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Interactions between Oroxylin A with the solute carrier transporters and ATP-binding cassette transporters: Drug transporters profile for this flavonoid. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 324:109097. [PMID: 32305507 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Oroxylin A is a flavonoid monomer extracted from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi with neuroprotective, anti-tumor activity and many other biological functions. However, the interaction between Oroxylin A and the drug transporters has not been clearly reported. The purpose of this study is to investigate the interaction between Oroxylin A and the solute carrier transporters (OATP1B1, OATP1B3, OAT1, OAT3, OCT2, MATE1, and MATE2K), and ATP-binding cassette transporters (BCRP, MDR1). The HEK293 cell lines (HEK293-OATP1B1, HEK293-OATP1B3, HEK293-OAT1, HEK293-OAT3, HEK293-OCT2, HEK293-MATE1, and HEK293-MATE2K) that stably expressing previous listed human-derived transporters were employed to evaluate the solute carrier transporters. Vesicles expressing human BCRP and MDR1 transporters was employed to research ATP-binding cassette transporters. Our work suggested that Oroxylin A was a substrate of OATP1B1, OATP1B3, but not a substrate of the other transporters in the concentration range of our study. Oroxylin A shows concentration-dependent inhibition of OATP1B1, OAT1, OAT3 and BCRP transportation with the half-inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 7.03, 0.961, 0.112 μM, and 0.477 μM, respectively. No inhibitory effects on the transport activities of other transporters were observed for Oroxylin A. Drug transporters profile of Oroxylin A was first confirmed by our work, which provides important information for its pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and drug-drug interactions studies.
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Pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and excretion study of Oroxylin A, Oroxylin A 7-O-glucuronide and Oroxylin A sodium sulfonate in rats after administration of Oroxylin A. Fitoterapia 2020; 142:104480. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2020.104480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Amaral-Machado L, Oliveira WN, Moreira-Oliveira SS, Pereira DT, Alencar ÉN, Tsapis N, Egito EST. Use of Natural Products in Asthma Treatment. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2020; 2020:1021258. [PMID: 32104188 PMCID: PMC7040422 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1021258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Asthma, a disease classified as a chronic inflammatory disorder induced by airway inflammation, is triggered by a genetic predisposition or antigen sensitization. Drugs currently used as therapies present disadvantages such as high cost and side effects, which compromise the treatment compliance. Alternatively, traditional medicine has reported the use of natural products as alternative or complementary treatment. The aim of this review was to summarize the knowledge reported in the literature about the use of natural products for asthma treatment. The search strategy included scientific studies published between January 2006 and December 2017, using the keywords "asthma," "treatment," and "natural products." The inclusion criteria were as follows: (i) studies that aimed at elucidating the antiasthmatic activity of natural-based compounds or extracts using laboratory experiments (in vitro and/or in vivo); and (ii) studies that suggested the use of natural products in asthma treatment by elucidation of its chemical composition. Studies that (i) did not report experimental data and (ii) manuscripts in languages other than English were excluded. Based on the findings from the literature search, aspects related to asthma physiopathology, epidemiology, and conventional treatment were discussed. Then, several studies reporting the effectiveness of natural products in the asthma treatment were presented, highlighting plants as the main source. Moreover, natural products from animals and microorganisms were also discussed and their high potential in the antiasthmatic therapy was emphasized. This review highlighted the importance of natural products as an alternative and/or complementary treatment source for asthma treatment, since they present reduced side effects and comparable effectiveness as the drugs currently used on treatment protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Amaral-Machado
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Dispersed System Laboratory (LaSid), Pharmacy Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Av. General Gustavo de Cordeiro-SN-Petrópolis, Natal 59012-570, Brazil
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Wógenes N. Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Dispersed System Laboratory (LaSid), Pharmacy Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Av. General Gustavo de Cordeiro-SN-Petrópolis, Natal 59012-570, Brazil
| | - Susiane S. Moreira-Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Dispersed System Laboratory (LaSid), Pharmacy Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Av. General Gustavo de Cordeiro-SN-Petrópolis, Natal 59012-570, Brazil
| | - Daniel T. Pereira
