51
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Kanemura N, Shibata R, Ohashi K, Ogawa H, Hiramatsu-Ito M, Enomoto T, Yuasa D, Ito M, Hayakawa S, Otaka N, Murohara T, Ouchi N. C1q/TNF-related protein 1 prevents neointimal formation after arterial injury. Atherosclerosis 2017; 257:138-145. [PMID: 28131048 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Obesity contributes to the progression of vascular disorders. C1q/TNF-related protein (CTRP) 1 is a circulating adipokine, which is upregulated in obese complications including coronary artery disease. Here, we investigated the role of CTRP1 in regulation of vascular remodeling after mechanical injury and evaluated its potential mechanism. METHODS Mice were subjected to wire-induced injury of left femoral arteries. An adenoviral vector encoding CTRP1 (Ad-CTRP1) or β-galactosidase as a control was injected into the jugular vein of mice 3 days prior to surgery. RESULTS Systemic administration of Ad-CTRP1 to wild-type mice led to reduction of the neointimal thickening after wire-induced arterial injury and the number of bromodeoxyuridine-positive cells in injured vessels as compared with treatment with control vectors. Treatment of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) with CTRP1 protein attenuated proliferative activity and ERK phosphorylation in response to PDGF-BB. CTRP1 treatment increased cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels in VSMCs, and inhibition of adenylyl cyclase reversed the inhibitory effect of CTRP1 on VSMC growth and ERK phosphorylation. Antagonization of sphingosine-1-phosphaterote (S1P) receptor 2 blocked the effects of CTRP1 on cAMP production and VSMC growth. Furthermore, CTRP1-knockout mice had enhanced neointimal thickening following injury and increased numbers of proliferating cells in neointima compared to control WT mice. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that CTRP1 functions to prevent the development of pathological vascular remodeling by reducing VSMC growth through the cAMP-dependent pathway.
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MESH Headings
- Adipokines/deficiency
- Adipokines/genetics
- Adipokines/metabolism
- Animals
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Cyclic AMP/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism
- Femoral Artery/injuries
- Femoral Artery/metabolism
- Femoral Artery/pathology
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Humans
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/injuries
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Neointima
- Phenotype
- Phosphorylation
- Proteins/metabolism
- Receptors, Lysosphingolipid/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Vascular System Injuries/genetics
- Vascular System Injuries/metabolism
- Vascular System Injuries/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyoshi Kanemura
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Rei Shibata
- Department of Advanced Cardiovascular Therapeutics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Koji Ohashi
- Molecular Cardiovascular Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hayato Ogawa
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mizuho Hiramatsu-Ito
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takashi Enomoto
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yuasa
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masanori Ito
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Satoko Hayakawa
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Naoya Otaka
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toyoaki Murohara
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Ouchi
- Molecular Cardiovascular Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
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Attenuation of neointimal formation with netrin-1 and netrin-1 preconditioned endothelial progenitor cells. J Mol Med (Berl) 2016; 95:335-348. [PMID: 28004124 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-016-1490-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Restenosis after angioplasty is a serious clinical problem that can result in re-occlusion of the coronary artery. Although current drug-eluting stents have proved to be more effective in reducing restenosis, they have drawbacks of inhibiting reendothelialization to promote thrombosis. New treatment options are in urgent need. We have shown that netrin-1, an axon-guiding protein, promotes angiogenesis and cardioprotection via production of nitric oxide (NO). The present study examined whether and how netrin-1 attenuates neointimal formation in a femoral wire injury model. Infusion of netrin-1 into C57BL/6 mice markedly attenuated neointimal formation following wire injury of femoral arteries, measured by intimal to media ratio (from 1.94 ± 0.55 to 0.45 ± 0.86 at 4 weeks). Proliferation of VSMC in situ was largely reduced. This protective effect was absent in DCC+/- animals. NO production was increased by netrin-1 in both intact and injured femoral arteries, indicating netrin-1 stimulation of endogenous NO production from intact endothelium and remaining endothelial cells post-injury. VSMC migration was abrogated by netrin-1 via a NO/cGMP/p38 MAPK pathway, while timely EPC homing was induced. Injection of netrin-1 preconditioned wild-type EPCs, but not EPCs of DCC+/- animals, substantially attenuated neointimal formation. EPC proliferation, NO production, and resistance to oxidative stress induced apoptosis were augmented by netrin-1 treatment. In conclusion, our data for the first time demonstrate that netrin-1 is highly effective in reducing neointimal formation following vascular endothelial injury, which is dependent on DCC, and attributed to inhibition of VSMC proliferation and migration, as well as improved EPC function. These data may support usage of netrin-1 and netrin-1 preconditioned EPCs as novel therapies for post angioplasty restenosis. KEY MESSAGE Netrin-1 attenuates neointimal formation following post endothelial injury via DCC and NO. Netrin-1 inhibits VSMC proliferation in situ following endothelial injury. Netrin-1 inhibits VSMC migration via a NO/cGMP/p38 MAPK pathway. Netrin-1 augments proliferation of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and EPC eNOS/NO activation. Netrin-1 enhances resistance of EPCs to oxidative stress, improving re-endothelialization following injury.
