51
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Padgett J, Santos SDM. From clocks to dominoes: lessons on cell cycle remodelling from embryonic stem cells. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:2031-2045. [PMID: 32535913 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cell division is a fundamental cellular process and the evolutionarily conserved networks that control cell division cycles adapt during development, tissue regeneration, cell de-differentiation and reprogramming, and a variety of pathological conditions. Embryonic development is a prime example of such versatility: fast, clock-like divisions hallmarking embryonic cells at early developmental stages become slower and controlled during cellular differentiation and lineage specification. In this review, we compare and contrast the unique cell cycle of mouse and human embryonic stem cells with that of early embryonic cells and of differentiated cells. We propose that embryonic stem cells provide an extraordinarily useful model system to understand cell cycle remodelling during embryonic-to-somatic transitions. We discuss how cell cycle networks help sustain embryonic stem cell pluripotency and self-renewal and how they safeguard cell identity and proper cell number in differentiated cells. Finally, we highlight the incredible diversity in cell cycle regulation within mammals and discuss the implications of studying cell cycle remodelling for understanding healthy and disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Padgett
- Quantitative Cell Biology Lab, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Silvia D M Santos
- Quantitative Cell Biology Lab, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
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52
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Mekhemar M, Tölle J, Dörfer C, Fawzy El‐Sayed K. TLR3 ligation affects differentiation and stemness properties of gingival mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells. J Clin Periodontol 2020; 47:991-1005. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Mekhemar
- Clinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology School of Dental Medicine Christian‐Albrecht’s University Kiel Germany
- Universitätsklinikum SchleswigȐHolstein Ȑ Campus, Kiel
| | - Johannes Tölle
- Clinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology School of Dental Medicine Christian‐Albrecht’s University Kiel Germany
| | - Christof Dörfer
- Clinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology School of Dental Medicine Christian‐Albrecht’s University Kiel Germany
| | - Karim Fawzy El‐Sayed
- Clinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology School of Dental Medicine Christian‐Albrecht’s University Kiel Germany
- Oral Medicine and Periodontology Department Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine Cairo University Cairo Egypt
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53
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Lau KX, Mason EA, Kie J, De Souza DP, Kloehn J, Tull D, McConville MJ, Keniry A, Beck T, Blewitt ME, Ritchie ME, Naik SH, Zalcenstein D, Korn O, Su S, Romero IG, Spruce C, Baker CL, McGarr TC, Wells CA, Pera MF. Unique properties of a subset of human pluripotent stem cells with high capacity for self-renewal. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2420. [PMID: 32415101 PMCID: PMC7229198 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16214-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Archetypal human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) are widely considered to be equivalent in developmental status to mouse epiblast stem cells, which correspond to pluripotent cells at a late post-implantation stage of embryogenesis. Heterogeneity within hPSC cultures complicates this interspecies comparison. Here we show that a subpopulation of archetypal hPSC enriched for high self-renewal capacity (ESR) has distinct properties relative to the bulk of the population, including a cell cycle with a very low G1 fraction and a metabolomic profile that reflects a combination of oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis. ESR cells are pluripotent and capable of differentiation into primordial germ cell-like cells. Global DNA methylation levels in the ESR subpopulation are lower than those in mouse epiblast stem cells. Chromatin accessibility analysis revealed a unique set of open chromatin sites in ESR cells. RNA-seq at the subpopulation and single cell levels shows that, unlike mouse epiblast stem cells, the ESR subset of hPSC displays no lineage priming, and that it can be clearly distinguished from gastrulating and extraembryonic cell populations in the primate embryo. ESR hPSC correspond to an earlier stage of post-implantation development than mouse epiblast stem cells. Human pluripotent cells (hPSCs) in standard culture are similar to mouse epiblast cells, but heterogeneity within hPSC cultures complicates comparisons. Here the authors show that a subpopulation of hPSCs enriched for self-renewal capacity have distinct cell cycle, metabolic, DNA methylation, and ATAC-seq profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin X Lau
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Elizabeth A Mason
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia.,Centre for Stem Cell Systems, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Joshua Kie
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - David P De Souza
- Metabolomics Australia, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Joachim Kloehn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Dedreia Tull
- Metabolomics Australia, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Malcolm J McConville
- Metabolomics Australia, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Andrew Keniry
- Division of Molecular Medicine, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Tamara Beck
- Division of Molecular Medicine, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Marnie E Blewitt
- Division of Molecular Medicine, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Matthew E Ritchie
- Division of Molecular Medicine, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Shalin H Naik
- Division of Molecular Medicine, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Daniela Zalcenstein
- Division of Molecular Medicine, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Othmar Korn
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Shian Su
- Division of Molecular Medicine, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Irene Gallego Romero
- Melbourne Integrative Genomics, School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Christine A Wells
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia.,Centre for Stem Cell Systems, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia.,Divisions of Cancer and Hematology and Molecular Medicine, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Martin F Pera
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia. .,Division of Molecular Medicine, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia. .,The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, 04609, USA. .,The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.
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54
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Chang Y, Hellwarth PB, Randolph LN, Sun Y, Xing Y, Zhu W, Lian XL, Bao X. Fluorescent indicators for continuous and lineage-specific reporting of cell-cycle phases in human pluripotent stem cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:2177-2186. [PMID: 32277708 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Proper cell-cycle progression is essential for the self-renewal and differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). The fluorescent ubiquitination-based cell-cycle indicator (FUCCI) has allowed the dual-color visualization of the G1 and S/G2 /M phases in various dynamic models, but its application in hPSCs is not widely reported. In addition, lineage-specific FUCCI reporters have not yet been developed to analyze complex tissue-specific cell-cycle progression during hPSC differentiation. Desiring a robust tool for spatiotemporal reporting of cell-cycle events in hPSCs, we employed the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing tool and successfully knocked the FUCCI reporter into the AAVS1 safe harbor locus of hPSCs for stable and constitutive FUCCI expression, exhibiting reliable cell-cycle-dependent fluorescence in both hPSCs and their differentiated progeny. We also established a cardiac-specific TNNT2-FUCCI reporter for lineage-specific cell-cycle monitoring of cardiomyocyte differentiation from hPSCs. This powerful and modular FUCCI system should provide numerous opportunities for studying human cell-cycle activity, and enable the identification and investigation of novel regulators for adult tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Chang
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Peter B Hellwarth
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Lauren N Randolph
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huck institutes of the Life Sciences, Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Yufei Sun
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Yuxian Xing
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Wuqiang Zhu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | - Xiaojun Lance Lian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huck institutes of the Life Sciences, Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Xiaoping Bao
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
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55
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Vinogradov AE, Anatskaya OV. Cell-cycle dependence of transcriptome gene modules: comparison of regression lines. FEBS J 2020; 287:4427-4439. [PMID: 32083797 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The transcriptome consists of various gene modules that can be mutually dependent, and ignoring these dependencies may lead to misinterpretation. The most important problem is module dependence on cell-cycle activity. Using meta-analysis of over 30 000 single-cell transcriptomes, we show gene module dependencies on cell-cycle signature, which can be consistently observed in various normal and cancer cells. Transcript levels of receptors, plasma membrane, and differentiation-related genes are negatively regressed on cell-cycle signature. Pluripotency, stress response, DNA repair, chromatin remodeling, proteasomal protein degradation, protein network connectivity, and unicellular evolutionary origin are regressed positively. These effects cannot be explained by partial overlap of corresponding gene sets because they remain if the overlapped genes were removed. We propose a visual analysis of gene module-specific regression lines as complement to an uncurated enrichment analysis. The different lines for a same gene module indicate different cell conditions. The approach is tested on several problems (polyploidy, pluripotency, cancer, phylostratigraphy). Intriguingly, we found variation in cell-cycle activity, which is independent of cell progression through the cycle. The upregulation of G2/M checkpoint genes with downregulation of G2/M transition and cytokinesis is revealed in polyploid cells. A temporal increase in cell-cycle activity at transition from pluripotent to more differentiated state is found in human embryonic stem cells. The upregulation of unicellular interactome cluster in human cancers is shown in single cells with control for cell-cycle activity. The greater scatter around regression line in cancer cells suggests greater heterogeneity caused by deviation from a line of normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olga V Anatskaya
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
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56
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Wang X, Voronina E. Diverse Roles of PUF Proteins in Germline Stem and Progenitor Cell Development in C. elegans. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:29. [PMID: 32117964 PMCID: PMC7015873 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell development depends on post-transcriptional regulation mediated by RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) (Zhang et al., 1997; Forbes and Lehmann, 1998; Okano et al., 2005; Ratti et al., 2006; Kwon et al., 2013). Pumilio and FBF (PUF) family RBPs are highly conserved post-transcriptional regulators that are critical for stem cell maintenance (Wickens et al., 2002; Quenault et al., 2011). The RNA-binding domains of PUF proteins recognize a family of related sequence motifs in the target mRNAs, yet individual PUF proteins have clearly distinct biological functions (Lu et al., 2009; Wang et al., 2018). The C. elegans germline is a simple and powerful model system for analyzing regulation of stem cell development. Studies in C. elegans uncovered specific physiological roles for PUFs expressed in the germline stem cells ranging from control of proliferation and differentiation to regulation of the sperm/oocyte decision. Importantly, recent studies started to illuminate the mechanisms behind PUF functional divergence. This review summarizes the many roles of PUF-8, FBF-1, and FBF-2 in germline stem and progenitor cells (SPCs) and discusses the factors accounting for their distinct biological functions. PUF proteins are conserved in evolution, and insights into PUF-mediated regulation provided by the C. elegans model system are likely relevant for other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Wang