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Dispersed System Laboratory (LaSid), Pharmacy Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Av. General Gustavo de Cordeiro-SN-Petrópolis, Natal 59012-570, Brazil
| | - Éverton N. Alencar
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, LaSid, UFRN, Av. General Gustavo de Cordeiro-SN-Petropolis, Natal 59012-570, Brazil
| | - Nicolas Tsapis
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Eryvaldo Sócrates T. Egito
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Dispersed System Laboratory (LaSid), Pharmacy Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Av. General Gustavo de Cordeiro-SN-Petrópolis, Natal 59012-570, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, LaSid, UFRN, Av. General Gustavo de Cordeiro-SN-Petropolis, Natal 59012-570, Brazil
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Yin B, Bi YM, Fan GJ, Xia YQ. Molecular Mechanism of the Effect of Huanglian Jiedu Decoction on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Based on Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking. J Diabetes Res 2020; 2020:5273914. [PMID: 33134394 PMCID: PMC7593729 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5273914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Huanglian Jiedu Decoction (HLJDD) is a Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) formula comprising four herbal medicines. This decoction has long been used in China for clinically treating T2DM. However, the molecular mechanism of HLJDD treat for T2DM is still not fully known. Hence, this study was designed to reveal the synergistic mechanism of HLJDD formula in the treatment of T2DM by using network pharmacology method and molecular docking. METHODS Retrieving and screening of active components of different herbs in HLJDD and corresponding T2DM-related target genes across multiple databases. Subsequently, STRING and Cytoscape were applied to analysis and construct PPI network. In addition, cluster and topological analysis were employed for the analysis of PPI networks. Then, the GO and KEGG enrichment analysis were performed by using ClueGO tool. Finally, the differentially expressed analysis was used to verify whether the expression of key target genes in T2DM and non-T2DM samples was statistically significant, and the binding capacity between active components and key targets was validated by molecular docking using AutoDock. RESULTS There are 65 active components involved in 197 T2DM-related targets that are identified in HLJDD formula. What is more, 39 key targets (AKT1, IL-6, FOS, VEGFA, CASP3, etc.) and 3 clusters were obtained after topological and cluster analysis. Further, GO and KEGG analysis showed that HLJDD may play an important role in treating T2DM and its complications by synergistically regulating many biological processes and pathways which participated in signaling transduction, inflammatory response, apoptotic process, and vascular processes. Differentially expressed analysis showed that AKT1, IL-6, and FOS were upregulated in T2DM samples and a significant between sample differential expression. These results were validated by molecular docking, which identified 5 high-affinity active components in HLJDD, including quercetin, wogonin, baicalein, kaempferol, and oroxylin A. CONCLUSION Our research firstly revealed the basic pharmacological effects and relevant mechanisms of the HLJDD in the treatment of T2DM and its complications. The prediction results might facilitate the development of HLJDD or its active compounds as alternative therapy for T2DM. However, more pharmacological experiments should be performed for verification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Yin
- School of Second Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Ming Bi
- School of Second Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guan-Jie Fan
- Department of Endocrinology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ya-Qing Xia
- Department of Endocrinology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Targeting L-Lactate Metabolism to Overcome Resistance to Immune Therapy of Melanoma and Other Tumor Entities. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2019; 2019:2084195. [PMID: 31781212 PMCID: PMC6875281 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2084195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although immunotherapy plays a significant role in tumor therapy, its efficacy is impaired by an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. A molecule that contributes to the protumor microenvironment is the metabolic product lactate. Lactate is produced in large amounts by cancer cells in response to either hypoxia or pseudohypoxia, and its presence in excess alters the normal functioning of immune cells. A key enzyme involved in lactate metabolism is lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Elevated baseline LDH serum levels are associated with poor outcomes of current anticancer (immune) therapies, especially in patients with melanoma. Therefore, targeting LDH and other molecules involved in lactate metabolism might improve the efficacy of immune therapies. This review summarizes current knowledge about lactate metabolism and its role in the tumor microenvironment. Based on that information, we develop a rationale for deploying drugs that target lactate metabolism in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors to overcome lactate-mediated immune escape of tumor cells.