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53
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Chen CC, Liang CJ, Leu YL, Chen YL, Wang SH. Viscolin Inhibits In Vitro Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation and Migration and Neointimal Hyperplasia In Vivo. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168092. [PMID: 27977759 PMCID: PMC5158191 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Viscolin, an extract of Viscum coloratum, has anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative properties against harmful stimuli. The aim of the study was to examine the anti-proliferative effects of viscolin on platelet derived growth factor-BB (PDGF)-treated human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) and identify the underlying mechanism responsible for these effects. Viscolin reduced the PDGF-BB-induced HASMC proliferation and migration in vitro; it also arrested HASMCs in the G0/G1 phase by decreasing the protein expression of Cyclin D1, CDK2, Cyclin E, CDK4, and p21Cip1 as detected by Western blot analysis. These effects may be mediated by reduced PDGF-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2, JNK, and P38, but not AKT as well as inhibition of PDGF-mediated nuclear factor (NF)-κB p65 and activator protein 1 (AP-1)/c-fos activation. Furthermore, viscolin pre-treatment significantly reduced neointimal hyperplasia of an endothelial-denuded femoral artery in vivo. Taken together, viscolin attenuated PDGF–BB-induced HASMC proliferation in vitro and reduced neointimal hyperplasia in vivo. Thus, viscolin may represent a therapeutic candidate for the prevention and treatment of vascular proliferative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Chuan Chen
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Chinese Herbal Medicine Research Team, Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Tissue Bank, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chan-Jung Liang
- Center for Lipid and Glycomedicine Research (CLGR), Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Center for Lipid Biosciences (CLB), Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yann-Lii Leu
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Chinese Herbal Medicine Research Team, Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Lien Chen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Huei Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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54
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Sunaga H, Matsui H, Anjo S, Syamsunarno MRAA, Koitabashi N, Iso T, Matsuzaka T, Shimano H, Yokoyama T, Kurabayashi M. Elongation of Long-Chain Fatty Acid Family Member 6 (Elovl6)-Driven Fatty Acid Metabolism Regulates Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotype Through AMP-Activated Protein Kinase/Krüppel-Like Factor 4 (AMPK/KLF4) Signaling. J Am Heart Assoc 2016; 5:e004014. [PMID: 27881420 PMCID: PMC5210431 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.004014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fatty acids constitute the critical components of cell structure and function, and dysregulation of fatty acid composition may exert diverging vascular effects including proliferation, migration, and differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). However, direct evidence for this hypothesis has been lacking. We investigated the role of elongation of long-chain fatty acid member 6 (Elovl6), a rate-limiting enzyme catalyzing the elongation of saturated and monounsaturated long-chain fatty acid, in the regulation of phenotypic switching of VSMC. METHODS AND RESULTS Neointima formation following wire injury was markedly inhibited in Elovl6-null (Elovl6-/-) mice, and cultured VSMCs with siRNA-mediated knockdown of Elovl6 was barely responsive to PDGF-BB. Elovl6 inhibition induced cell cycle suppressors p53 and p21 and reduced the mammalian targets of rapamycin (mTOR) phosphorylation and VSMC marker expression. These changes are ascribed to increased palmitate levels and reduced oleate levels, changes that lead to reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and resulting AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation. Notably, Elovl6 inhibition robustly induced the pluripotency gene Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) expression in VSMC, and KLF4 knockdown significantly attenuated AMPK-induced phenotypic switching of VSMC, indicating that KLF4 is a bona fide target of AMPK. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate for the first time that dysregulation of Elovl6-driven long-chain fatty acid metabolism induces phenotypic switching of VSMC via ROS production and AMPK/KLF4 signaling that leads to growth arrest and downregulation of VSMC marker expression. The modulation of Elovl6-mediated cellular processes may provide an intriguing approach for tackling atherosclerosis and postangioplasty restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Sunaga
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Maebashi, Japan
- Department of Medicine and Biological Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Hiroki Matsui
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Saki Anjo
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Mas Risky A A Syamsunarno
- Department of Medicine and Biological Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, Indonesia
| | - Norimichi Koitabashi
- Department of Medicine and Biological Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Iso
- Department of Medicine and Biological Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsuzaka
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shimano
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Yokoyama
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Masahiko Kurabayashi
- Department of Medicine and Biological Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
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55
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Tillman BW, Kelly J, Richards TD, Chen AF, Donnenberg AD, Donnenberg VS, Tzeng E. A depleting antibody toward sca-1 mitigates a surge of CD34+/c-kit+ progenitors and reduces vascular restenosis in a murine vascular injury model. J Vasc Surg 2016; 64:1084-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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56
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Kramann R, Goettsch C, Wongboonsin J, Iwata H, Schneider RK, Kuppe C, Kaesler N, Chang-Panesso M, Machado FG, Gratwohl S, Madhurima K, Hutcheson JD, Jain S, Aikawa E, Humphreys BD. Adventitial MSC-like Cells Are Progenitors of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and Drive Vascular Calcification in Chronic Kidney Disease. Cell Stem Cell 2016; 19:628-642. [PMID: 27618218 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-like cells reside in the vascular wall, but their role in vascular regeneration and disease is poorly understood. Here, we show that Gli1+ cells located in the arterial adventitia are progenitors of vascular smooth muscle cells and contribute to neointima formation and repair after acute injury to the femoral artery. Genetic fate tracing indicates that adventitial Gli1+ MSC-like cells migrate into the media and neointima during athero- and arteriosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice with chronic kidney disease. Our data indicate that Gli1+ cells are a major source of osteoblast-like cells during calcification in the media and intima. Genetic ablation of Gli1+ cells before induction of kidney injury dramatically reduced the severity of vascular calcification. These findings implicate Gli1+ cells as critical adventitial progenitors in vascular remodeling after acute and during chronic injury and suggest that they may be relevant therapeutic targets for mitigation of vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Kramann
- Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen University, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Claudia Goettsch
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Janewit Wongboonsin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Hiroshi Iwata
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rebekka K Schneider
- Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02138, USA; Division of Hematology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Christoph Kuppe
- Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen University, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Nadine Kaesler
- Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen University, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Monica Chang-Panesso
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Flavia G Machado
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Susannah Gratwohl
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kaushal Madhurima
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Joshua D Hutcheson
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sanjay Jain
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02138, USA
| | - Benjamin D Humphreys
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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57
