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Eren E, Yılmaz N, Aydin O, Ellidağ HY. Anticipatory role of high density lipoprotein and endothelial dysfunction: an overview. Open Biochem J 2014; 8:100-6. [PMID: 25598849 PMCID: PMC4293742 DOI: 10.2174/1874091x01408010100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) has been witnessed to possess a range of different functions that contribute to its atheroprotective effects. These functions are: the promotion of macrophage cholesterol efflux, reverse cholesterol transport, anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic, anti-apoptotic, pro-fibrinolytic and anti-oxidative functions. Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is an HDL associated enzyme esterase/homocysteinethiolactonase that contributes to the anti-oxidant and anti-atherosclerotic capabilities of HDL. PON1 is directly involved in the etiopathogenesis of atherosclerosis through the modulation of nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. The aim of this review is to summarize the role of HDL on endothelial homeostasis, and also to describe the recently characterized molecular pathways involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esin Eren
- Laboratory of Atatürk Hospital, Antalya/Turkey
| | - Necat Yılmaz
- Central Laboratories of Antalya Education and Research Hospital of Ministry of Health, Antalya/Turkey
| | - Ozgur Aydin
- Laboratory of Batman Maternity and Children's Hospital, Batman/Turkey
| | - Hamit Y Ellidağ
- Central Laboratories of Antalya Education and Research Hospital of Ministry of Health, Antalya/Turkey
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52
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Santos-Gallego CG, Badimon JJ, Rosenson RS. Beginning to understand high-density lipoproteins. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2014; 43:913-47. [PMID: 25432389 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This article reconciles the classic view of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) associated with low risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) with recent data (genetics studies and randomized clinical trials) casting doubt over the widely accepted beneficial role of HDL regarding CVD risk. Although HDL cholesterol has been used as a surrogate measure to investigate HDL function, the cholesterol content in HDL particles is not an indicator of the atheroprotective properties of HDL. Thus, more precise measures of HDL metabolism are needed to reflect and account for the beneficial effects of HDL particles. Current and emerging therapies targeting HDL are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos G Santos-Gallego
- Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, Box 1030, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Juan J Badimon
- Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, Box 1030, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Robert S Rosenson
- Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, Box 1030, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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53
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Tran-Dinh A, Diallo D, Delbosc S, Varela-Perez LM, Dang QB, Lapergue B, Burillo E, Michel JB, Levoye A, Martin-Ventura JL, Meilhac O. HDL and endothelial protection. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 169:493-511. [PMID: 23488589 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) represent a family of particles characterized by the presence of apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) and by their ability to transport cholesterol from peripheral tissues back to the liver. In addition to this function, HDLs display pleiotropic effects including antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic or anti-proteolytic properties that account for their protective action on endothelial cells. Vasodilatation via production of nitric oxide is also a hallmark of HDL action on endothelial cells. Endothelial cells express receptors for apoA-I and HDLs that mediate intracellular signalling and potentially participate in the internalization of these particles. In this review, we will detail the different effects of HDLs on the endothelium in normal and pathological conditions with a particular focus on the potential use of HDL therapy to restore endothelial function and integrity.
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Abstract
Low plasma levels of HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) represent a strong and independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. HDL particles display a wide spectrum of atheroprotective activities, which include effluxing cellular cholesterol, diminishing cellular death, decreasing vascular constriction, reducing inflammatory response, protecting from pathological oxidation, combating bacterial infection, lessening platelet activation, regulating gene expression by virtue of microRNAs, and improving glucose metabolism. It remains presently indeterminate as to whether some biological activities of HDL are more relevant for the protection of the endothelium from atherogenesis when compared with others. The multitude of such activities raises the question of a proper assay to assess HDL functionality ex vivo. Together with clear understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying atheroprotective properties of HDL, such assay will provide a basis to resolve the ultimate question of the HDL field to allow the development of efficient HDL-targeting therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatol Kontush
- National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), UMR-ICAN 1166, University of Pierre and Marie Curie - Paris 6, Pitié - Salpétrière University Hospital, ICAN, 75651 Paris Cedex 13, France
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55
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Kratzer A, Giral H, Landmesser U. High-density lipoproteins as modulators of endothelial cell functions: alterations in patients with coronary artery disease. Cardiovasc Res 2014; 103:350-61. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvu139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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56
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Eren E, Yilmaz N, Aydin O. Functionally defective high-density lipoprotein and paraoxonase: a couple for endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerosis. CHOLESTEROL 2013; 2013:792090. [PMID: 24222847 PMCID: PMC3814057 DOI: 10.1155/2013/792090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The endothelium is the primary target for biochemical or mechanical injuries caused by the putative risk factors of atherosclerosis. Endothelial dysfunction represents the ultimate link between atherosclerotic risk factors that promote atherosclerosis. HDL-C is thought to exert at least some parts of its antiatherogenic facilities via stimulating endothelial NO production, nearby inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation. HDL-C is capable of opposing LDL's inductive effects and avoiding the ox-LDL's inhibition of eNOS. Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is an HDL-associated enzyme esterase which appears to contribute to the antioxidant and antiatherosclerotic capabilities of HDL-C. "Healthy HDL," namely the particle that contains the active Paraoxonase 1, has the power to suppress the formation of oxidized lipids. "Dysfunctional HDL," on the contrary, has reduced Paraoxonase 1 enzyme activity and not only fails in its mission but also potentially leads to greater formation of oxidized lipids/lipoproteins to cause endothelial dysfunction. The association of HDL-C PON1 and endothelial dysfunction depends largely on the molecules with exact damaging effect on NO synthase coupling. Loss of nitric oxide bioavailability has a pivotal role in endothelial dysfunction preceding the appearance of atherosclerosis. Analyses of HDL-C and Paraoxonase1 would be more important in the diagnosis and treatment of atherosclerosis in the very near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esin Eren
- Laboratory of Atatürk Hospital, 07040 Antalya, Turkey
| | - Necat Yilmaz
- Central Laboratories of Antalya Education and Research Hospital of Ministry of Health, 07100 Antalya, Turkey
- Antalya Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi Merkez Laboratuvarı Soğuksu, 07100 Antalya, Turkey
| | - Ozgur Aydin
- Central Laboratories of Antalya Education and Research Hospital of Ministry of Health, 07100 Antalya, Turkey
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58
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Campbell S, Genest J. HDL-C: clinical equipoise and vascular endothelial function. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2013; 11:343-53. [PMID: 23469914 DOI: 10.1586/erc.13.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Serum levels of HDL cholesterol represent a strong, and coherent cardiovascular risk marker seen across all populations, with higher levels of HDL cholesterol being associated with decreased incidence of coronary artery disease. The cardiovascular protective effects of HDL particles are attributed, in great part, to the ability of HDL particles to promote cellular cholesterol efflux from lipid-laden macrophages within the atherosclerotic plaque. HDL also has pleiotropic effects that protect the vascular wall, at least in vitro. These effects include potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties and the modulation of vascular endothelial function. The mechanisms by which HDL exert their function on the vascular endothelium is dependent on HDL particle size, protein (proteome) and lipid (lipidome). The cooperative binding of HDL via SR-BI and G-coupled S1PR1-5 receptors mediates phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase at residue 1177 through AKT signaling, preventing uncoupling of NADPH oxidation and nitric oxide synthesis and increasing endothelial nitric oxide synthase abundance. Furthermore, HDL can modulate the activation of NF-κB and the expression of cell adhesion molecules, an early step in endothelial dysfunction. In the present review the authors will focus on the controversies surrounding HDL, clinical treatments and vascular endothelial functions of HDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Campbell
- McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Royal Victoria Hospital, 687 Pine avenue West, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A1, Canada
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59
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Riwanto M, Landmesser U. High density lipoproteins and endothelial functions: mechanistic insights and alterations in cardiovascular disease. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:3227-43. [PMID: 23873269 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r037762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Prospective population studies in the primary prevention setting have shown that reduced plasma levels of HDL cholesterol are associated with an increased risk of coronary disease and myocardial infarction. Experimental and translational studies have further revealed several potential anti-atherogenic effects of HDL, including protective effects on endothelial cell functions. HDL has been suggested to protect endothelial cell functions by prevention of oxidation of LDL and its adverse endothelial effects. Moreover, HDL from healthy subjects can directly stimulate endothelial cell production of nitric oxide and anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and anti-thrombotic effects as well as endothelial repair processes. However, several recent clinical trials using HDL cholesterol-raising agents, such as torcetrapib, dalcetrapib, and niacin, did not demonstrate a significant reduction of cardiovascular events in patients with coronary disease. Of note, growing evidence suggests that the vascular effects of HDL can be highly heterogeneous and vasoprotective properties of HDL are altered in patients with coronary disease. Characterization of underlying mechanisms and understanding of the clinical relevance of this "HDL dysfunction" is currently an active field of cardiovascular research. Notably, in some recent studies no clear association of higher HDL cholesterol levels with a reduced risk of cardiovascular events was observed in patients with already established coronary disease. A greater understanding of mechanisms of action of HDL and its altered vascular effects is therefore critical within the context of HDL-targeted therapies. In this review, we will address different effects of HDL on endothelial cell functions potentially relevant to atherosclerotic vascular disease and explore molecular mechanisms leading to "dysfunctional HDL".
