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Abstract
The inhibitory activities of tea catechins against carcinogenesis and cancer cell growth have been demonstrated in a large number of laboratory studies. Many mechanisms for modulating cancer signaling and metabolic pathways have been proposed based on numerous studies in cell lines with (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, the most abundant and active tea catechin. Nevertheless, the molecular basis for the proposed mechanisms and whether these mechanisms indeed contribute to the anticancer activities in vivo are not clearly known. This chapter reviews the basic redox properties of tea catechins, their binding to key enzymes and signal transduction proteins, and other mechanisms that lead to suppression of cell proliferation, increased apoptosis, and inhibition of angiogenesis. More weight is put on studies in vivo over experiments in vitro. It also discusses key issues involved in extrapolating results from cell line studies to mechanistic insights in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung S Yang
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA; International Joint Research Laboratory of Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, PR China.
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jayson X Chen
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, PR China
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Samoylenko A, Hossain JA, Mennerich D, Kellokumpu S, Hiltunen JK, Kietzmann T. Nutritional countermeasures targeting reactive oxygen species in cancer: from mechanisms to biomarkers and clinical evidence. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 19:2157-96. [PMID: 23458328 PMCID: PMC3869543 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) exert various biological effects and contribute to signaling events during physiological and pathological processes. Enhanced levels of ROS are highly associated with different tumors, a Western lifestyle, and a nutritional regime. The supplementation of food with traditional antioxidants was shown to be protective against cancer in a number of studies both in vitro and in vivo. However, recent large-scale human trials in well-nourished populations did not confirm the beneficial role of antioxidants in cancer, whereas there is a well-established connection between longevity of several human populations and increased amount of antioxidants in their diets. Although our knowledge about ROS generators, ROS scavengers, and ROS signaling has improved, the knowledge about the direct link between nutrition, ROS levels, and cancer is limited. These limitations are partly due to lack of standardized reliable ROS measurement methods, easily usable biomarkers, knowledge of ROS action in cellular compartments, and individual genetic predispositions. The current review summarizes ROS formation due to nutrition with respect to macronutrients and antioxidant micronutrients in the context of cancer and discusses signaling mechanisms, used biomarkers, and its limitations along with large-scale human trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly Samoylenko
- Department of Biochemistry, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Jubayer Al Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Daniela Mennerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sakari Kellokumpu
- Department of Biochemistry, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Thomas Kietzmann
- Department of Biochemistry, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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Yuan JM. Cancer prevention by green tea: evidence from epidemiologic studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 98:1676S-1681S. [PMID: 24172305 PMCID: PMC3831544 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.113.058271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to the consistent results of an inhibitory effect of green tea extracts and tea polyphenols on the development and growth of carcinogen-induced tumors in experimental animal models, results from human studies are mixed. Both observational and intervention studies have provided evidence in support of a protective role of green tea intake in the development of oral-digestive tract cancer or an inhibitory role of oral supplementation of green tea extract on a precancerous lesion of oral cavity. Evidence in support of green tea intake against the development of liver cancer risk is limited and inconsistent. An inverse association between green tea intake and lung cancer risk has been observed among never smokers but not among smokers. Although observational studies do not support a beneficial role of tea intake against the development of prostate cancer, several phase 2 clinical trials have shown an inhibitory effect of green tea extract against the progression of prostate premalignant lesions to malignant tumors. Prospective epidemiologic studies so far have not provided evidence for a protective effect of green tea consumption on breast cancer development. Current data neither confirm nor refute a definitive cancer-preventive role of green tea intake. Large randomized intervention trials on the efficacy of green tea polyphenols or extracts are required before a recommendation for green tea consumption for cancer prevention should be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Min Yuan
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute and Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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55
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Hashimoto O, Nakamura A, Nakamura T, Iwamoto H, Hiroshi M, Inoue K, Torimura T, Ueno T, Sata M. Methylated-(3'')-epigallocatechin gallate analog suppresses tumor growth in Huh7 hepatoma cells via inhibition of angiogenesis. Nutr Cancer 2013; 66:728-35. [PMID: 24033329 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2013.783601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
It is agreed that many of the antitumor effects of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) are mediated by various other effects. We report a new finding, namely, the antiproliferation potential and mechanism of methylated-(3'')-epigallocatechin gallate analog (MethylEGCG) having a stronger anti-oxidation effect than EGCG. MethylEGCG inhibited activity of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-depended VEGF receptor 2 and p42/44 MAPK, cell proliferation, and tube formation in human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) at 1 μ M. Even low- dose (1.1 mg/kg i.p. 8.3 mg/kg p.o.) administration suppressed tumor growth in xenografted Huh7 hepatoma mice by 50%. CD31 positive cells, visualized in blood vessels, were reduced in tumors by 18%, suggesting high antitumor activity via inhibition of angiogenesis. This study indicated that the modification of the 3'' position methylation of EGCG (MethylEGCG) could reduce cell growth effects at a low concentration in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Hashimoto