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Shi X, Guo LW, Seedial S, Takayama T, Wang B, Zhang M, Franco SR, Si Y, Chaudhary MA, Liu B, Kent KC. Local CXCR4 Upregulation in the Injured Arterial Wall Contributes to Intimal Hyperplasia. Stem Cells 2016; 34:2744-2757. [PMID: 27340942 PMCID: PMC5113668 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
CXCR4 is a stem/progenitor cell surface receptor specific for the cytokine stromal cell‐derived factor‐1 (SDF‐1α). There is evidence that bone marrow‐derived CXCR4‐expressing cells contribute to intimal hyperplasia (IH) by homing to the arterial subintima which is enriched with SDF‐1α. We have previously found that transforming growth factor‐β (TGFβ) and its signaling protein Smad3 are both upregulated following arterial injury and that TGFβ/Smad3 enhances the expression of CXCR4 in vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). It remains unknown, however, whether locally induced CXCR4 expression in SM22 expressing vascular SMCs plays a role in neointima formation. Here, we investigated whether elevated TGFβ/Smad3 signaling leads to the induction of CXCR4 expression locally in the injured arterial wall, thereby contributing to IH. We found prominent CXCR4 upregulation (mRNA, 60‐fold; protein, 4‐fold) in TGFβ‐treated, Smad3‐expressing SMCs. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed a specific association of the transcription factor Smad3 with the CXCR4 promoter. TGFβ/Smad3 treatment also markedly enhanced SDF‐1α‐induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation as well as SMC migration in a CXCR4‐dependent manner. Adenoviral expression of Smad3 in balloon‐injured rat carotid arteries increased local CXCR4 levels and enhanced IH, whereas SMC‐specific depletion of CXCR4 in the wire‐injured mouse femoral arterial wall produced a 60% reduction in IH. Our results provide the first evidence that upregulation of TGFβ/Smad3 in injured arteries induces local SMC CXCR4 expression and cell migration, and consequently IH. The Smad3/CXCR4 pathway may provide a potential target for therapeutic interventions to prevent restenosis. Stem Cells2016;34:2744–2757
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Shi
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Lian-Wang Guo
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Stephen Seedial
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Toshio Takayama
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Bowen Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Mengxue Zhang
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Sarah R Franco
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Yi Si
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Mirnal A Chaudhary
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - K Craig Kent
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Li J, Zhang M, Wang M, Wang Z, Liu Y, Zhang W, Wang N. GHSR deficiency suppresses neointimal formation in injured mouse arteries. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 479:125-131. [PMID: 27404127 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) is involved in appetite regulation and energy homeostasis. In the present study, we examined the role of GHSR in neointimal formation following vascular injury. In the mouse model of femoral artery wire injury, we found that vessel intima-to-media ratio was significantly reduced in GHSR deficiency (GHSR-/-) mice compared with that in wild-type mice. Immunohistochemical staining showed that the smooth muscle cell (SMCs) in the neointima were significantly decreased in the injured arteries of GHSR-/- mice which was associated with decreased SMC proliferation and migration. Furthermore, immunoblotting demonstrated that, in cultured rat aortic SMCs, small interfering RNA-mediated GHSR knockdown suppressed the activation of Akt and ERK1/2 signaling pathway. These findings suggested a novel role of GHSR in neointimal formation likely via promoting the proliferation and migration of SMCs involving Akt and ERK1/2 signaling. Therefore, GHSR may be a potential therapeutic target in restenosis and vascular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Man Zhang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Mo Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhipeng Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yahan Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Weizhen Zhang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Nanping Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; The Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China.
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Kobayashi N, Suzuki JI, Aoyama N, Sato H, Akimoto S, Wakayama K, Kumagai H, Ikeda Y, Akazawa H, Komuro I, Izumi Y, Isobe M. Toll-like receptor 4 signaling has a critical role in Porphyromonas gingivalis-accelerated neointimal formation after arterial injury in mice. Hypertens Res 2016; 39:717-722. [PMID: 27225600 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2016.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we reported that a periodontopathic pathogen, Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), infection induced neointimal hyperplasia with enhanced expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 after arterial injury in wild-type mice. Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 is known to be a key receptor for virulence factors of P. gingivalis. The aim of this study is to assess the hypothesis that TLR4 has a critical role in periodontopathic bacteria-induced neointimal formation after an arterial injury. Wild-type and TLR4-deficient mice were used in this study. The femoral arteries were injured, and P. gingivalis or vehicle was injected subcutaneously once per week. Fourteen days after arterial injury, murine femoral arteries were obtained for histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses. The anti-P. gingivalis IgG levels in P. gingivalis-infected groups were significantly increased compared with the anti-P. gingivalis IgG levels of the corresponding non-infected groups in both wild-type and TLR4-deficient mice. TLR4 deficiency negated P. gingivalis-induced neointimal formation compared with that observed in wild-type mice and reduced the number of MCP-1 positive cells in the neointimal area. We conclude that P. gingivalis infection may promote neointimal formation after an arterial injury through TLR4 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naho Kobayashi
- Department of Periodontology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Suzuki
- Department of Advanced Clinical Science and Therapeutics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norio Aoyama
- Department of Periodontology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sato
- Department of Periodontology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shouta Akimoto
- Department of Advanced Clinical Science and Therapeutics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kouji Wakayama
- Department of Advanced Clinical Science and Therapeutics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Kumagai
- Department of Advanced Clinical Science and Therapeutics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Ikeda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Akazawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Issei Komuro
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Izumi
- Department of Periodontology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Isobe
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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60
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Nrf2/Keap1 system regulates vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis for vascular homeostasis: role in neointimal formation after vascular injury. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26291. [PMID: 27198574 PMCID: PMC4873803 DOI: 10.1038/srep26291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal increases in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in the intimal region after a vascular injury is a key event in developing neointimal hyperplasia. To maintain vascular function, proliferation and apoptosis of VSMCs is tightly controlled during vascular remodeling. NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) system, a key component of the oxidative stress response that acts in maintaining homeostasis, plays an important role in neointimal hyperplasia after a vascular injury; however, the role of Nrf2/Keap1 in VSMC apoptosis has not been clarified. Here we report that 14 days after arterial injury in mice, TUNEL-positive VSMCs are detected in both the neointimal and medial layers. These layers contain cells expressing high levels of Nrf2 but low Keap1 expression. In VSMCs, Keap1 depletion induces features of apoptosis, such as positive TUNEL staining and annexin V binding. These changes are associated with an increased expression of nuclear Nrf2. Simultaneous Nrf2 depletion inhibits Keap1 depletion-induced apoptosis. At 14 days after the vascular injury, Nrf2-deficient mice demonstrated fewer TUNEL-positive cells and increased neointimal formation in the neointimal and medial areas. The results suggest that the Nrf2/Keap1 system regulates VSMC apoptosis during neointimal formation, thereby inhibiting neointimal hyperplasia after a vascular injury.