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
| | - Ekaterina Voronina
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
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57
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Viner-Breuer R, Yilmaz A, Benvenisty N, Goldberg M. The essentiality landscape of cell cycle related genes in human pluripotent and cancer cells. Cell Div 2020; 14:15. [PMID: 31889988 PMCID: PMC6927170 DOI: 10.1186/s13008-019-0058-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cell cycle regulation is a complex system consisting of growth-promoting and growth-restricting mechanisms, whose coordinated activity is vital for proper division and propagation. Alterations in this regulation may lead to uncontrolled proliferation and genomic instability, triggering carcinogenesis. Here, we conducted a comprehensive bioinformatic analysis of cell cycle-related genes using data from CRISPR/Cas9 loss-of-function screens performed in four cancer cell lines and in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). Results Cell cycle genes, and in particular S phase and checkpoint genes, are highly essential for the growth of cancer and pluripotent cells. However, checkpoint genes are also found to underlie the differences between the cell cycle features of these cell types. Interestingly, while growth-promoting cell cycle genes overlap considerably between cancer and stem cells, growth-restricting cell cycle genes are completely distinct. Moreover, growth-restricting genes are consistently less frequent in cancer cells than in hESCs. Here we show that most of these genes are regulated by the tumor suppressor gene TP53, which is mutated in most cancer cells. Therefore, the growth-restriction system in cancer cells lacks important factors and does not function properly. Intriguingly, M phase genes are specifically essential for the growth of hESCs and are highly abundant among hESC-enriched genes. Conclusions Our results highlight the differences in cell cycle regulation between cell types and emphasize the importance of conducting cell cycle studies in cells with intact genomes, in order to obtain an authentic representation of the genetic features of the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Viner-Breuer
- 1The Azrieli Center for Stem Cells and Genetic Research, The Hebrew University, Givat-Ram, 9190401 Jerusalem, Israel.,2Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University, Givat-Ram, 9190401 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Atilgan Yilmaz
- 1The Azrieli Center for Stem Cells and Genetic Research, The Hebrew University, Givat-Ram, 9190401 Jerusalem, Israel.,2Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University, Givat-Ram, 9190401 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nissim Benvenisty
- 1The Azrieli Center for Stem Cells and Genetic Research, The Hebrew University, Givat-Ram, 9190401 Jerusalem, Israel.,2Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University, Givat-Ram, 9190401 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Michal Goldberg
- 2Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University, Givat-Ram, 9190401 Jerusalem, Israel
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58
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Tai L, Huang CJ, Choo KB, Cheong SK, Kamarul T. Oxidative Stress Down-Regulates MiR-20b-5p, MiR-106a-5p and E2F1 Expression to Suppress the G1/S Transition of the Cell Cycle in Multipotent Stromal Cells. Int J Med Sci 2020; 17:457-470. [PMID: 32174776 PMCID: PMC7053300 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.38832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been linked to senescence and tumorigenesis via modulation of the cell cycle. Using a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative stress-induced premature senescence (OSIPS) model previously reported by our group, this study aimed to investigate the effects of oxidative stress on microRNA (miRNA) expression in relation to the G1-to-S-phase (G1/S) transition of the cell cycle and cell proliferation. On global miRNA analysis of the OSIPS cells, twelve significantly up- or down-regulated miRNAs were identified, the target genes of which are frequently associated with cancers. Four down-regulated miR-17 family miRNAs are predicted to target key pro- and anti-proliferative proteins of the p21/cyclin D-dependent kinase (CDK)/E2F1 pathway to modulate G1/S transition. Two miR-17 miRNAs, miR-20-5p and miR-106-5p, were confirmed to be rapidly and stably down-regulated under oxidative stress. While H2O2 treatment hampered G1/S transition and suppressed DNA synthesis, miR-20b-5p/miR-106a-5p over-expression rescued cells from growth arrest in promoting G1/S transition and DNA synthesis. Direct miR-20b-5p/miR-106a-5p regulation of p21, CCND1 and E2F1 was demonstrated by an inverse expression relationship in miRNA mimic-transfected cells. However, under oxidative stress, E2F1 expression was down-regulated, consistent with hampered G1/S transition and suppressed DNA synthesis and cell proliferation. To explain the observed E2F1 down-regulation under oxidative stress, a scheme is proposed which includes miR-20b-5p/miR-106a-5p-dependent regulation, miRNA-E2F1 autoregulatory feedback and E2F1 response to repair oxidative stress-induced DNA damages. The oxidative stress-modulated expression of miR-17 miRNAs and E2F1 may be used to develop strategies to retard or reverse MSC senescence in culture, or senescence in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Tai
- Centre for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Selangor, Malaysia.,Postgraduate Program, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chiu-Jung Huang
- Department of Animal Science & Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kong Bung Choo
- Centre for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Soon Keng Cheong
- Centre for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Selangor, Malaysia.,Dean's Office, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Tunku Kamarul
- Tissue Engineering Group, National Orthopedic Centre of Excellence for Research and Learning & Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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59
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Lu YC, Sanada C, Xavier-Ferrucio J, Wang L, Zhang PX, Grimes HL, Venkatasubramanian M, Chetal K, Aronow B, Salomonis N, Krause DS. The Molecular Signature of Megakaryocyte-Erythroid Progenitors Reveals a Role for the Cell Cycle in Fate Specification. Cell Rep 2019; 25:2083-2093.e4. [PMID: 30463007 PMCID: PMC6336197 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.10.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Megakaryocytic-erythroid progenitors (MEPs) give rise to the cells that produce red blood cells and platelets. Although the mechanisms underlying megakaryocytic (MK) and erythroid (E) maturation have been described, those controlling their specification from MEPs are unknown. Single-cell RNA sequencing of primary human MEPs, common myeloid progenitors (CMPs), megakaryocyte progenitors, and E progenitors revealed a distinct transitional MEP signature. Inferred regulatory transcription factors (TFs) were associated with differential expression of cell cycle regulators. Genetic manipulation of selected TFs validated their role in lineage specification and demonstrated coincident modulation of the cell cycle. Genetic and pharmacologic modulation demonstrated that cell cycle activation is sufficient to promote E versus MK specification. These findings, obtained from healthy human cells, lay a foundation to study the mechanisms underlying benign and malignant disease states of the megakaryocytic and E lineages. Bipotent megakaryocytic-erythroid progenitors (MEPs) produce megakaryocytic and erythroid cells. Using single-cell RNA sequencing of primary human MEPs and their upstream and downstream progenitors, Lu et al. show that MEPs are a unique transitional population. Functional and molecular studies show that MEP lineage fate is toggled by cell cycle speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chien Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
| | - Chad Sanada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Juliana Xavier-Ferrucio
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Ping-Xia Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - H Leighton Grimes
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Meenakshi Venkatasubramanian
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Kashish Chetal
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Bruce Aronow
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Nathan Salomonis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Diane S Krause
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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60
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Hu X, Eastman AE, Guo S. Cell cycle dynamics in the reprogramming of cellular identity. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:2840-2852. [PMID: 31562821 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Reprogramming of cellular identity is fundamentally at odds with replication of the genome: cell fate reprogramming requires complex multidimensional epigenomic changes, whereas genome replication demands fidelity. In this review, we discuss how the pace of the genome's replication and cell cycle influences the way daughter cells take on their identity. We highlight several biochemical processes that are pertinent to cell fate control, whose propagation into the daughter cells should be governed by more complex mechanisms than simple templated replication. With this mindset, we summarize multiple scenarios where rapid cell cycle could interfere with cell fate copying and promote cell fate reprogramming. Prominent examples of cell fate regulation by specific cell cycle phases are also discussed. Overall, there is much to be learned regarding the relationship between cell fate reprogramming and cell cycle control. Harnessing cell cycle dynamics could greatly facilitate the derivation of desired cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Hu
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Anna E Eastman
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Shangqin Guo
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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61
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Jang J, Han D, Golkaram M, Audouard M, Liu G, Bridges D, Hellander S, Chialastri A, Dey SS, Petzold LR, Kosik KS. Control over single-cell distribution of G1 lengths by WNT governs pluripotency. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000453. [PMID: 31557150 PMCID: PMC6782112 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The link between single-cell variation and population-level fate choices lacks a mechanistic explanation despite extensive observations of gene expression and epigenetic variation among individual cells. Here, we found that single human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have different and biased differentiation potentials toward either neuroectoderm or mesendoderm depending on their G1 lengths before the onset of differentiation. Single-cell variation in G1 length operates in a dynamic equilibrium that establishes a G1 length probability distribution for a population of hESCs and predicts differentiation outcome toward neuroectoderm or mesendoderm lineages. Although sister stem cells generally share G1 lengths, a variable proportion of cells have asymmetric G1 lengths, which maintains the population dispersion. Environmental Wingless-INT (WNT) levels can control the G1 length distribution, apparently as a means of priming the fate of hESC populations once they undergo differentiation. As a downstream mechanism, global 5-hydroxymethylcytosine levels are regulated by G1 length and thereby link G1 length to differentiation outcomes of hESCs. Overall, our findings suggest that intrapopulation heterogeneity in G1 length underlies the pluripotent differentiation potential of stem cell populations. The link between single-cell variation and population-level fate choices lacks a mechanistic explanation. This study finds that the duration of the G1 cell cycle phase in stem cells varies within the population, giving rise to a probability distribution of G1 length that is responsive to Wnt signalling and that predicts cells’ differentiation potential upon exit from pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Jang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Dasol Han
