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Charlton BD, Keating JL, Rengui L, Huang Y, Swaisgood RR. The acoustic structure of male giant panda bleats varies according to intersexual context. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2015; 138:1305-1312. [PMID: 26428769 DOI: 10.1121/1.4928606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Although the acoustic structure of mammal vocal signals often varies according to the social context of emission, relatively few mammal studies have examined acoustic variation during intersexual advertisement. In the current study male giant panda bleats were recorded during the breeding season in three behavioural contexts: vocalising alone, during vocal interactions with females outside of peak oestrus, and during vocal interactions with peak-oestrous females. Male bleats produced during vocal interactions with peak-oestrous females were longer in duration and had higher mean fundamental frequency than those produced when males were either involved in a vocal interaction with a female outside of peak oestrus or vocalising alone. In addition, males produced bleats with higher rates of fundamental frequency modulation when they were vocalising alone than when they were interacting with females. These results show that acoustic features of male giant panda bleats have the potential to signal the caller's motivational state, and suggest that males increase the rate of fundamental frequency modulation in bleats when they are alone to maximally broadcast their quality and promote close-range contact with receptive females during the breeding season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Charlton
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin (UCD), Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Jennifer L Keating
- Applied Animal Ecology, San Diego Zoo's Institute for Conservation Research, San Diego, California 92027-7000, USA
| | - Li Rengui
- China Research and Conservation Centre for the Giant Panda, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Huang
- China Research and Conservation Centre for the Giant Panda, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ronald R Swaisgood
- Applied Animal Ecology, San Diego Zoo's Institute for Conservation Research, San Diego, California 92027-7000, USA
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53
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Fuong H, Maldonado-Chaparro A, Blumstein DT. Are social attributes associated with alarm calling propensity? Behav Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/aru235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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54
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Kaplan G. Animal communication. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2014; 5:661-677. [PMID: 26308872 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Animal communication is first and foremost about signal transmission and aims to understand how communication occurs. It is a field that has contributed to and been inspired by other fields, from information technology to neuroscience, in finding ever better methods to eavesdrop on the actual 'message' that forms the basis of communication. Much of this review deals with vocal communication as an example of the questions that research on communication has tried to answer and it provides an historical overview of the theoretical arguments proposed. Topics covered include signal transmission in different environments and different species, referential signaling, and intentionality. The contention is that animal communication may reveal significant thought processes that enable some individuals in a small number of species so far investigated to anticipate what conspecifics might do, although some researchers think of such behavior as adaptive or worth dismissing as anthropomorphizing. The review further points out that some species are more likely than others to develop more complex communication patterns. It is a matter of asking how animals categorize their world and which concepts require cognitive processes and which are adaptive. The review concludes with questions of life history, social learning, and decision making, all criteria that have remained relatively unexplored in communication research. Long-lived, cooperative social animals have so far offered especially exciting prospects for investigation. There are ample opportunities and now very advanced technologies as well to tap further into expressions of memory of signals, be they vocal or expressed in other modalities. WIREs Cogn Sci 2014, 5:661-677. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1321 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website. CONFLICT OF INTEREST The author has declared no conflicts of interest for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Kaplan
- Centre for Neuroscience and Animal Behaviour, School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
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55
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Salmi R, Hammerschmidt K, Doran-Sheehy DM. Individual distinctiveness in call types of wild western female gorillas. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101940. [PMID: 25029238 PMCID: PMC4100815 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Individually distinct vocalizations play an important role in animal communication, allowing call recipients to respond differentially based on caller identity. However, which of the many calls in a species' repertoire should have more acoustic variability and be more recognizable is less apparent. One proposed hypothesis is that calls used over long distances should be more distinct because visual cues are not available to identify the caller. An alternative hypothesis proposes that close calls should be more recognizable because of their importance in social interactions. To examine which hypothesis garners more support, the acoustic variation and individual distinctiveness of eight call types of six wild western gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) females were investigated. Acoustic recordings of gorilla calls were collected at the Mondika Research Center (Republic of Congo). Acoustic variability was high in all gorilla calls. Similar high inter-individual variation and potential for identity coding (PIC) was found for all call types. Discriminant function analyses confirmed that all call types were individually distinct (although for call types with lowest sample size - hum, grumble and scream - this result cannot be generalized), suggesting that neither the distance at which communication occurs nor the call social function alone can explain the evolution of identity signaling in western gorilla communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Salmi