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Gao Y, Li R, Sun H, Li J, He B, Xiao S, Li L, Wang J. Protective Effects of Oroxylin A on Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation/Reperfusion-Induced PC12 Cells by Activating the Sonic Hedgehog Signal Pathway. Nat Prod Commun 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x19881544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of human death. The injury that is induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion in stroke remains unsolved. This study first investigated the effects of oroxylin A on oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion-induced PC12 cells. This was performed by dividing the cells into a control group, an oxygen-glucose deprivation and reperfusion (OGD/R) group, a solvent control group, and experimental groups treated with different concentrations of oroxylin A. Cell viability was evaluated by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. Relevant indicators of oxidant stress were detected by using the appropriate kits. Western blot was applied to detect the expressions of inflammatory cytokine and proteins of the signaling pathway. Oroxylin A pretreatment exerted anti-oxidative, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory effects in oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion-induced PC12 cells, thus indicating it as a new avenue for stroke treatment and providing references for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Gao
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, First People’s Hospital of Qujing City, China
| | - Rui Li
- Medical Department, First People’s Hospital of Qujing City, China
| | - Hua Sun
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, First People’s Hospital of Qujing City, China
| | - Jianmei Li
- Department of Hematology, First People’s Hospital of Qujing City, China
| | - Bing He
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, First People’s Hospital of Qujing City, China
| | - Sa Xiao
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, First People’s Hospital of Qujing City, China
| | - Liping Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, First People’s Hospital of Qujing City, China
| | - Junling Wang
- Biological Laboratories, First People’s Hospital of Qujing City, China
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Li ZH, Zhou Y, Ding YX, Guo QL, Zhao L. Roles of integrin in tumor development and the target inhibitors. Chin J Nat Med 2019; 17:241-251. [PMID: 31076128 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(19)30028-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Integrin is a large family of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) which involves in the interaction of cells/cells and cells/ extracellular matrix (ECM) to mediate cell proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, migration, etc. In recent years, aberrant expression of integrin has been clearly found in many tumor studies, indicating that integrin is closely related to tumor formation and development. Meanwhile, it has effects on tumor cell differentiation, cell migration, proliferation and tumor neovascularization. The study of drugs targeting integrins is of great significance for the clinical treatment of tumors. Because of its important role in tumorigenesis and development, integrin has become a promising target for the treatment of cancer. This review summarizes the role of integrin in tumor development and the current state of integrin inhibitors to provide a valuable reference for subsequent research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-He Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - You Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - You-Xiang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qing-Long Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Li Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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58
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Bian M, He J, Jin H, Lian N, Shao J, Guo Q, Wang S, Zhang F, Zheng S. Oroxylin A induces apoptosis of activated hepatic stellate cells through endoplasmic reticulum stress. Apoptosis 2019; 24:905-920. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-019-01568-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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59
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Hemantha HP, Ramanujam R, Majeed M, Nagabhushanam K. An unambiguous and practical synthesis of Oroxylin A: a commonly misidentified flavone. Nat Prod Res 2019; 35:1413-1420. [PMID: 31402703 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1650359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Oroxylin A, a major flavonoid in the extracts of Oroxylum indicum as well as Scutellaria baicalensis possesses useful medicinal properties. Many of the published routes claiming the synthesis of Oroxylin A (1) have in fact led to a regioisomer Negletein that was misinterpreted as Oroxylin A. In the present work, we describe a novel, straight-forward and scalable semi-synthetic approach for rapid access to the title compound, the structure of which is unambiguously secured by NMR and X-ray crystallographic analysis of a derivative. This work also encompasses the synthesis of a glycosylated derivative of Oroxylin A viz OAGME (2), which has marked pharmacological importance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Muhammed Majeed
- Sami Labs Ltd, Bangalore, India.,Sabinsa Corporation, East Windsor, New Jersey, USA
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60
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Ancuceanu R, Dinu M, Dinu-Pirvu C, Anuţa V, Negulescu V. Pharmacokinetics of B-Ring Unsubstituted Flavones. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E370. [PMID: 31374885 PMCID: PMC6723510 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11080370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
