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Lin CM, Kao WC, Yeh CA, Chen HJ, Lin SZ, Hsieh HH, Sun WS, Chang CH, Hung HS. Hyaluronic acid-fabricated nanogold delivery of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein-2 siRNAs inhibits benzo[a]pyrene-induced oncogenic properties of lung cancer A549 cells. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 26:105101. [PMID: 25693888 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/26/10/105101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), a component of cooking oil fumes (COF), promotes lung cancer cell proliferation and survival via the induction of inhibitor of apoptosis protein-2 (IAP-2) proteins. Thus knockdown of IAP-2 would be a promising way to battle against lung cancer caused by COF. Functionalized gold nanoparticle (AuNP) is an effective delivery system for bio-active materials. Here, biocompatible hyaluronic acid (HA) was fabricated into nanoparticles to increase the target specificity by binding to CD44-over-expressed cancer cells. IAP-2-specific small-interfering RNA (siRNAs) or fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) were then incorporated into AuNP-HA. Conjugation of IAP-2 siRNA into AuNPs-HA was verified by the UV-vis spectrometer and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. Further studies showed that AuNP-HA/FITC were effectively taken up by A549 cells through CD44-mediated endocytosis. Incubation of BaP-challenged cells with AuNP-HA-IAP-2 siRNAs silenced the expression of IAP-2, decreased cell proliferation and triggered pronounced cell apoptosis by the decrease in Bcl-2 protein and the increase in Bax protein as well as the active form of caspases-3. The BaP-elicited cell migration and enzymatic activity of the secreted matrix metalloproteinase-2 were also substantially suppressed by treatment with AuNP-HA-IAP-2 siRNAs. These results indicated that IAP-2 siRNAs can be efficiently delivered into A549 cells by functionalized AuNP-HA to repress the IAP-2 expression and BaP-induced oncogenic events, suggesting the potential therapeutic application of IAP-2 siRNA or other siRNA-conjugated AuNP-HA composites to COF-induced lung cancer and other gene-caused diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Ming Lin
- Department of Biotechnology, Ming Chuan University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, People's Republic of China
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52
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Brunetti V, Bouchet LM, Strumia MC. Nanoparticle-cored dendrimers: functional hybrid nanocomposites as a new platform for drug delivery systems. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:3808-3816. [PMID: 25566989 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr04438j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle-cored dendrimers (NCDs) are now offering themselves as versatile carriers because of their colloidal stability, tunable membrane properties and ability to encapsulate or integrate a broad range of drugs and molecules. This kind of hybrid nanocomposite aims to combine the advantages of stimuli-responsive dendritic coatings, in order to regulate the drug release behaviour under different conditions and improve the biocompatibility and in vivo half-time circulation of the inorganic nanoparticles. Size, surface chemistry and shape are key nanocarrier properties to evaluate. Here, we have reviewed the most recent advances of NCDs in drug delivery systems, compared their behaviour with non-dendritic stabilized nanoparticles and highlighted their challenges and promising applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Brunetti
- Departamento de Fisicoquímica (INFIQC, CONICET-UNC), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, (5016) Córdoba, Argentina
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53
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Jiang Y, Tang R, Duncan B, Jiang Z, Yan B, Mout R, Rotello VM. Direct cytosolic delivery of siRNA using nanoparticle-stabilized nanocapsules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:506-10. [PMID: 25393227 PMCID: PMC4314441 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201409161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The use of nanoparticle-stabilized nanocapsules (NPSCs) for the direct cytosolic delivery of siRNA is reported. In this approach, siRNA is complexed with cationic arginine-functionalized gold nanoparticles by electrostatic interactions, with the resulting ensemble self-assembled onto the surface of fatty acid nanodroplets to form a NPSC/siRNA nanocomplex. The complex rapidly delivers siRNA into the cytosol through membrane fusion, a mechanism supported by cellular uptake studies. Using destabilized green fluorescent protein (deGFP) as a target, 90% knockdown was observed in HEK293 cells. Moreover, the delivery of siRNA targeting polo-like kinase 1 (siPLK1) efficiently silenced PLK1 expression in cancer cells with concomitant cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA, Tel: (+1) 413-545-2058
| | - Rui Tang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA, Tel: (+1) 413-545-2058
| | - Bradley Duncan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA, Tel: (+1) 413-545-2058
| | - Ziwen Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA, Tel: (+1) 413-545-2058
| | - Bo Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA, Tel: (+1) 413-545-2058
