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Methods for Isolation and Purification of Murine Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells: A Systematic Review. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151945. [PMID: 26992171 PMCID: PMC4798180 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the biological functions of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC) and to identify their interplay with blood or liver cells, techniques allowing for the isolation and purification of LSEC have been developed over the last decades. The objective of the present review is to summarize and to compare the efficiency of existing methods for isolating murine LSEC. Toward this end, the MEDLINE database was searched for all original articles describing LSEC isolation from rat and mouse livers. Out of the 489 publications identified, 23 reported the main steps and outcomes of the procedure and were included in our review. Here, we report and analyse the technical details of the essential steps of the techniques used for LSEC isolation. The correlations between the prevalence of some steps and the efficiency of LSEC isolation were also identified. We found that centrifugal elutriation, selective adherence and, more recently, magnetic-activated cell sorting were used for LSEC purification. Centrifugal elutriation procured high yields of pure LSEC (for rats 30-141.9 million cells for 85-98% purities; for mice 9-9.25 million cells for >95% purities), but the use of this method remained limited due to its high technical requirements. Selective adherence showed inconsistent results in terms of cell yields and purities in rats (5-100 million cells for 73.7-95% purities). In contrast, magnetic-activated cell sorting allowed for the isolation of highly pure LSEC, but overall lower cell yields were reported (for rats 10.7 million cells with 97.6% purity; for mice 0.5-9 million cells with 90-98% purities). Notably, the controversies regarding the accuracy of several phenotypic markers for LSEC should be considered and their use for both magnetic sorting and characterization remain doubtful. It appears that more effort is needed to refine and standardize the procedure for LSEC isolation, with a focus on the identification of specific antigens. Such a procedure is required to identify the molecular mechanisms regulating the function of LSEC and to improve our understanding of their role in complex cellular processes in the liver.
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Marcelo KL, Lin F, Rajapakshe K, Dean A, Gonzales N, Coarfa C, Means AR, Goldie LC, York B. Deciphering hepatocellular responses to metabolic and oncogenic stress. J Biol Methods 2015; 2. [PMID: 26504887 DOI: 10.14440/jbm.2015.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Each cell type responds uniquely to stress and fractionally contributes to global and tissue-specific stress responses. Hepatocytes, liver macrophages (MΦ), and sinusoidal endothelial cells (SEC) play functionally important and interdependent roles in adaptive processes such as obesity and tumor growth. Although these cell types demonstrate significant phenotypic and functional heterogeneity, their distinctions enabling disease-specific responses remain understudied. We developed a strategy for the simultaneous isolation and quantification of these liver cell types based on antigenic cell surface marker expression. To demonstrate the utility and applicability of this technique, we quantified liver cell-specific responses to high-fat diet (HFD) or diethylnitrosamine (DEN), a liver-specific carcinogen, and found that while there was only a marginal increase in hepatocyte number, MΦ and SEC populations were quantitatively increased. Global gene expression profiling of hepatocytes, MΦ and SEC identified characteristic gene signatures that define each cell type in their distinct physiological or pathological states. Integration of hepatic gene signatures with available human obesity and liver cancer microarray data provides further insight into the cell-specific responses to metabolic or oncogenic stress. Our data reveal unique gene expression patterns that serve as molecular "fingerprints" for the cell-centric responses to pathologic stimuli in the distinct microenvironment of the liver. The technical advance highlighted in this study provides an essential resource for assessing hepatic cell-specific contributions to metabolic and oncogenic stress, information that could unveil previously unappreciated molecular mechanisms for the cellular crosstalk that underlies the continuum from metabolic disruption to obesity and ultimately hepatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrina L Marcelo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fumin Lin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kimal Rajapakshe
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Adam Dean
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Naomi Gonzales
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cristian Coarfa
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anthony R Means
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA ; Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lauren C Goldie
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA ; Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA ; USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Brian York
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA ; Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Parsons J, Munro S, Pine PS, McDaniel J, Mehaffey M, Salit M. Using mixtures of biological samples as process controls for RNA-sequencing experiments. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:708. [PMID: 26383878 PMCID: PMC4574543 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1912-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genome-scale “-omics” measurements are challenging to benchmark due to the enormous variety of unique biological molecules involved. Mixtures of previously-characterized samples can be used to benchmark repeatability and reproducibility using component proportions as truth for the measurement. We describe and evaluate experiments characterizing the performance of RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) measurements, and discuss cases where mixtures can serve as effective process controls. Results We apply a linear model to total RNA mixture samples in RNA-seq experiments. This model provides a context for performance benchmarking. The parameters of the model fit to experimental results can be evaluated to assess bias and variability of the measurement of a mixture. A linear model describes the behavior of mixture expression measures and provides a context for performance benchmarking. Residuals from fitting the model to experimental data can be used as a metric for evaluating the effect that an individual step in an experimental process has on the linear response function and precision of the underlying measurement while identifying signals affected by interference from other sources. Effective benchmarking requires well-defined mixtures, which for RNA-Seq requires knowledge of the post-enrichment ‘target RNA’ content of the individual total RNA components. We demonstrate and evaluate an experimental method suitable for use in genome-scale process control and lay out a method utilizing spike-in controls to determine enriched RNA content of total RNA in samples. Conclusions Genome-scale process controls can be derived from mixtures. These controls relate prior knowledge of individual components to a complex mixture, allowing assessment of measurement performance. The target RNA fraction accounts for differential selection of RNA out of variable total RNA samples. Spike-in controls can be utilized to measure this relationship between target RNA content and input total RNA. Our mixture analysis method also enables estimation of the proportions of an unknown mixture, even when component-specific markers are not previously known, whenever pure components are measured alongside the mixture. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1912-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerod Parsons
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA. .,Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Sarah Munro
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA. .,Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - P Scott Pine
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA. .,Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Jennifer McDaniel
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA.