B-ring unsubstituted flavones (of which the most widely known are chrysin, baicalein, wogonin, and oroxylin A) are 2-phenylchromen-4-one molecules of which the B-ring is devoid of any hydroxy, methoxy, or other substituent. They may be found naturally in a number of herbal products used for therapeutic purposes, and several have been designed by researchers and obtained in the laboratory. They have generated interest in the scientific community for their potential use in a variety of pathologies, and understanding their pharmacokinetics is important for a grasp of their optimal use. Based on a comprehensive survey of the relevant literature, this paper examines their absorption (with deglycosylation as a preliminary step) and their fate in the body, from metabolism to excretion. Differences among species (inter-individual) and within the same species (intra-individual) variability have been examined based on the available data, and finally, knowledge gaps and directions of future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Ancuceanu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Cell Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Dinu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Cell Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Cristina Dinu-Pirvu
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Colloidal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020956 Bucharest 020956, Romania
| | - Valentina Anuţa
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Colloidal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020956 Bucharest 020956, Romania
| | - Vlad Negulescu
- Department of Toxicology, Clinical Pharmacology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
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61
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Oroxylin A Suppresses the Cell Proliferation, Migration, and EMT via NF- κB Signaling Pathway in Human Breast Cancer Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:9241769. [PMID: 31341911 PMCID: PMC6612400 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9241769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Oroxylin A is a natural extract and has been reported to have a remarkable anticancer function. However, the mechanism of its anticancer activity remains not quite clear. In this study, we examined the inhibiting effects of Oroxylin A on breast cancer cell proliferation, migration, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and its possible molecular mechanism. The cytoactive and inflammatory factors were analyzed via Cell Counting Kit-8 assay and ELISA assay, respectively. Flow cytometry and western blotting were used to assess the cell proliferation. In addition, a wound healing assay and transwell assay were used to detect cell invasion and migration. qRT-PCR and western blot were employed to determine the effect of Oroxylin A on the EMT formation. Moreover, expression level of protein related to NF-κB signaling pathway was determined by western blot. The results revealed that Oroxylin A attenuated the cytoactivity of MDA-MB-231 cells in a dose- and a time-dependent manner. Moreover, cell proliferation, invasion, and migration of breast cancer cells were inhibited by Oroxylin A compared to the control. The mRNA and protein expression levels of E-cadherin were remarkably increased while N-cadherin and Vimentin remarkably decreased. Besides, Oroxylin A suppressed the expression of inflammatory factors and NF-κB activation. Furthermore, we also found that supplement of TNF-α reversed the effects of Oroxylin A on the cell proliferation, invasion, migration, and EMT in breast cancer cells. Taken together, our results suggested that Oroxylin A inhibited the cell proliferation, invasion, migration, and EMT through inactivating NF-κB signaling pathway in human breast cancer cells. These findings strongly suggest that Oroxylin A could be a therapeutic potential candidate for the treatment of breast cancer.
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Chae HS, Xu R, Won JY, Chin YW, Yim H. Molecular Targets of Genistein and Its Related Flavonoids to Exert Anticancer Effects. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2420. [PMID: 31100782 PMCID: PMC6566427 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased health awareness among the public has highlighted the health benefits of dietary supplements including flavonoids. As flavonoids target several critical factors to exert a variety of biological effects, studies to identify their target-specific effects have been conducted. Herein, we discuss the basic structures of flavonoids and their anticancer activities in relation to the specific biological targets acted upon by these flavonoids. Flavonoids target several signaling pathways involved in apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT kinase, and metastasis. Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) has been recognized as a valuable target in cancer treatment due to the prognostic implication of PLK1 in cancer patients and its clinical relevance between the overexpression of PLK1 and the reduced survival rates of several carcinoma patients. Recent studies suggest that several flavonoids, including genistein directly inhibit PLK1 inhibitory activity. Later, we focus on the anticancer effects of genistein through inhibition of PLK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Sung Chae
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 10326, Korea.
| | - Rong Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Korea.
| | - Jae-Yeon Won
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Korea.
| | - Young-Won Chin
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 10326, Korea.
| | - Hyungshin Yim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Korea.
