to exert protective actions on cardiac dysfunction. Because ghrelin has been reported to inhibit proinflammatory responses in human endothelium and GHSR has been identified in blood vessels, we hypothesized that GHRP could alleviate the development of atherosclerosis (As). Atherosclearosis was induced by a short period (4 days) of vitamin D(3) and chronic (three months) intragastric feeding of high fat emulsion (containing 0.5% propylthiouracil) in adult SD rats. Some As rats received chronic hexarelin (a variant of GHRP) injection (SC BID, 30 days) and normal rats received placebo as control. Significant atherosclerosis developed in animals fed with the emulsion. Serum total cholesterol and LDL-c increased, and HDL-c and aortic nitric oxide (NO) decreased significantly in As group. Hexarelin suppressed the formation of atherosclerotic plaques and neointima, partially reversed serum HDL-c/LDL-c ratio and increased the levels of serum NO and aortic mRNAs of eNOS, GHSR and CD36 in As rats. Hexarelin also decreased [(3)H]-TdR incorporation in cultured vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) and calcium sedimentation in aortic wall. Furthermore, foam cell formation induced by ox-LDL was decreased by hexarelin. In conclusion, hexarelin suppresses high lipid diet and vitamin D3-induced atherosclerosis in rats, possibly through upregulating HDL-c/LDL-c ratio, vascular NO production and downregulating the VSMC proliferation, aortic calcium sedimentation and foam cell formation. These novel anti-atherosclerotic actions of hexarelin suggest that the peptide might have a clinical potential in treating atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjiang Pang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 5 Dong Dan San Tiao, Beijing 100005, China
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91
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Cai Y, Xu MJ, Teng X, Zhou YB, Chen L, Zhu Y, Wang X, Tang CS, Qi YF. Intermedin inhibits vascular calcification by increasing the level of matrix gamma-carboxyglutamic acid protein. Cardiovasc Res 2010; 85:864-73. [PMID: 19910445 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvp366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Vascular calcification (VC) is highly associated with increased morbidity and mortality in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease. Paracrine/autocrine factors such as vasoactive peptides are involved in VC development. Here, we investigated the expression of the novel peptide intermedin (IMD) in the vasculature, tested its ability to prevent VC in vivo and in vitro, and examined the mechanism involved. METHODS AND RESULTS Rat VC was induced by administration of vitamin D3 plus nicotine (VDN). IMD (100 ng kg(-1) h(-1)) was systemically administered by a mini-osmotic pump. VDN-treated rat aortas showed lower IMD content and increased expression of its receptors, along with increased vascular calcium deposition and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. Low IMD levels were accompanied by increased calcium deposition in human atherosclerotic plaques. In vivo administration of IMD greatly reduced vascular calcium deposition and ALP activity in VDN-treated rats when compared with vehicle treatment, which was further confirmed in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. Concurrently, the loss of smooth-muscle lineage markers and matrix gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) protein (cMGP) in aortas was ameliorated by administering IMD to rats with VC, and the increased phosphor-Smad(1/5/8) and core binding factor alpha-1 levels in calcified vasculature were also reduced. However, the inhibitory effects of IMD on VC were eliminated upon pre-treatment with warfarin or small interfering RNA to reduce cMGP. CONCLUSION Reduced endogenous IMD levels are associated with increased mineralization in vivo, and administration of IMD inhibits VC development by increasing cMGP levels. IMD may be an endogenous vasoprotective factor for VC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Cai
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
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92
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Wang SS, Martin LJ, Schadt EE, Meng H, Wang X, Zhao W, Ingram-Drake L, Nebohacova M, Mehrabian M, Drake TA, Lusis AJ. Disruption of the aortic elastic lamina and medial calcification share genetic determinants in mice. CIRCULATION. CARDIOVASCULAR GENETICS 2009; 2:573-82. [PMID: 20031637 PMCID: PMC2836127 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.109.860270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disruption of the elastic lamina, as an early indicator of aneurysm formation, and vascular calcification frequently occur together in atherosclerotic lesions of humans. METHODS AND RESULTS We now report evidence of shared genetic basis for disruption of the elastic lamina (medial disruption) and medial calcification in an F(2) mouse intercross between C57BL/6J and C3H/HeJ on a hyperlipidemic apolipoprotein E (ApoE(-/-)) null BACKGROUND gene, known to mediate myocardial calcification. Using transgenic complementation, we show that Abcc6 also contributes to aortic medial calcification. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that calcification, though possibly contributory, does not always lead to medial disruption and that in addition to aneurysm formation, medial disruption may be the precursor to calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna S Wang
- Department of Human Genetics, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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93
