51
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Huang J, Kumar S, Hanna GB. Investigation of C3-C10 aldehydes in the exhaled breath of healthy subjects using selected ion flow tube-mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS). J Breath Res 2014; 8:037104. [PMID: 25190002 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/8/3/037104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Aldehydes have attracted great scientific and clinical interest as potential disease biomarkers. We have investigated selected ion flow tube-mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS) in detecting and quantifying C3 to C10 saturated aldehydes (propanal, butanal, pentanal, hexanal, heptanal, octanal, nonanal and decanal) from the exhaled breath of 26 healthy human volunteers. To assess the reliability of the Nalophan® bag sampling method employed, the water level in the breath sample was measured up to 4 h after collection and showed no significant degradation. Propanal was found to be the most abundant aldehyde in the exhaled breath of healthy volunteers. For the C4-C10 aldehydes, their median concentrations were all less than 3 ppbv, demonstrating only trace quantities are present in the exhaled breath of the 26 healthy volunteers.
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53
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Lourenço C, Turner C. Breath analysis in disease diagnosis: methodological considerations and applications. Metabolites 2014; 4:465-98. [PMID: 24957037 PMCID: PMC4101517 DOI: 10.3390/metabo4020465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Breath analysis is a promising field with great potential for non-invasive diagnosis of a number of disease states. Analysis of the concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in breath with an acceptable accuracy are assessed by means of using analytical techniques with high sensitivity, accuracy, precision, low response time, and low detection limit, which are desirable characteristics for the detection of VOCs in human breath. "Breath fingerprinting", indicative of a specific clinical status, relies on the use of multivariate statistics methods with powerful in-built algorithms. The need for standardisation of sample collection and analysis is the main issue concerning breath analysis, blocking the introduction of breath tests into clinical practice. This review describes recent scientific developments in basic research and clinical applications, namely issues concerning sampling and biochemistry, highlighting the diagnostic potential of breath analysis for disease diagnosis. Several considerations that need to be taken into account in breath analysis are documented here, including the growing need for metabolomics to deal with breath profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia Lourenço
- Department of Life, Health & Chemical Sciences, Chemistry and Analytical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK.
| | - Claire Turner
- Department of Life, Health & Chemical Sciences, Chemistry and Analytical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK.
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54
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Kalluri U, Naiker M, Myers MA. Cell culture metabolomics in the diagnosis of lung cancer-the influence of cell culture conditions. J Breath Res 2014; 8:027109. [PMID: 24861817 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/8/2/027109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths. Unfortunately, lung cancer is often diagnosed only when it becomes symptomatic or at an advanced stage when few treatment options are available. Hence, a diagnostic test suitable for screening widespread populations is required to enable earlier diagnosis. Analysis of exhaled breath provides a non-invasive method for early detection of lung cancer. Analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by various mass spectral techniques has identified potential biomarkers of disease. Nevertheless, the metabolic origins and the disease specificity of VOCs need further elucidation. Cell culture metabolomics can be used as a bottom-up approach to identify biomarkers of pathological conditions and can also be used to study the metabolic pathways that produce such compounds. This paper summarizes the current knowledge of lung cancer biomarkers in exhaled breath and emphasizes the critical role of cell culture conditions in determining the VOCs produced in vitro. Hypoxic culture conditions more closely mimic the conditions of cancer cell growth in vivo. We propose that since hypoxia influences cell metabolism and so potentially the VOCs that the cancer cells produce, the cell culture metabolomics projects should consider culturing cancer cells in hypoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Kalluri
- Biomedical Science, School of Health Sciences, Federation University Australia, Mt Helen, Victoria 3350, Australia
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Mochalski P, Unterkofler K, Španěl P, Smith D, Amann A. Product ion distributions for the reactions of NO + with some physiologically significant aldehydes obtained using a SRI-TOF-MS instrument. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY 2014; 363:23-31. [PMID: 25844049 PMCID: PMC4375723 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijms.2014.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Product ion distributions for the reactions of NO+ with 22 aldehydes involved in human physiology have been determined under the prevailing conditions of a selective reagent ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (SRI-TOF-MS) at an E/N in the flow/drift tube reactor of 130 Td. The chosen aldehydes were fourteen alkanals (the C2-C11 n-alkanals, 2-methyl propanal, 2-methyl butanal, 3-methyl butanal, and 2-ethyl hexanal), six alkenals (2-propenal, 2-methyl 2-propenal, 2-butenal, 3-methyl 2-butenal, 2-methyl 2-butenal, and 2-undecenal), benzaldehyde, and furfural. The product ion fragmentations patterns were determined for both dry air and humid air (3.5% absolute humidity) used as the matrix buffer/carrier gas in the drift tube of the SRI-TOF-MS instrument. Hydride ion transfer was seen to be a common ionization mechanism in all these aldehydes, thus generating (M-H)+ ions. Small fractions of the adduct ion, NO+M, were also seen for some of the unsaturated alkenals, in particular 2-undecenal, and heterocyclic furfural for which the major reactive channel was non-dissociative charge transfer generating the M+ parent ion. Almost all of the reactions resulted in partial fragmentation of the aldehyde molecules generating hydrocarbon ions; specifically, the alkanal reactions resulted in multiple product ions, whereas, the alkenals reactions produced only two or three product ions, dissociation of the nascent excited product ion occurring preferentially at the 2-position. The findings of this study are of particular importance for data interpretation in studies of aldehydes reactions employing SRI-TOF-MS in the NO+ mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Mochalski
- Breath Research Institute of the University of Innsbruck, Rathausplatz 4, A-6850 Dornbirn, Austria
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +43 512 503 24636; fax: +43 512 504 6724636.
| | - Karl Unterkofler
- Breath Research Institute of the University of Innsbruck, Rathausplatz 4, A-6850 Dornbirn, Austria
- Vorarlberg University of Applied Sciences, Hochschulstr. 1, A-6850 Dornbirn, Austria
| | - Patrik Španěl
- J. Heyrovský Institut of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - David Smith
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Medical School, Keele University, Thornburrow Drive, Hartshill, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 7QB, UK
| | - Anton Amann
- Breath Research Institute of the University of Innsbruck, Rathausplatz 4, A-6850 Dornbirn, Austria
- Univ.-Clinic for Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstr 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Corresponding author at: Breath Research Institute of the University of Innsbruck, Rathausplatz 4, A-6850 Dornbirn, Austria. Tel.: +43 512 503 24636; fax: +43 512 504 6724636.