- Department of Anthropology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Interdepartmental Doctoral Program in Anthropological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Kurt Hammerschmidt
- Cognitive Ethology Laboratory, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Diane M. Doran-Sheehy
- Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
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56
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Steinberg DS, Losos JB, Schoener TW, Spiller DA, Kolbe JJ, Leal M. Predation-associated modulation of movement-based signals by a Bahamian lizard. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:9187-92. [PMID: 24843163 PMCID: PMC4078856 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1407190111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling individuals must effectively capture and hold the attention of intended conspecific receivers while limiting eavesdropping by potential predators. A possible mechanism for achieving this balance is for individuals to modulate the physical properties of their signals or to alter the proportion of time spent signaling, depending upon local levels of predation pressure. We test the hypothesis that prey can alter their visual signaling behavior to decrease conspicuousness and potentially limit predation risk via modulation of signal properties or display rate. To do so, we conducted a manipulative experiment in nature to evaluate the possible effect of predation pressure on the physical properties of movement-based signals and on the proportion of time spent signaling by using a well-understood predator-prey system in the Bahamas, the semiarboreal lizard Anolis sagrei, and one of its main predators, the curly-tailed lizard Leiocephalus carinatus. We find that on islands onto which the predator was introduced, male anoles reduce the maximum amplitude of head-bob displays but not the proportion of time spent signaling, in comparison with control islands lacking the predator. This reduction of amplitude also decreases signal active space, which might alter the reproductive success of signaling individuals. We suggest that future studies of predator-prey interactions consider the risk effects generated by changes in signals or signaling behavior to fully determine the influence of predation pressure on the dynamics of prey populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan B Losos
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Thomas W Schoener
- Section of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616; and
| | - David A Spiller
- Section of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616; and
| | - Jason J Kolbe
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881
| | - Manuel Leal
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
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57
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Magrath RD, Haff TM, Fallow PM, Radford AN. Eavesdropping on heterospecific alarm calls: from mechanisms to consequences. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2014; 90:560-86. [PMID: 24917385 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Animals often gather information from other species by eavesdropping on signals intended for others. We review the extent, benefits, mechanisms, and ecological and evolutionary consequences of eavesdropping on other species' alarm calls. Eavesdropping has been shown experimentally in about 70 vertebrate species, and can entail closely or distantly related species. The benefits of eavesdropping include prompting immediate anti-predator responses, indirect enhancement of foraging or changed habitat use, and learning about predators. Eavesdropping on heterospecifics can provide more eyes looking for danger, complementary information to that from conspecifics, and potentially information at reduced cost. The response to heterospecific calls can be unlearned or learned. Unlearned responses occur when heterospecific calls have acoustic features similar to that used to recognize conspecific calls, or acoustic properties such as harsh sounds that prompt attention and may allow recognition or facilitate learning. Learning to recognize heterospecific alarm calls is probably essential to allow recognition of the diversity of alarm calls, but the evidence is largely indirect. The value of eavesdropping on different species is affected by problems of signal interception and the relevance of heterospecific alarm calls to the listener. These constraints on eavesdropping will affect how information flows among species and thus affect community function. Some species are 'keystone' information producers, while others largely seek information, and these differences probably affect the formation and function of mixed-species groups. Eavesdroppers might also integrate alarm calls from multiple species to extract relevant and reliable information. Eavesdropping appears to set the stage for the evolution of interspecific deception and communication, and potentially affects communication within species. Overall, we now know that eavesdropping on heterospecific alarm calls is an important source of information for many species across the globe, and there are ample opportunities for research on mechanisms, fitness consequences and implications for community function and signalling evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Magrath
- Division of Evolution, Ecology & Genetics, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra 0200, Australia
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58