| | - Michele Mehaffey
- Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., P.O. Box B Bldg 428, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
| | - Marc Salit
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA. .,Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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Yang M, Ruan J, Fu PP, Lin G. Cytotoxicity of pyrrolizidine alkaloid in human hepatic parenchymal and sinusoidal endothelial cells: Firm evidence for the reactive metabolites mediated pyrrolizidine alkaloid-induced hepatotoxicity. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 243:119-26. [PMID: 26365561 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) widely distribute in plants and can cause hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (HSOS), which typically presents as a primary sinusoidal endothelial cell damage. It is well-recognized that after ingestion, PAs undergo hepatic cytochromes P450 (CYPs)-mediated metabolic activation to generate dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloids (DHPAs), which are hydrolyzed to dehydroretronecine (DHR). DHPAs and DHR are reactive metabolites having same core pyrrole moiety, and can bind proteins to form pyrrole-protein adducts, which are believed as the primary cause for PA-induced HSOS. However, to date, the direct evidences supporting the toxicity of DHPAs and DHR in the liver, in particular in the sinusoidal endothelial cells, are lacking. Using human hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells (HSEC) and HepG2 (representing hepatic parenchymal cells), cells that lack CYPs activity, this study determined the direct cytotoxicity of dehydromonocrotaline, a representative DHPA, and DHR, but no cytotoxicity of the intact PA (monocrotaline) in both cell lines, confirming that reactive metabolites mediate PA intoxication. Comparing with HepG2, HSEC had significantly lower basal glutathione (GSH) level, and was significantly more susceptible to the reactive metabolites with severer GSH depletion and pyrrole-protein adducts formation. The toxic potency of two reactive metabolites was also compared. DHPA was more reactive than DHR, leading to severer toxicity. In conclusion, our results unambiguously provided the first direct evidence for the critical role of DHPA and DHR in the reactive metabolites-mediated PA-induced hepatotoxicity, which occurs predominantly in HSEC due to severe GSH depletion and the significant formation of pyrrole-protein adducts in HSEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengbi Yang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Joint Research Laboratory for Promoting Globalization of Traditional Chinese Medicines Between The Chinese University of Hong Kong and Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Jianqing Ruan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Joint Research Laboratory for Promoting Globalization of Traditional Chinese Medicines Between The Chinese University of Hong Kong and Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Peter P Fu
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Ge Lin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Joint Research Laboratory for Promoting Globalization of Traditional Chinese Medicines Between The Chinese University of Hong Kong and Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.
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55
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Rausa M, Pagani A, Nai A, Campanella A, Gilberti ME, Apostoli P, Camaschella C, Silvestri L. Bmp6 expression in murine liver non parenchymal cells: a mechanism to control their high iron exporter activity and protect hepatocytes from iron overload? PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122696. [PMID: 25860887 PMCID: PMC4393274 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bmp6 is the main activator of hepcidin, the liver hormone that negatively regulates plasma iron influx by degrading the sole iron exporter ferroportin in enterocytes and macrophages. Bmp6 expression is modulated by iron but the molecular mechanisms are unknown. Although hepcidin is expressed almost exclusively by hepatocytes (HCs), Bmp6 is produced also by non-parenchymal cells (NPCs), mainly sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs). To investigate the regulation of Bmp6 in HCs and NPCs, liver cells were isolated from adult wild type mice whose diet was modified in iron content in acute or chronic manner and in disease models of iron deficiency (Tmprss6 KO mouse) and overload (Hjv KO mouse). With manipulation of dietary iron in wild-type mice, Bmp6 and Tfr1 expression in both HCs and NPCs was inversely related, as expected. When hepcidin expression is abnormal in murine models of iron overload (Hjv KO mice) and deficiency (Tmprss6 KO mice), Bmp6 expression in NPCs was not related to Tfr1. Despite the low Bmp6 in NPCs from Tmprss6 KO mice, Tfr1 mRNA was also low. Conversely, despite body iron overload and high expression of Bmp6 in NPCs from Hjv KO mice, Tfr1 mRNA and protein were increased. However, in the same cells ferritin L was only slightly increased, but the iron content was not, suggesting that Bmp6 in these cells reflects the high intracellular iron import and export. We propose that NPCs, sensing the iron flux, not only increase hepcidin through Bmp6 with a paracrine mechanism to control systemic iron homeostasis but, controlling hepcidin, they regulate their own ferroportin, inducing iron retention or release and further modulating Bmp6 production in an autocrine manner. This mechanism, that contributes to protect HC from iron loading or deficiency, is lost in disease models of hepcidin production.
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MESH Headings
- Anemia, Iron-Deficiency/metabolism
- Anemia, Iron-Deficiency/pathology
- Animals
- Apoferritins/metabolism
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein 6/genetics
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein 6/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- GPI-Linked Proteins
- Hemochromatosis Protein
- Hepatocytes/cytology
- Hepatocytes/drug effects
- Hepatocytes/metabolism
- Hepcidins/metabolism
- Iron/metabolism
- Iron Deficiencies
- Iron Overload/metabolism
- Iron Overload/pathology
- Iron, Dietary/pharmacology
- Male
- Membrane Proteins/deficiency
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Transferrin/genetics
- Receptors, Transferrin/metabolism
- Serine Endopeptidases/deficiency
- Serine Endopeptidases/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Rausa
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita Salute University, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessia Pagani
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita Salute University, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Nai
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita Salute University, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Campanella
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita Salute University, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Enrica Gilberti
- Unit of Occupational Health and Industrial Hygiene, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Pietro Apostoli
- Unit of Occupational Health and Industrial Hygiene, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Clara Camaschella
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita Salute University, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail: (LS); (CC)
| | - Laura Silvestri
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita Salute University, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail: (LS); (CC)
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Abstract
Iron, an essential nutrient, is required for many diverse biological processes. The absence of a defined pathway to excrete excess iron makes it essential for the body to regulate the amount of iron absorbed; a deficiency could lead to iron deficiency and an excess to iron overload and associated disorders such as anaemia and haemochromatosis respectively. This regulation is mediated by the iron-regulatory hormone hepcidin. Hepcidin binds to the only known iron export protein, ferroportin (FPN), inducing its internalization and degradation, thus limiting the amount of iron released into the blood. The major factors that are implicated in hepcidin regulation include iron stores, hypoxia, inflammation and erythropoiesis. The present review summarizes our present knowledge about the molecular mechanisms and signalling pathways contributing to hepcidin regulation by these factors.