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Mahdi Golkaram
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Morgane Audouard
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Guojing Liu
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel Bridges
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Stefan Hellander
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Alex Chialastri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Siddharth S. Dey
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
- Center for Bioengineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Linda R. Petzold
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Kenneth S. Kosik
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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62
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The cell cycle in stem cell proliferation, pluripotency and differentiation. Nat Cell Biol 2019; 21:1060-1067. [PMID: 31481793 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-019-0384-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases and other components of the core cell cycle machinery drive cell division. Growing evidence indicates that this machinery operates in a distinct fashion in some mammalian stem cell types, such as pluripotent embryonic stem cells. In this Review, we discuss our current knowledge of how cell cycle proteins mechanistically link cell proliferation, pluripotency and cell fate specification. We focus on embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells and embryonic neural stem/progenitor cells.
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63
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Waisman A, Sevlever F, Elías Costa M, Cosentino MS, Miriuka SG, Ventura AC, Guberman AS. Cell cycle dynamics of mouse embryonic stem cells in the ground state and during transition to formative pluripotency. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8051. [PMID: 31142785 PMCID: PMC6541595 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44537-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) can be maintained as homogeneous populations in the ground state of pluripotency. Release from this state in minimal conditions allows to obtain cells that resemble those of the early post-implantation epiblast, providing an important developmental model to study cell identity transitions. However, the cell cycle dynamics of mESCs in the ground state and during its dissolution have not been extensively studied. By performing live imaging experiments of mESCs bearing cell cycle reporters, we show here that cells in the pluripotent ground state display a cell cycle structure comparable to the reported for mESCs in serum-based media. Upon release from self-renewal, the cell cycle is rapidly accelerated by a reduction in the length of the G1 phase and of the S/G2/M phases, causing an increased proliferation rate. Analysis of cell lineages indicates that cell cycle variables of sister cells are highly correlated, suggesting the existence of inherited cell cycle regulators from the parental cell. Together with a major morphological reconfiguration upon differentiation, our findings support a correlation between this in vitro model and early embryonic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Waisman
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Instituto de Química Biológica (IQUIBICEN), Laboratorio de Regulación Génica en Células Madre, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET - Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI), Laboratorio de Investigación de Aplicación a Neurociencias (LIAN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico Sevlever
- CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - María Soledad Cosentino
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Instituto de Química Biológica (IQUIBICEN), Laboratorio de Regulación Génica en Células Madre, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Santiago G Miriuka
- CONICET - Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI), Laboratorio de Investigación de Aplicación a Neurociencias (LIAN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandra C Ventura
- CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandra S Guberman
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Instituto de Química Biológica (IQUIBICEN), Laboratorio de Regulación Génica en Células Madre, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular y Celular, Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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64
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Matsuhashi S, Manirujjaman M, Hamajima H, Ozaki I. Control Mechanisms of the Tumor Suppressor PDCD4: Expression and Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092304. [PMID: 31075975 PMCID: PMC6539695 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PDCD4 is a novel tumor suppressor to show multi-functions inhibiting cell growth, tumor invasion, metastasis, and inducing apoptosis. PDCD4 protein binds to the translation initiation factor eIF4A, some transcription factors, and many other factors and modulates the function of the binding partners. PDCD4 downregulation stimulates and PDCD4 upregulation inhibits the TPA-induced transformation of cells. However, PDCD4 gene mutations have not been found in tumor cells but gene expression was post transcriptionally downregulated by micro environmental factors such as growth factors and interleukins. In this review, we focus on the suppression mechanisms of PDCD4 protein that is induced by the tumor promotors EGF and TPA, and in the inflammatory conditions. PDCD4-protein is phosphorylated at 2 serines in the SCFβTRCP ubiquitin ligase binding sequences via EGF and/or TPA induced signaling pathway, ubiquitinated, by the ubiquitin ligase and degraded in the proteasome system. The PDCD4 protein synthesis is inhibited by microRNAs including miR21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Matsuhashi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saga Medical School, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan.
| | - M Manirujjaman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saga Medical School, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Hamajima
- Saga Food & Cosmetics Laboratory, Division of Food Manufacturing Industry Promotion, SAGA Regional Industry Support Center, 114 Yaemizo, Nabesima-Machi, Saga 849-0932, Japan.
| | - Iwata Ozaki
- Health Administration Center, Saga Medical School, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan.
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65
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Qi Z, Chen M, Song Y, Wang X, Li B, Chen ZF, Tsang SY, Cai Z. Acute exposure to triphenyl phosphate inhibits the proliferation and cardiac differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells and zebrafish embryos. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:21235-21248. [PMID: 31032947 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Attention has recently paid to the interaction of triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) and body tissues, particularly within the reproductive and development systems, due to its endocrine-disrupting properties. However, the acute effects of TPHP on early embryonic development remain unclear. Here, we used mouse embryonic stem cells (mESC) and zebrafish embryos to investigate whether TPHP is an embryo toxicant. First, we found that continuous exposure of TPHP decreased the proliferation and increased the apoptotic populations of mESCs in a concentration-dependent manner. Results of mass spectrometry showed that the intracellular concentration of TPHP reached 39.45 ± 7.72 µg/g w/w after 3 hr of acute exposure with TPHP (38.35 μM) but gradually decreased from 3 hr to 48 hr. Additionally, DNA damage was detected in mESCs after a short-term treatment with TPHP, which in turn, activated DNA damage responses, leading to cell cycle arrest by changing the expression levels of p53, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and Y15-phosphorylated Cdk I. Furthermore, our results revealed that short-term treatment with TPHP disturbed cardiac differentiation by decreasing the expression levels of Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog and transiently reduced the glycolysis capacity in mESCs. In zebrafish embryos, exposure to TPHP resulted in broad, concentration-dependent developmental defects and coupled with heart malformation and reduced heart rate. In conclusion, the two models demonstrate that acute exposure to TPHP affects early embryonic development and disturbs the cardiomyogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenghua Qi
- Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Min Chen
- Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuanyuan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiya Wang
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bingkun Li
- Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi-Feng Chen
- Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Suk Ying Tsang
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
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66
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Urbach A, Witte OW. Divide or Commit - Revisiting the Role of Cell Cycle Regulators in Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:55. [PMID: 31069222 PMCID: PMC6491688 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The adult dentate gyrus continuously generates new neurons that endow the brain with increased plasticity, helping to cope with changing environmental and cognitive demands. The process leading to the birth of new neurons spans several precursor stages and is the result of a coordinated series of fate decisions, which are tightly controlled by extrinsic signals. Many of these signals act through modulation of cell cycle (CC) components, not only to drive proliferation, but also for linage commitment and differentiation. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview on key CC components and regulators, with emphasis on G1 phase, and analyze their specific functions in precursor cells of the adult hippocampus. We explore their role for balancing quiescence versus self-renewal, which is essential to maintain a lifelong pool of neural stem cells while producing new neurons “on demand.” Finally, we discuss available evidence and controversies on the impact of CC/G1 length on proliferation versus differentiation decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Urbach
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Otto W Witte
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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67
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Increased Cytotoxicity of Herpes Simplex Virus Thymidine Kinase Expression in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20040810. [PMID: 30769780 PMCID: PMC6413063 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20040810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) hold enormous promise for regenerative medicine. The major safety concern is the tumorigenicity of transplanted cells derived from iPSCs. A potential solution would be to introduce a suicide gene into iPSCs as a safety switch. The herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase (HSV-TK) gene, in combination with ganciclovir, is the most widely used enzyme/prodrug suicide system from basic research to clinical applications. In the present study, we attempted to establish human iPSCs that stably expressed HSV-TK with either lentiviral vectors or CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing. However, this task was difficult to achieve, because high-level and/or constitutive expression of HSV-TK resulted in the induction of cell death or silencing of HSV-TK expression. A nucleotide metabolism analysis suggested that excessive accumulation of thymidine triphosphate, caused by HSV-TK expression, resulted in an imbalance in the dNTP pools. This unbalanced state led to DNA synthesis inhibition and cell death in a process similar to a “thymidine block”, but more severe. We also demonstrated that the Tet-inducible system was a feasible solution for overcoming the cytotoxicity of HSV-TK expression. Our results provided a warning against using the HSV-TK gene in human iPSCs, particularly in clinical applications.