| | - Rubul Mout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA, Tel: (+1) 413-545-2058
| | - Vincent M. Rotello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA, Tel: (+1) 413-545-2058
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54
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Niikura K, Kobayashi K, Takeuchi C, Fujitani N, Takahara S, Ninomiya T, Hagiwara K, Mitomo H, Ito Y, Osada Y, Ijiro K. Amphiphilic gold nanoparticles displaying flexible bifurcated ligands as a carrier for siRNA delivery into the cell cytosol. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:22146-54. [PMID: 25466488 DOI: 10.1021/am505577j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The nanoparticle-based delivery of siRNA with a noncationic outermost surface at a low particle concentration is greatly desired. We newly synthesized a bifurcated ligand (BL) possessing hydrophobic and hydrophilic arms as a surface ligand for gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to allow siRNA delivery. The concept underlying the design of this ligand is that amphiphilic property should allow AuNPs to permeate the cell cytosol thorough the endosomal membrane. BLs and quaternary cationic ligands were codisplayed on 40 nm AuNPs, which were subsequently coated with siRNA via electrostatic interaction. The number of siRNAs immobilized on a single nanoparticle was 26, and the conjugate showed a negative zeta potential due to siRNAs on the outermost surface of the AuNPs. Apparent gene silencing of luciferase expression in HeLa cells was achieved at an AuNP concentration as low as 60 pM. Almost no gene silencing was observed for AuNPs not displaying BLs. To reveal the effect of the BL, we compared the number of AuNPs internalized into HeLa cells and the localization in the cytosol between AuNPs displaying and those not displaying BLs. These analyses indicated that the role of BLs is not only the simple promotion of cellular uptake but also involves the enhancement of AuNPs permeation into the cytosol from the endosomes, leading to effective gene silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Niikura
- Research Institute for Electronic Science (RIES), Hokkaido University , Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
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55
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56
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Jiang Y, Tang R, Duncan B, Jiang Z, Yan B, Mout R, Rotello VM. Direct Cytosolic Delivery of siRNA Using Nanoparticle-Stabilized Nanocapsules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201409161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Li Y, Zheng S, Liang X, Jin Y, Wu Y, Bai H, Liu R, Dai Z, Liang Z, Shi T. Doping Hydroxylated Cationic Lipid into PEGylated Cerasome Boosts in Vivo siRNA Transfection Efficacy. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 25:2055-66. [DOI: 10.1021/bc500414e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Li
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China
- Nanomedicine
and Biosensor Laboratory, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P.R. China
| | - Shuquan Zheng
- Laboratory
of Nucleic Acid Technology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolong Liang
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China
| | - Yushen Jin
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China
- Nanomedicine
and Biosensor Laboratory, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P.R. China
| | - Yidi Wu
- Laboratory
of Nucleic Acid Technology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China
| | - Huichen Bai
- Suzhou Ribo Life Science Co. Ltd., Jiangsu 215300, China
| | - Renfa Liu
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China
| | - Zhifei Dai
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China
| | - Zicai Liang
- Laboratory
of Nucleic Acid Technology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China
| | - Tiejun Shi
- School
of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P.R. China
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58
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Hong CA, Nam YS. Functional nanostructures for effective delivery of small interfering RNA therapeutics. Am J Cancer Res 2014; 4:1211-32. [PMID: 25285170 PMCID: PMC4183999 DOI: 10.7150/thno.8491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Small interfering RNA (siRNA) has proved to be a powerful tool for target-specific gene silencing via RNA interference (RNAi). Its ability to control targeted gene expression gives new hope to gene therapy as a treatment for cancers and genetic diseases. However, siRNA shows poor pharmacological properties, such as low serum stability, off-targeting, and innate immune responses, which present a significant challenge for clinical applications. In addition, siRNA cannot cross the cell membrane for RNAi activity because of its anionic property and stiff structure. Therefore, the development of a safe, stable, and efficient system for the delivery of siRNA therapeutics into the cytoplasm of targeted cells is crucial. Several nanoparticle platforms for siRNA delivery have been developed to overcome the major hurdles facing the therapeutic uses of siRNA. This review covers a broad spectrum of non-viral siRNA delivery systems developed for enhanced cellular uptake and targeted gene silencing in vitro and in vivo and discusses their characteristics and opportunities for clinical applications of therapeutic siRNA.