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63
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Zhang Y, Ouyang L, Mai X, Wang H, Liu S, Zeng H, Chen T, Li J. Use of UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS with combination of in silico approach for distributions and metabolites profile of flavonoids after oral administration of Niuhuang Shangqing tablets in rats. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1114-1115:55-70. [PMID: 30928832 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Niuhuang Shangqing tablet (NHSQT), a well-known traditional Chinese medicine preparation, has been used as an over- the- counter drug for the treatment of headache, dizziness in China. The flavonoids are the main active components in NHSQT, however, there have no reports about their distribution and metabolic fate in vivo after oral administration of NHSQTs so far. An novel UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS method combined with in silico approach was applied to identify the flavonoids and metabolites profiling in biological samples following oral administration NHSQTs for the first time. As a result, 127 compounds including 34 original compounds of flavonoids and 93 metabolites were identified. There were 20 flavones, 9 flavonols, 4 flavanones and 1 flavan-3, 4-diol found in biological samples. Rutin, wogonoside, apigenin, baicalein, wogonin, oroxylin A, quercetin and acacetin were considered as the potential flavonoids in NHSQT against brain diseases. The docking-based metabolism models were established and applied to propose the sites of hydroxylation of flavonoids, which indicated baicalin was engaged in dihydroxylation at C2', C3', tilianin was engaged in hydroxylation at C3, wogonin and wogonside were engaged in dihydroxylation at C3', C4'. Some novel metabolic pathways were discovered for oroxylin A, acacetin, diosmetin, tilianin. The metabolic spots and pathways of flavonoids vary as much between flavones, flavonols and flavanones. The results presented here would be helpful for the further study of pharmacokinetics and quality control of NHSQT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Leiting Ouyang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Xi Mai
- School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China.
| | - Huanlu Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Shuhao Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Huifen Zeng
- School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Ting Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Jian Li
- School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
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64
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Liao S, Song F, Feng W, Ding X, Yao J, Song H, Liu Y, Ma S, Wang Z, Lin X, Xu J, Zhao J, Liu Q. Rhoifolin ameliorates titanium particle-stimulated osteolysis and attenuates osteoclastogenesis via RANKL-induced NF-κB and MAPK pathways. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:17600-17611. [PMID: 30854667 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Prosthesis loosening is a highly troublesome clinical problem following total joint arthroplasty. Wear-particle-induced osteoclastogenesis has been shown to be the primary cause of periprosthetic osteolysis that eventually leads to aseptic prosthesis loosening. Therefore, inhibiting osteoclastogenesis is a promising strategy to control periprosthetic osteolysis. The possible mechanism of action of rhoifolin on osteoclastogenesis and titanium particle-induced calvarial osteolysis was examined in this study. The in vitro study showed that rhoifolin could strongly suppress the receptor activators of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) ligand-stimulated osteoclastogenesis, hydroxyapatite resorption, F-actin formation, and the gene expression of osteoclast-related genes. Western blot analysis illustrated that rhoifolin could attenuate the NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways, and the expression of transcriptional factors nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 (NFATc1) and c-Fos. Further studies indicated that rhoifolin inhibited p65 translocation to the nucleus and the activity of NFATc1 and NF-κB rhoifolin could decrease the number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphate-positive osteoclasts and titanium particle-induced C57 mouse calvarial bone loss in vivo. In conclusion, our results suggest that rhoifolin can ameliorate the osteoclasts-stimulated osteolysis, and may be a potential agent for the treatment of prosthesis loosening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Liao
- Department of Trauma Orthopedic and Hand Surgery, The First Affliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Fangmin Song
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.,School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Wenyu Feng
- Department of Trauma Orthopedic and Hand Surgery, The First Affliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaofei Ding
- Department of Trauma Orthopedic and Hand Surgery, The First Affliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jun Yao
- Department of Trauma Orthopedic and Hand Surgery, The First Affliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Huijie Song
- Departments of Anesthesiology, The First Affliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Trauma Orthopedic and Hand Surgery, The First Affliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Shiting Ma
- Department of Trauma Orthopedic and Hand Surgery, The First Affliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Ziyi Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Xixi Lin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jiake Xu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.,School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jinmin Zhao
- Department of Trauma Orthopedic and Hand Surgery, The First Affliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Trauma Orthopedic and Hand Surgery, The First Affliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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65