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Affiliation(s)
- Meliana Riwanto
- Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich and Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Physiology, Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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60
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Pan B, Yu B, Ren H, Willard B, Pan L, Zu L, Shen X, Ma Y, Li X, Niu C, Kong J, Kang S, Eugene Chen Y, Pennathur S, Zheng L. High-density lipoprotein nitration and chlorination catalyzed by myeloperoxidase impair its effect of promoting endothelial repair. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 60:272-81. [PMID: 23416364 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) plays a key role in protecting against atherosclerosis. In cardiovascular disease, HDL can be nitrated and chlorinated by myeloperoxidase (MPO). In this study, we discovered that MPO-oxidized HDL is dysfunctional in promoting endothelial repair compared to normal HDL. Proliferation assay, wound healing, and transwell migration experiments showed that MPO-oxidized HDL was associated with a reduced stimulation of endothelial cell (EC) proliferation and migration. In addition, we found that Akt and ERK1/2 phosphorylation in ECs was significantly lower when ECs were incubated with oxidized HDL compared with normal HDL. To further determine whether oxidized HDL diminished EC migration through the PI3K/Akt and MEK/ERK pathways, we performed experiments with inhibitors of both these pathways. The transwell experiments performed in the presence of these inhibitors showed that the migration capacity was reduced and the differences observed between normal HDL and oxidized HDL were diminished. Furthermore, to study the effects of oxidized HDL on endothelial cells in vivo, we performed a carotid artery electric injury model on nude mice injected with either normal or oxidized HDL. Oxidized HDL inhibited reendothelialization compared to normal HDL in vivo. These findings implicate a key role for MPO-oxidized HDL in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Pan
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education; and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
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61
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Gomaraschi M, Ossoli A, Vitali C, Calabresi L. HDL and endothelial protection: examining evidence from HDL inherited disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.13.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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62
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Abstract
High density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol has direct effects on numerous cell types that influence cardiovascular and metabolic health. These include endothelial cells, vascular smooth-muscle cells, leukocytes, platelets, adipocytes, skeletal muscle myocytes, and pancreatic β cells. The effects of HDL or apoA-I, its major apolipoprotein, occur through the modulation of intracellular calcium, oxygen-derived free-radical production, numerous kinases, and enzymes, including endothelial nitric-oxide synthase (eNOS). ApoA-I and HDL also influence gene expression, particularly genes encoding mediators of inflammation in vascular cells. In many paradigms, the change in intracellular signaling occurs as a result of cholesterol efflux, with the cholesterol acceptor methyl-β-cyclodextrin often invoking responses identical to HDL or apoA-I. The ABC transporters ABCA1 and ABCG1 and scavenger receptor class B, type I (SR-BI) frequently participate in the cellular responses. Structure-function relationships are emerging for signal initiation by ABCA1 and SR-BI, with plasma membrane cholesterol binding by the C-terminal transmembrane domain of SR-BI uniquely enabling it to serve as a sensor of changes in membrane cholesterol. Further investigation of the processes underlying HDL and apoA-I modulation of intracellular signaling will potentially reveal new prophylactic and therapeutic strategies to optimize both cardiovascular and metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieko Mineo
- Division of Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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63
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Speer T, Zewinger S, Fliser D. Uraemic dyslipidaemia revisited: role of high-density lipoprotein. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2013; 28:2456-63. [PMID: 23645475 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gft080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is accompanied by strong cardiovascular risk. In a rather rigid picture of lipoprotein biology, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is referred to as 'bad cholesterol', while high-density lipoprotein (HDL) is referred to as 'good cholesterol'. However, recent experimental evidence suggests that HDL may be rendered dysfunctional regarding its effects on the vasculature under various clinical conditions such as CKD. Indeed, HDL from the blood of CKD patients has been shown to transform into a particle which promotes endothelial dysfunction, endothelial proinflammatory activation and, thereby, sets the conditions for the development of atherosclerotic disease. Notably, pharmaceutical interventions to raise serum HDL-cholesterol levels have not been proven beneficial so far. Collectively, these findings indicate that HDL cholesterol levels do not represent a valuable marker for indicating the vascular properties of HDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thimoteus Speer
- Department of Internal Medicine 4, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg/Saar, Germany
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64
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Damiano MG, Mutharasan RK, Tripathy S, McMahon KM, Thaxton CS. Templated high density lipoprotein nanoparticles as potential therapies and for molecular delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:649-62. [PMID: 22921597 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
High density lipoproteins (HDLs) are dynamic natural nanoparticles best known for their role in cholesterol transport and the inverse correlation that exists between blood HDL levels and the risk of developing coronary heart disease. In addition, enhanced HDL-cholesterol uptake has been demonstrated in several human cancers. As such, the use of HDL as a therapeutic and as a vehicle for systemic delivery of drugs and as imaging agents is increasingly important. HDLs exist on a continuum from the secreted HDL-scaffolding protein, apolipoprotein A-1 (Apo A1), to complex, spherical "mature" HDLs. Aspects of HDL particles including their size, shape, and surface chemical composition are being recognized as critical to their diverse biological functions. Here we review HDL biology; strategies for synthesizing HDLs; data supporting the clinical use and benefit of directly administered HDL; a rationale for developing synthetic methods for spherical, mature HDLs; and, the potential to employ HDLs as therapies, imaging agents, and drug delivery vehicles. Importantly, methods that utilize nanoparticle templates to control synthetic HDL size, shape, and surface chemistry are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina G Damiano
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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65
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Mahdy Ali K, Wonnerth A, Huber K, Wojta J. Cardiovascular disease risk reduction by raising HDL cholesterol--current therapies and future opportunities. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 167:1177-94. [PMID: 22725625 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02081.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first discovery of an inverse correlation between high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels and coronary heart disease in the 1950s the life cycle of HDL, its role in atherosclerosis and the therapeutic modification of HDL-C levels have been major research topics. The Framingham study and others that followed could show that HDL-C is an independent cardiovascular risk factor and that the increase of HDL-C of only 10 mg·L(-1) leads to a risk reduction of 2-3%. While statin therapy and therefore low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) reduction could lower coronary heart disease considerably; cardiovascular morbidity and mortality still occur in a significant portion of subjects already receiving therapy. Therefore, new strategies and therapies are needed to further reduce the risk. Raising HDL-C was thought to achieve this goal. However, established drug therapies resulting in substantial HDL-C increase are scarce and their effect is controversial. Furthermore, it is becoming increasingly evident that HDL particle functionality is at least as important as HDL-C levels since HDL particles not only promote reverse cholesterol transport from the periphery (mainly macrophages) to the liver but also exert pleiotropic effects on inflammation, haemostasis and apoptosis. This review deals with the biology of HDL particles, the established and future therapeutic options to increase HDL-C and discusses the results and conclusions of the most important studies published in the last years. Finally, an outlook on future diagnostic tools and therapeutic opportunities regarding coronary artery disease is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mahdy Ali
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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66
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Riwanto M, Rohrer L, Roschitzki B, Besler C, Mocharla P, Mueller M, Perisa D, Heinrich K, Altwegg L, von Eckardstein A, Lüscher TF, Landmesser U. Altered activation of endothelial anti- and proapoptotic pathways by high-density lipoprotein from patients with coronary artery disease: role of high-density lipoprotein-proteome remodeling. Circulation 2013; 127:891-904. [PMID: 23349247 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.112.108753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial dysfunction and injury are thought to play an important role in the progression of coronary artery disease (CAD). High-density lipoprotein from healthy subjects (HDL(Healthy)) has been proposed to exert endothelial antiapoptotic effects that may represent an important antiatherogenic property of the lipoprotein. The present study therefore aimed to compare effects of HDL(CAD) and HDL(Healthy) on the activation of endothelial anti- and proapoptotic pathways and to determine which changes of the lipoprotein are relevant for these processes. METHODS AND RESULTS HDL was isolated from patients with stable CAD (HDL(sCAD)), an acute coronary syndrome (HDL(ACS)), and healthy subjects. HDL(Healthy) induced expression of the endothelial antiapoptotic Bcl-2 protein Bcl-xL and reduced endothelial cell apoptosis in vitro and in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice in vivo. In contrast, HDL(sCAD) and HDL(ACS) did not inhibit endothelial apoptosis, failed to activate endothelial Bcl-xL, and stimulated endothelial proapoptotic pathways, in particular, p38-mitogen-activated protein kinase-mediated activation of the proapoptotic Bcl-2 protein tBid. Endothelial antiapoptotic effects of HDL(Healthy) were observed after inhibition of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and after delipidation, but not completely mimicked by apolipoprotein A-I or reconstituted HDL, suggesting an important role of the HDL proteome. HDL proteomics analyses and subsequent validations and functional characterizations suggested a reduced clusterin and increased apolipoprotein C-III content of HDL(sCAD) and HDL(ACS) as mechanisms leading to altered effects on endothelial apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrates for the first time that HDL(CAD) does not activate endothelial antiapoptotic pathways, but rather stimulates potential endothelial proapoptotic pathways. HDL-proteome remodeling plays an important role for these altered functional properties of HDL. These findings provide novel insights into mechanisms leading to altered vascular effects of HDL in coronary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meliana Riwanto
- Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
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67
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Avraham-Davidi I, Grunspan M, Yaniv K. Lipid signaling in the endothelium. Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:1298-305. [PMID: 23328305 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Inbal Avraham-Davidi