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Soltis J, King LE, Douglas-Hamilton I, Vollrath F, Savage A. African elephant alarm calls distinguish between threats from humans and bees. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89403. [PMID: 24586753 PMCID: PMC3935886 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Samburu pastoralists of Northern Kenya co-exist with African elephants, Loxodonta africana, and compete over resources such as watering holes. Audio playback experiments demonstrate that African elephants produce alarm calls in response to the voices of Samburu tribesmen. When exposed to adult male Samburu voices, listening elephants exhibited vigilance behavior, flight behavior, and produced vocalizations (rumbles, roars and trumpets). Rumble vocalizations were most common and were characterized by increased and more variable fundamental frequencies, and an upward shift in the first [F1] and second [F2] formant locations, compared to control rumbles. When exposed to a sequence of these recorded rumbles, roars and trumpets, listening elephants also exhibited vigilance and flight behavior. The same behavior was observed, in lesser degrees, both when the roars and trumpets were removed, and when the second formants were artificially lowered to levels typical of control rumbles. The “Samburu alarm rumble” is acoustically distinct from the previously described “bee alarm rumble.” The bee alarm rumbles exhibited increased F2, while Samburu alarm rumbles exhibited increased F1 and F2, compared to controls. Moreover, the behavioral reactions to the two threats were different. Elephants exhibited vigilance and flight behavior in response to Samburu and bee stimuli and to both alarm calls, but headshaking behavior only occurred in response to bee sounds and bee alarm calls. In general, increasingly threatening stimuli elicited alarm calls with increases in F0 and in formant locations, and increasing numbers of these acoustic cues in vocal stimuli elicited increased vigilance and flight behavior in listening elephants. These results show that African elephant alarm calls differentiate between two types of threat and reflect the level of urgency of threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Soltis
- Education and Science Department, Disney’s Animal Kingdom, Lake Buena Vista, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Lucy E. King
- Save the Elephants, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Iain Douglas-Hamilton
- Save the Elephants, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Fritz Vollrath
- Save the Elephants, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Savage
- Conservation Department, Disney’s Animal Kingdom, Lake Buena Vista, Florida, United States of America
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59
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Mother knows best: functionally referential alarm calling in white-tailed ptarmigan. Anim Cogn 2013; 17:671-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10071-013-0698-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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60
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Etting SF, Isbell LA, Grote MN. Factors increasing snake detection and perceived threat in captive rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Am J Primatol 2013; 76:135-45. [PMID: 24395649 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The primary predators of primates are all ambush hunters, and yet felids, raptors, and snakes differ in aspects of their ecology that affect the evasive strategies of their primate prey. Felids and raptors can traverse long distances quickly, thus the urgency of threat they present increases as they come closer in proximity to primates. In contrast, snakes do not move rapidly over long distances, and so primates may be reasonably safe even at close distances provided snakes can be detected and monitored. We investigated the ability of captive rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) to detect snakes at distances ranging from 15 to 1.5 m. We also examined variation in intensity of perceived threat by applying a Hidden Markov Model to infer changes in underlying state from observable behaviors, that is, increased attention and mobbing. We found that the macaques often failed to detect snake models but that closer proximity improved snake detection, which is necessary before threat can be perceived. We also found that having only one individual in fairly close proximity (≤ 7.5 m) was sufficient to alert the rest of the group and so the chances of detection did not increase with increasing group size. Finally, we found that when the snakes were perceived, they did not elicit greater intensity of response with closer proximity. These results provide evidence that the threat from snakes is greatest when they are in proximity to primates but are unseen. When snakes are seen, however, distance appears not to affect primates' perceived risk, in contrast to their perceived risk from raptors and felids.
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61
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Chivers DP, Dixson DL, White JR, McCormick MI, Ferrari MCO. Degradation of chemical alarm cues and assessment of risk throughout the day. Ecol Evol 2013; 3:3925-34. [PMID: 24198950 PMCID: PMC3810885 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of chemical information in assessment of predation risk is pervasive across animal taxa. However, by its very nature, chemical information can be temporally unreliable. Chemical cues persist for some period of time after they are released into the environment. Yet, we know surprisingly little about the rate of degradation of chemical cues under natural conditions and hence little about how they function in temporal risk assessment under natural conditions. Here, we conducted an experiment to identify a concentration of fresh alarm cues that evoke a strong antipredator response in coral reef damselfish, Pomacentrus ambonensis. We then tested the rate at which these alarm cues degraded under natural conditions in ocean water, paying attention to whether the rate of degradation varied throughout the day and whether the temporal pattern correlated with physicochemical factors that could influence the rate of degradation. Fresh alarm cues released into ocean water evoke strong avoidance responses in juvenile fish, while those aged for 30 min no longer evoke antipredator responses. Fish exposed to cues aged for 10 or 20 min show intermediate avoidance responses. We found a marked temporal pattern of response throughout the day, with much faster degradation in early to mid-afternoon, the time of day when solar radiation, temperature, dissolved oxygen, and pH are nearing their peak. Ecologists have spent considerable effort elucidating the role of chemical information in mediating predator–prey interactions, yet we know almost nothing about the temporal dynamics of risk assessment using chemical information. We are in dire need of additional comparative field experiments on the rate of breakdown of chemical cues, particularly given that global change in UV radiation, temperature, and water chemistry could be altering the rates of degradation and the potential use of this information in risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas P Chivers
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, SasKatchewan, S7N 5E2, Canada
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62