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59
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Ramos J, Potta T, Scheideler O, Rege K. Parallel synthesis of poly(amino ether)-templated plasmonic nanoparticles for transgene delivery. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:14861-14873. [PMID: 25084138 PMCID: PMC4160262 DOI: 10.1021/am5017073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic nanoparticles have been increasingly investigated for numerous applications in medicine, sensing, and catalysis. In particular, gold nanoparticles have been investigated for separations, sensing, drug/nucleic acid delivery, and bioimaging. In addition, silver nanoparticles demonstrate antibacterial activity, resulting in potential application in treatments against microbial infections, burns, diabetic skin ulcers, and medical devices. Here, we describe the facile, parallel synthesis of both gold and silver nanoparticles using a small set of poly(amino ethers), or PAEs, derived from linear polyamines, under ambient conditions and in absence of additional reagents. The kinetics of nanoparticle formation were dependent on PAE concentration and chemical composition. In addition, yields were significantly greater in case of PAEs when compared to 25 kDa poly(ethylene imine), which was used as a standard catonic polymer. Ultraviolet radiation enhanced the kinetics and the yield of both gold and silver nanoparticles, likely by means of a coreduction effect. PAE-templated gold nanoparticles demonstrated the ability to deliver plasmid DNA, resulting in transgene expression, in 22Rv1 human prostate cancer and MB49 murine bladder cancer cell lines. Taken together, our results indicate that chemically diverse poly(amino ethers) can be employed for rapidly templating the formation of metal nanoparticles under ambient conditions. The simplicity of synthesis and chemical diversity make PAE-templated nanoparticles useful tools for several applications in biotechnology, including nucleic acid delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Ramos
- Biomedical
Engineering, School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-6106, United States
| | - Thrimoorthy Potta
- Chemical
Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-6106, United States
| | - Olivia Scheideler
- Department
of Biological Systems Engineering, University
of Nebraska—Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583-0726, United States
| | - Kaushal Rege
- Chemical
Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-6106, United States
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60
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RNAi for silencing drug resistance in microbes toward development of nanoantibiotics. J Control Release 2014; 189:150-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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61
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Physicochemical properties of nanomaterials: implication in associated toxic manifestations. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:498420. [PMID: 25165707 PMCID: PMC4140132 DOI: 10.1155/2014/498420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology has emerged as one of the leading fields of the science having tremendous application in diverse disciplines. As nanomaterials are increasingly becoming part of everyday consumer products, it is imperative to assess their impact on living organisms and on the environment. Physicochemical characteristics of nanoparticles and engineered nanomaterials including size, shape, chemical composition, physiochemical stability, crystal structure, surface area, surface energy, and surface roughness generally influence the toxic manifestations of these nanomaterials. This compels the research fraternity to evaluate the role of these properties in determining associated toxicity issues. Reckoning with this fact, in this paper, issues pertaining to the physicochemical properties of nanomaterials as it relates to the toxicity of the nanomaterials are discussed.
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62
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A facile strategy to functionalize gold nanorods with polycation brushes for biomedical applications. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:3786-94. [PMID: 24814878 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The fabrication of highly efficient nonviral gene carriers with low cytotoxicity remains a challenge in gene therapy. This paper reports a facile strategy to combine the advantages of gold nanorods (Au NRs) and polycations through surface functionalization. Different Au NR carriers with a controlled amount of poly(2-(N,N-dimethyl amino)ethyl methacrylate) (PDAEMA) brushes could be readily synthesized via surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization to achieve optimized nanohybrids for gene transfection. The obtained gene carriers demonstrate much higher gene transfection efficiency and lower cytotoxicity compared with polyethylenimine (∼25kDa, gold standard of nonviral gene vector) in both COS7 and HepG2 cell lines. In addition, the potential of the PDMAEMA-grafted Au NR carriers to be utilized as a computed tomography contrast agent for the imaging of cancer cells has also been investigated. This strategy may realize the gene therapy and real-time imaging within one nanostructure and facilitate biomedical applications.