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57
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Liu J, Tan Y, Zhang J, Zou L, Deng G, Xu X, Wang F, Ma Z, Zhang J, Zhao T, Liu Y, Li Y, Zhu B, Guo B. C5aR, TNF-α, and FGL2 contribute to coagulation and complement activation in virus-induced fulminant hepatitis. J Hepatol 2015; 62:354-62. [PMID: 25200905 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Viral fulminant hepatitis (FH) is a disease with a high mortality rate. Activation of the complement system correlates with the development of FH. However, the key factors mediating complement activation in FH remain elusive. METHODS Liver tissues were isolated from FH patients infected by hepatitis B virus (HBV) and from mice infected with murine hepatitis virus strain 3 (MHV-3). Wild type mice were treated with or without antagonists of C5aR or TNF-α, and mice deficient for C5aR (C5aR(-/-)), Fgl2 (Fgl2(-/-)), and Tnfα (Tnfα(-/-)) mice were not treated with the antagonists. C5b-9, C5aR, FGL2, CD31, CD11b, fibrin, TNF-α, and complement C3 cleavage products were detected by immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, or ELISA. Sorted liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) or myeloid-derived (CD11b(+)) cells were stimulated with C5a, TNF-α or MHV-3 in vitro. The mRNA expressions levels of Fgl2 and Tnfα were determined by qRT-PCR analyses. RESULTS We observed that complement activation, coagulation and pro-inflammatory cytokine production were upregulated in the HBV(+) patients with FH. Similar observations were made in the murine FH models. Complement activation and coagulation were significantly reduced in MHV-3 infected mice in the absence of C5aR, Tnfα or Fgl2. The MHV-3 infected C5aR(-/-) mice exhibited reduced numbers of infiltrated inflammatory CD11b(+) cells and a reduced expression of TNF-α and FGL2. Moreover, C5a administration stimulated TNF-α production by CD11b(+) cells, which in turn promoted the expression of FGL2 in CD31(+) LSEC-like cells in vitro. Administration of antagonists against C5aR or TNF-α ameliorated MHV-3-induced FH. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that C5aR, TNF-α, and FGL2 form an integral network that contributes to coagulation and complement activation, and suggest that those are potential therapeutic targets in viral FH intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Liu
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; Department of Histology & Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yulong Tan
- Department of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinyu Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liyun Zou
- Department of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guohong Deng
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xueqing Xu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengwei Ma
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery & Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, District Shapingba, Chongqing, China
| | - Jue Zhang
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tingting Zhao
- Department of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yunlai Liu
- Department of Histology & Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongsheng Li
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Bo Guo
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; Department of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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58
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He F, Guo FC, Li Z, Yu HC, Ma PF, Zhao JL, Feng L, Li WN, Liu XW, Qin HY, Dou KF, Han H. Myeloid-specific disruption of recombination signal binding protein Jκ ameliorates hepatic fibrosis by attenuating inflammation through cylindromatosis in mice. Hepatology 2015; 61:303-14. [PMID: 25145286 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Macrophages play multidimensional roles in hepatic fibrosis, but their control has not been fully understood. The Notch pathway mediated by recombination signal binding protein Jκ (RBP-J), the transcription factor transactivated by signals from four mammalian Notch receptors, is implicated in macrophage activation and plasticity. In this study, by using mouse hepatic fibrosis models, we show that myeloid-specific disruption of RBP-J resulted in attenuated fibrosis. The activation of hepatic stellate cells and production of profibrotic factors including platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-B and transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-β1) reduced significantly in myeloid-specific RBP-J deficient mice. The infiltration of inflammatory cells and production of proinflammatory factors were reduced in liver of myeloid-specific RBP-J-deficient mice during fibrosis. In RBP-J-deficient macrophages, the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation was remarkably attenuated as compared with the control. This could be attributed to the up-regulation of cylindromatosis (CYLD), a negative regulator of NF-κB, in Notch signal-compromised macrophages, because the knockdown of CYLD in RBP-J-deficient macrophages or overexpression of p65 in RBP-J knockdown cells both restored NF-κB activation and the production of proinflammatory and/or profibrotic factors by macrophages. In human hepatic fibrosis biopsies, stronger Notch activation is correlated with more severe fibrosis, which is accompanied by a lower level of CYLD but irrespective of etiological reasons. CONCLUSION RBP-J-mediated Notch signaling is required for macrophages to promote hepatic fibrosis by up-regulation of NF-κB activation through CYLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei He
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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59
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Masia R, Krause DS, Yellen G. The inward rectifier potassium channel Kir2.1 is expressed in mouse neutrophils from bone marrow and liver. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2014; 308:C264-76. [PMID: 25472961 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00176.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are phagocytic cells that play a critical role in innate immunity by destroying bacterial pathogens. Channels belonging to the inward rectifier potassium channel subfamily 2 (Kir2 channels) have been described in other phagocytes (monocytes/macrophages and eosinophils) and in hematopoietic precursors of phagocytes. Their physiological function in these cells remains unclear, but some evidence suggests a role in growth factor-dependent proliferation and development. Expression of functional Kir2 channels has not been definitively demonstrated in mammalian neutrophils. Here, we show by RT-PCR that neutrophils from mouse bone marrow and liver express mRNA for the Kir2 subunit Kir2.1 but not for other subunits (Kir2.2, Kir2.3, and Kir2.4). In electrophysiological experiments, resting (unstimulated) neutrophils from mouse bone marrow and liver exhibit a constitutively active, external K(+)-dependent, strong inwardly rectifying current that constitutes the dominant current. The reversal potential is dependent on the external K(+) concentration in a Nernstian fashion, as expected for a K(+)-selective current. The current is not altered by changes in external or internal pH, and it is blocked by Ba(2+), Cs(+), and the Kir2-selective inhibitor ML133. The single-channel conductance is in agreement with previously reported values for Kir2.1 channels. These properties are characteristic of homomeric Kir2.1 channels. Current density in short-term cultures of bone marrow neutrophils is decreased in the absence of growth factors that are important for neutrophil proliferation [granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and stem cell factor (SCF)]. These results demonstrate that mouse neutrophils express functional Kir2.1 channels and suggest that these channels may be important for neutrophil function, possibly in a growth factor-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricard Masia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Daniela S Krause