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Jiang CM, Zheng R, Zhou Y, Liang ZY, Rao LL, Sun Y, Tan C, Chen XP, Tian ZQ, Bai YQ, Chen SG, Li S. Effect of 45-day simulated microgravity on the evaluation of orally reported emergencies. ERGONOMICS 2013; 56:1225-1231. [PMID: 23789793 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2013.809481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Accurate evaluation of emergencies is a critical concern in long-duration space flights. Accordingly, we studied the effect of 45 days of - 6° head-down bed rest - a model that simulates the conditions in microgravity environments - on the evaluation of orally reported emergencies. Sixteen male participants listened to corresponding emergency scenarios and assessed the severity of these situations eight times before, during and after bed rest. The results revealed a ' recency effect': compared with emergency descriptions in the order of serious to mild, those framed in the reverse order were judged to be more serious. However, the severity ratings did not vary with time spent in the simulated microgravity environment. These findings are similar to those observed in a regular environment on Earth, indicating that the design principles of information presentation for situations on Earth may also be extended to designs intended for outer space. PRACTITIONER SUMMARY A recency effect was found in the evaluation of orally reported emergencies under simulated microgravity conditions. The design principles of information presentation for situations on Earth may also be extended to designs intended for outer space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Ming Jiang
- a Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100101 , P.R. China
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63
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Signal Detection, Noise, and the Evolution of Communication. ANIMAL SIGNALS AND COMMUNICATION 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-41494-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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64
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Barrio IC, Hik DS, Bueno CG, Cahill JF. Extending the stress-gradient hypothesis - is competition among animals less common in harsh environments? OIKOS 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2012.00355.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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65
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Nakano R, Nakagawa R, Tokimoto N, Okanoya K. Alarm call discrimination in a social rodent: adult but not juvenile degu calls induce high vigilance. J ETHOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10164-012-0355-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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66
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Kelling AS, Allard SM, Kelling NJ, Sandhaus EA, Maple TL. Lion, Ungulate, and Visitor Reactions to Playbacks of Lion Roars at Zoo Atlanta. J APPL ANIM WELF SCI 2012; 15:313-28. [PMID: 23009622 DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2012.709116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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67
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Townsend SW, Manser MB. Functionally Referential Communication in Mammals: The Past, Present and the Future. Ethology 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon W. Townsend
- Animal Behaviour; Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies; University of Zurich; Zurich; Switzerland
| | - Marta B. Manser
- Animal Behaviour; Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies; University of Zurich; Zurich; Switzerland
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68
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Schel AM, Zuberbühler K. Predator and non-predator long-distance calls in Guereza colobus monkeys. Behav Processes 2012; 91:41-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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69
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Monticelli PF, Ades C. The rich acoustic repertoire of a precocious rodent, the wild cavy Cavia aperea. BIOACOUSTICS 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/09524622.2012.711516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Ferreira Monticelli
- a Depto de Psicologia , Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil
| | - César Ades
- b Depto de Psicologia Experimental , Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade de São Paulo , Brazil
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70
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Yang C, Xiao Z, Guo Y, Xiong Y, Zhang X, Yue B. Alarm signals of the Sichuan sika deer Cervus nippon sichuanicus. Zoolog Sci 2012; 29:423-7. [PMID: 22775249 DOI: 10.2108/zsj.29.423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Sichuan sika deer (Cervus nippon sichuanicus) is an endangered and endemic subspecies of sika deer to Sichuan Province, China. According to our observations in the wild, the Sichuan sika deer makes alarm signals in the presence of actual or potential predators. In order to test the variation of the rhythmic alarm calls in some sex/age classes and different risk contexts, we recorded alarm calls of Sichuan sika deer from 2 October to 30 November 2008 and from 4 April to 5 September 2009 in the Tiebu Nature Reserve, Zoige County, Sichuan Province, China, and made acoustic analysis of these alarm calls. The results showed that the fundamental frequencies of alarm signals of Sichuan sika deer tended to decrease with age, and were significantly higher for females than for males. Duration tended to increase with age, and was significantly longer for males than for females. The fundamental frequencies and duration of alarm calls in adults were significantly higher and shorter respectively in high-risk than in moderate-risk contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengzhong Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
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71
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Suzuki TN. Referential mobbing calls elicit different predator-searching behaviours in Japanese great tits. Anim Behav 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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72
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Affiliation(s)
- E. F. Briefer
- Biological and Experimental Psychology Group, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences; Queen Mary University of London; London; UK