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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68
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Abstract
In addition to its role in reverse cholesterol transport, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol has direct action on numerous cell types that influence cardiovascular and metabolic health. Cellular responses to HDL entail its capacity to invoke cholesterol efflux that causes signal initiation via scavenger receptor class B, type I, and plasma membrane receptor activation by HDL cargo molecules. In endothelial cells and their progenitors, HDL attenuates apoptosis and stimulates proliferation and migration. HDL also has diverse anti-inflammatory actions in both endothelial cells and leukocytes. In vascular smooth muscles, HDL tempers proinflammatory, promigratory, and degradative processes, and through actions on endothelium and platelets HDL is antithrombotic. There are additional actions of HDL of potential cardiovascular consequence that are indirect, including the capacities to promote pancreatic β-cell insulin secretion, to protect pancreatic β cells from apoptosis, and to enhance glucose uptake by skeletal muscle myocytes. Furthermore, HDL decreases white adipose tissue mass, increases energy expenditure, and promotes the production of adipose-derived cytokine adiponectin that has its own vascular-protective properties. Many of these numerous actions of HDL have been observed not only in cell culture and animal models but also in human studies, and assessments of these functions are now being applied to patient populations to better-elucidate which actions of HDL may contribute to its cardioprotective potential and how they can be quantified and targeted. Further work on the many mechanisms of HDL action promises to reveal new prophylactic and therapeutic strategies to optimize both cardiovascular and metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieko Mineo
- Division of Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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69
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Abstract
In addition to its role in reverse cholesterol transport, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol has direct action on numerous cell types that influence cardiovascular and metabolic health. Cellular responses to HDL entail its capacity to invoke cholesterol efflux that causes signal initiation via scavenger receptor class B, type I, and plasma membrane receptor activation by HDL cargo molecules. In endothelial cells and their progenitors, HDL attenuates apoptosis and stimulates proliferation and migration. HDL also has diverse anti-inflammatory actions in both endothelial cells and leukocytes. In vascular smooth muscles, HDL tempers proinflammatory, promigratory, and degradative processes, and through actions on endothelium and platelets HDL is antithrombotic. There are additional actions of HDL of potential cardiovascular consequence that are indirect, including the capacities to promote pancreatic β-cell insulin secretion, to protect pancreatic β cells from apoptosis, and to enhance glucose uptake by skeletal muscle myocytes. Furthermore, HDL decreases white adipose tissue mass, increases energy expenditure, and promotes the production of adipose-derived cytokine adiponectin that has its own vascular-protective properties. Many of these numerous actions of HDL have been observed not only in cell culture and animal models but also in human studies, and assessments of these functions are now being applied to patient populations to better-elucidate which actions of HDL may contribute to its cardioprotective potential and how they can be quantified and targeted. Further work on the many mechanisms of HDL action promises to reveal new prophylactic and therapeutic strategies to optimize both cardiovascular and metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieko Mineo
- Division of Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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70
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Effects of the T-786C, G894T, and Intron 4 VNTR (4a/b) polymorphisms of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene on the risk of prostate cancer. Urol Oncol 2012; 31:1132-40. [PMID: 22317880 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have shown that nitric oxide (NO) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) system plays an important role in carcinogenesis. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) gene polymorphisms significantly affects serum NO concentrations. Studies addressing the relationship between eNOS gene polymorphisms and prostate cancer (CaP) are very scarce. We examined the association between the 3 eNOS gene polymorphisms (T-786C, G894T, and 4a/b) with risk and clinical features of CaP. One hundred seventy patients with CaP (mean age 63.6 ± 12.4 years) and 340 age-matched healthy controls (mean age 64.9 ± 12.9 years) were recruited in this case-control study. Genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RLFP) technique. For T-786C polymorphism, we found that CC genotype was associated to CaP risk [odds ratio (OR) = 3.62, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.89-7.74, P = 0.002), high grade tumor (OR = 2.46, 95% CI:1.78-4.72; P = 0.006), and advanced disease (OR = 4.67, 95% CI: 2.64-8.61; P = 0.002). Neither the CaP risk nor clinical features of CaP were associated with the G894T polymorphism. It was found that, compared with 4a/b bb genotype, the 4a/b "a" variant genotypes were associated with an increased risk of CaP in an allele dose dependent manner (OR = 2.12, 95% CI: 1.68-3.44; P = 0.031 for 4a/b ab genotype, and OR = 4.32, 95% CI: 2.21-6.08; P = 0.001 for 4a/b aa genotype). In addition, genotypes with the "a" allele of the eNOS 4a/b polymorphism predispose the patients to high grade (OR = 4.76, 95% CI: 2.74-8.62; P = 0.001) and advanced CaP (OR = 5.28, 95% CI: 3.64-8.72; P = 0.001). Furthermore, the T-Asp-b and C-Asp-b haplotypes were associated with a significantly decreased risk of CaP (OR = 0.44, 95% CI: 0.33-0.77; P = 0.004, and OR = 0.39, 95% CI: 0.26-0.61; P = 0.001, respectively). We found significant differences in genotype distribution and allelic frequencies between CaP patients and controls for the T-786C, and 4a/b eNOS polymorphisms.
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Camont L, Chapman J, Kontush A. Functionality of HDL particles: Heterogeneity and relationships to cardiovascular disease. ARCHIVES OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES SUPPLEMENTS 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s1878-6480(11)70784-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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García-Heredia A, Marsillach J, Aragonès G, Guardiola M, Rull A, Beltrán-Debón R, Folch A, Mackness B, Mackness M, Pedro-Botet J, Joven J, Camps J. Serum paraoxonase-3 concentration is associated with the severity of hepatic impairment in patients with chronic liver disease. Clin Biochem 2011; 44:1320-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Interrelationships between paraoxonase-1 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in the regulation of hepatic inflammation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 660:5-18. [PMID: 20221866 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-350-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and inflammation play a central role in the onset and development of liver diseases irrespective of the agent causing the hepatic impairment. The monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 is intimately involved in the inflammatory reaction and is directly correlated with the degree of hepatic inflammation in patients with chronic liver disease. Recent studies showed that hepatic paraoxonase-1 may counteract the production of the monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, thus playing an anti-inflammatory role. The current review summarises experiments suggesting how paraoxonase-1 activity and expression are altered in liver diseases, and their relationships with the monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and inflammation.
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74
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Farmer JA, Liao J. Evolving concepts of the role of high-density lipoprotein in protection from atherosclerosis. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2011; 13:107-14. [PMID: 21380938 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-011-0166-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is classified as a negative risk factor due to the inverse relationship between elevated levels of HDL cholesterol and atherosclerosis. The mechanism by which HDL can mediate protection from atherosclerosis is complex and multifactorial. The primary role of reverse cholesterol transport in the reduction of risk for coronary artery disease is supported by a considerable amount of experimental data. HDL is able to interact with and remove cholesterol from the lipid-laden foam cells in the peripheral vasculature with subsequent transportation to the liver for excretion. However, HDL has multiple other physiologic effects that may play a significant role in protection from atherosclerosis. HDL has been demonstrated to exhibit multiple beneficial effects on the coagulation system. Platelet function is improved by both direct and indirect mechanisms. HDL has a complex interaction with the protein C and protein S system. Thrombolytic balance is also improved by HDL. HDL has been demonstrated to have a significant natural antioxidant effect that inhibits the oxidative step required for low-density lipoprotein uptake by the macrophage. Additionally, HDL has also been demonstrated to exert multiple beneficial effects on endothelial function, including decreased apoptosis and endothelial repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Farmer
- Baylor College of Medicine, Baylor Clinic, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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75
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Santos-Gallego CG, Torres F, Badimón JJ. The beneficial effects of HDL-C on atherosclerosis: rationale and clinical results. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.10.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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76
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Tardif JC. Emerging high-density lipoprotein infusion therapies: fulfilling the promise of epidemiology? J Clin Lipidol 2010; 4:399-404. [PMID: 21122683 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2010.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) plays a key role in reverse cholesterol transport but also activates nitric oxide synthase and stimulates prostacyclin release, enhances endothelial repair, inhibits cell adhesion molecule expression on vascular endothelium and monocyte recruitment into the arterial wall, and exerts antithrombotic effects. In experimental animals, infusions of HDL or apolipoprotein A-1 (apoA-1) halt the progression or induce regression of atherosclerosis, with favorable effects on plaque composition. Remarkably, a benefit is observed after a single infusion. In a pilot study, weekly infusions of ETC-216, a formulation of recombinant apoA-1 Milano, were administered at two doses for 5 weeks to patients beginning within 2 weeks of an acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Among the 47 patients completing the study, percent atheroma volume by intracoronary ultrasound was reduced in the combined active treatment groups but not in the placebo group. In a larger trial, the Effect of rHDL on Atherosclerosis-Safety and efficacy (ERASE), 183 post-ACS patients were randomized to 4 weekly infusions of placebo or one of two doses of CSL-111, which consists of apoA-1 derived from human plasma and combined with soybean phosphatidylcholine. The greater dose was discontinued because of a high incidence of hepatic enzyme elevation. Among the 136 patients with evaluable end point data, percent change in atheroma volume, the primary endpoint, improved significantly in the CSL-111 group but not in the placebo group. The secondary end points of plaque characterization indices and quantitative coronary angiographic changes both improved significantly in the CSL-111 group compared with the group receiving placebo. Taken together, this evidence suggests that infusions of HDL or apoA-1 may reduce events, particularly among patients with ACS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Claude Tardif
- Department of Medicine, Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute, 5000 Belanger Street, Montreal, Quebec H1T1C8, Canada.