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Pal SN, Rush C, Parr A, Van Campenhout A, Golledge J. Osteocalcin positive mononuclear cells are associated with the severity of aortic calcification. Atherosclerosis 2009; 210:88-93. [PMID: 20004897 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Revised: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/01/2009] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the association of circulating bone marrow-derived osteo-progenitors with vascular calcification in mouse models and patients with peripheral artery disease. METHODS We estimated the percentage of circulating mononuclear cells expressing osteocalcin in 2 mouse models of aortic calcification developed in osteoprotegerin-deficient mice (OPG(-/-)) using flow cytometry. Aortic calcification was assessed in mice principally by a bioassay of harvested aortas. In patients with peripheral artery disease osteocalcin-positive cells (estimated by flow cytometry) were related to aortic calcification volume assessed from computed tomography. RESULTS The amount of extractable aortic calcium was increased in both mouse models used in comparison to controls. The percentage of circulating mononuclear cells expressing osteocalcin was correlated to the amount of extractable aortic calcium in male (r=0.525, p=0.02) and female OPG(-/-) (r=0.564, p=0.02) mice and also in animals in which calcification was accelerated using calcitriol (r=0.64, p=0.01). Patients with more severe aortic calcification had a greater percentage of circulating OCN(+) MNCs (median 4.07%, IQR 3.76-4.39, n=12) than those with less severe aortic calcification (median 3.10%, IQR 2.32-3.60, n=11, p=0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that aortic calcification can be robustly quantified in 2 mouse models. In these models and patients with peripheral artery disease circulating osteocalcin positive mononuclear cells are associated with the severity of aortic calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shripad N Pal
- The Vascular Biology Unit, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
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94
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Viegas CSB, Cavaco S, Neves PL, Ferreira A, João A, Williamson MK, Price PA, Cancela ML, Simes DC. Gla-rich protein is a novel vitamin K-dependent protein present in serum that accumulates at sites of pathological calcifications. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 175:2288-98. [PMID: 19893032 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.090474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Mineralization of soft tissues is an abnormal process that occurs in any body tissue and can greatly increase morbidity and mortality. Vitamin K-dependent (VKD) proteins play a crucial role in these processes; matrix Gla protein is considered one of the most relevant physiological inhibitors of soft tissue calcification know to date. Several studies have suggested that other, still unknown, VKD proteins might also be involved in soft tissue calcification pathologies. We have recently identified in sturgeon a new VKD protein, Gla-rich protein (GRP), which contains the highest ratio between number of Gla residues and size of the mature protein so far identified. Although mainly expressed in cartilaginous tissues of sturgeon, in rat GRP is present in both cartilage and bone. We now show that GRP is a circulating protein that is also expressed and accumulated in soft tissues of rats and humans, including the skin and vascular system in which, when affected by pathological calcifications, GRP accumulates at high levels at sites of mineral deposition, indicating an association with calcification processes. The high number of Gla residues and consequent mineral binding affinity properties strongly suggest that GRP may directly influence mineral formation, thereby playing a role in processes involving connective tissue mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla S B Viegas
- Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
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95
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Yao Y, Watson AD, Ji S, Boström KI. Heat shock protein 70 enhances vascular bone morphogenetic protein-4 signaling by binding matrix Gla protein. Circ Res 2009; 105:575-84. [PMID: 19661459 PMCID: PMC2779117 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.109.202333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Matrix Gla protein (MGP) is a calcification inhibitor, which binds and inhibits bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 and -4. OBJECTIVE The objective was to determine whether MGP also binds other proteins, which could interfere with its function. METHODS AND RESULTS We transfected bovine aortic endothelial cells with N-terminally FLAG-tagged MGP and used immunoprecipitation and liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric analysis to identify MGP-binding proteins. Heat shock protein (HSP)70, a stress-induced protein expressed in atherosclerotic lesions and soluble in serum, was identified as a novel MGP-binding protein. The interaction between MGP and HSP70 was confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation and chemical crosslinking, and blocked the interaction between MGP and BMP-4. In endothelial cells, HSP70 enhanced BMP-4-induced proliferation and tube formation, and in calcifying vascular cells, HSP70 enhanced BMP-induced calcium deposition. In addition, HSP70 mediated the procalcific effect of interleukin-6 on calcifying vascular cells. In apolipoprotein E-null mice, a model for atherosclerosis, levels of BMP-4, HSP70, MGP, and interleukin-6 were elevated in the aortic wall. Levels of BMP-4, HSP70, and interleukin-6 were also elevated in serum, and anti-HSP70 antibodies diminished its procalcific effect on calcifying vascular cells. CONCLUSION HSP70 binds MGP and enhances BMP activity, thereby functioning as a potential link between cellular stress, inflammation, and BMP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucheng Yao
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679
| | - Andrew D. Watson
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679
| | - Sheng Ji
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679
| | - Kristina I. Boström
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679
- Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA
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96