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73
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Wilson DR, Evans CS. Fowl communicate the size, speed and proximity of avian stimuli through graded structure in referential alarm calls. Anim Behav 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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74
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A possible phylogenetically conserved urgency response of great tits (Parus major) towards allopatric mobbing calls. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-011-1315-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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75
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Mundry R, Sommer C, Todt D, Ostreiher R. Urgency-related alarm calling in Arabian babblers, Turdoides squamiceps: predator distance matters in the use of alarm call types. BEHAVIOUR 2012. [DOI: 10.1163/1568539x-00003003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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76
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Carrasco MF, Blumstein DT. Mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) respond to yellow-bellied marmot (Marmota flaviventris) alarm calls. Ethology 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.2011.02002.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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77
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78
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Bassi GS, Kanashiro A, Santin FM, de Souza GEP, Nobre MJ, Coimbra NC. Lipopolysaccharide-induced sickness behaviour evaluated in different models of anxiety and innate fear in rats. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2011; 110:359-69. [PMID: 22059515 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2011.00824.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The fact that there is a complex and bidirectional communication between the immune and nervous systems has been well demonstrated. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a component of gram-negative bacteria, is widely used to systematically stimulate the immune system and generate profound physiological and behavioural changes, also known as 'sickness behaviour' (e.g. anhedonia, lethargy, loss of appetite, anxiety, sleepiness). Different ethological tools have been used to analyse the behavioural modifications induced by LPS; however, many researchers analysed only individual tests, a single LPS dose or a unique ethological parameter, thus leading to disagreements regarding the data. In the present study, we investigated the effects of different doses of LPS (10, 50, 200 and 500 μg/kg, i.p.) in young male Wistar rats (weighing 180-200 g; 8-9 weeks old) on the ethological and spatiotemporal parameters of the elevated plus maze, light-dark box, elevated T maze, open-field tests and emission of ultrasound vocalizations. There was a dose-dependent increase in anxiety-like behaviours caused by LPS, forming an inverted U curve peaked at LPS 200 μg/kg dose. However, these anxiety-like behaviours were detected only by complementary ethological analysis (stretching, grooming, immobility responses and alarm calls), and these reactions seem to be a very sensitive tool in assessing the first signs of sickness behaviour. In summary, the present work clearly showed that there are resting and alertness reactions induced by opposite neuroimmune mechanisms (neuroimmune bias) that could lead to anxiety behaviours, suggesting that misunderstanding data could occur when only few ethological variables or single doses of LPS are analysed. Finally, it is hypothesized that this bias is an evolutionary tool that increases animals' security while the body recovers from a systemic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel S Bassi
- Institute for Neuroscience and Behaviour, Campus Universitarius of Ribeirão Preto of the University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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79
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Blumstein DT, Chi YY. Scared and less noisy: glucocorticoids are associated with alarm call entropy. Biol Lett 2011; 8:189-92. [PMID: 21976625 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2011.0832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The nonlinearity and arousal hypothesis predicts that highly aroused mammals will produce nonlinear, noisy vocalizations. We tested this prediction by measuring faecal glucocorticoid metabolites (GCMs) in adult yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris), and asking if variation in GCMs was positively correlated with Wiener entropy-a measure of noise. Contrary to our prediction, we found a significant negative relationship: marmots with more faecal GCMs produced calls with less noise than those with lower levels of GCMs. A previous study suggested that glucocorticoids modulate the probability that a marmot will emit a call. This study suggests that, like some other species, calls emitted from highly aroused individuals are less noisy. Glucocorticoids thus play an important, yet underappreciated role, in alarm call production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Blumstein
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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80
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Hetrick SA, Sieving KE. Antipredator calls of tufted titmice and interspecific transfer of encoded threat information. Behav Ecol 2011. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arr160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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81
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Charlton BD, Reby D. Context-related acoustic variation in male fallow deer (Dama dama) groans. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21066. [PMID: 21695159 PMCID: PMC3113910 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