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Turner C. Potential of breath and skin analysis for monitoring blood glucose concentration in diabetes. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 11:497-503. [DOI: 10.1586/erm.11.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Giannoukos S, Brkić B, Taylor S, France N. Monitoring of human chemical signatures using membrane inlet mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2013; 86:1106-14. [PMID: 24377277 DOI: 10.1021/ac403621c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This work is an attempt to assist border security crackdown on illegal human immigration, by providing essential results on human chemical signatures. Data was obtained using a portable quadrupole mass spectrometer coupled with a membrane probe for volunteers of both genders and under different conditions in a container simulator. During experiments, participants were asked to follow various protocols while volatile organic compounds emitted from their breath, sweat, skin, and other biological excretes were continuously being monitored. Experimental setups using different membrane materials (both hydrophilic and hydrophobic) including heating of the sampling probe and sampling flow rates were examined. From our measurements, significant information was obtained for NH3, CO2, water, and volatile organic compounds levels, illustrating a human chemical profile and indicating human presence in a confined space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stamatios Giannoukos
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool , Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L69 3GJ, United Kingdom
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Smith D, Španěl P, Gilchrist FJ, Lenney W. Hydrogen cyanide, a volatile biomarker of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
infection. J Breath Res 2013; 7:044001. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/7/4/044001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Effects of dietary nutrients on volatile breath metabolites. J Nutr Sci 2013; 2:e34. [PMID: 25191584 PMCID: PMC4153095 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2013.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Breath analysis is becoming increasingly established as a means of assessing metabolic,
biochemical and physiological function in health and disease. The methods available for
these analyses exploit a variety of complex physicochemical principles, but are becoming
more easily utilised in the clinical setting. Whilst some of the factors accounting for
the biological variation in breath metabolite concentrations have been clarified, there
has been relatively little work on the dietary factors that may influence them. In
applying breath analysis to the clinical setting, it will be important to consider how
these factors may affect the interpretation of endogenous breath composition. Diet may
have complex effects on the generation of breath compounds. These effects may either be
due to a direct impact on metabolism, or because they alter the gastrointestinal flora.
Bacteria are a major source of compounds in breath, and their generation of H2,
hydrogen cyanide, aldehydes and alkanes may be an indicator of the health of their
host.
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60
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Dryahina K, Španěl P, Pospíšilová V, Sovová K, Hrdlička L, Machková N, Lukáš M, Smith D. Quantification of pentane in exhaled breath, a potential biomarker of bowel disease, using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2013; 27:1983-1992. [PMID: 23939966 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Inflammatory bowel disease has a relatively large incidence in modern populations and the current diagnostic methods are either invasive or have limited sensitivity or specificity. Thus, there is a need for new non-invasive methods for its diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring, and breath analysis represents a promising direction in this area of research. Specifically, a method is needed for the absolute quantification of pentane in human breath. METHODS Selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS) has been used to study the kinetics of the O2(+) reaction with pentane. Product ions at m/z 42 and 72 were chosen as characteristic ions useful for the quantification of pentane and the reactivity of these ions with water vapour was characterized. A pilot study has been carried out of pentane in the exhaled breath of patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) and of healthy volunteers. RESULTS Accurate data on the kinetics of the gas phase reaction of the O2(+•) ions with pentane have been obtained: rate coefficient 8 × 10(-10) cm(3) s(-1) (±5%) and branching ratios into the following product ions C5H12(+•) (m/z 72, 31%); C4H9(+) (m/z 57, 8%); C3H7(+) (m/z 43, 40%), C3H6(+•) (m/z 42, 21%). A method of calculation of absolute pentane concentration in exhaled breath was formulated using the count rates of the ions at m/z 32, 42, 55 and 72. Pentane was found to be significantly elevated in the breath of both the CD (mean 114 ppbv) and the UC patients (mean 84 ppbv) relative to the healthy controls (mean 40 ppbv). CONCLUSIONS SIFT-MS can be used to quantify pentane in human breath in real time avoiding sample storage. This method of analysis can ultimately form the basis of non-invasive screening of inflammatory processes, including inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kseniya Dryahina
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
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61
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Righettoni M, Schmid A, Amann A, Pratsinis SE. Correlations between blood glucose and breath components from portable gas sensors and PTR-TOF-MS. J Breath Res 2013; 7:037110. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/7/3/037110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Umber BJ, Shin HW, Meinardi S, Leu SY, Zaldivar F, Cooper DM, Blake DR. Gas signatures from Escherichia coli and Escherichia coli-inoculated human whole blood. Clin Transl Med 2013; 2:13. [PMID: 23842518 PMCID: PMC3716923 DOI: 10.1186/2001-1326-2-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gaseous headspace above naïve Escherichia Coli (E. coli) cultures and whole human blood inoculated with E. coli were collected and analyzed for the presence of trace gases that may have the potential to be used as novel, non-invasive markers of infectious disease. METHODS The naïve E. coli culture, LB broth, and human whole blood or E. coli inoculated whole blood were incubated in hermetically sealable glass bioreactors at 37°C for 24 hrs. LB broth and whole human blood were used as controls for background volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The headspace gases were collected after incubation and analyzed using a gas chromatographic system with multiple column/detector combinations. RESULTS Six VOCs were observed to be produced by E. coli-infected whole blood while there existed nearly zero to relatively negligible amounts of these gases in the whole blood alone, LB broth, or E. coli-inoculated LB broth. These VOCs included dimethyl sulfide (DMS), carbon disulfide (CS2), ethanol, acetaldehyde, methyl butanoate, and an unidentified gas S. In contrast, there were several VOCs significantly elevated in the headspace above the E. coli in LB broth, but not present in the E. coli/blood mixture. These VOCs included dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS), methyl propanoate, 1-propanol, methylcyclohexane, and unidentified gases R2 and Q. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates 1) that cultivated E. coli in LB broth produce distinct gas profiles, 2) for the first time, the ability to modify E. coli-specific gas profiles by the addition of whole human blood, and 3) that E. coli-human whole blood interactions present different gas emission profiles that have the potential to be used as non-invasive volatile biomarkers of E. coli infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J Umber