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63
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Ku SH, Kim K, Choi K, Kim SH, Kwon IC. Tumor-targeting multifunctional nanoparticles for siRNA delivery: recent advances in cancer therapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2014; 3:1182-93. [PMID: 24577795 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201300607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a naturally occurring regulatory process that controls posttranscriptional gene expression. Small interfering RNA (siRNA), a common form of RNAi-based therapeutics, offers new opportunities for cancer therapy via silencing specific genes, which are associated to cancer progress. However, clinical applications of RNAi-based therapy are still limited due to the easy degradation of siRNA during body circulation and the difficulty in the delivery of siRNA to desired tissues and cells. Thus, there have been many efforts to develop efficient siRNA delivery systems, which protect siRNA from serum nucleases and deliver siRNA to the intracellular region of target cells. Here, the recent advances in siRNA nanocarriers, which possess tumor-targeting ability are reviewed; various nanoparticle systems and their antitumor effects are summarized. The development of multifunctional nanocarriers for theranostics or combinatorial therapy is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sook Hee Ku
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute; Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST); Seoul 136-791 Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangmeyung Kim
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute; Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST); Seoul 136-791 Republic of Korea
| | - Kuiwon Choi
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute; Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST); Seoul 136-791 Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Hwa Kim
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute; Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST); Seoul 136-791 Republic of Korea
| | - Ick Chan Kwon
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute; Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST); Seoul 136-791 Republic of Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology; Korea University; Seoul 136-701 Republic of Korea
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Abstract
Gene therapy with siRNA is a promising biotechnology to treat cancer and other diseases. To realize siRNA-based gene therapy, a safe and efficient delivery method is essential. Nanoparticle mediated siRNA delivery is of great importance to overcome biological barriers for systemic delivery in vivo. Based on recent discoveries, endosomal escape is a critical biological barrier to be overcome for siRNA delivery. This feature article focuses on endosomal escape strategies used for nanoparticle mediated siRNA delivery, including cationic polymers, pH sensitive polymers, calcium phosphate, and cell penetrating peptides. Work has been done to develop different endosomal escape strategies based on nanoparticle types, administration routes, and target organ/cell types. Also, enhancement of endosomal escape has been considered along with other aspects of siRNA delivery to ensure target specific accumulation, high cell uptake, and low toxicity. By enhancing endosomal escape and overcoming other biological barriers, great progress has been achieved in nanoparticle mediated siRNA delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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65
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Draz MS, Fang BA, Zhang P, Hu Z, Gu S, Weng KC, Gray JW, Chen FF. Nanoparticle-mediated systemic delivery of siRNA for treatment of cancers and viral infections. Am J Cancer Res 2014; 4:872-92. [PMID: 25057313 PMCID: PMC4107289 DOI: 10.7150/thno.9404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is an endogenous post-transcriptional gene regulatory mechanism, where non-coding, double-stranded RNA molecules interfere with the expression of certain genes in order to silence it. Since its discovery, this phenomenon has evolved as powerful technology to diagnose and treat diseases at cellular and molecular levels. With a lot of attention, short interfering RNA (siRNA) therapeutics has brought a great hope for treatment of various undruggable diseases, including genetic diseases, cancer, and resistant viral infections. However, the challenge of their systemic delivery and on how they are integrated to exhibit the desired properties and functions remains a key bottleneck for realizing its full potential. Nanoparticles are currently well known to exhibit a number of unique properties that could be strategically tailored into new advanced siRNA delivery systems. This review summarizes the various nanoparticulate systems developed so far in the literature for systemic delivery of siRNA, which include silica and silicon-based nanoparticles, metal and metal oxides nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, graphene, dendrimers, polymers, cyclodextrins, lipids, hydrogels, and semiconductor nanocrystals. Challenges and barriers to the delivery of siRNA and the role of different nanoparticles to surmount these challenges are also included in the review.