While social and behavioural contexts are known to affect the acoustic structure of vocal signals in several mammal species, few studies have investigated context-related acoustic variation during inter-sexual advertisement and/or intra-sexual competition. Here we recorded male fallow deer groans during the breeding season and investigated how key acoustic parameters (fundamental frequency and formant frequencies) vary as a function of the social context in which they are produced. We found that in the presence of females, male fallow deer produced groans with higher mean fundamental frequency when vocal males were also present than they did when no vocal males were in close vicinity. We attribute this to the increased arousal state typically associated with this context. In addition, groan minimum formant frequency spacing was slightly, but significantly lower (indicating marginally more extended vocal tracts) when males were alone than when potential mates and/or competitors were nearby. This indicates that, contrary to our predictions, male fallow deer do not exaggerate the acoustic impression of their body size by further lowering their formant frequencies in the presence of potential mating partners and competitors. Furthermore, since the magnitude of the variation in groan minimum formant frequency spacing remains small compared to documented inter-individual differences, our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that formants are reliable static cues to body size during intra- and inter-sexual advertisement that do not concurrently encode dynamic motivation-related information.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Reby
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Sussex, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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82
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Lemasson A, Hausberger M. Acoustic variability and social significance of calls in female Campbell's monkeys (Cercopithecus campbelli campbelli). THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2011; 129:3341-3352. [PMID: 21568434 DOI: 10.1121/1.3569704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Although the vocal repertoire of nonhuman primates is strongly constrained by genetic, a growing number of studies evidence socially determined flexibility. According to Snowdon et al. [Social Influences on Vocal Development (University Press, Cambridge, 1997), pp. 234-248], calls with a higher social function (affiliative or agonistic) would be expected to show more flexibility than lesser social calls. Owren and Rendall [Evol. Anthropol., 10, 58-71 (2001)] nuanced this by defending a structure-function relationship. Calls with particular acoustic properties, which directly influence the listener's affect, would be less individually distinctive than calls involved in an affective conditioning process. These hypotheses were tested in Campbell's monkeys using telemetric recordings. This is the first detailed description of female Campbell's monkeys' vocal repertoire emphasizing a possible relationship between social function and flexibility level. The vocal repertoire displayed an "arborescent" organization (call type, subtype, and variants). The highest number of subtypes and the greatest acoustic variability, within and among individuals, were found in calls associated with the highest affiliative social value. However, calls associated with agonism were the most stereotyped, whereas less social alarm calls were intermediate. This only partially validate the hypothesis of Snowdon et al. In accordance with Owren and Rendall's hypotheses, the level of individual distinctiveness was minimum for noisy pulsed calls and maximum for calls involved in affiliative interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lemasson
- Université de Rennes 1, Unité Mixte de Recherche 6552 Centre de Recherche Scientifique, EthoS - Ethologie Animale et Humaine, Station Biologique 35380 Paimpont, France.
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83
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Lea AJ, Blumstein DT. Age and sex influence marmot antipredator behavior during periods of heightened risk. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2011; 65:1525-1533. [PMID: 21874082 PMCID: PMC3134770 DOI: 10.1007/s00265-011-1162-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/30/2022]
Abstract
Animals adjust their antipredator behavior according to environmental variation in risk, and to account for their ability to respond to threats. Intrinsic factors that influence an animal's ability to respond to predators (e.g., age, body condition) should explain variation in antipredator behavior. For example, a juvenile might allocate more time to vigilance than an adult because mortality as a result of predation is often high for this age class; however, the relationship between age/vulnerability and antipredator behavior is not always clear or as predicted. We explored the influence of intrinsic factors on yellow-bellied marmot (Marmota flaviventris) antipredator behavior using data pooled from 4 years of experiments. We hypothesized that inherently vulnerable animals (e.g., young, males, and individuals in poor condition) would exhibit more antipredator behavior prior to and immediately following conspecific alarm calls. As expected, males and yearlings suppressed foraging more than females and adults following alarm call playbacks. In contrast to predictions, animals in better condition respond more than animals in below average condition. Interestingly, these intrinsic properties did not influence baseline time budgets; animals of all ages, sexes, and condition levels devoted comparable amounts of time to foraging prior to alarm calls. Our results support the hypothesis that inherent differences in vulnerability influence antipredator behavior; furthermore, it appears that a crucial, but poorly acknowledged, interaction exists between risk and state-dependence. Elevated risk may be required to reveal the workings of state-dependent behavior, and studies of antipredator behavior in a single context may draw incomplete conclusions about age- or sex-specific strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Lea
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, 621 Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606 USA
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84