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Gary Yellen
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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60
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Azimifar SB, Nagaraj N, Cox J, Mann M. Cell-type-resolved quantitative proteomics of murine liver. Cell Metab 2014; 20:1076-87. [PMID: 25470552 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics provides a powerful approach to globally investigate the biological function of individual cell types in mammalian organs. Here, we applied this technology to the in-depth analysis of purified hepatic cell types from mouse. We quantified 11,520 proteins, making this the most comprehensive proteomic resource of any organ to date. Global protein copy number determination demonstrated that a large proportion of the hepatocyte proteome is dedicated to fatty acid and xenobiotic metabolism. We identified as-yet-unknown components of the TGF-β signaling pathway and extracellular matrix in hepatic stellate cells, uncovering their regulative role in liver physiology. Moreover, our high-resolution proteomic data set enabled us to compare the distinct functional roles of hepatic cell types in cholesterol flux, cellular trafficking, and growth factor receptor signaling. This study provides a comprehensive resource for liver biology and biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Babak Azimifar
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Nagarjuna Nagaraj
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Juergen Cox
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Matthias Mann
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
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61
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Yahuafai J, Asai T, Nakamura G, Fukuta T, Siripong P, Hyodo K, Ishihara H, Kikuchi H, Oku N. Suppression in mice of immunosurveillance against PEGylated liposomes by encapsulated doxorubicin. J Control Release 2014; 192:167-73. [PMID: 25041998 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PEGylated liposomes (PEG-lip) can escape from recognition by immune system and show a longer half-life in the blood than non-PEGylated liposomes. In this study, we investigated the influence of injected PEG-lip encapsulating doxorubicin (PEG-lip-DOX) on the biodistribution of subsequently injected PEG-lip in mice. PEG-lip-DOX, free doxorubicin or empty PEG-lip were initially injected into BALB/c mice via a tail vein, and 3days later [(3)H]-labeled PEG-lip ([(3)H] PEG-lip) were injected into these same mice. At 24h after the injection, the distribution of [(3)H] PEG-lip in the liver and spleen was significantly reduced in the PEG-lip-DOX group compared with that in the free doxorubicin or PEG-lip group. Consequently, the plasma concentration of [(3)H] PEG-lip was significantly elevated by the pretreatment with PEG-lip-DOX. Altered pharmacokinetics was observed at least until 72h after the injection of [(3)H] PEG-lip. The influence of the injected PEG-lip-DOX on the pharmacokinetics of the subsequently injected [(3)H] PEG-lip was clearly observed from 1 to 14days, and slightly observed on days 21 and 28, after the injection of the PEG-lip-DOX. Flow cytometric analysis showed that the number of liver Kupffer cells was significantly reduced after the treatment with PEG-lip-DOX. On the other hand, a similar alteration in the distribution of the subsequently injected [(3)H] PEG-lip was observed in immunodeficient mice such as BALB/c nu/nu and severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice. These findings suggest that immune cells including liver Kupffer cells responsible for recognizing PEG-lip were selectively damaged by the encapsulated doxorubicin in PEG-lip injected initially, which damage led to prolongation of the half-life of subsequently injected [(3)H] PEG-lip in the blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jantana Yahuafai
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Shizuoka School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan; Natural Products Research Section, Research Division, National Cancer Institute Thailand, 268/1 Rama 6, Rajthavee, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Tomohiro Asai
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Shizuoka School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Genki Nakamura
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Shizuoka School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Fukuta
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Shizuoka School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Pongpun Siripong
- Natural Products Research Section, Research Division, National Cancer Institute Thailand, 268/1 Rama 6, Rajthavee, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Kenji Hyodo
- Global Formulation Research, Pharmaceutical Science & Technology Core Function Unit, Eisai Product Creation Systems, Eisai Co. Ltd., 5-1-3 Tokodai, Tsukuba 300-2635, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ishihara
- Global Formulation Research, Pharmaceutical Science & Technology Core Function Unit, Eisai Product Creation Systems, Eisai Co. Ltd., 5-1-3 Tokodai, Tsukuba 300-2635, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kikuchi
- Global Formulation Research, Pharmaceutical Science & Technology Core Function Unit, Eisai Product Creation Systems, Eisai Co. Ltd., 5-1-3 Tokodai, Tsukuba 300-2635, Japan
| | - Naoto Oku
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Shizuoka School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
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Prakash TP, Graham MJ, Yu J, Carty R, Low A, Chappell A, Schmidt K, Zhao C, Aghajan M, Murray HF, Riney S, Booten SL, Murray SF, Gaus H, Crosby J, Lima WF, Guo S, Monia BP, Swayze EE, Seth PP. Targeted delivery of antisense oligonucleotides to hepatocytes using triantennary N-acetyl galactosamine improves potency 10-fold in mice. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:8796-807. [PMID: 24992960 PMCID: PMC4117763 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 418] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Triantennary N-acetyl galactosamine (GalNAc, GN3: ), a high-affinity ligand for the hepatocyte-specific asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR), enhances the potency of second-generation gapmer antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) 6-10-fold in mouse liver. When combined with next-generation ASO designs comprised of short S-cEt (S-2'-O-Et-2',4'-bridged nucleic acid) gapmer ASOs, ∼ 60-fold enhancement in potency relative to the parent MOE (2'-O-methoxyethyl RNA) ASO was observed. GN3: -conjugated ASOs showed high affinity for mouse ASGPR, which results in enhanced ASO delivery to hepatocytes versus non-parenchymal cells. After internalization into cells, the GN3: -ASO conjugate is metabolized to liberate the parent ASO in the liver. No metabolism of the GN3: -ASO conjugate was detected in plasma suggesting that GN3: acts as a hepatocyte targeting prodrug that is detached from the ASO by metabolism after internalization into the liver. GalNAc conjugation also enhanced potency and duration of the effect of two ASOs targeting human apolipoprotein C-III and human transthyretin (TTR) in transgenic mice. The unconjugated ASOs are currently in late stage clinical trials for the treatment of familial chylomicronemia and TTR-mediated polyneuropathy. The ability to translate these observations in humans offers the potential to improve therapeutic index, reduce cost of therapy and support a monthly dosing schedule for therapeutic suppression of gene expression in the liver using ASOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thazha P Prakash
- Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Mark J Graham
- Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Jinghua Yu
- Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Rick Carty
- Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Audrey Low
- Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Alfred Chappell
- Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Karsten Schmidt
- Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Chenguang Zhao
- Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Mariam Aghajan
- Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Heather F Murray
- Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Stan Riney
- Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Sheri L Booten
- Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Susan F Murray
- Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Hans Gaus
- Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Jeff Crosby
- Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Walt F Lima
- Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Shuling Guo
- Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Brett P Monia
- Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Eric E Swayze
- Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Punit P Seth
- Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
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Slany A, Haudek-Prinz V, Zwickl H, Stättner S, Grasl-Kraupp B, Gerner C. Myofibroblasts are important contributors to human hepatocellular carcinoma: Evidence for tumor promotion by proteome profiling. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:3315-25. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Slany
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Analytical Chemistry; University of Vienna; Austria
- Department of Medicine I; Comprehensive Cancer Center; Institute of Cancer Research; Medical University of Vienna; Austria
| | - Verena Haudek-Prinz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Analytical Chemistry; University of Vienna; Austria
- Department of Medicine I; Comprehensive Cancer Center; Institute of Cancer Research; Medical University of Vienna; Austria
| | - Hannes Zwickl
- Department of Medicine I; Comprehensive Cancer Center; Institute of Cancer Research; Medical University of Vienna; Austria
| | - Stefan Stättner
- Department of Surgery; Paracelsus Medical University; Salzburg Austria
| | - Bettina Grasl-Kraupp
- Department of Medicine I; Comprehensive Cancer Center; Institute of Cancer Research; Medical University of Vienna; Austria
| | - Christopher Gerner
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Analytical Chemistry; University of Vienna; Austria
- Department of Medicine I; Comprehensive Cancer Center; Institute of Cancer Research; Medical University of Vienna; Austria
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Zimmerman MA, Tak E, Ehrentraut SF, Kaplan M, Giebler A, Weng T, Choi DS, Blackburn MR, Kam I, Eltzschig HK, Grenz A. Equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ENT)-1-dependent elevation of extracellular adenosine protects the liver during ischemia and reperfusion. Hepatology 2013; 58:1766-78. [PMID: 23703920 PMCID: PMC3795856 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Ischemia and reperfusion-elicited tissue injury contributes to morbidity and mortality of hepatic surgery and during liver transplantation. Previous studies implicated extracellular adenosine signaling in liver protection. Based on the notion that extracellular adenosine signaling is terminated by uptake from the extracellular towards the intracellular compartment by way of equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENTs), we hypothesized a functional role of ENTs in liver protection from ischemia. During orthotopic liver transplantation in humans, we observed higher expressional levels of ENT1 than ENT2, in conjunction with repression of ENT1 and ENT2 transcript and protein levels following warm ischemia and reperfusion. Treatment with the pharmacologic ENT inhibitor dipyridamole revealed elevations of hepatic adenosine levels and robust liver protection in a murine model of liver ischemia and reperfusion. Studies in gene-targeted mice for Ent1 or Ent2 demonstrated selective protection from liver injury in Ent1(-/-) mice. Treatment with selective adenosine receptor antagonists indicated a contribution of Adora2b receptor signaling in ENT-dependent liver protection. CONCLUSION These findings implicate ENT1 in liver protection from ischemia and reperfusion injury and suggest ENT inhibitors may be of benefit in the prevention or treatment of ischemic liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eunyoung Tak
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado
| | | | - Maria Kaplan
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado
| | - Antasia Giebler
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado
| | - Tingting Weng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Texas, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Doo-Sup Choi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Michael R. Blackburn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Texas, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Igal Kam
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado
| | - Holger K. Eltzschig
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado
| | - Almut Grenz
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado
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65
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Li J, Liu K, Liu Y, Xu Y, Zhang F, Yang H, Liu J, Pan T, Chen J, Wu M, Zhou X, Yuan Z. Exosomes mediate the cell-to-cell transmission of IFN-α-induced antiviral activity. Nat Immunol 2013; 14:793-803. [DOI: 10.1038/ni.2647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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66
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Signaling through hepatocellular A2B adenosine receptors dampens ischemia and reperfusion injury of the liver. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:12012-7. [PMID: 23812746 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1221733110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemia and reperfusion significantly contributes to the morbidity and mortality of liver surgery and transplantation. Based on studies showing a critical role for adenosine signaling in mediating tissue adaptation during hypoxia, we hypothesized that signaling events through adenosine receptors (ADORA1, ADORA2A, ADORA2B, or ADORA3) attenuates hepatic ischemia and reperfusion injury. Initial screening studies of human liver biopsies obtained during hepatic transplantation demonstrated a selective and robust induction of ADORA2B transcript and protein following ischemia and reperfusion. Subsequent exposure of gene-targeted mice for each individual adenosine receptor to liver ischemia and reperfusion revealed a selective role for the Adora2b in liver protection. Moreover, treatment of wild-type mice with an Adora2b-selective antagonist resulted in enhanced liver injury, whereas Adora2b-agonist treatment was associated with attenuated hepatic injury in wild-type, but not in Adora2b(-/-) mice. Subsequent studies in mice with Adora2b deletion in different tissues--including vascular endothelia, myeloid cells, and hepatocytes--revealed a surprising role for hepatocellular-specific Adora2b signaling in attenuating nuclear factor NF-κB activation and thereby mediating liver protection from ischemia and reperfusion injury. These studies provide a unique role for hepatocellular-specific Adora2b signaling in liver protection during ischemia and reperfusion injury.