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Hye-Won Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA ; Institute for Clinical and Translational Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Simone Meinardi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Szu-Yun Leu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA ; Institute for Clinical and Translational Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Frank Zaldivar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA ; Institute for Clinical and Translational Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Dan M Cooper
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA ; Institute for Clinical and Translational Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Donald R Blake
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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Bikov A, Paschalaki K, Logan-Sinclair R, Horváth I, Kharitonov SA, Barnes PJ, Usmani OS, Paredi P. Standardised exhaled breath collection for the measurement of exhaled volatile organic compounds by proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry. BMC Pulm Med 2013; 13:43. [PMID: 23837867 PMCID: PMC3708755 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2466-13-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Exhaled breath volatile organic compound (VOC) analysis for airway disease monitoring is promising. However, contrary to nitric oxide the method for exhaled breath collection has not yet been standardized and the effects of expiratory flow and breath-hold have not been sufficiently studied. These manoeuvres may also reveal the origin of exhaled compounds. Methods 15 healthy volunteers (34 ± 7 years) participated in the study. Subjects inhaled through their nose and exhaled immediately at two different flows (5 L/min and 10 L/min) into methylated polyethylene bags. In addition, the effect of a 20 s breath-hold following inhalation to total lung capacity was studied. The samples were analyzed for ethanol and acetone levels immediately using proton-transfer-reaction mass-spectrometer (PTR-MS, Logan Research, UK). Results Ethanol levels were negatively affected by expiratory flow rate (232.70 ± 33.50 ppb vs. 202.30 ± 27.28 ppb at 5 L/min and 10 L/min, respectively, p < 0.05), but remained unchanged following the breath hold (242.50 ± 34.53 vs. 237.90 ± 35.86 ppb, without and with breath hold, respectively, p = 0.11). On the contrary, acetone levels were increased following breath hold (1.50 ± 0.18 ppm) compared to the baseline levels (1.38 ± 0.15 ppm), but were not affected by expiratory flow (1.40 ± 0.14 ppm vs. 1.49 ± 0.14 ppm, 5 L/min vs. 10 L/min, respectively, p = 0.14). The diet had no significant effects on the gasses levels which showed good inter and intra session reproducibility. Conclusions Exhalation parameters such as expiratory flow and breath-hold may affect VOC levels significantly; therefore standardisation of exhaled VOC measurements is mandatory. Our preliminary results suggest a different origin in the respiratory tract for these two gasses.
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64
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Sturney SC, Storer MK, Shaw GM, Shaw DE, Epton MJ. Off-line breath acetone analysis in critical illness. J Breath Res 2013; 7:037102. [PMID: 23774060 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/7/3/037102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of breath acetone could be useful in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) setting to monitor evidence of starvation and metabolic stress. The aims of this study were to examine the relationship between acetone concentrations in breath and blood in critical illness, to explore any changes in breath acetone concentration over time and correlate these with clinical features. Consecutive patients, ventilated on controlled modes in a mixed ICU, with stress hyperglycaemia requiring insulin therapy and/or new pulmonary infiltrates on chest radiograph were recruited. Once daily, triplicate end-tidal breath samples were collected and analysed off-line by selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS). Thirty-two patients were recruited (20 males), median age 61.5 years (range 26-85 years). The median breath acetone concentration of all samples was 853 ppb (range 162-11 375 ppb) collected over a median of 3 days (range 1-8). There was a trend towards a reduction in breath acetone concentration over time. Relationships were seen between breath acetone and arterial acetone (rs = 0.64, p < 0.0001) and arterial beta-hydroxybutyrate (rs = 0.52, p < 0.0001) concentrations. Changes in breath acetone concentration over time corresponded to changes in arterial acetone concentration. Some patients remained ketotic despite insulin therapy and normal arterial glucose concentrations. This is the first study to look at breath acetone concentration in ICU patients for up to 8 days. Breath acetone concentration may be used as a surrogate for arterial acetone concentration, which may in future have a role in the modulation of insulin and feeding in critical illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Sturney
- Respiratory Services, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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Human breath analysis may support the existence of individual metabolic phenotypes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59909. [PMID: 23573221 PMCID: PMC3616042 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic phenotype varies widely due to external factors such as diet and gut microbiome composition, among others. Despite these temporal fluctuations, urine metabolite profiling studies have suggested that there are highly individual phenotypes that persist over extended periods of time. This hypothesis was tested by analyzing the exhaled breath of a group of subjects during nine days by mass spectrometry. Consistent with previous metabolomic studies based on urine, we conclude that individual signatures of breath composition exist. The confirmation of the existence of stable and specific breathprints may contribute to strengthen the inclusion of breath as a biofluid of choice in metabolomic studies. In addition, the fact that the method is rapid and totally non-invasive, yet individualized profiles can be tracked, makes it an appealing approach.