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66
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Yuan Y, Ding D, Li K, Liu J, Liu B. Tumor-responsive fluorescent light-up probe based on a gold nanoparticle/conjugated polyelectrolyte hybrid. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2014; 10:1967-1975. [PMID: 24616338 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201302765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A tumor-responsive nanoprobe based on a conjugated polyelectrolyte and gold nanoparticle (AuNP) hybrid was designed to response to the low pH extracellular microenvironment in tumor with light-up fluorescence. AuNPs with positive surface charges were prepared by direct reducing Au salt with sodium borohydride and stabilized by cystamine. A pH triggered charge-reversible polymer and a water-soluble cationic conjugated polyelectrolyte (CPE) were sequentially deposited onto the AuNP surface through electrostatic interaction. The obtained hybrid probe is monodispersed with an average diameter of 68.3 nm by dynamic light scattering measurement. In physiological conditions (pH ≈ 7.4), the hybrid probe is almost non-fluorescent due to the super-quenching of CPE by AuNPs via energy/charge transfer and efficient exciton migration along the polymer backbone. When exposed to acidic extracellular microenvironments in tumor (pH(e) ≈ 6.5), the acid-labile amides hydrolyze into primary amines. The generated amine groups result in strong electrostatic repulsion between CPE and AuNPs, leading to recovered probe fluorescence. The fluorescence turn-on is further utilized for tumor extracellular acidic microenvironment imaging. In addition, under in vivo conditions, the nanosized hybrid probe exhibits specific accumulation in tumor tissue with light-up fluorescence, which provides new opportunities for easy tumor imaging and identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youyong Yuan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, 117576
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67
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Yeh YC, Kim ST, Tang R, Yan B, Rotello VM. Insulin-Based Regulation of Glucose-functionalized Nanoparticle Uptake in Muscle Cells. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:10.1039/C4TB00608A. [PMID: 25089564 PMCID: PMC4116632 DOI: 10.1039/c4tb00608a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Effective regulation of nanoparticle (NP) uptake facilitates the NP-based therapeutics and diagnostics. Here, we report the use of insulin and 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) to modulate the cellular uptake of glucose-functionalized quantum dots (Glc-QDs) in C2C12 muscle cells. The cellular uptake of Glc-QDs can be modulated up to almost two-fold under insulin stimulation while be down-regulated in the presence of 2-DG. These results demonstrate the use of secondary regulators to control the cellular uptake of NPs through membrane protein recognition in a specific and fine-tunable fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rui Tang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA, Tel.: (+1) 413-545-2058; Fax: (+1) 413-545-4490
| | - Bo Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA, Tel.: (+1) 413-545-2058; Fax: (+1) 413-545-4490
| | - Vincent M. Rotello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA, Tel.: (+1) 413-545-2058; Fax: (+1) 413-545-4490
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68
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Gold nanoparticles for nucleic acid delivery. Mol Ther 2014; 22:1075-1083. [PMID: 24599278 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2014.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles provide an attractive and applicable scaffold for delivery of nucleic acids. In this review, we focus on the use of covalent and noncovalent gold nanoparticle conjugates for applications in gene delivery and RNA-interference technologies. We also discuss challenges in nucleic acid delivery, including endosomal entrapment/escape and active delivery/presentation of nucleic acids in the cell.