- a Liver Cancer Division, Research Center for Innovative Cancer Therapy , Kurume University , Japan
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Valenti D, de Bari L, Manente GA, Rossi L, Mutti L, Moro L, Vacca RA. Negative modulation of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation by epigallocatechin-3 gallate leads to growth arrest and apoptosis in human malignant pleural mesothelioma cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:2085-96. [PMID: 23911347 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence reveals a large dependency of epithelial cancer cells on oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) for energy production. In this study we tested the potential of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a natural polyphenol known to target mitochondria, in inducing OXPHOS impairment and cell energy deficit in human epitheliod (REN cells) and biphasic (MSTO-211H cells) malignant pleural mesothelioma (MMe), a rare but highly aggressive tumor with high unmet need for treatment. Due to EGCG instability that causes H2O2 formation in culture medium, the drug was added to MMe cells in the presence of exogenous superoxide dismutase and catalase, already proved to stabilize the EGCG molecule and prevent EGCG-dependent reactive oxygen species formation. We show that under these experimental conditions, EGCG causes the selective arrest of MMe cell growth with respect to normal mesothelial cells and the induction of mitochondria-mediated apoptosis, as revealed by early mitochondrial ultrastructure modification, swelling and cytochrome c release. We disclose a novel mechanism by which EGCG induces apoptosis through the impairment of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes, particularly of complex I, II and ATP synthase. This induces a strong reduction in ATP production by OXPHOS, that is not adequately counterbalanced by glycolytic shift, resulting in cell energy deficit, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. The EGCG-dependent negative modulation of mitochondrial energy metabolism, selective for cancer cells, gives an important input for the development of novel pharmacological strategies for MMe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Valenti
- Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics, National Council of Research, Bari, Italy.
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57
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Wang D, Meng J, Gao H, Xu K, Xiao R, Zhong Y, Luo X, Yao P, Yan H, Liu L. Evaluation of reproductive and developmental toxicities of Pu-erh black tea (Camellia sinensis var. assamica) extract in Sprague Dawley rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 148:190-198. [PMID: 23602733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2012] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Pu-erh black tea, which is obtained by first parching crude green tea leaves and followed by secondary fermentation with microorganisms, has been believed to be beneficial beverages for health in PR China. But its potential toxicity when administered at a high dose as concentrated extract has not been completely investigated. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study was aimed at evaluating potential reproductive and developmental toxicities of Pu-erh black tea extract (BTE) in Sprague Dawley rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Growing rats were given BTE by gavage at levels of 0, 200, 700 and 2500mg/kg/day as the F0 generation in reproductive toxicity study. Additionally, BTE was administered to mate female rats from gestation day 0.5 through 19.5 at the doses of 0, 200, 700 and 2500mg/kg/day to evaluate the developmental toxicity. RESULTS In the reproductive toxicity study, only 2500mg/kg/day BTE reduced the body weight gain and altered the relative organ weights including testes, prostata and ovary both for F0 parents and F1 offspring compared to the controls. High dose of BTE (2500mg/kg/day) administration caused developmental disturbances in embryo-to-foetus period including resorbed embryos, decreased embryo size and skeletal anomalies. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the no-observed-adverse-effect level of BTE is 700mg/kg/day both for reproductive toxicity and developmental toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, PR China
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58
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Zhou DH, Wang X, Yang M, Shi X, Huang W, Feng Q. Combination of low concentration of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and curcumin strongly suppresses the growth of non-small cell lung cancer in vitro and in vivo through causing cell cycle arrest. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:12023-36. [PMID: 23739680 PMCID: PMC3709771 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140612023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
(−)-Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and curcumin are two naturally derived agents that have been widely investigated worldwide. They exhibit their anti-tumor effects in many types of cancers. In the current study, the effect of the combination of the two agents on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells was investigated. The results revealed that at low concentrations, the combination of the EGCG and curcumin strongly enhanced cell cycle arrest. Flow cytometry analysis showed that the cells were arrested at G1 and S/G2 phases. Two main cell cycle related proteins cyclin D1 and cyclin B1 were significantly inhibited at the present of EGCG and curcumin. EdU (5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine) fluorescence staining showed that the DNA replication was significantly blocked. A clonal growth assay also confirmed a marked repression of cell growth. In a lung cancer xenograft node mice model, combination of EGCG and curcumin exhibited protective effect against weight loss due to tumor burden. Tumor growth was strongly repressed by the combination of the two agents, without causing any serious side-effect. Overall, these results strongly suggest that EGCG in combination with curcumin could be a candidate for chemoprevention agent of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hu Zhou
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China; E-Mails: (D.-H.Z.); (X.W.); (M.Y.); (X.S.)
