51
|
Abstract
Part II of the cutaneous deposition disorders focuses on cutaneous calcification and ossification, alkaptonuria and ochronosis, and gout. These disorders have in common the deposition of materials in the dermis or subcutis and often involve metabolic defects in hormonal and enzymatic regulation. The pathogenesis, clinical findings, and treatment of these diseases are discussed. Both the histologic and ultrastructural findings are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D M Touart
- Dermatology Service, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC 20307-5001, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
52
|
|
53
|
Higashino K, Liu W, Ohkawa T, Yamamoto T, Fukui K, Ohno M, Imanishi H, Iwasaki A, Amuro Y, Hada T. A novel point mutation associated with alkaptonuria. Clin Genet 1998; 53:228-9. [PMID: 9630082 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1998.tb02684.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
54
|
Al Essa M, Al-Shamsan L, Rashed MS, Ozand PT. Alkaptonuria: Case report and review of the literature. Ann Saudi Med 1998; 18:442-4. [PMID: 17344725 DOI: 10.5144/0256-4947.1998.442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M Al Essa
- Departments of Pediatrics and Biological and Medical Research, King Faisal Specialist Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
55
|
Gutzmer R, Herbst RA, Kiehl P, Kapp A, Weiss J. Alkaptonuric ochronosis: Report of two affected brothers. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0190-9622(97)80377-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
56
|
Schmidt SR, Gehrig A, Koehler MR, Schmid M, Müller CR, Kress W. Cloning of the homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase gene, the key enzyme of alkaptonuria in mouse. Mamm Genome 1997; 8:168-71. [PMID: 9069115 DOI: 10.1007/s003359900383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We determined 48 amino acid residues from five peptides from the homogeneous monomer of homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase (HGO; E.C. 1.13. 11.15) of mouse liver. After digestion with trypsin, peptides were separated by reversed phase chromatography and amino acid sequenced. The deduced codon sequence of three peptides was used to derive degenerated oligomeres. By combining these oligos, we were able to amplify fragments from 100 to 300 bases (b) from mouse liver cDNA by polymerase chain reaction after reverse transcription (RT-PCR). A fragment of 200 b was cloned and used as a probe to screen a mouse liver cDNA library. One clone from this library contained the complete cDNA-insert for HGO as determined by sequencing. The cDNA encodes for a protein of 50 kDa, as predicted. The cDNA of mouse HGO has an overall identity of 41% to the corresponding gene hmgA from Aspergillus. Sequence similarities to human expressed sequence tags (EST) clones ranged from 70% to 20%. The positions of 122 conserved amino acids could be determined by multiple sequence alignment. We identified one first intron of 928 b in the mouse gene. The gene for HGO seems to be expressed in various tissues, as shown by RT-PCR on different cDNAs. FISH experiments with the whole murine cDNA as probe clearly revealed signals at the human chromosomal band 3q13. 3-q21. This corresponds well to the previous assignment of the locus for the human alkaptonuria gene (AKU) to the same chromosomal region by multipoint linkage analysis. We therefore conclude that the HGO cDNA encodes the gene responsible for alkaptonuria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S R Schmidt
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Biozentrum, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
57
|
|
58
|
Fernández-Cañón JM, Granadino B, Beltrán-Valero de Bernabé D, Renedo M, Fernández-Ruiz E, Peñalva MA, Rodríguez de Córdoba S. The molecular basis of alkaptonuria. Nat Genet 1996; 14:19-24. [PMID: 8782815 DOI: 10.1038/ng0996-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Alkaptonuria (AKU) occupies a unique place in the history of human genetics because it was the first disease to be interpreted as a mendelian recessive trait by Garrod in 1902. Alkaptonuria is a rare metabolic disorder resulting from loss of homogentisate 1,2 dioxygenase (HGO) activity. Affected individuals accumulate large quantities of homogentisic acid, an intermediary product of the catabolism of tyrosine and phenylalanine, which darkens the urine and deposits in connective tissues causing a debilitating arthritis. Here we report the cloning of the human HGO gene and establish that it is the AKU gene. We show that HGO maps to the same location described for AKU, illustrate that HGO harbours missense mutations that cosegregate with the disease, and provide biochemical evidence that at least one of these missense mutations is a loss-of-function mutation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Fernández-Cañón
- Departmento de Microbiologia Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
59
|
Deutsch JC, Santhosh-Kumar CR. Quantitation of homogentisic acid in normal human plasma. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1996; 677:147-51. [PMID: 8925087 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(95)00442-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A new stable isotope dilution gas chromatograph-mass spectrometric method of analysis of homogentisic acid is described. Using this method, homogentisic acid is measured for the first time in normal human plasma. The assay of sera from nine normal individuals yielded a range of values from 2.4 to 12 ng/ml. The method appears to be very sensitive and may be useful in the characterization of heterozygotes for alkaptonuria and other disorders of tyrosine degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J C Deutsch
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver 80220, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
60
|
Hudecová S, Straková Z, Krizanova O. Purification of the homogentisic acid oxidase from mammalian liver. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 1995; 27:1357-63. [PMID: 8581831 DOI: 10.1016/1357-2725(95)00091-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Hudecová