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69
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Lee J, Chatterjee DK, Lee MH, Krishnan S. Gold nanoparticles in breast cancer treatment: promise and potential pitfalls. Cancer Lett 2014; 347:46-53. [PMID: 24556077 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite remarkable achievements in the treatment of breast cancer, some obstacles still remain. Gold nanoparticles may prove valuable in addressing these problems owing to their unique characteristics, including their enhanced permeability and retention in tumor tissue, their light absorbance and surface plasmon resonance in near-infrared light, their interaction with radiation to generate secondary electrons, and their ability to be conjugated with drugs or other agents. Herein, we discuss some basic concepts of gold nanoparticles, and early results from studies regarding their use in breast cancer, including toxicity and side effects. We also discuss these particles' potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihyoun Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Surgery, Soon Chun Hyang University Hospital, 657 Hannam-dong, Yongsangu, Seoul 140-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Dev Kumar Chatterjee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Min Hyuk Lee
- Department of Surgery, Soon Chun Hyang University Hospital, 657 Hannam-dong, Yongsangu, Seoul 140-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunil Krishnan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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70
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Figueroa ER, Lin AY, Yan J, Luo L, Foster AE, Drezek RA. Optimization of PAMAM-gold nanoparticle conjugation for gene therapy. Biomaterials 2014; 35:1725-1734. [PMID: 24286816 PMCID: PMC3906732 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The development of efficient and biocompatible non-viral vectors for gene therapy remains a great challenge, and exploiting the properties of both nanoparticle carriers and cationic polymers is an attractive approach. In this work, we have developed gold nanoparticle (AuNP) polyamidoamine (PAMAM) conjugates for use as non-viral transfection agents. AuPAMAM conjugates were prepared by crosslinking PAMAM dendrimers to carboxylic-terminated AuNPs via EDC and sulfo-NHS chemistry. EDC and sulfo-NHS have been utilized widely and in numerous applications such as amino acid coupling; however, their use in the coupling of PAMAM dendrimers to AuNPs presents new challenges to form effective and stable constructs for delivery that have not yet been examined. Enhanced colloidal stability and DNA condensation ability was established by probing two critical synthetic parameters: the reaction rate of the PAMAM crosslinking step, and the amine to carboxyl ratio. Based on this work, increasing the amine to carboxyl ratio during conjugation of PAMAM onto AuNPs yielded the optimal vector with respect to colloidal stability and transfection efficiency in vitro. AuPAMAM conjugates present attractive candidates for non-viral gene delivery due to their commercial availability, ease of fabrication and scale-up, high yield, high transfection efficiency and low cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam Y. Lin
- Rice University, Department of Bioengineering, 6500 Main St, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jiaxi Yan
- Rice University, Department of Bioengineering, 6500 Main St, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Laureen Luo
- Rice University, Department of Bioengineering, 6500 Main St, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Rebekah A. Drezek
- Rice University, Department of Bioengineering, 6500 Main St, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION RNA interference (RNAi) is a powerful mechanism for gene silencing with the potential to greatly impact the development of new therapies for many human diseases. Short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) may be the ideal molecules for therapeutic RNAi. However, therapeutic siRNAs face significant challenges that must be overcome prior to widespread clinical use. Many efforts have been made to overcome the hurdles associated with systemic administration of siRNA; however, current approaches are still limited. As such, there is an urgent need to develop new strategies for siRNA delivery that have the potential to impact a broad spectrum of systemic diseases. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on the promise of siRNA therapies and highlights current siRNA delivery methods. With an eye toward new strategies, this review first introduces high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and describes its natural biological functions, and then transitions into how HDLs may provide significant opportunities as next-generation siRNA delivery vehicles. Importantly, this review describes how synthetic HDLs leverage the natural ability of HDL to stabilize and deliver siRNAs. EXPERT OPINION HDLs are natural nanoparticles that are critical to understanding the systemic delivery of therapeutic nucleic acids, like siRNA. Methods to synthesize biomimetic HDLs are being explored, and data demonstrate that this type of delivery vehicle may be highly beneficial for targeted and efficacious systemic delivery of siRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaylin Marie McMahon
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Urology , 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Tarry 16-703, Chicago, IL 60611 , USA +1 312 503 9354 ; +1 312 503 1867 ;