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68
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Al-Moujahed A, Tian B, Efstathiou NE, Konstantinou EK, Hoang M, Lin H, Miller JW, Vavvas DG. Receptor interacting protein kinase 3 (RIP3) regulates iPSCs generation through modulating cell cycle progression genes. Stem Cell Res 2019; 35:101387. [PMID: 30703581 PMCID: PMC7375132 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2019.101387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms involved in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) generation are poorly understood. The cell death machinery of apoptosis-inducing caspases have been shown to facilitate the process of iPSCs reprogramming. However, the effect of other cell death processes, such as programmed necrosis (necroptosis), on iPSCs induction has not been studied. In this study, we investigated the role of receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIP3), an essential regulator of necroptosis, in reprogramming mouse embryonic fibroblast cells (MEFs) into iPSCs. RIP3 was found to be upregulated in iPSCs compared to MEFs. Deletion of RIP3 dramatically suppressed the reprogramming of iPSCs (~82%). RNA-seq analysis and qRT-PCR showed that RIP3 KO MEFs expressed lower levels of genes that control cell cycle progression and cell division and higher levels of extracellular matrix-regulating genes. The growth rate of RIP3 KO MEFs was significantly slower than WT MEFs. These findings can partially explain the inhibitory effects of RIP3 deletion on iPSCs generation and show for the first time that the necroptosis kinase RIP3 plays an important role in iPSC reprogramming. In contrast to RIP3, the kinase and scaffolding functions of RIPK1 appeared to have distinct effects on reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Al-Moujahed
- Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States; Department of Pathology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, United States
| | - Bo Tian
- Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States; Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, United States
| | - Nikolaos E Efstathiou
- Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Eleni K Konstantinou
- Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Mien Hoang
- Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Haijiang Lin
- Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States; Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, United States
| | - Joan W Miller
- Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Demetrios G Vavvas
- Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States.
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69
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Sahu M, Mallick B. Modulation of specific cell cycle phases in human embryonic stem cells by lncRNA RNA decoys. J Mol Recognit 2018; 32:e2763. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mousumi Sahu
- RNAi and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Life Science; National Institute of Technology; Rourkela Odisha India
| | - Bibekanand Mallick
- RNAi and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Life Science; National Institute of Technology; Rourkela Odisha India
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70
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Zarrabi M, Afzal E, Ebrahimi M. Manipulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Fate by Small Molecule Compounds. Stem Cells Dev 2018; 27:1175-1190. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2018.0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Zarrabi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Royan Stem Cell Technology Company, Cord Blood Bank, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elaheh Afzal
- Royan Stem Cell Technology Company, Cord Blood Bank, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Ebrahimi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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71
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Rodríguez Varela MS, Mucci S, Videla Richardson GA, Morris Hanon O, Furmento VA, Miriuka SG, Sevlever GE, Scassa ME, Romorini L. Regulation of cyclin E1 expression in human pluripotent stem cells and derived neural progeny. Cell Cycle 2018; 17:1721-1744. [PMID: 29995582 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2018.1496740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), including embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells (hESCs and hiPSCs) show unique cell cycle characteristics, such as a short doubling time due to an abbreviated G1 phase. Whether or not the core cell cycle machinery directly regulates the stemness and/or the differentiation potential of hPSCs remains to be determined. To date, several scenarios describing the atypical cell cycle of hPSCs have been suggested, and therefore there is still controversy over how cyclins, master regulators of the cell cycle, are expressed and regulated. Furthermore, the cell cycle profile and the expression pattern of major cyclins in hESCs-derived neuroprogenitors (NP) have not been studied yet. Therefore, herein we characterized the expression pattern of major cyclins in hPSCs and NP. We determined that all studied cyclins mRNA expression levels fluctuate along cell cycle. Particularly, after a thorough analysis of synchronized cell populations, we observed that cyclin E1 mRNA levels increased sharply in G1/S concomitantly with cyclin E1 protein accumulation in hPSCs and NP. Additionally, we demonstrated that cyclin E1 mRNA expression levels involves the activation of MEK/ERK pathway and the transcription factors c-Myc and E2Fs in hPSCs. Lastly, our results reveal that proteasome mediates the marked down-regulation (degradation) of cyclin E1 protein observed in G2/M by a mechanism that requires a functional CDK2 but not GSK3β activity. ABBREVIATIONS hPSCs: human pluripotent stem cells; hESCs: human embryonic stem cells; hiPSCs: human induced pluripotent stem cells; NP: neuroprogenitors; HF: human foreskin fibroblasts; MEFs: mouse embryonic fibroblasts; iMEFs: irradiated mouse embryonic fibroblasts; CDKs: cyclindependent kinases; CKIs: CDK inhibitors; CNS: central nervous system; Oct-4: Octamer-4; EB: embryoid body; AFP: Alpha-fetoprotein; cTnT: Cardiac Troponin T; MAP-2: microtubule-associated protein; TUJ-1: neuron-specific class III β-tubulin; bFGF: basic fibroblastic growth factor; PI3K: Phosphoinositide 3-kinase; KSR: knock out serum replacement; CM: iMEF conditioned medium; E8: Essential E8 medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Soledad Rodríguez Varela
- a Laboratorios de Investigación Aplicada en Neurociencias (LIAN-CONICET) , Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI) , Belén de Escobar , Provincia de Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Sofía Mucci
- a Laboratorios de Investigación Aplicada en Neurociencias (LIAN-CONICET) , Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI) , Belén de Escobar , Provincia de Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Guillermo Agustín Videla Richardson
- a Laboratorios de Investigación Aplicada en Neurociencias (LIAN-CONICET) , Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI) , Belén de Escobar , Provincia de Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Olivia Morris Hanon
- a Laboratorios de Investigación Aplicada en Neurociencias (LIAN-CONICET) , Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI) , Belén de Escobar , Provincia de Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Verónica Alejandra Furmento
- a Laboratorios de Investigación Aplicada en Neurociencias (LIAN-CONICET) , Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI) , Belén de Escobar , Provincia de Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Santiago Gabriel Miriuka
- a Laboratorios de Investigación Aplicada en Neurociencias (LIAN-CONICET) , Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI) , Belén de Escobar , Provincia de Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Gustavo Emilio Sevlever
- a Laboratorios de Investigación Aplicada en Neurociencias (LIAN-CONICET) , Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI) , Belén de Escobar , Provincia de Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - María Elida Scassa
- a Laboratorios de Investigación Aplicada en Neurociencias (LIAN-CONICET) , Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI) , Belén de Escobar , Provincia de Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Leonardo Romorini
- a Laboratorios de Investigación Aplicada en Neurociencias (LIAN-CONICET) , Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI) , Belén de Escobar , Provincia de Buenos Aires , Argentina
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72
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Singh B, Wu PYJ. Regulation of the program of DNA replication by CDK: new findings and perspectives. Curr Genet 2018; 65:79-85. [PMID: 29926159 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-018-0860-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Progression through the cell cycle is driven by the activities of the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) family of enzymes, which establish an ordered passage through the cell cycle phases. CDK activity is crucial for the cellular transitions from G1 to S and G2 to M, which are highly controlled to promote the faithful duplication of the genetic material and the transmission of the genome into daughter cells, respectively. While oscillations in CDK activity are essential for cell division, how its specific dynamics may shape cellular processes remains an open question. Recently, we have investigated the potential role of CDK in establishing the profile of replication initiation along the chromosomes, also referred to as the replication program. Our results demonstrated that the timing and level of CDK activity at G1/S provide two critical and independent inputs that modulate the pattern of origin usage. In this review, we will present the conclusions of our study and discuss the implications of our findings for cellular function and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balveer Singh
- CNRS, Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes, University of Rennes, UMR 6290, 2 avenue du Pr. Léon Bernard, 35043, Rennes, France
| | - Pei-Yun Jenny Wu
- CNRS, Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes, University of Rennes, UMR 6290, 2 avenue du Pr. Léon Bernard, 35043, Rennes, France.