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67
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Shizu R, Benoki S, Numakura Y, Kodama S, Miyata M, Yamazoe Y, Yoshinari K. Xenobiotic-induced hepatocyte proliferation associated with constitutive active/androstane receptor (CAR) or peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) is enhanced by pregnane X receptor (PXR) activation in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61802. [PMID: 23626729 PMCID: PMC3634023 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenobiotic-responsive nuclear receptors pregnane X receptor (PXR), constitutive active/androstane receptor (CAR) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) play pivotal roles in the metabolic functions of the liver such as xenobiotics detoxification and energy metabolism. While CAR or PPARα activation induces hepatocyte proliferation and hepatocarcinogenesis in rodent models, it remains unclear whether PXR activation also shows such effects. In the present study, we have investigated the role of PXR in the xenobiotic-induced hepatocyte proliferation with or without CAR activation by 1,4-bis[2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)]benzene (TCPOBOP) and phenobarbital, or PPARα activation by Wy-14643 in mice. Treatment with TCPOBOP or phenobarbital increased the percentage of Ki-67-positive nuclei as well as mRNA levels of cell proliferation-related genes in livers as expected. On the other hand, treatment with the PXR activator pregnenolone 16α-carbonitrile (PCN) alone showed no such effects. Surprisingly, PCN co-treatment significantly augmented the hepatocyte proliferation induced by CAR activation with TCPOBOP or phenobarbital in wild-type mice but not in PXR-deficient mice. Intriguingly, PXR activation also augmented the hepatocyte proliferation induced by Wy-14643 treatment. Moreover, PCN treatment increased the RNA content of hepatocytes, suggesting the induction of G0/G1 transition, and reduced mRNA levels of Cdkn1b and Rbl2, encoding suppressors of cell cycle initiation. Our present findings indicate that xenobiotic-induced hepatocyte proliferation mediated by CAR or PPARα is enhanced by PXR co-activation despite that PXR activation alone does not cause the cell proliferation in mouse livers. Thus PXR may play a novel and unique role in the hepatocyte/liver hyperplasia upon exposure to xenobiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Shizu
- Division of Drug Metabolism and Molecular Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Satoshi Benoki
- Division of Drug Metabolism and Molecular Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuki Numakura
- Division of Drug Metabolism and Molecular Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Susumu Kodama
- Division of Drug Metabolism and Molecular Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masaaki Miyata
- Division of Drug Metabolism and Molecular Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasushi Yamazoe
- Division of Drug Metabolism and Molecular Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kouichi Yoshinari
- Division of Drug Metabolism and Molecular Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
- * E-mail:
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68
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Preclinical pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of long-acting nanoformulated antiretroviral therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:3110-20. [PMID: 23612193 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00267-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-acting injectable nanoformulated antiretroviral therapy (nanoART) was developed with the explicit goal of improving medicine compliance and for drug targeting of viral tissue reservoirs. Prior nanoART studies completed in humanized virus-infected mice demonstrated sustained antiretroviral responses. However, the pharmacokinetics (PK) and tissue distribution of nanoART were not characterized. To this end, the PK and tissue distribution of nanoformulated atazanavir (ATV) and ritonavir (RTV) injected subcutaneously or intramuscularly in mice and monkeys were evaluated. Fourteen days after injection, ATV and RTV levels were up to 13-, 41-, and 4,500-fold higher than those resulting from native-drug administration in plasma, tissues, and at the site of injection, respectively. At nanoART doses of 10, 50, 100, and 250 mg/kg of body weight, relationships of more- and less-than-proportional increases in plasma and tissue levels with dose increases were demonstrated with ATV and RTV. Multiple-dose regimens showed serum and tissue concentrations up to 270-fold higher than native-drug concentrations throughout 8 weeks of study. Importantly, nanoART was localized in nonlysosomal compartments in tissue macrophages, creating intracellular depot sites. Reflective data were obtained in representative rhesus macaque studies. We conclude that nanoART demonstrates blood and tissue antiretroviral drug levels that are enhanced compared to those of native drugs. The sustained and enhanced PK profile of nanoART is, at least in part, the result of the sustained release of ATV and RTV from tissue macrophases and at the site of injection.
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69
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Cao Z, Mulvihill MM, Mukhopadhyay P, Xu H, Erdélyi K, Hao E, Holovac E, Haskó G, Cravatt BF, Nomura DK, Pacher P. Monoacylglycerol lipase controls endocannabinoid and eicosanoid signaling and hepatic injury in mice. Gastroenterology 2013; 144:808-817.e15. [PMID: 23295443 PMCID: PMC3608818 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The endocannabinoid and eicosanoid lipid signaling pathways have important roles in inflammatory syndromes. Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) links these pathways, hydrolyzing the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol to generate the arachidonic acid precursor pool for prostaglandin production. We investigated whether blocking MAGL protects against inflammation and damage from hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) and other insults. METHODS We analyzed the effects of hepatic I/R in mice given the selective MAGL inhibitor JZL184, in Mgll(-/-) mice, fatty acid amide hydrolase(-/-) mice, and in cannabinoid receptor type 1(-/-) (CB1-/-) and cannabinoid receptor type 2(-/-) (CB2-/-). Liver tissues were collected and analyzed, along with cultured hepatocytes and Kupffer cells. We measured endocannabinoids, eicosanoids, and markers of inflammation, oxidative stress, and cell death using molecular biology, biochemistry, and mass spectrometry analyses. RESULTS Wild-type mice given JZL184 and Mgll(-/-) mice were protected from hepatic I/R injury by a mechanism that involved increased endocannabinoid signaling via CB2 and reduced production of eicosanoids in the liver. JZL184 suppressed the inflammation and oxidative stress that mediate hepatic I/R injury. Hepatocytes were the major source of hepatic MAGL activity and endocannabinoid and eicosanoid production. JZL184 also protected from induction of liver injury by D-(+)-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharides or CCl4. CONCLUSIONS MAGL modulates hepatic injury via endocannabinoid and eicosanoid signaling; blockade of this pathway protects mice from liver injury. MAGL inhibitors might be developed to treat conditions that expose the liver to oxidative stress and inflammatory damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongxian Cao
- Section on Oxidative Stress and Tissue Injury, Laboratory of Physiological Studies, National Institutes of Health/NIAAA, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Melinda M. Mulvihill
- Program in Metabolic Biology, Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Partha Mukhopadhyay