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
61
|
Fernández-Cañón JM, Peñalva MA. Fungal metabolic model for human type I hereditary tyrosinaemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92:9132-6. [PMID: 7568087 PMCID: PMC40938 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.20.9132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I hereditary tyrosinaemia (HT1) is a severe human inborn disease resulting from loss of fumaryl-acetoacetate hydrolase (Fah). Homozygous disruption of the gene encoding Fah in mice causes neonatal lethality, seriously limiting use of this animal as a model. We report here that fahA, the gene encoding Fah in the fungus Aspergillus nidulans, encodes a polypeptide showing 47.1% identity to its human homologue, fahA disruption results in secretion of succinylacetone (a diagnostic compound for human type I tyrosinaemia) and phenylalanine toxicity. We have isolated spontaneous suppressor mutations preventing this toxicity, presumably representing loss-of-function mutations in genes acting upstream of fahA in the phenylalanine catabolic pathway. Analysis of a class of these mutations demonstrates that loss of homogentisate dioxygenase (leading to alkaptonuria in humans) prevents the effects of a Fah deficiency. Our results strongly suggest human homogentisate dioxygenase as a target for HT1 therapy and illustrate the usefulness of this fungus as an alternative to animal models for certain aspects of human metabolic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Fernández-Cañón
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Madrid, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
62
|
Fernández-Cañón JM, Peñalva MA. Molecular characterization of a gene encoding a homogentisate dioxygenase from Aspergillus nidulans and identification of its human and plant homologues. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:21199-205. [PMID: 7673153 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.36.21199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We report here the first characterization of a gene encoding a homogentisate dioxygenase, the Aspergillus nidulans hmgA gene. The HmgA protein catalyzes an essential step in phenylalanine catabolism, and disruption of the gene results in accumulation of homogentisate in broths containing phenylalanine. hmgA putatively encodes a 448-residue polypeptide (Mr = 50,168) containing 21 histidine and 23 tyrosine residues. This polypeptide has been expressed in Escherichia coli as a fusion to glutathione S-transferase, and the affinity-purified protein has homogentisate dioxygenase activity. A. nidulans, an ascomycete amenable to classical and reverse genetic analysis, is a good metabolic model to study inborn errors in human Phe catabolism. One such disease, alkaptonuria, was the first human inborn error recognized (Garrod, A. E. (1902) Lancet 2, 1616-1620) and results from loss of homogentisate dioxygenase. Here we take advantage of the high degree of conservation between the amino acid sequences of the fungal and higher eukaryote enzymes of this pathway to identify expressed sequence tags encoding human and plant homologues of HmgA. This is a significant advance in characterizing the genetic defect(s) of alkaptonuria and illustrates the usefulness of our fungal model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Fernández-Cañón
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
63
|
McCarthy L, Hunter K, Schalkwyk L, Riba L, Anson S, Mott R, Newell W, Bruley C, Bar I, Ramu E. Efficient high-resolution genetic mapping of mouse interspersed repetitive sequence PCR products, toward integrated genetic and physical mapping of the mouse genome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92:5302-6. [PMID: 7777502 PMCID: PMC41682 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.12.5302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to carry out high-resolution genetic mapping at high throughput in the mouse is a critical rate-limiting step in the generation of genetically anchored contigs in physical mapping projects and the mapping of genetic loci for complex traits. To address this need, we have developed an efficient, high-resolution, large-scale genome mapping system. This system is based on the identification of polymorphic DNA sites between mouse strains by using interspersed repetitive sequence (IRS) PCR. Individual cloned IRS PCR products are hybridized to a DNA array of IRS PCR products derived from the DNA of individual mice segregating DNA sequences from the two parent strains. Since gel electrophoresis is not required, large numbers of samples can be genotyped in parallel. By using this approach, we have mapped > 450 polymorphic probes with filters containing the DNA of up to 517 backcross mice, potentially allowing resolution of 0.14 centimorgan. This approach also carries the potential for a high degree of efficiency in the integration of physical and genetic maps, since pooled DNAs representing libraries of yeast artificial chromosomes or other physical representations of the mouse genome can be addressed by hybridization of filter representations of the IRS PCR products of such libraries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L McCarthy
- Imperial Cancer Research Fund, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
64
|
Abstract
High resolution genetic maps have been constructed for many regions of the mouse genome and form the basis for the ongoing physical mapping of mouse chromosomes. Comparison of mouse and human genetic maps allows us to identify linkage groups that are conserved between the two organisms, and these have become a powerful tool for the development of mouse models of human genetic disease. Recent advances include the identification of mouse models for human genetic deafness, neural crest defects and X-linked immunodeficiencies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S D Brown
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, St Mary's Hospital Medical School, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|