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Meise K, Keller C, Cowlishaw G, Fischer J. Sources of acoustic variation: implications for production specificity and call categorization in chacma baboon (Papio ursinus) grunts. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2011; 129:1631-41. [PMID: 21428526 DOI: 10.1121/1.3531944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Elucidating the information content of vocal signals is fundamental to the understanding of animal communication. Acoustically distinct calls produced in specific contexts allow listeners to predict future events and choose adequate responses. However, the vocal repertoires of most terrestrial mammals consist of a limited number of call types that vary within and between categories. These "graded signaling systems" are thought to be rich in information, at the cost of increasing uncertainty regarding call categorization. In this study, patterns of acoustic variation in grunts of wild chacma baboons (Papio ursinus) were assessed in relation to different contexts, callers' arousal, the presence of listeners, and individual identity. Although overall production specificity was low, and sensitive to the number of contexts under consideration, grunts given in three contexts could be statistically distinguished from each other. Contextual differences remained when controlling for caller arousal, suggesting that these differences cannot be explained by variation in arousal. No audience effect was detected, but individual identity was found to have an influence on acoustic structure. Overall, these results support the view that, in comparison to other signaling systems associated with hazardous conditions, lower production specificity might evolve under relaxed circumstances where unambiguous signaling is less important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Meise
- Department of Behavioral Biology, University of Bielefeld, Morgenbreede 45, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
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85
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Li C, Monclús R, Maul TL, Jiang Z, Blumstein DT. Quantifying human disturbance on antipredator behavior and flush initiation distance in yellow-bellied marmots. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2010.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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86
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87
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MONTICELLI PATRÍCIAFERREIRA, ADES CÉSAR. BIOACOUSTICS OF DOMESTICATION: ALARM AND COURTSHIP CALLS OF WILD AND DOMESTIC CAVIES. BIOACOUSTICS 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/09524622.2011.9753642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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88
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Seyfarth RM, Cheney DL. Production, usage, and comprehension in animal vocalizations. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2010; 115:92-100. [PMID: 19944456 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2009.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2008] [Revised: 10/12/2009] [Accepted: 10/12/2009] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we place equal emphasis on production, usage, and comprehension because these components of communication may exhibit different developmental trajectories and be affected by different neural mechanisms. In the animal kingdom generally, learned, flexible vocal production is rare, appearing in only a few orders of birds and few species of mammals. Compared with humans, the majority of species produce a limited repertoire of calls that show little modification during development. Call usage is also highly constrained. Unlike humans, most animals use specific call types only in a limited range of contexts. In marked contrast to production and usage, animals' comprehension of vocalizations, as measured by their responses, are highly flexible, modifiable as a result of experience, and show the most parallels with human language. The differences among vocal production, usage, and comprehension create an oddly asymmetric system of communication in which a small repertoire of relatively fixed calls, each linked to a particular context, can nonetheless give rise to an open-ended, highly modifiable, and cognitively rich set of meanings. Recent studies of baboons and eavesdropping songbirds provide two examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Seyfarth
- Department of Psychology and Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, USA.
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89
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Kitchen DM, Bergman TJ, Cheney DL, Nicholson JR, Seyfarth RM. Comparing responses of four ungulate species to playbacks of baboon alarm calls. Anim Cogn 2010; 13:861-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s10071-010-0334-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Revised: 05/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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90
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Gogoleva SS, Volodin IA, Volodina EV, Kharlamova AV, Trut LN. Vocalization toward conspecifics in silver foxes (Vulpes vulpes) selected for tame or aggressive behavior toward humans. Behav Processes 2010; 84:547-54. [PMID: 20123117 PMCID: PMC2873138 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2010.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2009] [Revised: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
We examined the production of different vocalizations in three strains of silver fox (unselected, aggressive, and tame) attending three kinds of behavior (aggressive, affiliative, and neutral) in response to their same-strain conspecifics. This is a follow-up to previous experiments which demonstrated that in the presence of humans, tame foxes produced cackles and pants but never coughed or snorted, whilst aggressive foxes produced coughs and snorts but never cackled or panted. Thus, cackle/pant and cough/snort were indicative of the tame and aggressive fox strains respectively toward humans. Wild-type unselected foxes produced cough and snort toward humans similarly to aggressive foxes. Here, we found that vocal responses to conspecifics were similar in tame, aggressive and unselected fox strains. Both cackle/pant and cough/snort occurred in foxes of all strains. The difference in the use of cackle/pant and cough/snort among these strains toward humans and toward conspecifics suggest that silver foxes do not perceive humans as their conspecifics. We speculate that these vocalizations are produced in response to a triggering internal state, affiliative or aggressive, that is suppressed by default in these fox strains toward humans as a result of their strict selection for tame or aggressive behavior, whilst still remaining flexible toward conspecifics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana S. Gogoleva
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Vorobievy Gory, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Ilya A. Volodin
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Vorobievy Gory, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Scientific Research Department, Moscow Zoo, B. Gruzinskaya, 1, Moscow, 123242, Russia
| | - Elena V. Volodina
- Scientific Research Department, Moscow Zoo, B. Gruzinskaya, 1, Moscow, 123242, Russia