- Section on Oxidative Stress and Tissue Injury, Laboratory of Physiological Studies, National Institutes of Health/NIAAA, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Huan Xu
- Section on Oxidative Stress and Tissue Injury, Laboratory of Physiological Studies, National Institutes of Health/NIAAA, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Katalin Erdélyi
- Section on Oxidative Stress and Tissue Injury, Laboratory of Physiological Studies, National Institutes of Health/NIAAA, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Enkui Hao
- Section on Oxidative Stress and Tissue Injury, Laboratory of Physiological Studies, National Institutes of Health/NIAAA, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Cardiology, Jinan Central Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Eileen Holovac
- Section on Oxidative Stress and Tissue Injury, Laboratory of Physiological Studies, National Institutes of Health/NIAAA, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - György Haskó
- Department of Surgery, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Benjamin F. Cravatt
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Daniel K. Nomura
- Program in Metabolic Biology, Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Pál Pacher
- Section on Oxidative Stress and Tissue Injury, Laboratory of Physiological Studies, National Institutes of Health/NIAAA, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Liu B, Wang M, Wang X, Zhao D, Liu D, Liu J, Chen PJ, Yang D, He F, Tang L. Liver sinusoidal endothelial cell lectin inhibits CTL-dependent virus clearance in mouse models of viral hepatitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:4185-95. [PMID: 23487419 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Liver sinusoidal endothelial cell lectin (LSECtin) was recently reported to suppress intrahepatic T cell immunity and to limit immune-mediated liver injury. However, its role in the outcome and pathogenesis of viral infection has not yet been elucidated. Using a mouse model infected with a hepatotropic adenovirus, we found that the absence of LSECtin led to a higher frequency of intrahepatic effector CTLs. These cells produced higher levels of antiviral cytokines and cytotoxic factors and exhibited an increased expression of the transcription factors T-bet and Runx3. This phenotype observed in the LSECtin-knockout cells mediated a more efficient virus-specific cytotoxicity compared with that of wild-type cells. As a consequence, LSECtin deficiency significantly accelerated liver adenovirus clearance. In contrast, LSECtin upregulation in the liver delayed viral clearance; this delayed clearance was accompanied by the downregulation of the antiviral activity of CTLs. We further constructed an immunocompetent mouse model of acute hepatitis B viral infection to demonstrate that LSECtin significantly delayed the clearance of hepatitis B virus from blood and infected hepatocytes by limiting the frequency of hepatitis B virus-specific IFN-γ-producing cells. Consistent with this function, LSECtin was upregulated in the liver of mouse models of viral hepatitis. Taken together, our results suggest that LSECtin may facilitate the reduction of liver inflammation at the cost of delaying virus clearance and that this effect might be hijacked by the virus as an escape mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
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Xu F, Zhen P, Zheng Y, LIjuan F, Aiting Y, Min C, Hong Y, Jidong J. Preparation of Kupffer cell enriched non-parenchymal liver cells with high yield and reduced damage of surface markers by a modified method for flow cytometry. Cell Biol Int 2013; 37:284-91. [PMID: 23348934 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to optimise a collagenase perfusion protocol for the isolation of a liver non-parenchymal cell (NPC) suspension enriched for Kupffer cells that reduced damage to F4/80 antigen cell surface expression to allow analysis by flow cytometry. Kupffer cell-enriched liver NPCs were isolated from C57BL/6 mice using different protocols. Flow cytometry was used to examine the effect of collagenase digestion on F4/80 expression on Kupffer cells, and results were represented by the percentage of F4/80 positive cells and by the F4/80 mean fluorescence intensity (MFI). The perfusion temperature, concentration of collagenase solution and total dosage of collagenase for liver perfusion influenced the effect of collagenase perfusion on the expression of F4/80 antigen on Kupffer cells. Collagenase perfusion at 28°C resulted in an increased percentage of F4/80 positive cells (P = 0.001) and MFI (P = 0.005) compared with 37°C. Perfusion with a total dose of 1.0 g/kg BW collagenase (using a 0.75 mg/mL solution) resulted in the highest percentage of F4/80 positive cells (P = 0.001) compared with 0.8 g/kg BW and 1.2 g/kg BW collagenase. Isolation of cells using the modified protocol resulted in a higher percentage of Kupffer cells (P < 0.001) and a higher MFI of F4/80 antigen (P < 0.001) compared with the common protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Xu
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
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Tomlinson MJ, Tomlinson S, Yang XB, Kirkham J. Cell separation: Terminology and practical considerations. J Tissue Eng 2012; 4:2041731412472690. [PMID: 23440031 PMCID: PMC3578272 DOI: 10.1177/2041731412472690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell separation is a powerful tool in biological research. Increasing usage, particularly within the tissue engineering and regenerative medicine communities, means that researchers from a diverse range of backgrounds are utilising cell separation technologies. This review aims to offer potential solutions to cell sorting problems and to clarify common ambiguities in terminology and experimental design. The frequently used cell separation terms of 'purity', 'recovery' and 'viability' are discussed, and attempts are made to reach a consensus view of their sometimes ambiguous meanings. The importance of appropriate experimental design is considered, with aspects such as marker expression, tissue isolation and original cell population analysis discussed. Finally, specific technical issues such as cell clustering, dead cell removal and non-specific antibody binding are considered and potential solutions offered. The solutions offered may provide a starting point to improve the quality of cell separations achieved by both the novice and experienced researcher alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Tomlinson
- Department of Oral Biology, Leeds Dental Institute, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Abstract
Multidimensional liquid chromatography (LC) combined with mass spectrometry (MS) has become a standard technique in proteomics to reduce sample complexity and to tackle the dynamic range in protein abundance. Fractionation is necessary to obtain a comprehensive analysis of complex biological samples such as tissue and mammalian cell lines. However, extensive fractionation comes at the expense of sample loss, presenting a bottleneck in the analysis of limited amounts of material. In this protocol, we describe a two-dimensional chromatographic strategy based on a combination of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC; with a zwitterionic packing material, ZIC-cHILIC) and reversed-phase chromatography, which allows proteomic analyses with minimal sample loss. Experimental aspects related to obtaining maximum recovery are discussed, including how to optimally prepare samples for this system. Examples involving protein lysates originating from cultured cell lines and cells sorted by flow cytometry are used to show the power, sensitivity and versatility of the technique. Once the ZIC-cHILIC fractionation system has been optimized and standardized, this protocol requires ∼5-6 d, including sample preparation and fraction analysis.