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You H, Yang H, Zhu Q, Li M, Xue J, Gu Y, Lin S, Ding F. Advanced oxidation protein products induce vascular calcification by promoting osteoblastic trans-differentiation of smooth muscle cells via oxidative stress and ERK pathway. Ren Fail 2009; 31:313-9. [PMID: 19462281 DOI: 10.1080/08860220902875182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification is an actively regulated process similar to bone formation. Advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs) have been demonstrated to be novel markers of oxidant-mediated protein damage. The present study investigated the role of AOPPs in inducing osteoblastic trans-differentiation and calcification of smooth muscle cells in vitro. We found that AOPPs directly increased the calcium deposition and expression of core binding factor-alpha1 (CBF-alpha1) and osteopontin (OPN) and significantly decreased SM-alpha-actin expression in human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs). AOPPs increased intracellular oxidative stress, which was inhibited by vitamin E. Vitamin E also inhibited AOPP-induced calcium content and osteoblast differentiation of HASMCs. Furthermore, the inhibitor of ERK significantly suppressed the effects of AOPPs on calcification and osteoblast marker expression. These findings suggest that AOPPs induce vascular calcification by promoting osteoblast differentiation of smooth muscle cells via oxidative stress and ERK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaizhou You
- Division of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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97
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98
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Csiszar A, Lehoux S, Ungvari Z. Hemodynamic forces, vascular oxidative stress, and regulation of BMP-2/4 expression. Antioxid Redox Signal 2009; 11:1683-97. [PMID: 19320562 PMCID: PMC2842584 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2008.2401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Changes in the hemodynamic environment (e.g., hypertension, disturbed-flow conditions) are known to promote atherogenesis by inducing proinflammatory phenotypic alterations in endothelial and smooth muscle cells; however, the mechanisms underlying mechanosensitive induction of inflammatory gene expression are not completely understood. Bone morphogenetic protein-2 and -4 (BMP-2/4) are TGF-beta superfamily cytokines that are expressed by both endothelial and smooth muscle cells and regulate a number of cellular processes involved in atherogenesis, including vascular calcification and endothelial activation. This review considers how hemodynamic forces regulate BMP-2/4 expression and explores the role of mechanosensitive generation of reactive oxygen species by NAD(P)H oxidases in the control of BMP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Csiszar
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
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99
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Torres PAU. [Origin of the mediacalcosis in kidney failure]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 34:204-10. [PMID: 19345526 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmv.2009.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Accepted: 02/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Extrarenal calcifications, particularly affecting the cardiovascular system, are common observations which can be a source of serious complications in patients with chronic renal disease, especially those on dialysis. In these patients, cardiovascular disease - myocardial infarction, arrhythmia, calcified valvulopathy, stroke, peripheral ischemic arteriopathy, calciphylaxy, etc. - is the leading cause of death (more than 50%). These complications are closely related to the presence of vascular calcifications (VC) which are much more frequent, severe, and progressive than in the general population. Previously, these calcifications were considered to arise via a passive process within the context of comorbid conditions without specific signs of gravity: high blood pressure, atherosclerosis, aging, diabetes, smoking, dyslipidemia, chronic micro-inflammation, hyperhomocysteinemia, disorders of calcium-phosphorus metabolism. It is now established that VC arise via a complex, probably regulated, active process analogous to the processes leading to bone formation and/or remodeling. New insight provided by a large body of work designed to ascertain the mechanisms underlying the onset of VC has enabled the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. It is now possible to identify factors clearly favoring the formation of VC: TNF-alpha (which stimulates cell necrosis/apoptosis), CRP, oxidized lipids, AGEs, leptin, inorganic phosphate, high calcium-phosphorus product (CaxPO(4)), calcium, 1,25-OH(2)D(3) and Vitamin D(3), PTHrP (via an intracrine pathway), cyclic AMP, TGF-beta, bone morphogenic protein 2 (BMP2) and factors protective against the formation of VC: magnesium, HDL, inorganic pyrophosphate, albumin, ahsg/fetuin A, osteopontin (OPN), osteoprotegerin (OPG), osteonectin (ON), bone morphogenic protein 7 (BMP7), klotho, PTHrP (via a paracrine pathway), matrix gla protein (MGP), PTH (via Msx2) and vitamin K. In conclusion, until recently, neglected disorders of calcium-phosphorus metabolism are currently recognized as the main actors in the process leading to vascular mediacalcosis in patients with chronic kidney failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- P-A Ureña Torres
- Service de néphrologie et dialyse, clinique du Landy, 23, rue du Landy, 93400 Saint-Ouen, France.
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Benesch J, Mano JF, Reis RL. Proteins and Their Peptide Motifs in Acellular Apatite Mineralization of Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2008; 14:433-45. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2008.0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johan Benesch
- 3B's Research Group—Biomaterials, Biodegradables, and Biomimetics, Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Minho, Caldas das Taipas, Portugal
- IBB—Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, PT Government Associated Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - João F. Mano
- 3B's Research Group—Biomaterials, Biodegradables, and Biomimetics, Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Minho, Caldas das Taipas, Portugal
- IBB—Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, PT Government Associated Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Rui L. Reis
- 3B's Research Group—Biomaterials, Biodegradables, and Biomimetics, Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Minho, Caldas das Taipas, Portugal
- IBB—Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, PT Government Associated Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
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