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RhoA determines lineage fate of mesenchymal stem cells by modulating CTGF-VEGF complex in extracellular matrix. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11455. [PMID: 27126736 PMCID: PMC4855537 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) participate in the repair/remodelling of many tissues, where MSCs commit to different lineages dependent on the cues in the local microenvironment. Here we show that TGFβ-activated RhoA/ROCK signalling functions as a molecular switch regarding the fate of MSCs in arterial repair/remodelling after injury. MSCs differentiate into myofibroblasts when RhoA/ROCK is turned on, endothelial cells when turned off. The former is pathophysiologic resulting in intimal hyperplasia, whereas the latter is physiological leading to endothelial repair. Further analysis revealed that MSC RhoA activation promotes formation of an extracellular matrix (ECM) complex consisting of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Inactivation of RhoA/ROCK in MSCs induces matrix metalloproteinase-3-mediated CTGF cleavage, resulting in VEGF release and MSC endothelial differentiation. Our findings uncover a novel mechanism by which cell–ECM interactions determine stem cell lineage specificity and offer additional molecular targets to manipulate MSC-involved tissue repair/regeneration. It is unclear what regulates the fate of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in arterial repair following injury. Here, the authors show that MSC differentiation following injury is triggered by RhoA which in turn stimulates the release of connective tissue growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor.
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Hirano T, Mori Y. Anti-atherogenic and anti-inflammatory properties of glucagon-like peptide-1, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypepide, and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors in experimental animals. J Diabetes Investig 2016; 7 Suppl 1:80-6. [PMID: 27186361 PMCID: PMC4854510 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We reported that native incretins, liraglutide and dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors (DPP‐4i) all confer an anti‐atherosclerotic effect in apolipoprotein E‐null (Apoe−/−) mice. We confirmed the anti‐atherogenic property of incretin‐related agents in the mouse wire injury model, in which the neointimal formation in the femoral artery is remarkably suppressed. Furthermore, we showed that DPP‐4i substantially suppresses plaque formation in coronary arteries with a marked reduction in the accumulation of macrophages in cholesterol‐fed rabbits. DPP‐4i showed an anti‐atherosclerotic effect in Apoe−/− mice mainly through the actions of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 and glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypepide. However, the dual incretin receptor antagonists partially attenuated the suppressive effect of DPP‐4i on atherosclerosis in diabetic Apoe−/− mice, suggesting an incretin‐independent mechanism. Exendin‐4 and glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypepide elicited cyclic adenosine monophosphate generation, and suppressed the lipopolysaccharide‐induced gene expression of inflammatory molecules, such as interleukin‐1β, interleukin‐6 and tumor necrosis factor‐α, in U937 human monocytes. This suppressive effect, however, was attenuated by an inhibitor of adenylate cyclase and mimicked by 8‐bromo‐cyclic adenosine monophosphate or forskolin. DPP‐4i substantially suppressed the lipopolysaccharide‐induced expression of inflammatory cytokines without affecting cyclic adenosine monophosphate generation or cell proliferation. DPP‐4i more strongly suppressed the lipopolysaccharide‐induced gene expression of inflammatory molecules than incretins, most likely through inactivation of CD26. Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 and glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypepide suppressed oxidized low‐density lipoprotein‐induced macrophage foam cell formation in a receptor‐dependent manner, which was associated with the downregulation of acyl‐coenzyme A cholesterol acyltransferase‐1 and CD36, as well as the up‐regulation of adenosine triphosphate‐binding cassette transporter A1. Our studies strongly suggest that incretin‐related agents have favorable effects on macrophage‐driven atherosclerosis in experimental animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Hirano
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology Showa University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Yusaku Mori
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology Showa University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
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Sulforaphane improves dysregulated metabolic profile and inhibits leptin-induced VSMC proliferation: Implications toward suppression of neointima formation after arterial injury in western diet-fed obese mice. J Nutr Biochem 2016; 32:73-84. [PMID: 27142739 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sulforaphane (SFN), a dietary phase-2 enzyme inducer that mitigates cellular oxidative stress through nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activation, is known to exhibit beneficial effects in the vessel wall. For instance, it inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation, a major event in atherosclerosis and restenosis after angioplasty. In particular, SFN attenuates the mitogenic and pro-inflammatory actions of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), respectively, in VSMCs. Nevertheless, the vasoprotective role of SFN has not been examined in the setting of obesity characterized by hyperleptinemia and insulin resistance. Using the mouse model of western diet-induced obesity, the present study demonstrates for the first time that subcutaneous delivery of SFN (0.5mg/Kg/day) for~3weeks significantly attenuates neointima formation in the injured femoral artery [↓ (decrease) neointima/media ratio by~60%; n=5-8]. This was associated with significant improvements in metabolic parameters, including ↓ weight gain by~52%, ↓ plasma leptin by~42%, ↓ plasma insulin by~63%, insulin resistance [↓ homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index by~73%], glucose tolerance (↓ AUCGTT by~24%), and plasma lipid profile (e.g., ↓ triglycerides). Under in vitro conditions, SFN significantly decreased leptin-induced VSMC proliferation by~23% (n=5) with associated diminutions in leptin-induced cyclin D1 expression and the phosphorylation of p70S6kinase and ribosomal S6 protein (n=3-4). The present findings reveal that, in addition to improving systemic metabolic parameters, SFN inhibits leptin-induced VSMC proliferative signaling that may contribute in part to the suppression of injury-induced neointima formation in diet-induced obesity.
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64
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Sata M. Cuff-Induced Neointimal Formation in Mouse Models. MOUSE MODELS OF VASCULAR DISEASES 2016. [PMCID: PMC7122099 DOI: 10.1007/978-4-431-55813-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic heart failure caused by atherosclerosis is a major cause of death worldwide. Although remarkable technological advances have been made in the treatment of coronary heart disease, there is as yet no treatment that can sufficiently suppress the progression of atherosclerosis, including neointimal thickening. Therefore, a precise understanding of the mechanism of neointimal hyperplasia will provide the development of new technologies. Both ApoE-KO and LDLR-KO mice have been employed to generate other relevant mouse models of cardiovascular disease through breeding strategies. Although these mice are effective tools for the investigation of atherosclerosis, development of a progressive atherosclerotic lesion takes a long time, resulting in increase of both the costs and the space needed for the research. Thus, it is necessary to develop simpler tools that would allow easy evaluation of atherosclerosis in mouse models. In this review, we discuss our experience in generating mouse models of cuff-induced injury of the femoral artery and attempt to provide a better understanding of cuff-induced neointimal formation.