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Li HJ, Wang HX, Sun CY, Du JZ, Wang J. Shell-detachable nanoparticles based on a light-responsive amphiphile for enhanced siRNA delivery. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra44866e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Ramos J, Rege K. Poly(aminoether)-gold nanorod assemblies for shRNA plasmid-induced gene silencing. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:4107-19. [PMID: 24066795 DOI: 10.1021/mp400080f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Gold nanorods (GNRs) have emerged as promising nanomaterials for biosensing, imaging, photothermal hyperthermia treatments, and therapeutic delivery for several diseases. We generated poly(aminoether)-GNR nanoassemblies using a layer-by-layer deposition approach based on the 1,4C-1,4Bis polymer from a library recently synthesized in our laboratory. Subtoxic concentrations of 1,4C-1,4Bis-GNR nanoassemblies were employed to deliver expression vectors that express shRNA ("shRNA plasmid") against firefly luciferase gene to knock down expression of the protein constitutively expressed in prostate cancer cells. The role of hydrodynamic size and zeta potential in determining nanoassembly mediated luciferase silencing was investigated. Finally, the theranostic potential of 1,4C-1,4Bis-GNR nanoassemblies was demonstrated using live cell two-photon induced luminescence bioimaging. Our results indicate that poly(aminoether)-GNR nanoassemblies are a promising theranostic platform for delivery of therapeutic payloads capable of simultaneous gene silencing and bioimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Ramos
- Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering and ‡Chemical Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University , 501 E. Tyler Mall, ECG 303, Tempe, Arizona 85287-6106, United States
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Conde J, Tian F, Hernández Y, Bao C, Cui D, Janssen KP, Ibarra MR, Baptista PV, Stoeger T, de la Fuente JM. In vivo tumor targeting via nanoparticle-mediated therapeutic siRNA coupled to inflammatory response in lung cancer mouse models. Biomaterials 2013; 34:7744-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Water-in-oil microemulsion doped with gold nanoparticle decorated single walled carbon nanotube: scaffold for enhancing lipase activity. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 113:442-9. [PMID: 24148754 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The present work reports the development of water-in-oil (w/o) microemulsion doped with newly designed nanocomposite comprising of gold nanoparticle (GNP) decorated single walled carbon nanotube (SWNT). This nanocomposite included cationic reverse micelle was used to boost the catalytic activity of a surface-active enzyme, Chromobacterium viscosum lipase (CV lipase). SWNT was non-covalently dispersed using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), cetylalaninetrimethylammonium chloride (CATAC) while GNP was synthesized by reduction of HAuCl4 with reducing/stabilizing agent trisodium citrate. Counterion exchange between cationic SWNT dispersing agent and anionic capping agent of GNP led to the formation of GNP decorated SWNT (SWNT-GNP) nanocomposite. This newly developed SWNT-GNP included CTAB reverse micelle was characterized by several microscopic and spectroscopic techniques. Interfacially located SWNT-GNP included w/o microemulsion (confirmed from biphasic and fluorescence experiment) was used as a proficient host for enhancing the catalytic activity of lipase. Lipase activity within this self-assembled soft nanocomposite improved up to 3.9-fold (second order rate constant, k2=1694±16 cm(3) g(-1) s(-1)) compared to standard CTAB reverse micelle (k2=433±7 cm(3) g(-1) s(-1)). In case of cetyltripropyl ammonium bromide (CTPAB) based reverse micelle, the observed lipase activity improved to k2=2036±11 cm(3) g(-1) s(-1) in the presence of SWNT-GNP composite. Notably, this catalytic activity of lipase within SWNT-GNP included reverse micelle was till date the highest activity found in any w/o microemulsion. The attainment of flexibility in enzyme conformation at the augmented interface was verified using circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy.
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Wang Z, Liu G, Zheng H, Chen X. Rigid nanoparticle-based delivery of anti-cancer siRNA: challenges and opportunities. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 32:831-43. [PMID: 24013011 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy is a promising strategy to treat various genetic and acquired diseases. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) is a revolutionary tool for gene therapy and the analysis of gene function. However, the development of a safe, efficient, and targetable non-viral siRNA delivery system remains a major challenge in gene therapy. An ideal delivery system should be able to encapsulate and protect the siRNA cargo from serum proteins, exhibit target tissue and cell specificity, penetrate the cell membrane, and release its cargo in the desired intracellular compartment. Nanomedicine has the potential to deal with these challenges faced by siRNA delivery. The unique characteristics of rigid nanoparticles mostly inorganic nanoparticles and allotropes of carbon nanomaterials, including high surface area, facile surface modification, controllable size, and excellent magnetic/optical/electrical properties, make them promising candidates for targeted siRNA delivery. In this review, recent progresses on rigid nanoparticle-based siRNA delivery systems will be summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Wang
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China; Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for MRI, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China; State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; MOE key Lab of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Hairong Zheng