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Spaněl P, Dryahina K, Smith D. A quantitative study of the influence of inhaled compounds on their concentrations in exhaled breath. J Breath Res 2013; 7:017106. [PMID: 23445832 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/7/1/017106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Throughout the development of breath analysis research, there has been interest in how the concentrations of trace compounds in exhaled breath are related to their concentrations in the ambient inhaled air. In considering this, Phillips introduced the concept of 'alveolar gradient' and judged that the measured exhaled concentrations of volatile organic compounds should be diminished by an amount equal to their concentrations in the inhaled ambient air. The objective of the work described in this paper was to investigate this relationship quantitatively. Thus, experiments have been carried out in which inhaled air was polluted by seven compounds of interest in breath research, as given below, and exhaled breath has been analysed by SIFT-MS as the concentrations of these compounds in the inhaled air were reduced. The interesting result obtained is that all the exogenous compounds are partially retained in the exhaled breath and there are close linear relationships between the exhaled and inhaled air concentrations for all seven compounds. Thus, retention coefficients, a, have been derived for the following compounds: pentane, 0.76 ± 0.09; isoprene, 0.66 ± 0.04; acetone, 0.17 ± 0.03; ammonia, 0.70 ± 0.13, methanol, 0.29 ± 0.02; formaldehyde, 0.06 ± 0.03; deuterated water (HDO), 0.09 ± 0.02. From these data, correction to breath analyses for inhaled concentration can be described by coefficients specific to each compound, which can be close to 1 for hydrocarbons, as applied by Phillips, or around 0.1, meaning that inhaled concentrations of such compounds can essentially be neglected. A further deduction from the experimental data is that under conditions of the inhalation of clean air, the measured exhaled breath concentrations of those compounds should be increased by a factor of 1/(1 - a) to correspond to gaseous equilibrium with the compounds dissolved in the mixed venous blood entering the alveoli. Thus, for isoprene, this is a factor of 3, which we have confirmed experimentally by re-breathing experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Spaněl
- J Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dolejskova 3, Prague 8, Czech Republic.
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Spanel P, Smith D. On the features, successes and challenges of selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2013; 19:225-246. [PMID: 24575622 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The major features of the selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS) analytical method that was conceived and designed for the analysis, in real time, of air obviating sample collections into bags or extraction by pre-concentration of trace compounds onto surfaces are reviewed. The unique analytical capabilities of SIFT-MS for ambient analysis are stressed that allow quantification of volatile organic and inorganic compounds directly from the measurement of physical parameters without the need for regular instrumental calibration using internal or external standards. Then, emphasis is placed on the challenging real-time accurate analysis of single exhalations of humid breath, which is now achieved and readily facilitates wider applications of SIFT-MS in other fields where trace gas analysis has value. The quality of the data obtained by SIFT-MS is illustrated by the quantification of some exhaled breath metabolites that are of immediate relevance to physiology and medicine, including that of hydrogen cyanide in the breath of patients with cystic fibrosis. The current status of SIFT-MS is revealed by a form of a strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats (SWOT) analysis intended to present an objective view of this analytical technique and the likely way forward towards its further development and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Spanel
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, DolejSkova 3, 182 23, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - David Smith
- lnstitute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Guy Hilton Research Centre, Thornburrow Drive, Hartshill, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 7QB, UK
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Sovová K, Čepl J, Markoš A, Španěl P. Real time monitoring of population dynamics in concurrent bacterial growth using SIFT-MS quantification of volatile metabolites. Analyst 2013; 138:4795-801. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an00472d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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69
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Ciaffoni L, Hancock G, Harrison JJ, van Helden JPH, Langley CE, Peverall R, Ritchie GAD, Wood S. Demonstration of a mid-infrared cavity enhanced absorption spectrometer for breath acetone detection. Anal Chem 2012; 85:846-50. [PMID: 23231744 DOI: 10.1021/ac3031465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A high-resolution absorption spectrum of gaseous acetone near 8.2 μm has been taken using both Fourier transform and quantum cascade laser (QCL)-based infrared spectrometers. Absolute absorption cross sections within the 1215-1222 cm(-1) range have been determined, and the spectral window around 1216.5 cm(-1) (σ = 3.4 × 10(-19) cm(2) molecule(-1)) has been chosen for monitoring trace acetone in exhaled breath. Acetone at sub parts-per-million (ppm) levels has been measured in a breath sample with a precision of 0.17 ppm (1σ) by utilizing a cavity enhanced absorption spectrometer constructed from the QCL source and a linear, low-volume, optical cavity. The use of a water vapor trap ensured the accuracy of the results, which have been corroborated by mass spectrometric measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Ciaffoni
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
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Zielinska B, Fujita E, Ollison W, Campbell D, Sagebiel J. Quantification of personal exposure concentrations to gasoline vehicle emissions in high-end exposure microenvironments: effects of fuel and season. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2012; 62:1346-1357. [PMID: 23210226 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2012.712605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Mobile-source air toxic (MSAT) levels increase in confining microenvironments (MEs) with numerous emission sources of vehicle exhaust or evaporative emissions or during high-load and cold-start conditions. Reformulated fuels are expected to reduce MSAT and ozone precursor emissions. This study, required under the Clean Air Act Section 211b, evaluated high-end exposures in cities using reformulated (methyl tertiary-butyl ether [MTBE] or ethanol [EtOH]) fuels and conventional gasoline blends. The study investigates 13 high-end MEs, sampling under enhanced exposure conditions expected to result in maximal fuel and exhaust component exposures to carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes), MTBE, 1,3-butadiene (1,3-BD), EtOH,formaldehyde (HCHO), and acetaldehyde (CH3CHO). The authors found that day-to-day ME variations in high-end benzene, 1,3-BD, HCHO, and CO concentrations are substantial, but independent of gasoline composition and season, and related to the activity and emission rates of ME sources, which differ from day to day.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Zielinska
- Desert Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, NV 89512, USA.