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65
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Liu SL, Bae YH, Yu C, Monslow J, Hawthorne EA, Castagnino P, Branchetti E, Ferrari G, Damrauer SM, Puré E, Assoian RK. Matrix metalloproteinase-12 is an essential mediator of acute and chronic arterial stiffening. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17189. [PMID: 26608672 PMCID: PMC4660439 DOI: 10.1038/srep17189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Arterial stiffening is a hallmark of aging and risk factor for cardiovascular
disease, yet its regulation is poorly understood. Here we use mouse modeling to show
that matrix metalloproteinase-12 (MMP12), a potent elastase, is essential for acute
and chronic arterial stiffening. MMP12 was induced in arterial smooth muscle cells
(SMCs) after acute vascular injury. As determined by genome-wide analysis, the
magnitude of its gene induction exceeded that of all other MMPs as well as those of
the fibrillar collagens and lysyl oxidases, other common regulators of tissue
stiffness. A preferential induction of SMC MMP12, without comparable effect on
collagen abundance or structure, was also seen during chronic arterial stiffening
with age. In both settings, deletion of MMP12 reduced elastin degradation and
blocked arterial stiffening as assessed by atomic force microscopy and
immunostaining for stiffness-regulated molecular markers. Isolated MMP12-null SMCs
sense extracellular stiffness normally, indicating that MMP12 causes arterial
stiffening by remodeling the SMC microenvironment rather than affecting the
mechanoresponsiveness of the cells themselves. In human aortic samples, MMP12 levels
strongly correlate with markers of SMC stiffness. We conclude that MMP12 causes
arterial stiffening in mice and suggest that it functions similarly in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Lin Liu
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Yong Ho Bae
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Christopher Yu
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - James Monslow
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Elizabeth A Hawthorne
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Paola Castagnino
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | | | - Giovanni Ferrari
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Scott M Damrauer
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Ellen Puré
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Richard K Assoian
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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Yang J, Jian R, Yu J, Zhi X, Liao X, Yu J, Zhou P. CD73 regulates vascular smooth muscle cell functions and facilitates atherosclerotic plaque formation. IUBMB Life 2015; 67:853-60. [PMID: 26506509 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular adenosine, generated by ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73) via enzymatic catalyzation, has been found to facilitate atherosclerosis (AS). Thus, suppressing CD73 may attenuate AS. In this study, we evaluated the role of CD73 during AS development and further explored cellular and molecular mechanism in smooth muscle cells (SMCs). In a mouse model of carotid artery ligation, inactivation of CD73 inhibited migration and proliferation of vascular SMCs. In in vitro experiments, RNA interference of CD73 inhibited migration, proliferation, and foam cell transformation of human umbilical artery smooth muscle cells. Further, we established an atherosclerotic model using ApoE-/- mice fed with a western diet for 16 weeks. Inactivation of CD73-attenuated AS and hyperlipidemia in ApoE-/- mice. In conclusion, our data suggest that CD73 facilitates AS by promoting migration, proliferation, and foam cell transformation of vascular SMCs and elevating serum lipid levels. Thus, inhibition of CD73 may be beneficial for prevention and treatment of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayin Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Division of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rongrong Jian
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pathology, Shanghai Institute of Health Sciences, Pudong New District, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiangang Yu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiuling Zhi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohong Liao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jerry Yu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Ping Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Roy T, Forbes T, Wright G, Dueck A. Burning Bridges: Mechanisms and Implications of Endovascular Failure in the Treatment of Peripheral Artery Disease. J Endovasc Ther 2015; 22:874-80. [PMID: 26351103 DOI: 10.1177/1526602815604465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Trisha Roy
- Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Schulich Heart Program and the Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas Forbes
- Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Graham Wright
- Schulich Heart Program and the Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew Dueck
- Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Schulich Heart Program and the Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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68
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Oxidative stress induces early-onset apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells and neointima formation in response to injury. Biosci Rep 2015; 35:BSR20140122. [PMID: 26182434 PMCID: PMC4613704 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20140122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid onset of VSMC apoptosis after arterial injury is driven by the accumulation of reactive oxygen species in the vascular wall and the activation of redox-sensible MAPK pathways. This process leads to vascular inflammation and neointimal hyperplasia. The present study dissects the mechanisms underlying the rapid onset of apoptosis that precedes post injury vascular remodelling. Using the rat balloon injury model, we demonstrated that a significant number of arterial vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) undergo apoptosis at 90 min after the procedure. This apoptotic wave caused significant loss in media cellularity (>90%) over the next 3 h and was accompanied by a marked accumulation of oxidative stress by-products in the vascular wall. Early apoptotic VSMC were rich in p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and the transcription factor c-Jun and secreted IL-6 and GRO/KC into the milieu as determined using multiplex bead assays. Neointima thickness increased steadily starting on day 3 as a result of pronounced repopulation of the media. A second apoptotic wave that was detected at 14 days after injury affected mostly the neointima and was insufficient to control hyperplasia. Suppression of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production using either the NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor VAS2870 or pegylated superoxide dismutase (PEG-SOD) significantly decreased the number of apoptotic cells during the first apoptotic wave and showed a trend towards reduction in the neointima-to-media thickness ratio at 30 days post injury. These results indicate that oxidative stress in response to injury induces early-onset apoptosis of VSMC through the activation of redox-sensible MAPK pro-apoptotic pathways. This remodelling process leads to the local accumulation of inflammatory cytokines and repopulation of the media, which ultimately contribute to neointima formation.