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Wang Y, Wang P, Li H. Correlation study of pulmonary embolism and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Clin Cardiol 2010; 33:72-6. [PMID: 20186986 DOI: 10.1002/clc.20692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is currently thought that pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis are different manifestations of the same pathological process of venous thromboembolism. Venous thromboembolism has a negative correlation with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. HYPOTHESIS Pulmonary embolism has a negative correlation with the level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. METHODS A total of 90 patients with pulmonary embolism, diagnosed and treated at a single center, were retrospectively analyzed for the present study. Among them were 57 cases of pulmonary arterial trunk embolism in group A and 33 cases of pulmonary arterial non-trunk embolism in group B. RESULTS The results showed that the level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased markedly in patients with pulmonary arterial trunk embolism as compared to those with pulmonary arterial non-trunk embolism. A stepwise logistic regression analysis was performed upon the relationship between pulmonary arterial trunk embolism and multiple factors. The results showed that a pulmonary arterial trunk embolism had a negative correlation with the level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and a positive correlation with triglyceride and high sensitivity C-reactive protein. CONCLUSIONS Pulmonary arterial trunk embolism is negatively correlated with the level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- YuPeng Wang
- Department of Heart Center, Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
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78
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Lapergue B, Moreno JA, Dang BQ, Coutard M, Delbosc S, Raphaeli G, Auge N, Klein I, Mazighi M, Michel JB, Amarenco P, Meilhac O. Protective effect of high-density lipoprotein-based therapy in a model of embolic stroke. Stroke 2010; 41:1536-42. [PMID: 20522814 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.110.581512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE High-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels are inversely associated with stroke incidence, suggesting a protective effect. Using a rat model, we tested the hypothesis that HDL exerts direct vasculo-/neuroprotective effects when administered during the acute phase of embolic stroke. METHODS After embolic occlusion, Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly treated intravenously with purified HDL versus saline immediately (2, 10 mg/kg) or 3 or 5 hours (10 mg/kg) after stroke. The effects of HDL were assessed blindly 24 hours later by evaluating neurological deficit score and measuring the infarct volume and blood-brain barrier breakdown. Protease activities and neutrophil infiltration were also evaluated. RESULTS HDL injection immediately after stroke (10 mg/kg) reduced by 68% the mortality at 24 hours (P=0.015). HDL administration immediately or at 3 or 5 hours after stroke also reduced cerebral infarct volume by 74%, 68%, and 70.7%, respectively (P=0.0003, P=0.011, and P=0.019; n=17 per group). The neurological deficit at 24 hours in the HDL-treated group was decreased versus the saline-treated group (P=0.015). Ischemia-induced blood-brain barrier breakdown was significantly reduced in HDL-treated rats versus controls (P=0.0045). Neuroprotective effects of HDL were associated with decreased neutrophil recruitment in the infarct area (P=0.0027) accompanied by reduced matrix metalloproteinase gelatinase activity. Immunostaining showed that HDL was associated with endothelial and glial cells, and also that intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression was decreased in vessels within the infarct area. CONCLUSIONS Administration of HDL is neuroprotective when performed up to 5 hours after experimental stroke. This effect may be attributed to the ability of HDL to protect the blood-brain barrier and limit neutrophil recruitment.
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79
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Vergeer M, Holleboom AG, Kastelein JJP, Kuivenhoven JA. The HDL hypothesis: does high-density lipoprotein protect from atherosclerosis? J Lipid Res 2010; 51:2058-73. [PMID: 20371550 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r001610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is unequivocal evidence of an inverse association between plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentrations and the risk of cardiovascular disease, a finding that has led to the hypothesis that HDL protects from atherosclerosis. This review details the experimental evidence for this "HDL hypothesis". In vitro studies suggest that HDL has a wide range of anti-atherogenic properties but validation of these functions in humans is absent to date. A significant number of animal studies and clinical trials support an atheroprotective role for HDL; however, most of these findings were obtained in the context of marked changes in other plasma lipids. Finally, genetic studies in humans have not provided convincing evidence that HDL genes modulate cardiovascular risk. Thus, despite a wealth of information on this intriguing lipoprotein, future research remains essential to prove the HDL hypothesis correct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menno Vergeer
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Nofer JR, Brodde MF, Kehrel BE. High-density lipoproteins, platelets and the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2010; 37:726-35. [PMID: 20337657 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2010.05377.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
1. Prospective and interventional studies demonstrate an inverse relationship between plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol and the incidence of coronary artery disease. Although the atheroprotective effects of HDL are usually attributed to the reverse cholesterol transport, in which HDL shuttles cholesterol from cells in the arterial wall to the liver, other mechanisms are also under investigation. 2. Platelets are involved in both the initiation and progression of atherosclerotic lesions. In addition, the formation of thrombi over ruptured atherosclerotic plaques results in the narrowing or complete occlusion of coronary arteries. Current experimental evidence suggests that HDL may exert antiplatelet effects and thereby counteract the development of atherothrombotic vascular disease. 3. In vitro studies show that HDL inhibits agonist-stimulated platelet aggregation, fibrinogen binding, granule secretion and liberation of thromboxane A(2). Inhibitory effects of HDL are mediated, in part, by scavenger receptor type B1 and/or the apolipoprotein E receptor apoER2/LRP8 and are linked to the induction of intracellular signalling cascades encompassing stimulation of protein kinase C, cytoplasmatic alkalization and generation of nitric oxide. 4. Populational studies demonstrate that there is an inverse association between plasma HDL levels and recurrent venous thromboembolism. In addition, HDL-cholesterol has been identified as an independent predictor of acute platelet thrombus formation. The administration of reconstituted HDL particles in humans attenuates ex vivo platelet activation. 5. The present review summarizes recent advances in understanding HDL-platelet interactions and discusses the potential use of HDL-like particles in the therapy of thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy-Roch Nofer
- Center for Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.