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73
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Solari C, Petrone MV, Vazquez Echegaray C, Cosentino MS, Waisman A, Francia M, Barañao L, Miriuka S, Guberman A. Superoxide dismutase 1 expression is modulated by the core pluripotency transcription factors Oct4, Sox2 and Nanog in embryonic stem cells. Mech Dev 2018; 154:116-121. [PMID: 29933066 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Redox homeostasis is vital for cellular functions and to prevent the detrimental consequences of oxidative stress. Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) have an enhanced antioxidant system which supports the preservation of their genome. Besides, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are proposed to be involved in both self-renewal maintenance and in differentiation in embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Increasing evidence shows that cellular systems related to the oxidative stress defense decline along differentiation of PSCs. Although redox homeostasis has been extensively studied for many years, the knowledge about the transcriptional regulation of the genes involved in these systems is still limited. In this work, we studied Sod1 gene modulation by the PSCs fundamental transcription factors Oct4, Sox2 and Nanog. We found that this gene, which is expressed in mouse ESCs (mESCs), was repressed when they were induced to differentiate. Accordingly, these factors induced Sod1 promoter activity in a trans-activation assay. Finally, Sod1 mRNA levels were reduced when Oct4, Sox2 and Nanog were down-regulated by a shRNA approach in mESCs. Taken together, we found that PSCs' key transcription factors are involved in the modulation of Sod1 gene, suggesting a relationship between the pluripotency core and redox homeostasis in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Solari
- Laboratorio de Regulación Génica en Células Madre, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Química Biológica (IQUIBICEN), Universidad de Buenos Aires - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - María Victoria Petrone
- Laboratorio de Regulación Génica en Células Madre, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Química Biológica (IQUIBICEN), Universidad de Buenos Aires - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Camila Vazquez Echegaray
- Laboratorio de Regulación Génica en Células Madre, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Química Biológica (IQUIBICEN), Universidad de Buenos Aires - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - María Soledad Cosentino
- Laboratorio de Regulación Génica en Células Madre, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Química Biológica (IQUIBICEN), Universidad de Buenos Aires - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Ariel Waisman
- Laboratorio de Regulación Génica en Células Madre, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Química Biológica (IQUIBICEN), Universidad de Buenos Aires - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcos Francia
- Laboratorio de Regulación Génica en Células Madre, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Química Biológica (IQUIBICEN), Universidad de Buenos Aires - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lino Barañao
- Laboratorio de Regulación Génica en Células Madre, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Santiago Miriuka
- Laboratorio de Investigación de Aplicación a Neurociencias (LIAN), Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI) - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Alejandra Guberman
- Laboratorio de Regulación Génica en Células Madre, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Química Biológica (IQUIBICEN), Universidad de Buenos Aires - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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74
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Abstract
The noncoding portion of the genome, including microRNAs, has been fertile evolutionary soil for cortical development in primates. A major contribution to cortical expansion in primates is the generation of novel precursor cell populations. Because miRNA expression profiles track closely with cell identity, it is likely that numerous novel microRNAs have contributed to cellular diversity in the brain. The tools to determine the genomic context within which novel microRNAs emerge and how they become integrated into molecular circuitry are now in hand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth S Kosik
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA;
| | - Tomasz Nowakowski
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.,Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
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75
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Rasmussen ML, Ortolano NA, Romero-Morales AI, Gama V. Wnt Signaling and Its Impact on Mitochondrial and Cell Cycle Dynamics in Pluripotent Stem Cells. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9020109. [PMID: 29463061 PMCID: PMC5852605 DOI: 10.3390/genes9020109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The core transcriptional network regulating stem cell self-renewal and pluripotency remains an intense area of research. Increasing evidence indicates that modified regulation of basic cellular processes such as mitochondrial dynamics, apoptosis, and cell cycle are also essential for pluripotent stem cell identity and fate decisions. Here, we review evidence for Wnt regulation of pluripotency and self-renewal, and its connections to emerging features of pluripotent stem cells, including (1) increased mitochondrial fragmentation, (2) increased sensitivity to cell death, and (3) shortened cell cycle. We provide a general overview of the stem cell–specific mechanisms involved in the maintenance of these uncharacterized hallmarks of pluripotency and highlight potential links to the Wnt signaling pathway. Given the physiological importance of stem cells and their enormous potential for regenerative medicine, understanding fundamental mechanisms mediating the crosstalk between Wnt, organelle-dynamics, apoptosis, and cell cycle will be crucial to gain insight into the regulation of stemness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Rasmussen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology; Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN37232, United States.
| | - Natalya A Ortolano
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology; Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN37232, United States.
| | | | - Vivian Gama
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology; Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN37232, United States.
- Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology; Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN37232, United States.
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center; Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN37232, United States.
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76
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Utf1 contributes to intergenerational epigenetic inheritance of pluripotency. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14612. [PMID: 29097685 PMCID: PMC5668265 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14426-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Undifferentiated embryonic cell transcription factor 1 (Utf1) is expressed in pluripotent embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and primordial germ cells (PGCs). Utf1 expression is directly controlled by pluripotency factors Oct4 and Sox2, which form a ternary complex with the Utf1 enhancer. The Utf1 protein plays a role in chromatin organization and epigenetic control of bivalent gene expression in ESCs in vitro, where it promotes effective cell differentiation during exit from pluripotency. The function of Utf1 in PGCs in vivo, however, is not known. Here, we report that proper development of Utf1 null embryos almost entirely depends on the presence of functional Utf1 alleles in the parental germline. This indicates that Utf1’s proposed epigenetic role in ESC pluripotency in vitro may be linked to intergenerational epigenetic inheritance in vivo. One component - or at least facilitator - of the relevant epigenetic mark appears to be Utf1 itself, since Utf1-driven tomato reporter and Utf1 are detected in mature germ cells. We also provide initial evidence for a reduced adult testis size in Utf1 null mice. Our findings thus point at unexpected functional links between the core ESC pluripotency factor network and epigenetic inheritance of pluripotency.
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77
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Mechanism of human somatic reprogramming to iPS cell. J Transl Med 2017; 97:1152-1157. [PMID: 28530648 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2017.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Somatic reprogramming to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) was realized in the year 2006 in mice, and in 2007 in humans, by transiently forced expression of a combination of exogenous transcription factors. Human and mouse iPSCs are distinctly reprogrammed into a 'primed' and a 'naïve' state, respectively. In the last decade, puzzle pieces of somatic reprogramming have been collected with difficulty. Collectively, dissecting reprogramming events and identification of the hallmark of sequentially activated/silenced genes have revealed mouse somatic reprogramming in fragments, but there is a long way to go toward understanding the molecular mechanisms of human somatic reprogramming, even with developing technologies. Recently, an established human intermediately reprogrammed stem cell (iRSC) line, which has paused reprogramming at the endogenous OCT4-negative/exogenous transgene-positive pre-MET (mesenchymal-to-epithelial-transition) stage can resume reprogramming into endogenous OCT4-positive iPSCs only by change of culture conditions. Genome-editing-mediated visualization of endogenous OCT4 activity with GFP in living iRSCs demonstrates the timing of OCT4 activation and entry to MET in the reprogramming toward iPSCs. Applications of genome-editing technology to pluripotent stem cells will reshape our approaches for exploring molecular mechanisms.