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69
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Kirkby NS, Low L, Wu J, Miller E, Seckl JR, Walker BR, Webb DJ, Hadoke PWF. Generation and 3-Dimensional Quantitation of Arterial Lesions in Mice Using Optical Projection Tomography. J Vis Exp 2015:e50627. [PMID: 26067588 PMCID: PMC4542966 DOI: 10.3791/50627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation and analysis of vascular lesions in appropriate animal models is a cornerstone of research into cardiovascular disease, generating important information on the pathogenesis of lesion formation and the action of novel therapies. Use of atherosclerosis-prone mice, surgical methods of lesion induction, and dietary modification has dramatically improved understanding of the mechanisms that contribute to disease development and the potential of new treatments. Classically, analysis of lesions is performed ex vivo using 2-dimensional histological techniques. This article describes application of optical projection tomography (OPT) to 3-dimensional quantitation of arterial lesions. As this technique is non-destructive, it can be used as an adjunct to standard histological and immunohistochemical analyses. Neointimal lesions were induced by wire-insertion or ligation of the mouse femoral artery whilst atherosclerotic lesions were generated by administration of an atherogenic diet to apoE-deficient mice. Lesions were examined using OPT imaging of autofluorescent emission followed by complementary histological and immunohistochemical analysis. OPT clearly distinguished lesions from the underlying vascular wall. Lesion size was calculated in 2-dimensional sections using planimetry, enabling calculation of lesion volume and maximal cross-sectional area. Data generated using OPT were consistent with measurements obtained using histology, confirming the accuracy of the technique and its potential as a complement (rather than alternative) to traditional methods of analysis. This work demonstrates the potential of OPT for imaging atherosclerotic and neointimal lesions. It provides a rapid, much needed ex vivo technique for the routine 3-dimensional quantification of vascular remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas S Kirkby
- University/ BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute
| | - Lucinda Low
- University/ BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute
| | - Junxi Wu
- University/ BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute
| | - Eileen Miller
- University/ BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute
| | - Jonathan R Seckl
- University/ BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute
| | - Brian R Walker
- University/ BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute
| | - David J Webb
- University/ BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute
| | - Patrick W F Hadoke
- University/ BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute;
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70
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Li X, Ballantyne LL, Che X, Mewburn JD, Kang JX, Barkley RM, Murphy RC, Yu Y, Funk CD. Endogenously generated omega-3 fatty acids attenuate vascular inflammation and neointimal hyperplasia by interaction with free fatty acid receptor 4 in mice. J Am Heart Assoc 2015; 4:jah3926. [PMID: 25845931 PMCID: PMC4579939 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.115.001856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background Omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3 PUFAs) suppress inflammation through activation of free fatty acid receptor 4 (FFAR4), but this pathway has not been explored in the context of cardiovascular disease. We aimed to elucidate the involvement of FFAR4 activation by ω3 PUFAs in the process of vascular inflammation and neointimal hyperplasia in mice. Methods and Results We used mice with disruption of FFAR4 (Ffar4−/−), along with a strain that synthesizes high levels of ω3 PUFAs (fat‐1) and a group of crossed mice (Ffar4−/−/fat‐1), to elucidate the role of FFAR4 in vascular dysfunction using acute and chronic thrombosis/vascular remodeling models. The presence of FFAR4 in vascular‐associated cells including perivascular adipocytes and macrophages, but not platelets, was demonstrated. ω3 PUFAs endogenously generated in fat‐1 mice (n=9), but not in compound Ffar4−/−/fat‐1 mice (n=9), attenuated femoral arterial thrombosis induced by FeCl3. Neointimal hyperplasia and vascular inflammation in the common carotid artery were significantly curtailed 4 weeks after FeCl3 injury in fat‐1 mice (n=6). This included greater luminal diameter and enhanced blood flow, reduced intima:media ratio, and diminished macrophage infiltration in the vasculature and perivascular adipose tissue compared with control mice. These effects were attenuated in the Ffar4−/−/fat‐1 mice. Conclusions These results indicate that ω3 PUFAs mitigate vascular inflammation, arterial thrombus formation, and neointimal hyperplasia by interaction with FFAR4 in mice. Moreover, the ω3 PUFA–FFAR4 pathway decreases inflammatory responses with dampened macrophage transmigration and infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhi Li
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (X.L., L.L.B., X.C., C.D.F.)
| | - Laurel L Ballantyne
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (X.L., L.L.B., X.C., C.D.F.)
| | - Xinghui Che
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (X.L., L.L.B., X.C., C.D.F.)
| | - Jeffrey D Mewburn
- Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (J.D.M.)
| | - Jing X Kang
- Laboratory for Lipid Medicine and Technology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.X.K.)
| | - Robert M Barkley
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO (R.M.B., R.C.M.)
| | - Robert C Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO (R.M.B., R.C.M.)
| | - Ying Yu
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (Y.Y.)
| | - Colin D Funk
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (X.L., L.L.B., X.C., C.D.F.)