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Blockade of IL-33 ameliorates Con A-induced hepatic injury by reducing NKT cell activation and IFN-γ production in mice. J Mol Med (Berl) 2012; 90:1505-15. [PMID: 22983503 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-012-0938-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Revised: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
IL-33, a recently described member of the IL-1 family, has been identified as a cytokine endowed with pro-Th2 type functions. To date, there are only limited data on its role in physiological and pathological hepatic immune responses. In this study, we examined the role of IL-33 in immune-mediated liver injury by exploring the model of concanavalin A (Con A)-induced hepatitis. We observed that the level of IL-33 expression in the liver was dramatically increased at 12 h after Con A injection. Meanwhile, ST2L, the receptor of IL-33, was significantly up-regulated in lymphocytes including T and natural killer T (NKT) cells, especially in NKT cells. Moreover, administration of recombinant IL-33 exacerbated Con A-induced hepatitis, while pretreatment of IL-33-blocking antibody or psST2-Fc plasmids showed a protective effect probably by inhibiting the activation of late stage of T cells and NKT cells and also decreasing the production of the cytokine IFN-γ. Furthermore, depletion of NKT cells abolished the protective effect of IL-33-blocking antibody, and IL-33 failed to exacerbate Con A-induced hepatitis in IFN-γ(-/-) mice. These data suggested the critical roles of NKT cells and IFN-γ in the involvement of IL-33 in Con A-induced hepatitis. Blockade of IL-33 may represent a novel therapeutic strategy through IL-33/ST2L signal to prevent immune-mediated liver injury.
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75
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van Golen RF, van Gulik TM, Heger M. The sterile immune response during hepatic ischemia/reperfusion. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2012; 23:69-84. [PMID: 22609105 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2012.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic ischemia and reperfusion elicits an immune response that lacks a microbial constituent yet poses a potentially lethal threat to the host. In this sterile setting, the immune system is alarmed by endogenous danger signals that are release by stressed and dying liver cells. The detection of these immunogenic messengers by sentinel leukocyte populations constitutes the proximal trigger for a self-perpetuating cycle of inflammation, in which consecutive waves of cytokines and chemokines orchestrate the influx of various leukocyte subsets that ultimately confer tissue destruction. This review focuses on the temporal organization of sterile hepatic inflammation, using surgery-induced trauma as a template disease state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowan F van Golen
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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76
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Altelaar AFM, Heck AJR. Trends in ultrasensitive proteomics. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2012; 16:206-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2011.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Murthy A, Shao YW, Defamie V, Wedeles C, Smookler D, Khokha R. Stromal TIMP3 regulates liver lymphocyte populations and provides protection against Th1 T cell-driven autoimmune hepatitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:2876-83. [PMID: 22323541 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Lymphocyte infiltration into epithelial tissues and proinflammatory cytokine release are key steps in autoimmune disease. Although cell-autonomous roles of lymphocytes are well studied in autoimmunity, much less is understood about the stromal factors that dictate immune cell function. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 3 (TIMP3) controls systemic cytokine bioavailability and signaling by inhibiting the ectodomain shedding of cytokines and their receptors. The role of TIMP3 in cytokine biology is emerging; however, its contribution to cellular immunology remains unknown. In this study, we show that TIMP3 produced by the hepatic stroma regulates the basal lymphocyte populations in the liver and prevents autoimmune hepatitis. TIMP3 deficiency in mice led to spontaneous accumulation and activation of hepatic CD4(+), CD8(+), and NKT cells. Treatment with Con A in a model of polyclonal T lymphocyte activation resulted in a greatly enhanced Th1 cytokine response and acute liver failure, which mechanistically depended on TNF signaling. Bone marrow chimeras demonstrated that TIMP3 derived from the stromal rather than hematopoietic compartment provided protection against autoimmunity. Finally, we identified hepatocytes as the major source of Timp3 in a resting liver, whereas significant Timp3 gene transcription was induced by hepatic stellate cells in the inflamed liver. These results uncover metalloproteinase inhibitors as critical stromal factors in regulating cellular immunity during autoimmune hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Murthy
- Ontario Cancer Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
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Kawelke N, Vasel M, Sens C, von Au A, Dooley S, Nakchbandi IA. Fibronectin protects from excessive liver fibrosis by modulating the availability of and responsiveness of stellate cells to active TGF-β. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28181. [PMID: 22140539 PMCID: PMC3225392 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrotic tissue in the liver is mainly composed of collagen. Fibronectin, which is also present in fibrotic matrices, is required for collagen matrix assembly in vitro. It also modulates the amount of growth factors and their release from the matrix. We therefore examined the effects of the absence of fibronectin on the development of fibrosis in mice. Conditional deletion of fibronectin in the liver using the Mx promoter to drive cre expression resulted in increased collagen production and hence a more pronounced fibrosis in response to dimethylnitrosamine in mice. Exclusive deletion of fibronectin in hepatocytes or normalization of circulating fibronectin in Mx-cKO mice did not affect the development of fibrosis suggesting a role for fibronectin production by other liver cell types. The boosted fibrosis in fibronectin-deficient mice was associated with enhanced stellate cell activation and proliferation, elevated concentrations of active TGF-β, and increased TGF-β-mediated signaling. In vitro experiments revealed that collagen-type-I production by fibronectin-deficient hepatic stellate cells stimulated with TGF-β was more pronounced, and was associated with augmented Smad3-mediated signaling. Interfering with TGF-β signaling using SB431542 normalized collagen-type-I production in fibronectin-deficient hepatic stellate cells. Furthermore, precoating culture plates with fibronectin, but not collagen, or providing fibronectin fibrils unable to interact with RGD binding integrins via the RGD domain significantly diminished the amount of active TGF-β in fibronectin-deficient stellate cells and normalized collagen-type-I production in response to TGF-β stimulation. Thus, excessive stellate cell activation and production of collagen results from increased active TGF-β and TGF-β signaling in the absence of fibronectin. In conclusion, our data indicate that fibronectin controls the availability of active TGF-β in the injured liver, which impacts the severity of the resulting fibrosis. We therefore propose a novel role for locally produced fibronectin in protecting the liver from an excessive TGF-β-mediated response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Kawelke
- Translational Medicine, Max-Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
- Institute for Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthaeus Vasel
- Translational Medicine, Max-Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
- Institute for Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carla Sens
- Translational Medicine, Max-Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
- Institute for Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anja von Au
- Translational Medicine, Max-Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
- Institute for Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Steven Dooley
- Department of Medicine II, University of Heidelberg at Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Inaam A. Nakchbandi
- Translational Medicine, Max-Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
- Institute for Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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