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78
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Soufi A, Dalton S. Cycling through developmental decisions: how cell cycle dynamics control pluripotency, differentiation and reprogramming. Development 2017; 143:4301-4311. [PMID: 27899507 DOI: 10.1242/dev.142075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A strong connection exists between the cell cycle and mechanisms required for executing cell fate decisions in a wide-range of developmental contexts. Terminal differentiation is often associated with cell cycle exit, whereas cell fate switches are frequently linked to cell cycle transitions in dividing cells. These phenomena have been investigated in the context of reprogramming, differentiation and trans-differentiation but the underpinning molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Most progress to address the connection between cell fate and the cell cycle has been made in pluripotent stem cells, in which the transition through mitosis and G1 phase is crucial for establishing a window of opportunity for pluripotency exit and the initiation of differentiation. This Review will summarize recent developments in this area and place them in a broader context that has implications for a wide range of developmental scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdenour Soufi
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Stephen Dalton
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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79
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Bellmaine SF, Ovchinnikov DA, Manallack DT, Cuddy CE, Elefanty AG, Stanley EG, Wolvetang EJ, Williams SJ, Pera M. Inhibition of DYRK1A disrupts neural lineage specificationin human pluripotent stem cells. eLife 2017; 6:e24502. [PMID: 28884684 PMCID: PMC5656431 DOI: 10.7554/elife.24502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic analysis has revealed that the dual specificity protein kinase DYRK1A has multiple roles in the development of the central nervous system. Increased DYRK1A gene dosage, such as occurs in Down syndrome, is known to affect neural progenitor cell differentiation, while haploinsufficiency of DYRK1A is associated with severe microcephaly. Using a set of known and newly synthesized DYRK1A inhibitors, along with CRISPR-mediated gene activation and shRNA knockdown of DYRK1A, we show here that chemical inhibition or genetic knockdown of DYRK1A interferes with neural specification of human pluripotent stem cells, a process equating to the earliest stage of human brain development. Specifically, DYRK1A inhibition insulates the self-renewing subpopulation of human pluripotent stem cells from powerful signals that drive neural induction. Our results suggest a novel mechanism for the disruptive effects of the absence or haploinsufficiency of DYRK1A on early mammalian development, and reveal a requirement for DYRK1A in the acquisition of competence for differentiation in human pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie F Bellmaine
- School of ChemistryUniversity of MelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Anatomy and NeuroscienceUniversity of MelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology InstituteUniversity of MelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Dmitry A Ovchinnikov
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - David T Manallack
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash UniversityVictoriaAustralia
| | - Claire E Cuddy
- Department of Anatomy and NeuroscienceUniversity of MelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Andrew G Elefanty
- Murdoch Childrens Research InstituteThe Royal Children’s HospitalVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health SciencesUniversity of MelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health SciencesMonash UniversityVictoriaAustralia
| | - Edouard G Stanley
- Murdoch Childrens Research InstituteThe Royal Children’s HospitalVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health SciencesUniversity of MelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health SciencesMonash UniversityVictoriaAustralia
| | - Ernst J Wolvetang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Spencer J Williams
- School of ChemistryUniversity of MelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology InstituteUniversity of MelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Martin Pera
- Department of Anatomy and NeuroscienceUniversity of MelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchFlorey Neuroscience and Mental Health InstituteVictoriaAustralia
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80
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Godwin S, Ward D, Pedone E, Homer M, Fletcher AG, Marucci L. An extended model for culture-dependent heterogenous gene expression and proliferation dynamics in mouse embryonic stem cells. NPJ Syst Biol Appl 2017; 3:19. [PMID: 28794899 PMCID: PMC5543144 DOI: 10.1038/s41540-017-0020-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During development, pluripotency is a transient state describing a cell's ability to give rise to all three germ layers and germline. Recent studies have shown that, in vitro, pluripotency is highly dynamic: exogenous stimuli provided to cultures of mouse embryonic stem cells, isolated from pre-implantation blastocysts, significantly affect the spectrum of pluripotency. 2i/LIF, a recently defined serum-free medium, forces mouse embryonic stem cells into a ground-state of pluripotency, while serum/LIF cultures promote the co-existence of ground-like and primed-like mouse embryonic stem cell subpopulations. The latter heterogeneity correlates with temporal fluctuations of pluripotency markers, including the master regulator Nanog, in single cells. We propose a mathematical model of Nanog dynamics in both media, accounting for recent experimental data showing the persistence of a small Nanog Low subpopulation in ground-state pluripotency mouse embryonic stem cell cultures. The model integrates into the core pluripotency Gene Regulatory Network both inhibitors present in 2i/LIF (PD and Chiron), and feedback interactions with genes found to be differentially expressed in the two media. Our simulations and bifurcation analysis show that, in ground-state cultures, Nanog dynamics result from the combination of reduced noise in gene expression and the shift of the system towards a monostable, but still excitable, regulation. Experimental data and agent-based modelling simulations indicate that mouse embryonic stem cell proliferation dynamics vary in the two media, and cannot be reproduced by accounting only for Nanog-dependent cell-cycle regulation. We further demonstrate that both PD and Chiron play a key role in regulating heterogeneity in transcription factor expression and, ultimately, mouse embryonic stem cell fate decision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Godwin
- Department of Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1UB UK
| | - Daniel Ward
- Department of Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1UB UK
| | - Elisa Pedone
- Department of Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1UB UK.,School of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD UK
| | - Martin Homer
- Department of Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1UB UK
| | - Alexander G Fletcher
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH UK.,Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN UK
| | - Lucia Marucci
- Department of Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1UB UK.,School of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD UK.,BrisSynBio, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TQ UK
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81
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Loss of Brap Results in Premature G1/S Phase Transition and Impeded Neural Progenitor Differentiation. Cell Rep 2017; 20:1148-1160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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82
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Abstract
Chimeras are widely acknowledged as the gold standard for assessing stem cell pluripotency, based on their capacity to test donor cell lineage potential in the context of an organized, normally developing tissue. Experimental chimeras provide key insights into mammalian developmental mechanisms and offer a resource for interrogating the fate potential of various pluripotent stem cell states. We highlight the applications and current limitations presented by intra- and inter-species chimeras and consider their future contribution to the stem cell field. Despite the technical and ethical demands of experimental chimeras, including human-interspecies chimeras, they are a provocative resource for achieving regenerative medicine goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria L Mascetti
- British Heart Foundation Oxbridge Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK; Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK.
| | - Roger A Pedersen
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK; Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK.
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83
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Hinnant TD, Alvarez AA, Ables ET. Temporal remodeling of the cell cycle accompanies differentiation in the Drosophila germline. Dev Biol 2017; 429:118-131. [PMID: 28711427 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Development of multicellular organisms relies upon the coordinated regulation of cellular differentiation and proliferation. Growing evidence suggests that some molecular regulatory pathways associated with the cell cycle machinery also dictate cell fate; however, it remains largely unclear how the cell cycle is remodeled in concert with cell differentiation. During Drosophila oogenesis, mature oocytes are created through a series of precisely controlled division and differentiation steps, originating from a single tissue-specific stem cell. Further, germline stem cells (GSCs) and their differentiating progeny remain in a predominantly linear arrangement as oogenesis proceeds. The ability to visualize the stepwise events of differentiation within the context of a single tissue make the Drosophila ovary an exceptional model for study of cell cycle remodeling. To describe how the cell cycle is remodeled in germ cells as they differentiate in situ, we used the Drosophila Fluorescence Ubiquitin-based Cell Cycle Indicator (Fly-FUCCI) system, in which degradable versions of GFP::E2f1 and RFP::CycB fluorescently label cells in each phase of the cell cycle. We found that the lengths of the G1, S, and G2 phases of the cell cycle change dramatically over the course of differentiation, and identified the 4/8-cell cyst as a key developmental transition state in which cells prepare for specialized cell cycles. Our data suggest that the transcriptional activator E2f1, which controls the transition from G1 to S phase, is a key regulator of mitotic divisions in the early germline. Our data support the model that E2f1 is necessary for proper GSC proliferation, self-renewal, and daughter cell development. In contrast, while E2f1 degradation by the Cullin 4 (Cul4)-containing ubiquitin E3 ligase (CRL4) is essential for developmental transitions in the early germline, our data do not support a role for E2f1 degradation as a mechanism to limit GSC proliferation or self-renewal. Taken together, these findings provide further insight into the regulation of cell proliferation and the acquisition of differentiated cell fate, with broad implications across developing tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor D Hinnant
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Arturo A Alvarez
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Elizabeth T Ables
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA.