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81
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Nishiuchi T, Murao K, Imachi H, Yu X, Dobashi H, Haba R, Ishida T. Scavenger receptor class BI mediates the anti-apoptotic effect of erythropoietin. Ann Med 2010; 42:151-60. [PMID: 20156043 DOI: 10.3109/07853891003601556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A scavenger receptor of the B class (SR-BI)/human homolog of SR-BI, CD36, and LIMP II analogous-1 (CLA-1), has been identified as a receptor for high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Mice lacking SR-B1 develop anemia, plausibly explained by the observation that the erythrocyte life-span in these animals is reduced. Erythropoietin (EPO) is known to promote survival of erythroid cells, in large part through protection from apoptosis. We have examined the role of EPO on hSR-BI/CLA-1 expression and erythrocyte apoptosis. Endogenous expression of hSR-BI/CLA-1 was increased by exposure to EPO. EPO increased transcriptional activity of hSR-BI/CLA-1 promoter. The stimulatory effect of EPO on hSR-BI/CLA-1 promoter activity was abrogated by LY294002, specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K). Constitutively active Akt stimulates the activity of the hSR-BI/CLA-1 promoter and a dominant-negative mutant of Akt abolished the ability of EPO to stimulate promoter activity. Finally, EPO in combination with HDL protected the cell from apoptosis, which suggests that hSR-BI/CLA-1 induced by EPO might contribute to the erythrocyte life-span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamasa Nishiuchi
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism and Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe Miki-Cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan
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Radojkovic C, Genoux A, Pons V, Combes G, de Jonge H, Champagne E, Rolland C, Perret B, Collet X, Tercé F, Martinez LO. Stimulation of Cell Surface F1-ATPase Activity by Apolipoprotein A-I Inhibits Endothelial Cell Apoptosis and Promotes Proliferation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009; 29:1125-30. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.109.187997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Radojkovic
- From the INSERM U563 (C.R., A.G., V.P., G.C., E.C., C.R., B.P., X.C., F.T., L.O.M.), Département Lipoprotéines et Médiateurs Lipidiques, Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse (C.R., A.G., V.P., G.C., E.C., C.R., B.P., X.C., F.T., L.O.M.), UPS, IFR150, IFR-BMT, Toulouse, France; the Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (C.R.), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Growth Factors Group (H.d.J.), MRC Centre, Cambridge, UK; the Division of
| | - Annelise Genoux
- From the INSERM U563 (C.R., A.G., V.P., G.C., E.C., C.R., B.P., X.C., F.T., L.O.M.), Département Lipoprotéines et Médiateurs Lipidiques, Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse (C.R., A.G., V.P., G.C., E.C., C.R., B.P., X.C., F.T., L.O.M.), UPS, IFR150, IFR-BMT, Toulouse, France; the Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (C.R.), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Growth Factors Group (H.d.J.), MRC Centre, Cambridge, UK; the Division of
| | - Véronique Pons
- From the INSERM U563 (C.R., A.G., V.P., G.C., E.C., C.R., B.P., X.C., F.T., L.O.M.), Département Lipoprotéines et Médiateurs Lipidiques, Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse (C.R., A.G., V.P., G.C., E.C., C.R., B.P., X.C., F.T., L.O.M.), UPS, IFR150, IFR-BMT, Toulouse, France; the Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (C.R.), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Growth Factors Group (H.d.J.), MRC Centre, Cambridge, UK; the Division of
| | - Guillaume Combes
- From the INSERM U563 (C.R., A.G., V.P., G.C., E.C., C.R., B.P., X.C., F.T., L.O.M.), Département Lipoprotéines et Médiateurs Lipidiques, Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse (C.R., A.G., V.P., G.C., E.C., C.R., B.P., X.C., F.T., L.O.M.), UPS, IFR150, IFR-BMT, Toulouse, France; the Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (C.R.), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Growth Factors Group (H.d.J.), MRC Centre, Cambridge, UK; the Division of
| | - Hugo de Jonge
- From the INSERM U563 (C.R., A.G., V.P., G.C., E.C., C.R., B.P., X.C., F.T., L.O.M.), Département Lipoprotéines et Médiateurs Lipidiques, Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse (C.R., A.G., V.P., G.C., E.C., C.R., B.P., X.C., F.T., L.O.M.), UPS, IFR150, IFR-BMT, Toulouse, France; the Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (C.R.), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Growth Factors Group (H.d.J.), MRC Centre, Cambridge, UK; the Division of
| | - Eric Champagne
- From the INSERM U563 (C.R., A.G., V.P., G.C., E.C., C.R., B.P., X.C., F.T., L.O.M.), Département Lipoprotéines et Médiateurs Lipidiques, Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse (C.R., A.G., V.P., G.C., E.C., C.R., B.P., X.C., F.T., L.O.M.), UPS, IFR150, IFR-BMT, Toulouse, France; the Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (C.R.), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Growth Factors Group (H.d.J.), MRC Centre, Cambridge, UK; the Division of
| | - Corinne Rolland
- From the INSERM U563 (C.R., A.G., V.P., G.C., E.C., C.R., B.P., X.C., F.T., L.O.M.), Département Lipoprotéines et Médiateurs Lipidiques, Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse (C.R., A.G., V.P., G.C., E.C., C.R., B.P., X.C., F.T., L.O.M.), UPS, IFR150, IFR-BMT, Toulouse, France; the Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (C.R.), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Growth Factors Group (H.d.J.), MRC Centre, Cambridge, UK; the Division of
| | - Bertrand Perret
- From the INSERM U563 (C.R., A.G., V.P., G.C., E.C., C.R., B.P., X.C., F.T., L.O.M.), Département Lipoprotéines et Médiateurs Lipidiques, Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse (C.R., A.G., V.P., G.C., E.C., C.R., B.P., X.C., F.T., L.O.M.), UPS, IFR150, IFR-BMT, Toulouse, France; the Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (C.R.), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Growth Factors Group (H.d.J.), MRC Centre, Cambridge, UK; the Division of
| | - Xavier Collet
- From the INSERM U563 (C.R., A.G., V.P., G.C., E.C., C.R., B.P., X.C., F.T., L.O.M.), Département Lipoprotéines et Médiateurs Lipidiques, Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse (C.R., A.G., V.P., G.C., E.C., C.R., B.P., X.C., F.T., L.O.M.), UPS, IFR150, IFR-BMT, Toulouse, France; the Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (C.R.), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Growth Factors Group (H.d.J.), MRC Centre, Cambridge, UK; the Division of
| | - François Tercé
- From the INSERM U563 (C.R., A.G., V.P., G.C., E.C., C.R., B.P., X.C., F.T., L.O.M.), Département Lipoprotéines et Médiateurs Lipidiques, Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse (C.R., A.G., V.P., G.C., E.C., C.R., B.P., X.C., F.T., L.O.M.), UPS, IFR150, IFR-BMT, Toulouse, France; the Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (C.R.), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Growth Factors Group (H.d.J.), MRC Centre, Cambridge, UK; the Division of
| | - Laurent O. Martinez
- From the INSERM U563 (C.R., A.G., V.P., G.C., E.C., C.R., B.P., X.C., F.T., L.O.M.), Département Lipoprotéines et Médiateurs Lipidiques, Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse (C.R., A.G., V.P., G.C., E.C., C.R., B.P., X.C., F.T., L.O.M.), UPS, IFR150, IFR-BMT, Toulouse, France; the Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (C.R.), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Growth Factors Group (H.d.J.), MRC Centre, Cambridge, UK; the Division of
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von Eckardstein A, Rohrer L. Transendothelial lipoprotein transport and regulation of endothelial permeability and integrity by lipoproteins. Curr Opin Lipidol 2009; 20:197-205. [PMID: 19395962 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0b013e32832afd63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Previously, the endothelium was considered as a passive exchange barrier of lipoproteins between plasma and extravascular tissues. This dogma is challenged by recent findings on a dual relationship between lipoproteins and endothelial permeability. RECENT FINDINGS LDL and HDL as well as apolipoprotein A-I pass the intact endothelium through transcytosis by processes, which involve caveolin-1, the LDL-receptor, ATP-binding cassette transporters A1 and G1 or scavenger receptor BI. Moreover, HDL help the endothelium to maintain structural integrity and hence selective permeability for biomolecules by keeping interendothelial junctions closed, by inhibiting endothelial cell apoptosis and by stimulating endothelial proliferation, migration and tube formation as well as the recruitment and differentiation of endothelial progenitor cells in damaged parts of the endothelium. Both apolipoprotein A-I and sphingosin-1-phosphate mediate many of the protective effects of HDL on the endothelium by interacting with endothelial scavenger receptor BI and sphingosin-1-phosphate receptors, respectively, and by activating intracellular signalling cascades, including the small G protein Rac, src-kinase, phosphoinositol 3 kinase, protein kinase B (Akt) and mitogen-activated protein kinases. SUMMARY The endothelium actively controls the trafficking of lipoproteins between intravascular and extravascular compartments. In addition, lipoproteins affect the integrity and permeability of the endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold von Eckardstein
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Zurich Centre for Integrative Human Physiology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Camps J, Marsillach J, Joven J. The paraoxonases: role in human diseases and methodological difficulties in measurement. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2009; 46:83-106. [PMID: 19255916 DOI: 10.1080/10408360802610878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Research into the paraoxonase (PON) gene family has flourished over the past few years. In the 1970s and 1980s, only PON1 was known, and the investigations were conducted, essentially, by toxicologists focusing on protection against organophosphate poisoning. Since then, two new members of the family, PON2 and PON3, have been identified, both being shown to play antioxidant and anti-inflammatory roles. Evidence exists indicating that the PON family is central to a wide variety of human illnesses such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, obesity, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, and several mental disorders. However, research is hampered considerably by the methods currently available to measure the activity of these enzymes. In this review, we summarize the state of knowledge on PON biochemistry and function, the influence of genetic variations, and the involvement of PON in several diseases. The problems associated with PON measurement, such as sample acquisition, lack of reference methods, and variety of substrates, will be presented. Also, we cover some of the present lines of research and propose some others for future progress in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Camps
- Centre de Recerca Biomedica, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain.