| | - Xuemin Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China; E-Mails: (D.-H.Z.); (X.W.); (M.Y.); (X.S.)
| | - Mingmin Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China; E-Mails: (D.-H.Z.); (X.W.); (M.Y.); (X.S.)
| | - Xiaoyan Shi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China; E-Mails: (D.-H.Z.); (X.W.); (M.Y.); (X.S.)
| | - Wenbin Huang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Nanjing First Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, Jiangsu, China; E-Mail:
| | - Qing Feng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China; E-Mails: (D.-H.Z.); (X.W.); (M.Y.); (X.S.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +86-25-8686-8455; Fax: +86-25-8686-8499
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Braicu C, Ladomery MR, Chedea VS, Irimie A, Berindan-Neagoe I. The relationship between the structure and biological actions of green tea catechins. Food Chem 2013; 141:3282-9. [PMID: 23871088 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.05.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 10/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Catechins and their gallate esters are a class of polyphenolic compounds. The catechin subclass known as flavan-3-ols have recently attracted much attention with regards to their beneficial effect on human health. Their biological actions are dependent on the structure of the compounds and vary according to cell type. They are best known as powerful antioxidants; however depending on the doses they also exhibit prooxidant effects. The anti- or prooxidant effects of green tea catechins have been implicated in the modulation of several cellular functions often associated with strong chemoprotective properties. This review summarises the benefit catechins to human health, the main molecular pathways modulated by catechins. The relationship between the structure and activity of the catechins needs to be studied further. In the future, the structure of catechins could be modified so as to synthesise novel compounds with more specific beneficial properties and higher bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Braicu
- Department of Functional Genomics and Experimental Pathology, The Oncological Institute Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
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60
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Wang Y, Zhao Y, Andrae-Marobela K, Okatch H, Xiao J. Tea polysaccharides as food antioxidants: An old woman’s tale? Food Chem 2013; 138:1923-7. [PMID: 23411326 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.09.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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61
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Yoshino S, Mitoma T, Tsuruta K, Todo H, Sugibayashi K. Effect of emulsification on the skin permeation and UV protection of catechin. Pharm Dev Technol 2013; 19:395-400. [PMID: 23639253 DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2013.788512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
An anti-aging effect may be obtained by skin application of tea catechins (Camellia sinensis) since they have high ultraviolet (UV)-protection activity. In this study, the skin permeation of catechin (C), epicatechin (EC), epigallocatechin (EGC), epicatechin gallate (ECg) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCg) was determined and compared, and the effect of emulsification on the skin permeation of C was measured. The UV-protective effect of C was also determined. The in vitro skin permeability of each catechin derivative was determined using side-by-side diffusion of cells. The UV-protective effect of C was determined by applying different concentrations of C to the solution or emulsion on a three-dimensional cultured human skin model or normal human epidermal keratinocytes with UV-irradiation. ECg and EGCg with gallate groups showed lower skin permeability than C, EC and EGC without gallate groups, suggesting that the skin permeability of catechin derivatives may be dependent on the existence of a gallate group. Interestingly, the skin permeation of C was increased by an o/w emulsification. In addition, the C emulsion showed a significantly higher UV-protective effect by C than that with its aqueous solution. These results suggest that the o/w emulsion of catechin derivatives is probably useful as a cosmetic formulation with anti-aging efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachie Yoshino
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University , Sakado, Saitama , Japan
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62
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Yang CS, Wang H. Cancer therapy combination: green tea and a phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor? J Clin Invest 2013; 123:556-8. [PMID: 23348734 DOI: 10.1172/jci67589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The major constituent of green tea, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG), has been shown to have cancer-preventive and therapeutic activities. Numerous molecular targets for EGCG have been proposed, but the mechanisms of its anticancer activities are not clearly understood. In this issue of the JCI, Kumazoe et al. report that EGCG activates 67-kDa laminin receptor (67LR), elevates cGMP levels, and induces cancer cell apoptosis. Furthermore, a phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor, vardenafil, synergizes with EGCG to induce cancer cell death. This is a provocative observation with important implications for cancer therapy. It also raises several issues for further investigation, such as the mechanism by which EGCG specifically activates 67LR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung S Yang
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, 164 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854- 8020, USA.