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71
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Breath acetone monitoring by portable Si:WO3 gas sensors. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 738:69-75. [PMID: 22790702 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Breath analysis has the potential for early stage detection and monitoring of illnesses to drastically reduce the corresponding medical diagnostic costs and improve the quality of life of patients suffering from chronic illnesses. In particular, the detection of acetone in the human breath is promising for non-invasive diagnosis and painless monitoring of diabetes (no finger pricking). Here, a portable acetone sensor consisting of flame-deposited and in situ annealed, Si-doped epsilon-WO(3) nanostructured films was developed. The chamber volume was miniaturized while reaction-limited and transport-limited gas flow rates were identified and sensing temperatures were optimized resulting in a low detection limit of acetone (∼20ppb) with short response (10-15s) and recovery times (35-70s). Furthermore, the sensor signal (response) was robust against variations of the exhaled breath flow rate facilitating application of these sensors at realistic relative humidities (80-90%) as in the human breath. The acetone content in the breath of test persons was monitored continuously and compared to that of state-of-the-art proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS). Such portable devices can accurately track breath acetone concentration to become an alternative to more elaborate breath analysis techniques.
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72
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Sovová K, Shestivska V, Španěl P. Real-Time Quantification of Traces of Biogenic Volatile Selenium Compounds in Humid Air by Selected Ion Flow Tube Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2012; 84:4979-83. [DOI: 10.1021/ac300609m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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73
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Fu XA, Li M, Biswas S, Nantz MH, Higashi RM. A novel microreactor approach for analysis of ketones and aldehydes in breath. Analyst 2011; 136:4662-6. [PMID: 21897949 DOI: 10.1039/c1an15618g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We report a fabricated microreactor with thousands of micropillars in channels. Each micropillar surface is chemically functionalized to selectively preconcentrate gaseous ketones and aldehydes of exhaled breath and to enhance ultra-trace, rapid analysis by direct-infusion Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometry (MS). The micropillar reactive coating contains the quaternary ammonium aminooxy salt 2-(aminooxy)ethyl-N,N,N-trimethylammonium iodide (ATM) for capturing trace carbonyl VOCs by means of an oximation reaction. We demonstrate the utility of this approach for detection of C(1) to C(12) aldehydes and ketones in exhaled breath, but the approach is applicable to any gaseous sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-An Fu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40208, USA.
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74
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Beauchamp J. Inhaled today, not gone tomorrow: pharmacokinetics and environmental exposure of volatiles in exhaled breath. J Breath Res 2011; 5:037103. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/5/3/037103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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75
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Abstract
The topic of ambient gas analysis has been rapidly developed in the last few years with the evolution of the exciting new techniques such as DESI, DART and EESI. The essential feature of all is that analysis of trace gases can be accomplished either in the gas phase or those released from surfaces, crucially avoiding sample collection or modification. In this regard, selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry, SIFT-MS, also performs ambient analyses both accurately and rapidly. In this focused review we describe the underlying ion chemistry underpinning SIFT-MS through a discourse on the reactions of different classes of organic and inorganic molecules with H(3)O(+), NO(+) and O(2)(+)˙ studied using the SIFT technique. Rate coefficients and ion products of these reactions facilitate absolute SIFT-MS analyses and can also be useful for the interpretation of data obtained by the other ambient analysis methods mentioned above. The essential physics and flow dynamics of SIFT-MS are described that, together with the reaction kinetics, allow SIFT-MS to perform absolute ambient analyses of trace compounds in humid atmospheric air, exhaled breath and the headspace of aqueous liquids. Several areas of research that, through pilot experiments, are seen to benefit from ambient gas analysis using SIFT-MS are briefly reviewed. Special attention is given to exhaled breath and urine headspace analysis directed towards clinical diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring, and some other areas researched using SIFT-MS are summarised. Finally, extensions to current areas of application and indications of other directions in which SIFT-MS can be exploited for ambient analysis are alluded to.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Smith
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, School of Medicine, Keele University, Hartshill, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
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76
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Spaněl P, Smith D. Progress in SIFT-MS: breath analysis and other applications. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:236-267. [PMID: 20648679 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Revised: 09/12/2009] [Accepted: 09/12/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The development of selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry, SIFT-MS, is described from its inception as the modified very large SIFT instruments used to demonstrate the feasibility of SIFT-MS as an analytical technique, towards the smaller but bulky transportable instruments and finally to the current smallest Profile 3 instruments that have been located in various places, including hospitals and schools to obtain on-line breath analyses. The essential physics and engineering principles are discussed, which must be appreciated to design and construct a SIFT-MS instrument. The versatility and sensitivity of the Profile 3 instrument is illustrated by typical mass spectra obtained using the three precursor ions H(3)O(+), NO(+) and O(2)(+)·, and the need to account for differential ionic diffusion and mass discrimination in the analytical algorithms is emphasized to obtain accurate trace gas analyses. The performance of the Profile 3 instrument is illustrated by the results of several pilot studies, including (i) on-line real time quantification of several breath metabolites for cohorts of healthy adults and children, which have provided representative concentration/population distributions, and the comparative analyses of breath exhaled via the mouth and nose that identify systemic and orally-generated compounds, (ii) the enhancement of breath metabolites by drug ingestion, (iii) the identification of HCN as a marker of Pseudomonas colonization of the airways and (iv) emission of volatile compounds from urine, especially ketone bodies, and from skin. Some very recent developments are discussed, including the quantification of carbon dioxide in breath and the combination of SIFT-MS with GC and ATD, and their significance. Finally, prospects for future SIFT-MS developments are alluded to.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Spaněl
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dolejškova 3, 182 23, Prague 8, Czech Republic.