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84
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Nanog Dynamics in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells: Results from Systems Biology Approaches. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:7160419. [PMID: 28684962 PMCID: PMC5480057 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7160419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), derived from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst, are pluripotent stem cells having self-renewal capability and the potential of differentiating into every cell type under the appropriate culture conditions. An increasing number of reports have been published to uncover the molecular mechanisms that orchestrate pluripotency and cell fate specification using combined computational and experimental methodologies. Here, we review recent systems biology approaches to describe the causes and functions of gene expression heterogeneity and complex temporal dynamics of pluripotency markers in mESCs under uniform culture conditions. In particular, we focus on the dynamics of Nanog, a key regulator of the core pluripotency network and of mESC fate. We summarize the strengths and limitations of different experimental and modeling approaches and discuss how various strategies could be used.
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85
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Ohgushi M, Minaguchi M, Eiraku M, Sasai Y. A RHO Small GTPase Regulator ABR Secures Mitotic Fidelity in Human Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 9:58-66. [PMID: 28579391 PMCID: PMC5511046 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells can undergo repeated self-renewal while retaining genetic integrity, but they occasionally acquire aneuploidy during long-term culture, which is a practical obstacle for medical applications of human pluripotent stem cells. In this study, we explored the biological roles of ABR, a regulator of RHO family small GTPases, and found that it has pivotal roles during mitotic processes in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). Although ABR has been shown to be involved in dissociation-induced hESC apoptosis, it does not appear to have direct effects on cell survival unless cell-cell contact is impaired. Instead, we found that it is important for faithful hESC division. Mechanistically, ABR depletion compromised centrosome dynamics and predisposed the cell to chromosome misalignment and missegregation, which raised the frequency of aneuploidy. These results provide insights into the mechanisms that support the genetic integrity of self-renewing hESCs. ABR depletion leads to G2/M accumulation in hESCs Centrosome dynamics and mitotic fidelity are compromised upon ABR depletion When mitosis progresses without ABR, hESCs show a high incidence of aneuploidy ABR safeguards faithful chromosome inheritance during hESC division
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Ohgushi
- Human Stem Cell Technology Unit, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; Laboratory for Organogenesis and Neurogenesis, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; Laboratory for in Vitro Histogenesis, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
| | - Maki Minaguchi
- Human Stem Cell Technology Unit, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; Laboratory for Organogenesis and Neurogenesis, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Mototsugu Eiraku
- Laboratory for in Vitro Histogenesis, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; Laboratory for Developmental Systems, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Sasai
- Human Stem Cell Technology Unit, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; Laboratory for Organogenesis and Neurogenesis, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
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86
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Streubel G, Fitzpatrick DJ, Oliviero G, Scelfo A, Moran B, Das S, Munawar N, Watson A, Wynne K, Negri GL, Dillon ET, Jammula S, Hokamp K, O'Connor DP, Pasini D, Cagney G, Bracken AP. Fam60a defines a variant Sin3a‐Hdac complex in embryonic stem cells required for self‐renewal. EMBO J 2017. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.15252/embj.201696307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gundula Streubel
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics Trinity College Dublin Dublin 2 Ireland
| | | | - Giorgio Oliviero
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science University College Dublin Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - Andrea Scelfo
- Department of Experimental Oncology European Institute of Oncology Milan Italy
| | - Bruce Moran
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science University College Dublin Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - Sudipto Das
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Dublin 2 Ireland
| | - Nayla Munawar
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science University College Dublin Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - Ariane Watson
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science University College Dublin Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - Kieran Wynne
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science University College Dublin Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - Gian Luca Negri
- Department of Molecular Oncology British Columbia Cancer Research Center Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Eugene T Dillon
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science University College Dublin Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - SriGanesh Jammula
- Department of Experimental Oncology European Institute of Oncology Milan Italy
| | - Karsten Hokamp
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics Trinity College Dublin Dublin 2 Ireland
| | - Darran P O'Connor
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Dublin 2 Ireland
| | - Diego Pasini
- Department of Experimental Oncology European Institute of Oncology Milan Italy
| | - Gerard Cagney
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science University College Dublin Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - Adrian P Bracken
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics Trinity College Dublin Dublin 2 Ireland
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87
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Streubel G, Fitzpatrick DJ, Oliviero G, Scelfo A, Moran B, Das S, Munawar N, Watson A, Wynne K, Negri GL, Dillon ET, Jammula S, Hokamp K, O'Connor DP, Pasini D, Cagney G, Bracken AP. Fam60a defines a variant Sin3a-Hdac complex in embryonic stem cells required for self-renewal. EMBO J 2017; 36:2216-2232. [PMID: 28554894 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201696307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sin3a is the central scaffold protein of the prototypical Hdac1/2 chromatin repressor complex, crucially required during early embryonic development for the growth of pluripotent cells of the inner cell mass. Here, we compare the composition of the Sin3a-Hdac complex between pluripotent embryonic stem (ES) and differentiated cells by establishing a method that couples two independent endogenous immunoprecipitations with quantitative mass spectrometry. We define the precise composition of the Sin3a complex in multiple cell types and identify the Fam60a subunit as a key defining feature of a variant Sin3a complex present in ES cells, which also contains Ogt and Tet1. Fam60a binds on H3K4me3-positive promoters in ES cells, together with Ogt, Tet1 and Sin3a, and is essential to maintain the complex on chromatin. Finally, we show that depletion of Fam60a phenocopies the loss of Sin3a, leading to reduced proliferation, an extended G1-phase and the deregulation of lineage genes. Taken together, Fam60a is an essential core subunit of a variant Sin3a complex in ES cells that is required to promote rapid proliferation and prevent unscheduled differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gundula Streubel
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | | | - Giorgio Oliviero
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Andrea Scelfo
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Bruce Moran
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Sudipto Das
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Nayla Munawar
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Ariane Watson
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Kieran Wynne
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Gian Luca Negri
- Department of Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Center, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Eugene T Dillon
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - SriGanesh Jammula
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Karsten Hokamp
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Darran P O'Connor
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Diego Pasini
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Gerard Cagney
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Adrian P Bracken
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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88
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Guo A, Huang S, Yu J, Wang H, Li H, Pei G, Shen L. Single-Cell Dynamic Analysis of Mitosis in Haploid Embryonic Stem Cells Shows the Prolonged Metaphase and Its Association with Self-diploidization. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 8:1124-1134. [PMID: 28457886 PMCID: PMC5425685 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent establishment of mammalian haploid embryonic stem cells (ESCs) provides new possibilities for genetic screening and for understanding genome evolution and function. However, the dynamics of mitosis in haploid ESCs is still unclear. Here, we report that the duration of mitosis in haploid ESCs, especially the metaphase, is significantly longer than that in diploid ESCs. Delaying mitosis by chemicals increased self-diploidization of haploid ESCs, while shortening mitosis stabilized haploid ESCs. Taken together, our study suggests that the delayed mitosis of haploid ESCs is associated with self-diploidization. Mitosis is prolonged in haploid ESCs, especially in metaphase Self-diploidization might be associated with the prolonged mitosis of haploid ESCs
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Shichao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Laboratory of Receptor-based Bio-medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jiali Yu
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Huihan Wang
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Haisen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Gang Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Laboratory of Receptor-based Bio-medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Li Shen
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
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89
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Kelly GM, Gatie MI. Mechanisms Regulating Stemness and Differentiation in Embryonal Carcinoma Cells. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:3684178. [PMID: 28373885 PMCID: PMC5360977 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3684178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Just over ten years have passed since the seminal Takahashi-Yamanaka paper, and while most attention nowadays is on induced, embryonic, and cancer stem cells, much of the pioneering work arose from studies with embryonal carcinoma cells (ECCs) derived from teratocarcinomas. This original work was broad in scope, but eventually led the way for us to focus on the components involved in the gene regulation of stemness and differentiation. As the name implies, ECCs are malignant in nature, yet maintain the ability to differentiate into the 3 germ layers and extraembryonic tissues, as well as behave normally when reintroduced into a healthy blastocyst. Retinoic acid signaling has been thoroughly interrogated in ECCs, especially in the F9 and P19 murine cell models, and while we have touched on this aspect, this review purposely highlights how some key transcription factors regulate pluripotency and cell stemness prior to this signaling. Another major focus is on the epigenetic regulation of ECCs and stem cells, and, towards that end, this review closes on what we see as a new frontier in combating aging and human disease, namely, how cellular metabolism shapes the epigenetic landscape and hence the pluripotency of all stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M. Kelly