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Protective roles of HDL, apoA-I and mimetic peptide on endothelial function: Through endothelial cells and endothelial progenitor cells. Int J Cardiol 2009; 133:286-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2008.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 11/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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86
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de Souza JA, Vindis C, Nègre-Salvayre A, Rye KA, Couturier M, Therond P, Chantepie S, Salvayre R, Chapman MJ, Kontush A. Small, dense HDL 3 particles attenuate apoptosis in endothelial cells: pivotal role of apolipoprotein A-I. J Cell Mol Med 2009; 14:608-20. [PMID: 19243471 PMCID: PMC3823460 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00713.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) protect endothelial cells against apoptosis induced by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL). The specific component(s) of HDLs implicated in such cytoprotection remain(s) to be identified. Human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1) were incubated with mildly oxLDL in the presence or absence of each of five physicochemically distinct HDL subpopulations fractionated from normolipidemic human plasma (n= 7) by isopycnic density gradient ultracentrifugation. All HDL subfractions protected HMEC-1 against oxLDL-induced primary apoptosis as revealed by nucleic acid staining, annexin V binding, quantitative DNA fragmentation, inhibition of caspase-3 activity and reduction of cytoplasmic release of cytochrome c and apoptosis-inducing factor. Small, dense HDL 3c displayed twofold superior intrinsic cytoprotective activity (as determined by mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity) relative to large, light HDL 2b on a per particle basis (P < 0.05). Equally, all HDL subfractions attenuated intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS); such anti-oxidative activity diminished from HDL 3c to HDL 2b. The HDL protein moiety, in which apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) predominated, accounted for ∼70% of HDL anti-apoptotic activity. Furthermore, HDL reconstituted with apoA-I, cholesterol and phospholipid potently protected HMEC-1 from apoptosis. By contrast, modification of the content of sphingosine-1-phosphate in HDL did not significantly alter cytoprotection. We conclude that small, dense, lipid-poor HDL 3 potently protects endothelial cells from primary apoptosis and intracellular ROS generation induced by mildly oxLDL, and that apoA-I is pivotal to such protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana A de Souza
- Dyslipoproteinemia and Atherosclerosis Research Unit (UMR939), National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Hôpital de la Pitié, Paris, France
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87
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Kapur NK, Ashen D, Blumenthal RS. High density lipoprotein cholesterol: an evolving target of therapy in the management of cardiovascular disease. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2008; 4:39-57. [PMID: 18629371 PMCID: PMC2464766 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.2008.04.01.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the pioneering work of John Gofman in the 1950s, our understanding of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and its relationship to coronary heart disease (CHD) has grown substantially. Numerous clinical trials since the Framingham Study in 1977 have demonstrated an inverse relationship between HDL-C and one’s risk of developing CHD. Over the past two decades, preclinical research has gained further insight into the nature of HDL-C metabolism, specifically regarding the ability of HDL-C to promote reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). Recent attempts to harness HDL’s ability to enhance RCT have revealed the complexity of HDL-C metabolism. This review provides a detailed update on HDL-C as an evolving therapeutic target in the management of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navin K Kapur
- Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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88
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Uzun H, Yanardag H, Gelisgen R, Genc H, Uygun S, Vehid S, Karter Y, Demirci S. Levels of paraoxonase, an index of antioxidant defense, in patients with active sarcoidosis. Curr Med Res Opin 2008; 24:1651-7. [PMID: 18474147 DOI: 10.1185/03007990802133377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oxidative mechanisms are currently discussed as playing a crucial role in the genesis of inflammatory lung diseases. We aimed to evaluate the oxidant-antioxidant balance in the pathogenesis and activity of sarcoidosis and to search if the change in the level of PON can be taken as an activity marker. METHODS 26 active sarcoidosis subjects aged 41.3+/-12.9 years, 37 inactive subjects aged 39.6+/-11.7 years and 48 control subjects aged 48.9+/-2.5 years were recruited in our study. Malondialdehyde (MDA), paraoxonase1 (PON1) and oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL) levels in serum were analyzed by spectrophotometric, kinetic, and ELISA methods, respectively. RESULTS PON1 levels were significantly lower in the active disease state than both the inactive form and control groups. MDA levels were significantly higher in active sarcoidosis than both the inactive disease and control groups, and oxLDL levels were significantly higher in the active disease group than the inactive group and control group. The level of PON1 in the inactive disease group is not significantly different from the control group while the oxLDL and MDA levels of inactive group is significantly higher than the control group (p<0.001). There was a negative correlation between the PON1 activities and MDA values in both active and inactive groups (p=0.008). CONCLUSION Oxidative stress increases in sarcoidosis might be due to both increase in lipid peroxidation and decrease in antioxidant status (PON1) and the relationship between oxidative status and the activation of the disease should be discussed by comparing the previously known activation criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Uzun
- Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul University, Turkey.
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89
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Van Linthout S, Spillmann F, Riad A, Trimpert C, Lievens J, Meloni M, Escher F, Filenberg E, Demir O, Li J, Shakibaei M, Schimke I, Staudt A, Felix SB, Schultheiss HP, De Geest B, Tschöpe C. Human Apolipoprotein A-I Gene Transfer Reduces the Development of Experimental Diabetic Cardiomyopathy. Circulation 2008; 117:1563-73. [DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.107.710830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background—
The hallmarks of diabetic cardiomyopathy are cardiac oxidative stress, intramyocardial inflammation, cardiac fibrosis, and cardiac apoptosis. Given the antioxidative, antiinflammatory, and antiapoptotic potential of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), we evaluated the hypothesis that increased HDL via gene transfer (GT) with human apolipoprotein (apo) A-I, the principal apolipoprotein of HDL, may reduce the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy.
Methods and Results—
Intravenous GT with 3×10
12
particles/kg of the E1E3E4-deleted vector
Ad.hapoA-I
, expressing human apoA-I, or
Ad.Null
, containing no expression cassette, was performed 5 days after streptozotocin (STZ) injection. Six weeks after apoA-I GT, HDL cholesterol levels were increased by 1.6-fold (
P
<0.001) compared with diabetic controls injected with the
Ad.Null
vector (STZ-
Ad.Null
). ApoA-I GT and HDL improved LV contractility in vivo and cardiomyocyte contractility ex vivo, respectively. Moreover, apoA-I GT was associated with decreased cardiac oxidative stress and reduced intramyocardial inflammation. In addition, compared with STZ-
Ad.Null
rats, cardiac fibrosis and glycogen accumulation were reduced by 1.7-fold and 3.1-fold, respectively (
P
<0.05). Caspase 3/7 activity was decreased 1.2-fold (
P
<0.05), and the ratio of Bcl-2 to Bax was upregulated 1.9-fold (
P
<0.005), translating to 2.1-fold (
P
<0.05) reduced total number of cardiomyocytes with apoptotic characteristics and 3.0-fold (
P
<0.005) reduced damaged endothelial cells compared with STZ-
Ad.Null
rats. HDL supplementation ex vivo reduced hyperglycemia-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis by 3.4-fold (
P
<0.005). The apoA-I GT-mediated protection was associated with a 1.6-, 1.6-, and 2.4-fold induction of diabetes-downregulated phospho to Akt, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, and glycogen synthase kinase ratio, respectively (
P
<0.005).
Conclusion—
ApoA-I GT reduced the development of streptozotocin-induced diabetic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Van Linthout
- From Abteilung für Kardiologie und Pneumologie, Charité-Universitätsklinikum Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany (S.V.L., F.S., A.R., M.M., F.E., E.F., O.D., H.-P.S., C. Tschöpe); Klinik für Innere Medizin B, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität, Greifswald, Germany (C. Trimpert, A.S., S.B.F.); Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (J. Lievens, B.D.G.); Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Mitte, Center for Cardiovascular Research (J
| | - Frank Spillmann
- From Abteilung für Kardiologie und Pneumologie, Charité-Universitätsklinikum Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany (S.V.L., F.S., A.R., M.M., F.E., E.F., O.D., H.-P.S., C. Tschöpe); Klinik für Innere Medizin B, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität, Greifswald, Germany (C. Trimpert, A.S., S.B.F.); Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (J. Lievens, B.D.G.); Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Mitte, Center for Cardiovascular Research (J
| | - Alexander Riad
- From Abteilung für Kardiologie und Pneumologie, Charité-Universitätsklinikum Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany (S.V.L., F.S., A.R., M.M., F.E., E.F., O.D., H.-P.S., C. Tschöpe); Klinik für Innere Medizin B, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität, Greifswald, Germany (C. Trimpert, A.S., S.B.F.); Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (J. Lievens, B.D.G.); Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Mitte, Center for Cardiovascular Research (J
| | - Christiane Trimpert
- From Abteilung für Kardiologie und Pneumologie, Charité-Universitätsklinikum Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany (S.V.L., F.S., A.R., M.M., F.E., E.F., O.D., H.-P.S., C. Tschöpe); Klinik für Innere Medizin B, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität, Greifswald, Germany (C. Trimpert, A.S., S.B.F.); Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (J. Lievens, B.D.G.); Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Mitte, Center for Cardiovascular Research (J
| | - Joke Lievens
- From Abteilung für Kardiologie und Pneumologie, Charité-Universitätsklinikum Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany (S.V.L., F.S., A.R., M.M., F.E., E.F., O.D., H.-P.S., C. Tschöpe); Klinik für Innere Medizin B, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität, Greifswald, Germany (C. Trimpert, A.S., S.B.F.); Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (J. Lievens, B.D.G.); Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Mitte, Center for Cardiovascular Research (J