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77
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Dinis-Oliveira RJ, Carvalho F, Duarte JA, Remião F, Marques A, Santos A, Magalhães T. Collection of biological samples in forensic toxicology. Toxicol Mech Methods 2010; 20:363-414. [PMID: 20615091 DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2010.497976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Forensic toxicology is the study and practice of the application of toxicology to the purposes of the law. The relevance of any finding is determined, in the first instance, by the nature and integrity of the specimen(s) submitted for analysis. This means that there are several specific challenges to select and collect specimens for ante-mortem and post-mortem toxicology investigation. Post-mortem specimens may be numerous and can endow some special difficulties compared to clinical specimens, namely those resulting from autolytic and putrefactive changes. Storage stability is also an important issue to be considered during the pre-analytic phase, since its consideration should facilitate the assessment of sample quality and the analytical result obtained from that sample. The knowledge on degradation mechanisms and methods to increase storage stability may enable the forensic toxicologist to circumvent possible difficulties. Therefore, advantages and limitations of specimen preservation procedures are thoroughfully discussed in this review. Presently, harmonized protocols for sampling in suspected intoxications would have obvious utility. In the present article an overview is given on sampling procedures for routinely collected specimens as well as on alternative specimens that may provide additional information on the route and timing of exposure to a specific xenobiotic. Last, but not least, a discussion on possible bias that can influence the interpretation of toxicological results is provided. This comprehensive review article is intented as a significant help for forensic toxicologists to accomplish their frequently overwhelming mission.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Dinis-Oliveira
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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78
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Boshier PR, Cushnir JR, Priest OH, Marczin N, Hanna GB. Variation in the levels of volatile trace gases within three hospital environments: implications for clinical breath testing. J Breath Res 2010; 4:031001. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/4/3/031001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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79
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Righettoni M, Tricoli A, Pratsinis SE. Si:WO3 Sensors for Highly Selective Detection of Acetone for Easy Diagnosis of Diabetes by Breath Analysis. Anal Chem 2010; 82:3581-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ac902695n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 485] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Righettoni
- Particle Technology Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Tricoli
- Particle Technology Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sotiris E. Pratsinis
- Particle Technology Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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80
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Monte WC. Methanol: A chemical Trojan horse as the root of the inscrutable U. Med Hypotheses 2010; 74:493-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2009.09.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2009] [Accepted: 09/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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81
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Instrumentation and Sensors for Human Breath Analysis. LECTURE NOTES IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-05167-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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82
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Turner C, Walton C, Hoashi S, Evans M. Breath acetone concentration decreases with blood glucose concentration in type I diabetes mellitus patients during hypoglycaemic clamps. J Breath Res 2009; 3:046004. [PMID: 21386197 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/3/4/046004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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83
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Wang C, Sahay P. Breath analysis using laser spectroscopic techniques: breath biomarkers, spectral fingerprints, and detection limits. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2009; 9:8230-62. [PMID: 22408503 PMCID: PMC3292105 DOI: 10.3390/s91008230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Revised: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 10/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Breath analysis, a promising new field of medicine and medical instrumentation, potentially offers noninvasive, real-time, and point-of-care (POC) disease diagnostics and metabolic status monitoring. Numerous breath biomarkers have been detected and quantified so far by using the GC-MS technique. Recent advances in laser spectroscopic techniques and laser sources have driven breath analysis to new heights, moving from laboratory research to commercial reality. Laser spectroscopic detection techniques not only have high-sensitivity and high-selectivity, as equivalently offered by the MS-based techniques, but also have the advantageous features of near real-time response, low instrument costs, and POC function. Of the approximately 35 established breath biomarkers, such as acetone, ammonia, carbon dioxide, ethane, methane, and nitric oxide, 14 species in exhaled human breath have been analyzed by high-sensitivity laser spectroscopic techniques, namely, tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS), cavity ringdown spectroscopy (CRDS), integrated cavity output spectroscopy (ICOS), cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy (CEAS), cavity leak-out spectroscopy (CALOS), photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS), quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS), and optical frequency comb cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy (OFC-CEAS). Spectral fingerprints of the measured biomarkers span from the UV to the mid-IR spectral regions and the detection limits achieved by the laser techniques range from parts per million to parts per billion levels. Sensors using the laser spectroscopic techniques for a few breath biomarkers, e.g., carbon dioxide, nitric oxide, etc. are commercially available. This review presents an update on the latest developments in laser-based breath analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuji Wang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and The Institute for Clean Energy Technology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39759, USA
| | - Peeyush Sahay
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and The Institute for Clean Energy Technology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39759, USA
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84
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Enderby B, Lenney W, Brady M, Emmett C, Španěl P, Smith D. Concentrations of some metabolites in the breath of healthy children aged 7–18 years measured using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS). J Breath Res 2009; 3:036001. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/3/3/036001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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85