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for MRI, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Tao Y, Li Z, Ju E, Ren J, Qu X. Polycations-functionalized water-soluble gold nanoclusters: a potential platform for simultaneous enhanced gene delivery and cell imaging. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:6154-60. [PMID: 23727891 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr01326j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Noble metal nanoclusters have emerged as a fascinating area of widespread interest in nanomaterials. Herein, we report the synthesis of the PEI-templated gold nanoclusters (PEI-AuNCs) as an efficient carrier for gene delivery. The PEI-AuNCs integrate the advantages of PEI and AuNCs: the presence of AuNCs can effectively decrease the cytotoxicity of PEI, making it possible to apply them in biological systems, while the cationic polymer layer PEI with positive charges is essential for enhanced gene transfection efficiency. In addition, with excellent photoluminescent properties, the AuNCs also endow our system with the versatility of fluorescent imaging, indicating a great potential as an ideal fluorescent probe to track the transfection behavior. Our studies provide strong evidence that the PEI-AuNCs can be utilized as efficient gene delivery agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tao
- State Key laboratory of Rare Earth Resources Utilization and Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, PR China
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78
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Nikitenko NA, Prassolov VS. Non-Viral Delivery and Therapeutic Application of Small Interfering RNAs. Acta Naturae 2013; 5:35-53. [PMID: 24303201 PMCID: PMC3848066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a powerful method used for gene expression regulation. The increasing knowledge about the molecular mechanism of this phenomenon creates new avenues for the application of the RNAi technology in the treatment of various human diseases. However, delivery of RNA interference mediators, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), to target cells is a major hurdle. Effective and safe pharmacological use of siRNAs requires carriers that can deliver siRNA to its target site and the development of methods for protection of these fragile molecules from in vivo degradation. This review summarizes various strategies for siRNA delivery, including chemical modification and non-viral approaches, such as the polymer-based, peptide-based, lipid-based techniques, and inorganic nanosystems. The advantages, disadvantages, and prospects for the therapeutic application of these methods are also examined in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. A. Nikitenko
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova Str., 32, Moscow, Russia, 119991
| | - V. S. Prassolov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova Str., 32, Moscow, Russia, 119991
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79
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Dendrimers for siRNA Delivery. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2013; 6:161-83. [PMID: 24275946 PMCID: PMC3816686 DOI: 10.3390/ph6020161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of the “starburst polymer”, later renamed as dendrimer, this class of polymers has gained considerable attention for numerous biomedical applications, due mainly to the unique characteristics of this macromolecule, including its monodispersity, uniformity, and the presence of numerous functionalizable terminal groups. In recent years, dendrimers have been studied extensively for their potential application as carriers for nucleic acid therapeutics, which utilize the cationic charge of the dendrimers for effective dendrimer-nucleic acid condensation. siRNA is considered a promising, versatile tool among various RNAi-based therapeutics, which can effectively regulate gene expression if delivered successfully inside the cells. This review reports on the advancements in the development of dendrimers as siRNA carriers.
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80
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Muroski ME, Kogot JM, Strouse GF. Bimodal gold nanoparticle therapeutics for manipulating exogenous and endogenous protein levels in mammalian cells. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:19722-30. [PMID: 23131062 DOI: 10.1021/ja307502x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A new advance in cell transfection protocol using a bimodal nanoparticle agent to selectively manipulate protein expression levels within mammalian cells is demonstrated. The nanoparticle based transfection approach functions by controlled release of gene regulatory elements from a 6 nm AuNP (gold nanoparticle) surface. The endosomal release of the regulatory elements from the nanoparticle surface results in endogenous protein knockdown simultaneously with exogenous protein expression for the first 48 h. The use of fluorescent proteins as the endogenous and exogenous signals for protein expression enables the efficiency of codelivery of siRNA (small interfering RNA) for GFP (green fluorescent protein) knockdown and a dsRed-express linearized plasmid for induction to be optically analyzed in CRL-2794, a human kidney cell line expressing an unstable green fluorescent protein. Delivery of the bimodal nanoparticle in cationic liposomes results in 20% GFP knockdown within 24 h of delivery and continues exhibiting knockdown for up to 48 h for the bimodal agent. Simultaneous dsRed expression is observed to initiate within the same time frame with expression levels reaching 34% after 25 days although cells have divided approximately 20 times, implying daughter cell transfection has occurred. Fluorescence cell sorting results in a stable colony, as demonstrated by Western blot analysis. The simultaneous delivery of siRNA and linearized plasmid DNA on the surface of a single nanocrystal provides a unique method for definitive genetic control within a single cell and leads to a very efficient cell transfection protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Muroski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Institute for Molecular Biophysics, The Florida State University, Florida 32306-4390, United States
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