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Tay WM, da Silva GFZ, Ming LJ. Metal Binding of Flavonoids and Their Distinct Inhibition Mechanisms Toward the Oxidation Activity of Cu2+–β-Amyloid: Not Just Serving as Suicide Antioxidants! Inorg Chem 2013; 52:679-90. [DOI: 10.1021/ic301832p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- William Maung Tay
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa,
Florida 33620-5250, United States
| | - Giordano F. Z. da Silva
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa,
Florida 33620-5250, United States
| | - Li-June Ming
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa,
Florida 33620-5250, United States
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64
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Su ZY, Shu L, Khor TO, Lee JH, Fuentes F, Tony Kong AN. A perspective on dietary phytochemicals and cancer chemoprevention: oxidative stress, nrf2, and epigenomics. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2013; 329:133-62. [PMID: 22836898 PMCID: PMC3924422 DOI: 10.1007/128_2012_340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is caused by an imbalance of reactive oxygen species (ROS)/reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and the antioxidative stress defense systems in cells. ROS/RNS or carcinogen metabolites can attack intracellular proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, which can result in genetic mutations, carcinogenesis, and other diseases. Nrf2 plays a critical role in the regulation of many antioxidative stress/antioxidant and detoxification enzyme genes, such as glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), UDP-glucuronyl transferases (UGTs), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), directly via the antioxidant response element (ARE). Recently, many studies have shown that dietary phytochemicals possess cancer chemopreventive potential through the induction of Nrf2-mediated antioxidant/detoxification enzymes and anti-inflammatory signaling pathways to protect organisms against cellular damage caused by oxidative stress. In addition, carcinogenesis can be caused by epigenetic alterations such as DNA methylation and histone modifications in tumor-suppressor genes and oncogenes. Interestingly, recent studies have shown that several naturally occurring dietary phytochemicals can epigenetically modify the chromatin, including reactivating Nrf2 via demethylation of CpG islands and the inhibition of histone deacetylases (HDACs) and/or histone acetyltransferases (HATs). The advancement and development of dietary phytochemicals in cancer chemoprevention research requires the integration of the known, and as-yet-unknown, compounds with the Nrf2-mediated antioxidant, detoxification, and anti-inflammatory systems and their in vitro and in vivo epigenetic mechanisms; human clinical efficacy studies must also be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Yuan Su
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Cancer Prevention Research, Ernest-Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Limin Shu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Cancer Prevention Research, Ernest-Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Tin Oo Khor
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Cancer Prevention Research, Ernest-Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Jong Hun Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Cancer Prevention Research, Ernest-Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Francisco Fuentes
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Cancer Prevention Research, Ernest-Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA, Departamento de Agricultura del Desierto y Biotecnología, Universidad Arturo Prat, Casilla 121, Iquique, Chile
| | - Ah-Ng Tony Kong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Cancer Prevention Research, Ernest-Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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65
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Romagnolo DF, Selmin OI. Flavonoids and cancer prevention: a review of the evidence. J Nutr Gerontol Geriatr 2012; 31:206-38. [PMID: 22888839 DOI: 10.1080/21551197.2012.702534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this work is to review data from epidemiological and preclinical studies addressing the potential benefits of diets based on flavonoids for cancer prevention. Flavonoids are subdivided into subclasses including flavonols, flavones, flavanones, flavan-3-ols, anthocyanidins, and isoflavones. Epidemiological studies suggest dietary intake of flavonoids may reduce the risk of tumors of the breast, colon, lung, prostate, and pancreas. However, some studies have reported inconclusive or even harmful associations. A major challenge in the interpretation of epidemiological studies is that most of the data originate from case-control studies and retrospective acquisition of flavonoid intake. Differences in agricultural, sociodemographics, and lifestyle factors contribute to the heterogeneity in the intake of flavonoids among populations residing in the United States, Europe, and Asia. Dose and timing of exposure may influence the anticancer response to flavonoid-rich diets. A limited number of intervention trials of flavonoids have documented cancer preventative effects. Proposed anticancer mechanisms for flavonoids are inhibition of proliferation, inflammation, invasion, metastasis, and activation of apoptosis. Prospective studies with larger sample sizes are needed to develop biomarkers of flavonoid intake and effect. Mechanistic studies are needed to ascertain how flavonoid-rich diets influence gene regulation for cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato F Romagnolo
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0038, USA.