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Schwarz K, Filipiak W, Amann A. Determining concentration patterns of volatile compounds in exhaled breath by PTR-MS. J Breath Res 2009; 3:027002. [PMID: 21383457 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/3/2/027002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) is a convenient technique for fast analysis of exhaled breath without prior sample preparation. Since compounds are not separated prior to analysis as in gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and since protonated molecules may fragment, relatively complex spectra may arise, which are not easily interpreted in a quantitative way. We calibrated 21 different compounds of importance for exhaled breath analysis, based on the respective pure standards diluted with nitrogen. These calibration measurements included determination of the fragmentation pattern of each compound under dry conditions and in the absence of CO(2). Even though the fragmentation pattern may be predicted in a qualitative manner, the quantitative details may depend on water and CO(2) content. This is exemplarily shown for isoprene. Out of the selected 21 compounds, 11 compounds showed substantial fragmentation (fragments proportion > 10%). Fragmentation of several volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the drift tube of PTR-MS has been previously observed (Buhr et al 2002 Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 221 1-7; Taipale et al 2008 Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. 8 9435-75; Hewitt et al 2003 J. Environ. Monit. 51-7; Warneke et al 2003 Environ. Sci. Technol. 37 2494-501; de Gouw and Warneke 2007 Mass Spectrom. Rev. 26 223-57; Pozo-Bayon et al 2008 J. Agric. Food Chem. 56 5278-84) and calibration factors for several compounds at corresponding mass-to-charge ratios have been calculated. In this paper, besides the calibration factors, the proportions of substantial fragments are also taken into account for a correct quantification in the case of overlapping signals. The spectrum of a mixture of the considered 21 compounds may be simulated. Conversely, the determination of concentrations from the spectrum of such a mixture is a linear optimization problem, whose solution is determined here using the simplex algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Schwarz
- Department of Operative Medicine, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstraße 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. Breath Research Unit of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Dammstrasse 22, A-6850 Dornbirn, Austria
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86
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Pysanenko A, Wang T, Spanel P, Smith D. Acetone, butanone, pentanone, hexanone and heptanone in the headspace of aqueous solution and urine studied by selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2009; 23:1097-1104. [PMID: 19280607 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Urine is commonly analysed in clinical practice by a variety of liquid-phase techniques to check for excessive ketone bodies, proteins and salts to name just a few compounds. However, little work has been carried out to measure the volatile compounds emitted by urine since these do not yet have an established role in clinical diagnosis. There is, however, a growing body of evidence that these volatile compounds can be indicators of adverse physiological conditions and disease and with the advent of sensitive gas-phase analytical methods they can be quickly quantified in urine headspace and potentially provide valuable support for clinical diagnosis. Thus, we are developing selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry, SIFT-MS, for the real-time analysis of urine headspace, ultimately to support rapid diagnosis in the clinical environment. In this paper we focus on volatile ketones in the headspace of aqueous solutions and urine donated by three healthy volunteers. Using SIFT-MS, we have unambiguously quantified in urine headspace acetone, by far the most abundant ketone, butanone, pentanone, hexanone and heptanone using NO(+) precursor ions. Further to this, we have determined the Henry's Law coefficients, HLC, for these ketones in aqueous solution to allow the liquid-phase concentrations in urine to be estimated from headspace levels of their vapours. In addition, the influence of the addition of physiological amounts of dissolved urea, sodium chloride and hydrochloric acid on the partitioning of these ketones between the aqueous phase and gas phase has been investigated and found to be small, which gives greater credence to the use of the HLC obtained using aqueous solutions for the estimation of ketone concentrations in urine. Finally, parallel measurements of the levels of acetone in exhaled breath and urine headspace have been obtained and shown to be very similar, which gives support to the previous deduction from breath analysis that acetone is a truly systemic compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andriy Pysanenko
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, School of Medicine, Keele University, Thornburrow Drive, Hartshill, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 7QB, UK
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87
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88
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Pleil JD. Role of exhaled breath biomarkers in environmental health science. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2008; 11:613-629. [PMID: 18821421 DOI: 10.1080/10937400701724329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
As a discipline of public health, environmental health science is the study of the linkage from environmental pollution sources to eventual adverse health outcome. This progression may be divided into two components, (1) "exposure assessment," which deals with the source terms, environmental transport, human exposure routes, and internal dose, and (2) "health effects," which deals with metabolism, cell damage, DNA changes, pathology, and onset of disease. The primary goal of understanding the linkage from source to health outcome is to provide the most effective and efficient environmental intervention methods to reduce health risk to the population. Biomarker measurements address an individual response to a common external environmental stressor. Biomarkers are substances within an individual and are subdivided into chemical markers, exogenous metabolites, endogenous response chemicals, and complex adducts (e.g., proteins, DNA). Standard biomarker measurements are performed in blood, urine, or other biological media such as adipose tissue and lavage fluid. In general, sample collection is invasive, requires medical personnel and a controlled environment, and generates infectious waste. Exploiting exhaled breath as an alternative or supplement to established biomarker measurements is attractive primarily because it allows a simpler collection procedure in the field for numerous individuals. Furthermore, because breath is a gas-phase matrix, volatile biomarkers become more readily accessible to analysis. This article describes successful environmental health applications of exhaled breath and proposes future research directions from the perspective of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) human exposure research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim D Pleil
- Human Exposure and Atmospheric Sciences Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA.