| | - Marco Meloni
- From Abteilung für Kardiologie und Pneumologie, Charité-Universitätsklinikum Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany (S.V.L., F.S., A.R., M.M., F.E., E.F., O.D., H.-P.S., C. Tschöpe); Klinik für Innere Medizin B, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität, Greifswald, Germany (C. Trimpert, A.S., S.B.F.); Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (J. Lievens, B.D.G.); Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Mitte, Center for Cardiovascular Research (J
| | - Felicitas Escher
- From Abteilung für Kardiologie und Pneumologie, Charité-Universitätsklinikum Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany (S.V.L., F.S., A.R., M.M., F.E., E.F., O.D., H.-P.S., C. Tschöpe); Klinik für Innere Medizin B, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität, Greifswald, Germany (C. Trimpert, A.S., S.B.F.); Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (J. Lievens, B.D.G.); Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Mitte, Center for Cardiovascular Research (J
| | - Elena Filenberg
- From Abteilung für Kardiologie und Pneumologie, Charité-Universitätsklinikum Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany (S.V.L., F.S., A.R., M.M., F.E., E.F., O.D., H.-P.S., C. Tschöpe); Klinik für Innere Medizin B, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität, Greifswald, Germany (C. Trimpert, A.S., S.B.F.); Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (J. Lievens, B.D.G.); Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Mitte, Center for Cardiovascular Research (J
| | - Okan Demir
- From Abteilung für Kardiologie und Pneumologie, Charité-Universitätsklinikum Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany (S.V.L., F.S., A.R., M.M., F.E., E.F., O.D., H.-P.S., C. Tschöpe); Klinik für Innere Medizin B, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität, Greifswald, Germany (C. Trimpert, A.S., S.B.F.); Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (J. Lievens, B.D.G.); Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Mitte, Center for Cardiovascular Research (J
| | - Jun Li
- From Abteilung für Kardiologie und Pneumologie, Charité-Universitätsklinikum Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany (S.V.L., F.S., A.R., M.M., F.E., E.F., O.D., H.-P.S., C. Tschöpe); Klinik für Innere Medizin B, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität, Greifswald, Germany (C. Trimpert, A.S., S.B.F.); Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (J. Lievens, B.D.G.); Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Mitte, Center for Cardiovascular Research (J
| | - Mehdi Shakibaei
- From Abteilung für Kardiologie und Pneumologie, Charité-Universitätsklinikum Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany (S.V.L., F.S., A.R., M.M., F.E., E.F., O.D., H.-P.S., C. Tschöpe); Klinik für Innere Medizin B, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität, Greifswald, Germany (C. Trimpert, A.S., S.B.F.); Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (J. Lievens, B.D.G.); Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Mitte, Center for Cardiovascular Research (J
| | - Ingolf Schimke
- From Abteilung für Kardiologie und Pneumologie, Charité-Universitätsklinikum Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany (S.V.L., F.S., A.R., M.M., F.E., E.F., O.D., H.-P.S., C. Tschöpe); Klinik für Innere Medizin B, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität, Greifswald, Germany (C. Trimpert, A.S., S.B.F.); Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (J. Lievens, B.D.G.); Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Mitte, Center for Cardiovascular Research (J
| | - Alexander Staudt
- From Abteilung für Kardiologie und Pneumologie, Charité-Universitätsklinikum Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany (S.V.L., F.S., A.R., M.M., F.E., E.F., O.D., H.-P.S., C. Tschöpe); Klinik für Innere Medizin B, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität, Greifswald, Germany (C. Trimpert, A.S., S.B.F.); Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (J. Lievens, B.D.G.); Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Mitte, Center for Cardiovascular Research (J
| | - Stephan B. Felix
- From Abteilung für Kardiologie und Pneumologie, Charité-Universitätsklinikum Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany (S.V.L., F.S., A.R., M.M., F.E., E.F., O.D., H.-P.S., C. Tschöpe); Klinik für Innere Medizin B, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität, Greifswald, Germany (C. Trimpert, A.S., S.B.F.); Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (J. Lievens, B.D.G.); Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Mitte, Center for Cardiovascular Research (J
| | - Heinz-Peter Schultheiss
- From Abteilung für Kardiologie und Pneumologie, Charité-Universitätsklinikum Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany (S.V.L., F.S., A.R., M.M., F.E., E.F., O.D., H.-P.S., C. Tschöpe); Klinik für Innere Medizin B, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität, Greifswald, Germany (C. Trimpert, A.S., S.B.F.); Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (J. Lievens, B.D.G.); Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Mitte, Center for Cardiovascular Research (J
| | - Bart De Geest
- From Abteilung für Kardiologie und Pneumologie, Charité-Universitätsklinikum Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany (S.V.L., F.S., A.R., M.M., F.E., E.F., O.D., H.-P.S., C. Tschöpe); Klinik für Innere Medizin B, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität, Greifswald, Germany (C. Trimpert, A.S., S.B.F.); Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (J. Lievens, B.D.G.); Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Mitte, Center for Cardiovascular Research (J
| | - Carsten Tschöpe
- From Abteilung für Kardiologie und Pneumologie, Charité-Universitätsklinikum Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany (S.V.L., F.S., A.R., M.M., F.E., E.F., O.D., H.-P.S., C. Tschöpe); Klinik für Innere Medizin B, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität, Greifswald, Germany (C. Trimpert, A.S., S.B.F.); Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (J. Lievens, B.D.G.); Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Mitte, Center for Cardiovascular Research (J
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90
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de Souza JA, Vindis C, Hansel B, Nègre-Salvayre A, Therond P, Serrano CV, Chantepie S, Salvayre R, Bruckert E, Chapman MJ, Kontush A. Metabolic syndrome features small, apolipoprotein A-I-poor, triglyceride-rich HDL3 particles with defective anti-apoptotic activity. Atherosclerosis 2008; 197:84-94. [PMID: 17868679 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2007.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2007] [Revised: 07/11/2007] [Accepted: 08/02/2007] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome (MetS) phenotype is typically characterized by visceral obesity, insulin resistance, atherogenic dyslipidemia involving hypertriglyceridemia and subnormal levels of high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), oxidative stress and elevated cardiovascular risk. The potent antioxidative activity of small HDL3 is defective in MetS [Hansel B, et al. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:4963-71]. We evaluated the functional capacity of small HDL3 particles from MetS subjects to protect endothelial cells from apoptosis induced by mildly oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL). MetS subjects presented an insulin-resistant obese phenotype, with hypertriglyceridemia, elevated apolipoprotein B and insulin levels, but subnormal HDL-C concentrations and chronic low grade inflammation (threefold elevation of C-reactive protein). When human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1) were incubated with oxLDL (200 microg apolipoprotein B/ml) in the presence or absence of control HDL subfractions (25 microg protein/ml), small, dense HDL3b and 3c significantly inhibited cellular annexin V binding and intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species. The potent anti-apoptotic activity of small HDL3c particles was reduced (-35%; p<0.05) in MetS subjects (n=16) relative to normolipidemic controls (n=7). The attenuated anti-apoptotic activity of HDL3c correlated with abdominal obesity, atherogenic dyslipidemia and systemic oxidative stress (p<0.05), and was intimately associated with altered physicochemical properties of apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I)-poor HDL3c, involving core cholesteryl ester depletion and triglyceride enrichment. We conclude that in MetS, apoA-I-poor, small, dense HDL3c exert defective protection of endothelial cells from oxLDL-induced apoptosis, potentially reflecting functional anomalies intimately associated with abnormal neutral lipid core content.
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91
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Schulpis KH, Barzeliotou A, Papadakis M, Rodolakis A, Antsaklis A, Papassotiriou I, Vlachos GD. Maternal chronic hepatitis B virus is implicated with low neonatal paraoxonase/arylesterase activities. Clin Biochem 2007; 41:282-7. [PMID: 18035058 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2007.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2007] [Revised: 10/04/2007] [Accepted: 10/24/2007] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paraoxonase/arylesterase activities are closely implicated with liver function and antiatherogenetic process. AIM To evaluate whether maternal chronic hepatitis B virus, disease (HBV) affect serum neonatal paraoxonase/arylesterase activities. PATIENTS AND METHODS 28 pregnant women with HBV and 28 healthy pregnant women (controls) in the delivery room and their newborns (cord blood) underwent laboratory examinations. Serological virus tests and liver function tests and paraoxonase (PON 1) activities were measured with the Siemens Advia 1650 Clinical Chemistry System, while total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels and paraoxonase-arylesterase (PON-aryl) activities were measured spectrophotometrically. RESULTS Serological HBV tests and HBV DNA showed chronic HBV (precore mutant G1896A) in the diseased mothers whereas anti-HBc and anti-HBe were detected in their neonates. Liver function parameters were found normal in controls and both groups of newborns. Moderately increased transaminase levels were measured in HBV mothers, whereas TAC levels were decreased in hepatic mothers and their newborns. Interestingly albumin levels did not differ among the studied groups. PON 1 and PON-aryl activities in the diseased mothers (148+/-14 U/mL/min, 130+/-16 KU/mL/min) and their infants (32+/-6 U/mL/min, 24+/-5 KU/mL/min) were significantly lower as compared to those of control mothers (217+/-16 U/mL/min, 196+/-14 KU/mL/min p<0.001) and their newborns (57+/-6 U/mL/min, 48+/-8 UK mL/min p<0.001). Inverse significant correlations were found between the studied enzyme activities and liver enzymes in all the groups of study except in infants born from HBV mothers and positive with TAC in all the studied groups. CONCLUSIONS Decreased PON 1 and PON-aryl activities were measured in infants born from hepatic mothers probably as a consequence of their low TAC. Infants born from HBV mothers are at risk for developing LDL oxidation perinatally.