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71
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Takayama T, Shi X, Wang B, Franco S, Zhou Y, DiRenzo D, Kent A, Hartig P, Zent J, Guo LW. A murine model of arterial restenosis: technical aspects of femoral wire injury. J Vis Exp 2015:52561. [PMID: 25867187 PMCID: PMC4401250 DOI: 10.3791/52561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease caused by atherosclerosis is the leading cause of death in the developed world. Narrowing of the vessel lumen, due to atherosclerotic plaque development or the rupturing of established plaques, interrupts normal blood flow leading to various morbidities such as myocardial infarction and stroke. In the clinic endovascular procedures such as angioplasty are commonly performed to reopen the lumen. However, these treatments inevitably damage the vessel wall as well as the vascular endothelium, triggering an excessive healing response and the development of a neointimal plaque that extends into the lumen causing vessel restenosis (re-narrowing). Restenosis remains a major cause of failure of endovascular treatments for atherosclerosis. Thus, preclinical animal models of restenosis are vitally important for investigating the pathophysiological mechanisms as well as translational approaches to vascular interventions. Among several murine experimental models, femoral artery wire injury is widely accepted as the most suitable for studies of post-angioplasty restenosis because it closely resembles the angioplasty procedure that injures both endothelium and vessel wall. However, many researchers have difficulty utilizing this model due to its high degree of technical difficulty. This is primarily because a metal wire needs to be inserted into the femoral artery, which is approximately three times thinner than the wire, to generate sufficient injury to induce prominent neointima. Here, we describe the essential surgical details to effectively overcome the major technical difficulties of this model. By following the presented procedures, performing the mouse femoral artery wire injury becomes easier. Once familiarized, the whole procedure can be completed within 20 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Takayama
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
| | - Xudong Shi
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
| | - Bowen Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
| | - Sarah Franco
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
| | - Yifan Zhou
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
| | - Daniel DiRenzo
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
| | - Alycia Kent
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
| | - Peter Hartig
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
| | - Joshua Zent
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
| | - Lian-Wang Guo
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health;
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Mui KL, Bae YH, Gao L, Liu SL, Xu T, Radice GL, Chen CS, Assoian RK. N-Cadherin Induction by ECM Stiffness and FAK Overrides the Spreading Requirement for Proliferation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. Cell Rep 2015; 10:1477-1486. [PMID: 25753414 PMCID: PMC4560684 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to the accepted pro-proliferative effect of cell-matrix adhesion, the proliferative effect of cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion remains unresolved. Here, we studied the effect of N-cadherin on cell proliferation in the vasculature. We show that N-cadherin is induced in smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in response to vascular injury, an in vivo model of tissue stiffening and proliferation. Complementary experiments performed with deformable substrata demonstrated that stiffness-mediated activation of a focal adhesion kinase (FAK)-p130Cas-Rac signaling pathway induces N-cadherin. Additionally, by culturing paired and unpaired SMCs on microfabricated adhesive islands of different areas, we found that N-cadherin relaxes the spreading requirement for SMC proliferation. In vivo SMC deletion of N-cadherin strongly reduced injury-induced cycling. Finally, SMC-specific deletion of FAK inhibited proliferation after vascular injury, and this was accompanied by reduced induction of N-cadherin. Thus, a stiffness- and FAK-dependent induction of N-cadherin connects cell-matrix to cell-cell adhesion and regulates the degree of cell spreading needed for cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keeley L Mui
- Program in Translational Biomechanics, Institute of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yong Ho Bae
- Program in Translational Biomechanics, Institute of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lin Gao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Shu-Lin Liu
- Program in Translational Biomechanics, Institute of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Tina Xu
- Program in Translational Biomechanics, Institute of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Glenn L Radice
- Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Christopher S Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Richard K Assoian
- Program in Translational Biomechanics, Institute of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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73
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Le V, Johnson CG, Lee JD, Baker AB. Murine model of femoral artery wire injury with implantation of a perivascular drug delivery patch. J Vis Exp 2015:e52403. [PMID: 25742368 DOI: 10.3791/52403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Percutaneous interventions including balloon angioplasty and stenting have been used to restore blood flow in vessels with occlusive vascular disease. While these therapies lead to the rapid restoration of blood flow, these technologies remain limited by restenosis in the case of bare metal stents and angioplasty, or reduced healing and possibly enhanced risk of thrombosis in the case of drug eluting stents. A key pathophysiological mechanism in the formation of restenosis is intimal hyperplasia caused by the activation of vascular smooth muscle cells and inflammation due to arterial stretch and injury. Surgeries that induce arterial injury in genetically modified mice are useful for the mechanistic study of the vascular response to injury but are often technically challenging to perform in mouse models due to the their small size and lack of appropriate sized devices. We describe two approaches for a surgical technique that induces endothelial denudation and arterial stretch in the femoral artery of mice to produce robust neointimal hyperplasia. The first approach creates an arteriotomy in the muscular branch of the femoral artery to obtain vascular access. Following wire injury this arterial branch is ligated to close the arteriotomy. A second approach creates an arteriotomy in the main femoral artery that is later closed through localized cautery. This method allows for vascular access through a larger vessel and, consequently, provides a less technically demanding procedure that can be used in smaller mice. Following either method of arterial injury, a degradable drug delivery patch can be placed over or around the injured artery to deliver therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Le
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin
| | - Collin G Johnson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin
| | - Jonathan D Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin
| | - Aaron B Baker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin;
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PDE4 inhibition reduces neointima formation and inhibits VCAM-1 expression and histone methylation in an Epac-dependent manner. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 81:23-33. [PMID: 25640159 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) activity mediates cAMP-dependent smooth muscle cell (SMC) activation following vascular injury. In this study we have investigated the effects of specific PDE4 inhibition with roflumilast on SMC proliferation and inflammatory activation in vitro and neointima formation following guide wire-induced injury of the femoral artery in mice in vivo. In vitro, roflumilast did not affect SMC proliferation, but diminished TNF-α induced expression of the vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1). Specific activation of the cAMP effector Epac, but not PKA activation mimicked the effects of roflumilast on VCAM-1 expression. Consistently, the reduction of VCAM-1 expression was rescued following inhibition of Epac. TNF-α induced NFκB p65 translocation and VCAM-1 promoter activity were not altered by roflumilast in SMCs. However, roflumilast treatment and Epac activation repressed the induction of the activating epigenetic histone mark H3K4me2 at the VCAM-1 promoter, while PKA activation showed no effect. Furthermore, HDAC inhibition blocked the inhibitory effect of roflumilast on VCAM-1 expression. Both, roflumilast and Epac activation reduced monocyte adhesion to SMCs in vitro. Finally, roflumilast treatment attenuated femoral artery intima-media ratio by more than 50% after 4weeks. In summary, PDE4 inhibition regulates VCAM-1 through a novel Epac-dependent mechanism, which involves regulatory epigenetic components and reduces neointima formation following vascular injury. PDE4 inhibition and Epac activation might represent novel approaches for the treatment of vascular diseases, including atherosclerosis and in-stent restenosis.