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89
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Pysanenko A, Španěl P, Smith D. A study of sulfur-containing compounds in mouth- and nose-exhaled breath and in the oral cavity using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry. J Breath Res 2008; 2:046004. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/2/4/046004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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90
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de Lacy Costello BPJ, Ewen RJ, Ratcliffe NM, Richards M. The characteristics of novel low-cost sensors for volatile biomarker detection. J Breath Res 2008; 2:037017. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/2/3/037017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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91
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Wang T, Pysanenko A, Dryahina K, Spaněl P, Smith D. Analysis of breath, exhaled via the mouth and nose, and the air in the oral cavity. J Breath Res 2008; 2:037013. [PMID: 21386174 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/2/3/037013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Analyses have been performed, using on-line selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS), of the breath of three healthy volunteers, as exhaled via the mouth and the nose and also of the air in the oral cavity during breath hold, each morning over a period of one month. Nine trace compounds have been quantified and concentration distributions have been constructed. Of these compounds, the levels of acetone, methanol and isoprene are the same in the mouth-exhaled and the nose-exhaled breath; hence, we deduce that these compounds are totally systemic. The levels of ammonia, ethanol and hydrogen cyanide are much lower in the nose-exhaled breath than in the mouth-exhaled breath and highest in the oral cavity, indicating that these compounds are largely generated in the mouth with little being released at the alveolar interface. Using the same ideas, both the low levels of propanol and acetaldehyde in mouth-exhaled breath appear to have both oral and systemic components. Formaldehyde is at levels in mouth- and nose-exhaled breath and the oral cavity that are lower than that of the ambient air and so its origin is difficult to ascertain, but it appears to be partially systemic. These results indicate that serious contamination of alveolar breath exhaled via the mouth can occur and if breath analysis is to be used to diagnose metabolic disease then analyses should be carried out of both mouth- and nose-exhaled breath to identify the major sources of particular trace compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianshu Wang
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, School of Medicine, Keele University, Thornburrow Drive, Hartshill, Stoke-on-Trent, ST4 7QB, UK
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92
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Costello BPJDL, Ewen RJ, Ratcliffe NM. A sensor system for monitoring the simple gases hydrogen, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia and ethanol in exhaled breath. J Breath Res 2008; 2:037011. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/2/3/037011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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93
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Cáp P, Dryahina K, Pehal F, Spanel P. Selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry of exhaled breath condensate headspace. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2008; 22:2844-2850. [PMID: 18712707 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Collection of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) is a relatively simple noninvasive method of breath analysis; however, no data have been reported that would relate concentration of volatile compounds in EBC to their gaseous concentrations in exhaled air. The aim of the study was to investigate which volatile compounds are present in EBC and how their concentrations relate to results of direct breath analysis. Thus, samples of EBC were collected in a standard way from several subjects and absolute levels of several common volatile breath metabolites (ammonia, acetone, ethanol, methanol, propanol, isoprene, hydrogen cyanide, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde) were then determined in their headspace using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS). Results are compared with those from on-line breath analyses carried out immediately before collecting the EBC samples. It has been demonstrated that SIFT-MS can be used to quantify the concentrations of volatiles in EBC samples and that, for methanol, ammonia, ethanol and acetone, the EBC concentrations correlate with the direct breath levels. However, the EBC concentrations of isoprene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, hydrogen cyanide and propanol do not correlate with direct breath measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Cáp
- Department of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Hospital Na Homolce, Institute for Postgraduate Medical Education, Prague, Czech Republic
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94
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Beauchamp J, Herbig J, Gutmann R, Hansel A. On the use of Tedlar® bags for breath-gas sampling and analysis. J Breath Res 2008; 2:046001. [PMID: 21386188 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/2/4/046001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The storage capability of Tedlar® bags for gaseous compounds was assessed using on-line proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS). Sample bags were filled with a mixture of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at known quantities in the ppbv range. The test gas included alcohol, nitrile, aldehyde, ketone, terpene and aromatic compounds. PTR-MS enabled frequent bag-direct measurements of compound abundances over a 70 h storage period. Concentrations of all compounds decreased with bag storage time, with compound-specific decay rates. The most rapid decline in concentration levels was seen for water vapour in the bag, i.e. sample humidity. Such a decrease is particularly relevant for breath-gas samples, where water vapour content is high. Compound losses were attributed to a combination of adsorption to and diffusion through the bag walls. Storage property observations suggest that sample analyses made within 10 h of sampling offer adequate sample authenticity replication. Based on observations, an appropriate bag-cleaning procedure was established and assessed. Results indicated that acceptable bag cleanliness for breath-gas sampling is achievable.
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95
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Španěl P, Smith D. Quantification of trace levels of the potential cancer biomarkers formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and propanol in breath by SIFT-MS. J Breath Res 2008; 2:046003. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/2/4/046003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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96
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Kushch I, Schwarz K, Schwentner L, Baumann B, Dzien A, Schmid A, Unterkofler K, Gastl G, Španěl P, Smith D, Amann A. Compounds enhanced in a mass spectrometric profile of smokers' exhaled breath versus non-smokers as determined in a pilot study using PTR-MS. J Breath Res 2008; 2:026002. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/2/2/026002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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97
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Turner C, Parekh B, Walton C, Spanel P, Smith D, Evans M. An exploratory comparative study of volatile compounds in exhaled breath and emitted by skin using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2008; 22:526-532. [PMID: 18215004 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS) has been used to carry out a pilot parallel study on five volunteers to determine changes occurring in several trace compounds present in exhaled breath and emitted from skin into a collection bag surrounding part of the arm, before and after ingesting 75 g of glucose in the fasting state. SIFT-MS enabled real-time quantification of ammonia, methanol, ethanol, propanol, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, isoprene and acetone. Following glucose ingestion, blood glucose and trace compound levels were measured every 30 min for 2 h. All the above compounds, except formaldehyde, were detected at the expected levels in exhaled breath of all volunteers; all the above compounds, except isoprene, were detected in the collection bag. Ammonia, methanol and ethanol were present at lower levels in the bag than in the breath. The aldehydes were present at higher levels in the bag than in breath. The blood glucose increased to a peak about 1 h post-ingestion, but this change was not obviously correlated with temporal changes in any of the compounds in breath or emitted by skin, except for acetone. The decrease in breath acetone was closely mirrored by skin-emitted acetone in three volunteers. Breath and skin acetone also clearly change with blood glucose and further work may ultimately enable inferences to be drawn of the blood glucose concentration from skin or breath measurements in type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Turner
- Cranfield Health, Cranfield University, Silsoe, Bedford MK45 4DT, UK.
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98
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Krkošová Ž, Kubinec R, Soják L, Amann A. Temperature-programmed gas chromatography linear retention indices of all C4–C30 monomethylalkanes on methylsilicone OV-1 stationary phase. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1179:59-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.10.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2007] [Accepted: 10/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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99
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Španel P, Dryahina K, Smith D. The concentration distributions of some metabolites in the exhaled breath of young adults. J Breath Res 2007; 1:026001. [PMID: 21383435 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/1/2/026001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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100
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Španěl P, Dryahina K, Smith D. Acetone, ammonia and hydrogen cyanide in exhaled breath of several volunteers aged 4–83 years. J Breath Res 2007; 1:011001. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/1/1/011001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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