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Wei M, Ma R, Huang S, Liao Y, Ding Y, Li Z, Guo Q, Tan R, Zhang L, Zhao L. Oroxylin A increases the sensitivity of temozolomide on glioma cells by hypoxia-inducible factor 1α/hedgehog pathway under hypoxia. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:17392-17404. [PMID: 30790292 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Microenvironmental hypoxia-mediated drug resistance is responsible for the failure of cancer therapy. To date, the role of the hedgehog pathway in resistance to temozolomide (TMZ) under hypoxia has not been investigated. In this study, we discovered that the increasing hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) activated the hedgehog pathway in hypoxic microenvironment by promoting autocrine secretion of sonic hedgehog protein (Shh), and then upregulating transfer of Gli1 to the nucleus, finally contributed to TMZ resistance in glioma cells. Oroxylin A (C16H12O5), a bioactive flavonoid, could induce HIF-1α degradation via prolyl-hydroxylases-VHL signaling pathway, resulting in the inactivation of the hedgehog. Besides, oroxylin A increased the expression of Sufu, which is a negative regulator of Gli1. By this mechanism, oroxylin A sensitized TMZ on glioma cells. U251 intracranial transplantation model and GL261 xenograft model were used to confirm the reversal effects of oroxylin A in vivo. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that HIF-1α/hedgehog pathway conferred TMZ resistance under hypoxia, and oroxylin A was capable of increasing the sensitivity of TMZ on glioma cells in vitro and in vivo by inhibiting HIF-1α/hedgehog pathway and depressing the activation of Gli1 directly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, China
| | - Rong Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shaoliang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, China
| | - Youxiang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhaohe Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, China
| | - Qinglong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, China
| | - Renxiang Tan
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Xianlin, Nanjing, China
| | - Lulu Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, China
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66
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An D, Song Z, Yi Y, Zhang Q, Liu J, Zhang Y, Zhou J, Zhao G, Cong D, Li N, Lu Y, Chen X, Zhao D. Oroxylin A, a methylated metabolite of baicalein, exhibits a stronger inhibitory effect than baicalein on the CYP1B1-mediated carcinogenic estradiol metabolite formation. Phytother Res 2019; 33:1033-1043. [PMID: 30680817 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Human cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1)-mediated formation of 4-hydroxyestradiol (4-OHE2) from 17β-estradiol plays an important role in the progression of human breast cancer, while the biotransformation of 17β-estradiol to 2-hydroxyestradiol mediated by cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) is considered as a less harmful pathway. In this study, inhibitory effects of flavonoids baicalein and oroxylin A, a metabolite of baicalein in human body, on CYP1A1 and 1B1 activities were investigated in vitro. The inhibition intensities of baicalein and oroxylin A towards CYP1B1 were greater than towards CYP1A1 with a mixed mechanism. In addition, oroxylin A showed a stronger inhibitory effect than baicalein towards the CYP1B1-mediated 17β-estradiol 4-hydroxylation, with the IC50 values of 0.0146 and 2.27 μM, respectively. Docking studies elucidated that oroxylin A had a stronger binding affinity than baicalein for CYP1B1. In MCF-7 cells, compared with baicalein-treated groups, oroxylin A with lower doses decreased and increased the formation of 4-OHE2 and 2-hydroxyestradiol, respectively, with a preferential induction of mRNA of CYP1A1 over CYP1B1. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that oroxylin A showed a stronger inhibitory effect than baicalein on CYP1B1-mediated 4-OHE2 formation in MCF-7 cells, providing crucial implications for their possibly preventive/therapeutic potential against breast cancer via inhibition of CYP1B1, particularly of oroxylin A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongchen An
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhongjin Song
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingyue Yi
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinfeng Liu
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongjie Zhang
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guanghui Zhao
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Danhua Cong
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ning Li
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xijing Chen
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Di Zhao
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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67
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Yi YS. Regulatory Roles of Flavonoids on Inflammasome Activation during Inflammatory Responses. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:e1800147. [PMID: 29774640 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201800147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is an innate immune response to noxious stimuli to protect the body from pathogens. Inflammatory responses consist of two main steps: priming and triggering. In priming, inflammatory cells increase expressions of inflammatory molecules, while in triggering, inflammasomes are activated, resulting in cell death and pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion. Inflammasomes are protein complexes comprising intracellular pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) (e.g., nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLRs), absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2), and caspases-4/5/11) and pro-caspase-1 with or without a bipartite adaptor molecule ASC. Inflammasome activation induces pyroptosis, inflammatory cell death, and stimulates caspase-1-mediated secretion of interleukin (IL)-1b and IL-18. Flavonoids are secondary metabolites found in various plants and are considered as critical ingredients promoting health and ameliorating various disease symptoms. Anti-inflammatory activity of flavonoids and underlying mechanisms have been widely studied. This review introduces current knowledge on different types of inflammasomes and their activation during inflammatory responses and discusses recent studies regarding anti-inflammatory roles of flavonoids as suppressors of inflammasomes in inflammatory conditions. Understanding the regulatory effects of flavonoids on inflammasome activation will increase our knowledge of flavonoid-mediated anti-inflammatory activity and provide new insights into the development of flavonoid preparations to prevent and treat human inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Su Yi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Cheongju University, Cheongju, 28503, Korea