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66
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Braicu C, Gherman C. Epigallocatechin gallate induce cell death and apoptosis in triple negative breast cancer cells Hs578T. J Drug Target 2012; 21:250-256. [DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2012.740673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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67
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Mak JCW. Potential role of green tea catechins in various disease therapies: progress and promise. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2012; 39:265-73. [PMID: 22229384 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2012.05673.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Green tea (from the plant Camellia sinensis), a beverage whose consumption started 5000 years ago in China, has important biological and pharmacological properties. The beneficial effects of green tea have been attributed to the presence of phenolic compounds that are powerful anti-oxidants and free iron scavengers. Of all the catechins found in green tea, namely (-)-epicatechin-3-gallate, (-)-epigallocatechin, (-)-epicatechin and (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), EGCG is the most abundant and powerful. It is widely believed that green tea may protect against death from all causes, especially cardiovascular diseases (coronary heart disease and stroke) owing to the presence of catechins associated with green tea consumption. Other health benefits include various types of cancer chemoprevention, weight loss and protective effects against neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease). Thus far, numerous pharmacological activities regulating disease-specific molecular targets have been reported in vitro for EGCG concentrations in the micromolar range, which are physiologically irrelevant. Although most of the studies have shown benefits with two to three cups of green tea per day, the optimal dose has not yet been established to enable any solid conclusions to be drawn regarding the various health benefits of green tea or its constituents in humans. With Phase I trials providing information on the safety profile and pharmacokinetics of EGCG, the window of opportunity is wider to undertake well-controlled long-term human studies to enable a full understanding of the protective effects of green tea catechins on various parameters in different settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith C W Mak
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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68
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Sun K, Wu S, Wang Y, Wan X, Thompson HJ, Zhang J. High-dose sodium selenite toxicity cannot be prevented by the co-administration of pharmacological levels of epigallocatechin-3-gallate which in turn aggravates the toxicity. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 52:36-41. [PMID: 23137956 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Selenium, an essential trace element, can also be toxic at higher levels of exposure. Several lines of evidence show epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a predominant component of green tea catechins with numerous health benefits, can ameliorate the toxicity of many agents. A proof-in-principle experiment was conducted to determine if EGCG would ameliorate sodium selenite-induced growth suppression. Mice were intraperitioneally injected with selenite once daily for five days at a dose of 3 mg Se/kg, which fully suppressed animal growth but did not cause death. Surprisingly the co-administration of the selenite and nontoxic doses of EGCG (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg, intraperitioneally) resulted in the mortality of treated mice in a dose and time-dependent manner (33.3%, 100% and 100%, respectively). EGCG-selenite induced lethality did not result from enhanced selenium accumulation but appeared to involve the suppression of a selenite-induced adaptive response as evidenced by hepatic glutathione S-transferase activity. While EGCG has been reported to ameliorate the toxicity of some agents, the induction of mortality by combined treatment with pharmacological doses of selenium and EGCG is a previously unrecognized synergism that must be considered not only in the remediation of high environmental selenium exposures but also in the development of pharmaceuticals and nutriceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biochemistry & Biotechnology, School of Tea and Food Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, PR China
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69
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Shankar S, Marsh L, Srivastava RK. EGCG inhibits growth of human pancreatic tumors orthotopically implanted in Balb C nude mice through modulation of FKHRL1/FOXO3a and neuropilin. Mol Cell Biochem 2012; 372:83-94. [PMID: 22971992 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-012-1448-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human pancreatic cancer is currently one of the fourth leading causes of cancer-related mortality with a 5-year survival rate of less than 5 %. Since pancreatic carcinoma is largely refractory to conventional therapies, there is a strong medical need for the development of novel and innovative cancer preventive strategies. The forkhead transcription factors of the O class (FOXO) play a major role in cell proliferation, angiogenesis, metastasis, and tumorigenesis. The objectives of this study were to examine whether FKHRL1/FOXO3a modulates antitumor activity of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), an active ingredient in green tea, in pancreatic cancer model in vivo. PANC-1 cells were orthotopically implanted into Balb c nude mice and gavaged with EGCG after tumor formation. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were measured by Ki67 and TUNEL staining, respectively. The expression of PI3K, AKT, ERK, and FOXO3a/FKHRL1 and its target genes were measured by the western blot analysis and/or q-RT-PCR. FOXO-DNA binding was measured by gel shift assay. EGCG-treated mice showed significant inhibition in tumor growth which was associated with reduced phosphorylation of ERK, PI3K, AKT, and FKHRL1/FOXO3a, and modulation of FOXO target genes. EGCG induced apoptosis by upregulating Bim and activating caspase-3. EGCG modulated markers of cell cycle (p27/KIP1), angiogenesis (CD31, VEGF, IL-6, IL-8, SEMA3F, and HIF1α), and metastasis (MMP2 and MMP7). The inhibition of VEGF by EGCG was associated with suppression of neuropilin. EGCG inhibited epithelial-mesenchymal transition by upregulating the expression of E-cadherin and inhibiting the expression of N-cadherin and Zeb1. These data suggest that EGCG inhibits pancreatic cancer orthotopic tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis which are associated with inhibition of PI3K/AKT and ERK pathways and activation of FKHRL1/FOXO3a. As a conclusion, EGCG can be used for the prevention and/or treatment of pancreatic cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/blood supply
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/pathology
- Catechin/analogs & derivatives
- Catechin/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Forkhead Box Protein O3
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Humans
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/drug effects
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/prevention & control
- Neuropilins/metabolism
- Pancreas/pathology
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/blood supply
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen/metabolism
- Tumor Burden/drug effects
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmila Shankar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Kansas Cancer Center, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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70
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Lin CC, Chung YC, Hsu CP. Potential roles of longan flower and seed extracts for anti-cancer. World J Exp Med 2012; 2:78-85. [PMID: 24520538 PMCID: PMC3905590 DOI: 10.5493/wjem.v2.i4.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 07/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyphenol-rich plants are known to possess benefits to human health. Recent studies have revealed that many Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCMs) are rich sources of polyphenols and exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, and these TCMs have been shown experimentally to overcome some chronic diseases, including cancer. Longan flowers and seeds, two TCMs traditionally used for relieving pain and urinary diseases, have been revealed in our recent reports and other studies to possess rich amounts of polyphenolic species and exhibit strong anti-oxidant activity, and these could be applied for the treatment of diabetes and cancer. Herein, we review the recent findings regarding the benefits of these two TCMs in the treatment of human cancer and the possible cellular and molecular mechanisms of both substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Cheng Lin
- Chih-Cheng Lin, Department of Biotechnology, Yuanpei University, Hsinchu City 30015, Taiwan, China
| | - Yuan-Chiang Chung
- Chih-Cheng Lin, Department of Biotechnology, Yuanpei University, Hsinchu City 30015, Taiwan, China
| | - Chih-Ping Hsu
- Chih-Cheng Lin, Department of Biotechnology, Yuanpei University, Hsinchu City 30015, Taiwan, China
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71
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Macdonald RS, Wagner K. Influence of dietary phytochemicals and microbiota on colon cancer risk. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:6728-6735. [PMID: 22632581 DOI: 10.1021/jf204230r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Colon cancer is the third most commonly diagnosed type of cancer in the United States. Lifestyle and dietary patterns influence colon cancer risk both positively and negatively. Among the dietary factors, several plant-derived compounds have been found to afford colon cancer protection. These compounds potentially influence all aspects of colonic cellular regulation and develop complex interrelationships with the colonic microbiome. Increasing understanding of the role of microorganisms in determining the colonic environment has led to awareness of this important interrelationship among dietary factors and the microbial population. Plant-derived polyphenols are active mediators of cellular events, target key carcinogenic pathways, and modulate colonic microbial populations. In turn, the colonic microorganisms metabolize dietary compounds and mediate cellular events. In addition, the role of estrogen receptors in colon cancer and the importance of dietary components that mediate estrogen receptor-β are increasingly being discovered. Hence, dietary bioactive compounds and the intestinal microbiota create a complex milieu that directly affects the carcinogenic events of the colon. These relationships must be carefully characterized in future research to provide dietary recommendations that will reduce colon cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth S Macdonald
- Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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72