| | - Anastasia V. Kharlamova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. Lavrentjeva, 10, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Lyudmila N. Trut
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. Lavrentjeva, 10, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
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91
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Gogoleva SS, Volodina EV, Volodin IA, Kharlamova AV, Trut LN. The gradual vocal responses to human-provoked discomfort in farmed silver foxes. Acta Ethol 2010; 13:75-85. [PMID: 22865950 DOI: 10.1007/s10211-010-0076-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Vocal indicators of welfare have proven their use for many farmed and zoo animals and may be applied to farmed silver foxes as these animals display high vocal activity toward humans. Farmed silver foxes were selected mainly for fur, size, and litter sizes, but not for attitudes to people, so they are fearful of humans and have short-term welfare problems in their proximity. With a human approach test, we designed here the steady increase and decrease of fox-human distance and registered vocal responses of 25 farmed silver foxes. We analyzed the features of vocalizations produced by the foxes at different fox-human distances, assuming that changes in vocal responses reflect the degrees of human-related discomfort. For revealing the discomfort-related vocal traits in farmed silver foxes, we proposed and tested the algorithm of "joint calls," equally applicable for analysis of all calls independently on their structure, either tonal or noisy. We discuss that the increase in proportion of time spent vocalizing and the shift of call energy toward higher frequencies may be integral vocal characteristics of short-term welfare problems in farmed silver foxes and probably in other captive mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana S Gogoleva
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Vorobievy Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia
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92
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Rahlfs M, Fichtel C. Anti-Predator Behaviour in a Nocturnal Primate, the Grey Mouse Lemur (Microcebus murinus). Ethology 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.2010.01756.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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93
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Blumstein DT, Daniel JC. Inter- and Intraspecific Variation in the Acoustic Habitats of Three Marmot Species. Ethology 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.1997.tb00022.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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94
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95
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Production and perception of situationally variable alarm calls in wild tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella nigritus). Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-010-0914-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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96
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Sieving KE, Hetrick SA, Avery ML. The versatility of graded acoustic measures in classification of predation threats by the tufted titmouseBaeolophus bicolor: exploring a mixed framework for threat communication. OIKOS 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2009.17682.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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97
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Furrer RD, Manser MB. The evolution of urgency-based and functionally referential alarm calls in ground-dwelling species. Am Nat 2010; 173:400-10. [PMID: 19199527 DOI: 10.1086/596541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A major evolutionary force driving functionally referential alarm calls is the need for different strategies to escape various predator types in complex structured habitats. In contrast, a single escape strategy appears to be sufficient in less-structured open habitats, and under such conditions urgency-dependent alarm calls may be favored. Nevertheless, some species, such as meerkats (Suricata suricatta), have evolved functionally referential alarm calls despite living in open areas, using only bolt-holes for retreat. To understand the evolution of different alarm call systems, we investigated the calls of sympatric Cape ground squirrels (Xerus inauris) and compared their antipredator and foraging behavior with that of meerkats. Cape ground squirrels emitted urgency-dependent alarm calls and responded to playbacks depending on urgency, not predator type. Vigilance behavior and habitat use differed between the two species. Meerkats roam widely to find prey and for efficient foraging depend on coordinated predator vigilance and escape behavior. As herbivores with smaller territories, Cape ground squirrels depend less on coordinated antipredator behavior, and urgency-dependent alarm calls encode all essential information. We conclude that habitat complexity does not explain the evolution of functionally referential alarm calls in all species, and other constraints, such as the need to coordinate group movements to maintain foraging efficiency, could be more relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman D Furrer
- Animal Behaviour, Zoological Institute, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich, Switzerland.
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98
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Manser MB. The generation of functionally referential and motivational vocal signals in mammals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-374593-4.00043-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
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99
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Nocera JJ, Ratcliffe LM. Migrant and resident birds adjust antipredator behavior in response to social information accuracy. Behav Ecol 2009. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arp161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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100
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Blumstein DT, Récapet C. The Sound of Arousal: The Addition of Novel Non-linearities Increases Responsiveness in Marmot Alarm Calls. Ethology 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.2009.01691.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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