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92
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Barter PJ, Puranik R, Rye KA. New insights into the role of HDL as an anti-inflammatory agent in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Curr Cardiol Rep 2007; 9:493-8. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02938394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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93
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HDL metabolism and the role of HDL in the treatment of high-risk patients with cardiovascular disease. Curr Cardiol Rep 2007; 9:486-92. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02938393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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94
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Norata GD, Catapano AL. Molecular mechanisms responsible for the antiinflammatory and protective effect of HDL on the endothelium. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2007; 1:119-29. [PMID: 17315398 PMCID: PMC1993938 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.1.2.119.64083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to their role in reverse cholesterol transport, high-density lipoproteins (HDL) exert several beneficial effects, including the prevention and correction of endothelial dysfunction. HDL promote endothelium proliferation and diminish endothelial apoptosis; they play a key role in vasorelaxation by increasing the release of nitric oxide and prostacyclin through the induction of the expression and the activity of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and the coupling of cyclooxygenase 2 and prostacyclin synthase. In addition, HDL affect coagulation, fibrynolisis, platelet adhesion, adhesion molecules, and protease expression, and they exert antioxidant activity. These effects are achieved at the gene expression level and are dependent on the activation of several intracellular signaling pathways, including PI3K/Akt, ERK1/2, PKC, and p38MAPK. The complexity of the signaling pathways modulated by HDL reflects the different effects of the components of this class of lipoproteins such as apolipoproteins or lipids on endothelial cell gene expression and the subsequent modulation of endothelial function observed. The in vivo relevance of these findings to endothelial recovery during physiological or pathological conditions remains to be addressed; nevertheless, the results of clinical studies with synthetic HDL, ApoA-I mimetics, and drugs that are becoming available that selectively affect HDL plasma levels and biological functions support the importance of the correction of endothelial function by HDL.
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95
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Norata GD, Catapano AL. Molecular Mechanisms Responsible for the Anti-Inflammatory and Protective Effect of High-Density Lipoprotein on the Endothelium. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev 2007. [DOI: 10.2165/00151642-200714010-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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96
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Cutri BA, Hime NJ, Nicholls SJ. High-density lipoproteins: an emerging target in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cell Res 2006; 16:799-808. [PMID: 17016470 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cr.7310097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) have been well established to protect against the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. It has become apparent that in addition to the promotion of reverse cholesterol transport, HDLs possess a number of additional functional properties that may contribute to their beneficial influence on the arterial wall. A number of exciting therapeutic strategies have been developed that target HDL and its ability to protect against the development of atherosclerotic plaque. This paper will review how the promotion of the functional properties of HDL inhibits the formation of atherosclerotic plaque and stabilises lesions in patients with established disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda A Cutri
- The Heart Research Institute, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
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97
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Korporaal SJA, Akkerman JWN. Platelet activation by low density lipoprotein and high density lipoprotein. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF HAEMOSTASIS AND THROMBOSIS 2006; 35:270-80. [PMID: 16877876 DOI: 10.1159/000093220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the main cause of death and disability in the Western society. Lipoproteins are important in the development of cardiovascular disease since they change the properties of different cells involved in atherosclerosis and thrombosis. The interaction of platelets with lipoproteins has been under intense investigation. Particularly the initiation of platelet signaling pathways by low density lipoprotein (LDL) has been studied thoroughly, since platelets of hypercholesterolemic patients, whose plasma contains elevated LDL levels due to absent or defective LDL receptors, show hyperaggregability in vitro and enhanced activity in vivo. These observations suggest that LDL enhances platelet responsiveness. Several signaling pathways induced by LDL have been revealed in vitro, such as signaling via p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and p125 focal adhesion kinase. High density lipoprotein (HDL) consists of two subtypes, HDL(2) and HDL(3), which have opposing effects on platelet activation. This review provides a summary of the activation of signaling pathways after platelet-LDL and platelet-HDL interaction, with special emphasis on their role in the development of thrombosis and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne J A Korporaal
- Thrombosis and Haemostasis Laboratory, Department of Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht and The Institute for Biomembranes, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Kontush A, Chapman MJ. Functionally defective high-density lipoprotein: a new therapeutic target at the crossroads of dyslipidemia, inflammation, and atherosclerosis. Pharmacol Rev 2006; 58:342-74. [PMID: 16968945 DOI: 10.1124/pr.58.3.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 533] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
High-density lipoproteins (HDL) possess key atheroprotective biological properties, including cellular cholesterol efflux capacity, and anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities. Plasma HDL particles are highly heterogeneous in physicochemical properties, metabolism, and biological activity. Within the circulating HDL particle population, small, dense HDL particles display elevated cellular cholesterol efflux capacity, afford potent protection of atherogenic low-density lipoprotein against oxidative stress and attenuate inflammation. The antiatherogenic properties of HDL can, however be compromised in metabolic diseases associated with accelerated atherosclerosis. Indeed, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes are characterized not only by elevated cardiovascular risk and by low HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels but also by defective HDL function. Functional HDL deficiency is intimately associated with alterations in intravascular HDL metabolism and structure. Indeed, formation of HDL particles with attenuated antiatherogenic activity is mechanistically related to core lipid enrichment in triglycerides and cholesteryl ester depletion, altered apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) conformation, replacement of apoA-I by serum amyloid A, and covalent modification of HDL protein components by oxidation and glycation. Deficient HDL function and subnormal HDL-C levels may act synergistically to accelerate atherosclerosis in metabolic disease. Therapeutic normalization of attenuated antiatherogenic HDL function in terms of both particle number and quality of HDL particles is the target of innovative pharmacological approaches to HDL raising, including inhibition of cholesteryl ester transfer protein, enhanced lipidation of apoA-I with nicotinic acid and infusion of reconstituted HDL or apoA-I mimetics. A preferential increase in circulating concentrations of HDL particles possessing normalized antiatherogenic activity is therefore a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of common metabolic diseases featuring dyslipidemia, inflammation, and premature atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatol Kontush
- Dyslipoproteinemia and Atherosclerosis Research Unit, National Institute for Health and Medical Research, Hôpital de la Pitié, 83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75651 Paris Cedex 13, France.
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Abstract
Myocardial infarction triggers an inflammatory cascade that results in healing and replacement of the damaged tissue with scar. Cardiomyocyte necrosis triggers innate immune mechanisms eliciting Toll-like receptor- mediated responses, activating the complement cascade and generating reactive oxygen species. Subsequent activation of NF-kappaB is a critical element in the regulation of cytokine, chemokine, and adhesion molecule expression in the ischemic myocardium. Chemokine induction mediates leukocyte recruitment in the myocardium. Pleiotropic proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-alpha, IL-1, and IL-6, are also upregulated in the infarct and exert a wide range of effects on a variety of cell types. Timely repression of proinflammatory gene synthesis is crucial for optimal healing; IL-10 and TGF-beta-mediated pathways may be important for suppression of chemokine and cytokine expression and for resolution of the leukocytic infiltrate. In addition, TGF-beta may be critically involved in inducing myofibroblast differentiation and activation, promoting extracellular matrix protein deposition in the infarcted area. The composition of the extracellular matrix plays an important role in regulating cell behavior. Both structural and matricellular proteins modulate cell signaling through interactions with specific surface receptors. The molecular and cellular changes associated with infarct healing directly influence ventricular remodeling and affect prognosis in patients with myocardial infarction.
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Negre-Salvayre A, Dousset N, Ferretti G, Bacchetti T, Curatola G, Salvayre R. Antioxidant and cytoprotective properties of high-density lipoproteins in vascular cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2006; 41:1031-40. [PMID: 16962927 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2006.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2006] [Revised: 07/03/2006] [Accepted: 07/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Beside their key role in the regulation of cholesterol homeostasis, HDL exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that participate to their general antiatherogenic effect. The purpose of this review is to summarize the recent findings on antioxidant activity and cytoprotective cell signalling elicited by HDL against oxidized LDL and proatherogenic agents in vascular cells. HDL exhibit an antioxidant activity efficient to prevent LDL oxidation, or to inactivate newly formed lipid oxidation products. The antioxidant ability of HDL is due to the apoprotein moiety and to the presence of associated enzymes, paraoxonase and PAF-Acetyl Hydrolase. HDL prevent the intracellular oxidative stress and the inflammatory response elicited by oxidized LDL (ox-LDL), by inhibiting the NFkappaB signalling pathway, and the subsequent inflammatory events (expression of adhesion molecules, recruitment and proliferation of mononuclear cells within the vascular wall). HDL prevent ox-LDL-mediated cell activation and proliferation, this being also attributed to the presence in HDL of sphingosine-1 phosphate which modulates the migration and survival of vascular cells. Lastly, HDL inhibit apoptosis elicited by ox-LDL in vascular cells. Recent evidences indicate that, beside their strong antiatherogenic properties, HDL could exert their protective effect in diseases generally associated to inflammatory events.
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