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Chemopreventive potential of the tannase-mediated biotransformation of green tea. Food Chem 2012; 133:358-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Revised: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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73
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Hoffman A, Baxter R, Nasar A, Gardner TR, Kumara S, Cordon-Cardo C, Ahmed A, Newman RA, Zmora O, Whelan RL. Perioperative polyphenon E, a green tea extract, does not affect the wound complication rate in mice after sham laparotomy yet has an inhibitory effect on wound healing. Surg Innov 2012; 19:399-406. [PMID: 22431911 DOI: 10.1177/1553350612436565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Major surgery is associated with physiologic alterations that may promote tumor growth, and catechins in green tea may inhibit tumor growth. This study's aim was to assess the impact of a green tea extract on laparotomy wound healing in mice. METHODS Mice were randomized to daily oral catechins solution (n = 25) or placebo (n = 20), underwent sham laparotomy after 10 days, and were sacrificed on postoperative day 7 or 21. The peak force and total energy required to rupture the abdominal wall wound, wound collagen content, and histology were assessed. RESULTS There were no wound complications in either group, and mean peak wound rupture forces and collagen concentration were similar. Mean energy was lower and more fibroblast proliferation was found in the treatment group on postoperative day 21. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that catechins has only mild clinically significant adverse effect on wound healing, and its perioperative use warrants further study.
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74
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SUZUKI Y, MIYOSHI N, ISEMURA M. Health-promoting effects of green tea. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2012; 88:88-101. [PMID: 22450537 PMCID: PMC3365247 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.88.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Green tea is manufactured from the leaves of the plant Camellia sinensis Theaceae and has been regarded to possess anti-cancer, anti-obesity, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-diabetic, anti-bacterial, and anti-viral effects. Many of the beneficial effects of green tea are related to the activities of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a major component of green tea catechins. For about 20 years, we have engaged in studies to reveal the biological activities and action mechanisms of green tea and EGCG. This review summarizes several lines of evidence to indicate the health-promoting properties of green tea mainly based on our own experimental findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo SUZUKI
- Faculty of Human Life Sciences, Nagoya Keizai University, Inuyama, Japan
| | - Noriyuki MIYOSHI
- Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences and Global COE Program, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Mamoru ISEMURA
- Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences and Global COE Program, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
- Correspondence should be addressed: M. Isemura, Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Shizuoka, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan (e-mail: )
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Xiao J, Huo J, Jiang H, Wei X, Wang Y. WITHDRAWN: Characterization and antioxidant activities of an acidic polysaccharide from Camellia sinensis. Int J Biol Macromol 2011:S0141-8130(11)00471-5. [PMID: 22210484 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2011.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Revised: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Xiao
- College of Life & Environment Science, Shanghai Normal University, 100 Guilin Rd,Shanghai 200234,PR China; Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Welfare, Okayama Prefectural University, Soja,Okayama,Japan
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76
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Ricciardiello L, Bazzoli F, Fogliano V. Phytochemicals and colorectal cancer prevention--myth or reality? Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 8:592-6. [PMID: 21894197 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2011.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chemoprevention of colorectal cancer has been the focus of intensive research for more than two decades. Epidemiological evidence has shown a small, but significant association between fruit and vegetable intake and a reduction in colorectal cancer risk. In vitro and animal data have also demonstrated that many dietary phytochemicals have potent chemopreventive activities. However, in humans, single-agent compounds have yielded conflicting results. A key concept is that dietary phytochemicals exert beneficial effects at low concentrations when working in synergy with each other. As the gut microflora evolved in an environment rich in dietary fiber and phytochemicals, the rapid shift towards a Western diet creates an environment in which the gut is more vulnerable to carcinogens, genetic alterations and inflammation. As enforcing dietary interventions on large populations is not realistic, we believe future chemopreventive work should focus on delivering phytochemical mixtures that target the multiple molecular events involved in colorectal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Ricciardiello
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, Bologna 40138, Italy.
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