- Department of Biology, Molecular Genetics Unit, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Collaborative Program in Developmental Biology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Child Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
- Ontario Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mohamed I. Gatie
- Department of Biology, Molecular Genetics Unit, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Collaborative Program in Developmental Biology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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90
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Peng G, Jing N. The genome-wide molecular regulation of mouse gastrulation embryo. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2017; 60:363-369. [PMID: 28251461 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-016-0285-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The diverse morphologies among vertebrate species stems from the evolution of a basic body plan that is constituted by a spatially organized ensemble of tissue lineage progenitors. At gastrulation, this body plan is established through a coordinated morphogenetic process and the delineation of tissue lineages that are driven by the activity of the genome. To explore the molecular mechanisms, in a comprehensive context, it is imperative to glean an understanding of the region- and population-specific genetic activity underpinning this fundamental developmental process. In this review, we outline the recent progresses and the future directions in studies of genome activity for the regulation of mouse embryogenesis at gastrulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangdun Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Naihe Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
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91
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Liu L, Michowski W, Inuzuka H, Shimizu K, Nihira NT, Chick JM, Li N, Geng Y, Meng AY, Ordureau A, Kołodziejczyk A, Ligon KL, Bronson RT, Polyak K, Harper JW, Gygi SP, Wei W, Sicinski P. G1 cyclins link proliferation, pluripotency and differentiation of embryonic stem cells. Nat Cell Biol 2017; 19:177-188. [PMID: 28192421 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Progression of mammalian cells through the G1 and S phases of the cell cycle is driven by the D-type and E-type cyclins. According to the current models, at least one of these cyclin families must be present to allow cell proliferation. Here, we show that several cell types can proliferate in the absence of all G1 cyclins. However, following ablation of G1 cyclins, embryonic stem (ES) cells attenuated their pluripotent characteristics, with the majority of cells acquiring the trophectodermal cell fate. We established that G1 cyclins, together with their associated cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), phosphorylate and stabilize the core pluripotency factors Nanog, Sox2 and Oct4. Treatment of murine ES cells, patient-derived glioblastoma tumour-initiating cells, or triple-negative breast cancer cells with a CDK inhibitor strongly decreased Sox2 and Oct4 levels. Our findings suggest that CDK inhibition might represent an attractive therapeutic strategy by targeting glioblastoma tumour-initiating cells, which depend on Sox2 to maintain their tumorigenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Liu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Wojciech Michowski
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Inuzuka
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Kouhei Shimizu
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Naoe Taira Nihira
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Joel M Chick
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Na Li
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Yan Geng
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Alice Y Meng
- Department of Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Alban Ordureau
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Aleksandra Kołodziejczyk
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Keith L Ligon
- Department of Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Roderick T Bronson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University Veterinary School, North Grafton, Massachusetts 01536, USA
| | - Kornelia Polyak
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - J Wade Harper
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Steven P Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Wenyi Wei
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Piotr Sicinski
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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92
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Neganova I, Chichagova V, Armstrong L, Lako M. A critical role for p38MAPK signalling pathway during reprogramming of human fibroblasts to iPSCs. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41693. [PMID: 28155868 PMCID: PMC5290526 DOI: 10.1038/srep41693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Reprogramming of somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) holds enormous promise for regenerative medicine. Reprogramming is a stepwise process with well-defined stages of initiation, maturation and stabilisation which are critically dependent on interactions between key pluripotency transcription factors, epigenetic regulators and signalling pathways. In this manuscript we have investigated the role of p38 MAPK signalling pathway and have shown a subpopulation- and phase-specific pattern of activation occurring during the initiation and maturation stage of reprogramming in partially and fully reprogrammed cells respectively. Downregulation of p38 MAPK activity via RNA interference or small molecule inhibitor led to cell accumulation in G1 phase of the cell cycle and reduced expression of cell cycle regulators during the initiation stage of reprogramming. This was associated with a significant downregulation of key pluripotency marker expression, disruption of mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET), increased expression of differentiation markers and presence of partially reprogrammed cells which retained a typical gene expression profile of mesendodermal cells and were unable to progress to fully reprogrammed phenotype. Together our data indicate an important role for p38 MAPK activity in proliferation, MET progression and establishment of pluripotent phenotype, which are necessary steps for the development of human iPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Neganova
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Valeria Chichagova
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Lyle Armstrong
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Majlinda Lako
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, NE1 3BZ, UK
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93
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VanOudenhove JJ, Medina R, Ghule PN, Lian JB, Stein JL, Zaidi SK, Stein GS. Precocious Phenotypic Transcription-Factor Expression During Early Development. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:953-958. [PMID: 27591551 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A novel role for phenotypic transcription factors in very early differentiation was recently observed and merits further study to elucidate what role this precocious expression may have in development. The RUNX1 transcription factor exhibits selective and transient upregulation during early mesenchymal differentiation. In contrast to phenotype-associated transcriptional control of gene expression to establish and sustain hematopoietic/myeloid lineage identity, precocious expression of RUNX1 is functionally linked to control of an epithelial to mesenchymal transition that is obligatory for development. This early RUNX1 expression spike provides a paradigm for precocious expression of a phenotypic transcription factor that invites detailed mechanistic study to fully understand its biological importance. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 953-958, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J VanOudenhove
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, Vermont 05405.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655
| | - Ricardo Medina
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655
| | - Prachi N Ghule
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, Vermont 05405
| | - Jane B Lian
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, Vermont 05405
| | - Janet L Stein
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, Vermont 05405
| | - Sayyed K Zaidi
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, Vermont 05405
| | - Gary S Stein
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, Vermont 05405
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94
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Kim T, Plona K, Wynshaw-Boris A. A novel system for correcting large-scale chromosomal aberrations: ring chromosome correction via reprogramming into induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC). Chromosoma 2016; 126:457-463. [PMID: 27882407 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-016-0621-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 1 in 500 newborns are born with chromosomal abnormalities that include trisomies, translocations, large deletions, and duplications. There is currently no therapeutic approach for correcting such chromosomal aberrations in vivo or in vitro. When we attempted to produce induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) models from patient-derived fibroblasts that contained ring chromosomes, we found that the ring chromosomes were eliminated and replaced by duplicated normal copies of chromosomes through a mechanism of uniparental isodisomy (Bershteyn et al. 2014, Nature 507:99). The discovery of this previously unforeseen system for aberrant chromosome correction during reprogramming enables us for the first time to model and understand this process of cell-autonomous correction of ring chromosomes during human patient somatic cell reprograming to iPSCs. This knowledge could lead to a potential therapeutic strategy to correct common large-scale chromosomal aberrations, termed "chromosome therapy".
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Affiliation(s)
- Taehyun Kim
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Kathleen Plona
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Anthony Wynshaw-Boris
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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95
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VanOudenhove JJ, Medina R, Ghule PN, Lian JB, Stein JL, Zaidi SK, Stein GS. Transient RUNX1 Expression during Early Mesendodermal Differentiation of hESCs Promotes Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition through TGFB2 Signaling. Stem Cell Reports 2016; 7:884-896. [PMID: 27720906 PMCID: PMC5106514 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The transition of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) from pluripotency to lineage commitment is not fully understood, and a role for phenotypic transcription factors in the initial stages of hESC differentiation remains to be explored. From a screen of candidate factors, we found that RUNX1 is selectively and transiently upregulated early in hESC differentiation to mesendodermal lineages. Transcriptome profiling and functional analyses upon RUNX1 depletion established a role for RUNX1 in promoting cell motility. In parallel, we discovered a loss of repression for several epithelial genes, indicating that loss of RUNX1 impaired an epithelial to mesenchymal transition during differentiation. Cell biological and biochemical approaches revealed that RUNX1 depletion specifically compromised TGFB2 signaling. Both the decrease in motility and deregulated epithelial marker expression upon RUNX1 depletion were rescued by reintroduction of TGFB2, but not TGFB1. These findings identify roles for RUNX1-TGFB2 signaling in early events of mesendodermal lineage commitment. RUNX1 is transiently upregulated during early mesendoderm differentiation of hESCs RUNX1 promotes motility and the EMT process during mesendodermal differentiation RUNX1 knockdown specifically inhibits TGFB2 signaling Reintroduction of TGFB2, but not TGFB1, rescues the phenotype of RUNX1 depletion
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J VanOudenhove
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Ricardo Medina
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Prachi N Ghule
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Jane B Lian
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Janet L Stein
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Sayyed K Zaidi
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Gary S Stein
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
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