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68
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Zhang Q, Cong D, An D, Fan A, Liu Q, Yi Y, Song Z, Chen X, Lu Y, Zhao D, He L. Determination of oroxylin A and oroxylin A 7-O-d-glucuronide in HepG2 cell lysate and subcellular fractions with SPE-UPLC–MS/MS: Cellular pharmacokinetic study to indicate anti-cancer mechanisms. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 154:364-372. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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69
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Oroxylin A prevents alcohol-induced hepatic steatosis through inhibition of hypoxia inducible factor 1alpha. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 285:14-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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70
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The Role of Flavonoids in Inhibiting Th17 Responses in Inflammatory Arthritis. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:9324357. [PMID: 29693024 PMCID: PMC5859886 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9324357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids have been considered powerful anti-inflammatory agents, and their exact immunomodulatory action as therapeutic agents in autoimmune diseases has started to emerge. Their role in the manipulation of immunoregulation is less understood. Several studies attempted to investigate the role of various flavonoids mainly in experimental models of autoimmune diseases, especially in the context of their potential effect on the increase of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and their ability to stimulate an overexpression of anti-inflammatory cytokines, in particular that of IL-10. The emergence of IL-17, a cytokine largely produced by Th17 cells, as a powerful proinflammatory stimulus which attenuates the induction of Tregs has prompted a series of studies investigating the role of flavonoids on Th17 cells in experimental models as well as human autoimmune diseases. This review thoroughly discusses accumulated data on the role of flavonoids on Th17 in rheumatoid arthritis and experimental autoimmune arthritis.
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Zhang C, Bian M, Chen X, Jin H, Zhao S, Yang X, Shao J, Chen A, Guo Q, Zhang F, Zheng S. Oroxylin A prevents angiogenesis of LSECs in liver fibrosis via inhibition of YAP/HIF-1α signaling. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:2258-2268. [PMID: 28857294 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) accompanies with hypoxia in liver fibrosis and they are of mutual promotion, which has raised wide concern. Here we established murine model of liver fibrosis and found that oroxylin A (40 mg/kg) could ameliorate angiogenesis in liver fibrosis may related to hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α). The underlying mechanism was further investigated by isolating and culturing murine primary LSECs. Hypoxia induced vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), angiopoietin 2 (Ang-2), and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1/CD31) elevated in LSECs were reduced by oroxylin A or acriflavine (ACF, an HIF-1α inhibitor), indicating HIF-1α involved the angiogenesis of LSECs. Additionally, interference with Yes-associated protein (YAP) significant downregulated the protein expression of HIF-1α and VEGF-A, while YAP plasmid exhibited an opposite effect. We next found that oroxylin A inhibited hypoxia-induced nuclear translocation of YAP, which may influence the accumulation of HIF-1α and subsequently decrease transcription of downstream target gene including VEGF-A and Ang-2, thereby exerting an anti-angiogenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Material of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substance of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mianli Bian
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Material of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substance of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xingran Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Material of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substance of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huanhuan Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Material of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substance of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shifeng Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Material of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substance of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiang Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Material of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substance of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiangjuan Shao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Material of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substance of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Anping Chen
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Qinglong Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Material of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substance of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shizhong Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Material of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substance of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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