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75
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Cai Y, Nagel DJ, Zhou Q, Cygnar KD, Zhao H, Li F, Pi X, Knight PA, Yan C. Role of cAMP-phosphodiesterase 1C signaling in regulating growth factor receptor stability, vascular smooth muscle cell growth, migration, and neointimal hyperplasia. Circ Res 2015; 116:1120-32. [PMID: 25608528 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.304408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Neointimal hyperplasia characterized by abnormal accumulation of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) is a hallmark of occlusive disorders such as atherosclerosis, postangioplasty restenosis, vein graft stenosis, and allograft vasculopathy. Cyclic nucleotides are vital in SMC proliferation and migration, which are regulated by cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs). OBJECTIVE Our goal is to understand the regulation and function of PDEs in SMC pathogenesis of vascular diseases. METHODS AND RESULTS We performed screening for genes differentially expressed in normal contractile versus proliferating synthetic SMCs. We observed that PDE1C expression was low in contractile SMCs but drastically elevated in synthetic SMCs in vitro and in various mouse vascular injury models in vivo. In addition, PDE1C was highly induced in neointimal SMCs of human coronary arteries. More importantly, injury-induced neointimal formation was significantly attenuated by PDE1C deficiency or PDE1 inhibition in vivo. PDE1 inhibition suppressed vascular remodeling of human saphenous vein explants ex vivo. In cultured SMCs, PDE1C deficiency or PDE1 inhibition attenuated SMC proliferation and migration. Mechanistic studies revealed that PDE1C plays a critical role in regulating the stability of growth factor receptors, such as PDGF receptor β (PDGFRβ) known to be important in pathological vascular remodeling. PDE1C interacts with low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 and PDGFRβ, thus regulating PDGFRβ endocytosis and lysosome-dependent degradation in an low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1-dependent manner. A transmembrane adenylyl cyclase cAMP-dependent protein kinase cascade modulated by PDE1C is critical in regulating PDGFRβ degradation. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrated that PDE1C is an important regulator of SMC proliferation, migration, and neointimal hyperplasia, in part through modulating endosome/lysosome-dependent PDGFRβ protein degradation via low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Cai
- From the Department of Medicine, Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute (Y.C., D.J.N., Q.Z., C.Y.), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.L.), and Department of Surgery (P.A.K.), School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (K.D.C., H.Z.); and Department of Medicine, Athero and Lipo Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (X.P.)
| | - David J Nagel
- From the Department of Medicine, Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute (Y.C., D.J.N., Q.Z., C.Y.), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.L.), and Department of Surgery (P.A.K.), School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (K.D.C., H.Z.); and Department of Medicine, Athero and Lipo Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (X.P.)
| | - Qian Zhou
- From the Department of Medicine, Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute (Y.C., D.J.N., Q.Z., C.Y.), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.L.), and Department of Surgery (P.A.K.), School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (K.D.C., H.Z.); and Department of Medicine, Athero and Lipo Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (X.P.)
| | - Katherine D Cygnar
- From the Department of Medicine, Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute (Y.C., D.J.N., Q.Z., C.Y.), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.L.), and Department of Surgery (P.A.K.), School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (K.D.C., H.Z.); and Department of Medicine, Athero and Lipo Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (X.P.)
| | - Haiqing Zhao
- From the Department of Medicine, Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute (Y.C., D.J.N., Q.Z., C.Y.), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.L.), and Department of Surgery (P.A.K.), School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (K.D.C., H.Z.); and Department of Medicine, Athero and Lipo Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (X.P.)
| | - Faqian Li
- From the Department of Medicine, Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute (Y.C., D.J.N., Q.Z., C.Y.), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.L.), and Department of Surgery (P.A.K.), School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (K.D.C., H.Z.); and Department of Medicine, Athero and Lipo Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (X.P.)
| | - Xinchun Pi
- From the Department of Medicine, Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute (Y.C., D.J.N., Q.Z., C.Y.), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.L.), and Department of Surgery (P.A.K.), School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (K.D.C., H.Z.); and Department of Medicine, Athero and Lipo Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (X.P.)
| | - Peter A Knight
- From the Department of Medicine, Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute (Y.C., D.J.N., Q.Z., C.Y.), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.L.), and Department of Surgery (P.A.K.), School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (K.D.C., H.Z.); and Department of Medicine, Athero and Lipo Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (X.P.)
| | - Chen Yan
- From the Department of Medicine, Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute (Y.C., D.J.N., Q.Z., C.Y.), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.L.), and Department of Surgery (P.A.K.), School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, NY; Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (K.D.C., H.Z.); and Department of Medicine, Athero and Lipo Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (X.P.).
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Abstract
Circadian clocks in central and peripheral tissues enable the temporal synchronization and organization of molecular and physiological processes of rhythmic animals, allowing optimum functioning of cells and organisms at the most appropriate time of day. Disruption of circadian rhythms, from external or internal forces, leads to widespread biological disruption and is postulated to underlie many human conditions, such as the incidence and timing of cardiovascular disease. Here, we describe in vivo and in vitro methodology relevant to studying the role of circadian rhythms in cardiovascular function and dysfunction.
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77
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GUO LING, SUN GUIZHI, WANG GUOYU, NING WENHU, ZHAO KAN. Soluble P-selectin promotes acute myocardial infarction onset but not severity. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:2027-33. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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78
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Bahnson ESM, Koo N, Cantu-Medellin N, Tsui AY, Havelka GE, Vercammen JM, Jiang Q, Kelley EE, Kibbe MR. Nitric oxide inhibits neointimal hyperplasia following vascular injury via differential, cell-specific modulation of SOD-1 in the arterial wall. Nitric Oxide 2014; 44:8-17. [PMID: 25460325 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2014.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Superoxide (O2(•-)) promotes neointimal hyperplasia following arterial injury. Conversely, nitric oxide ((•)NO) inhibits neointimal hyperplasia through various cell-specific mechanisms, including redox regulation. What remains unclear is whether (•)NO exerts cell-specific regulation of the vascular redox environment following arterial injury to inhibit neointimal hyperplasia. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to assess whether (•)NO exerts cell-specific, differential modulation of O2(•-) levels throughout the arterial wall, establish the mechanism of such modulation, and determine if it regulates (•)NO-dependent inhibition of neointimal hyperplasia. In vivo, (•)NO increased superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD-1) levels following carotid artery balloon injury in a rat model. In vitro, (•)NO increased SOD-1 levels in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC), but had no effect on SOD-1 in endothelial cells or adventitial fibroblasts. This SOD-1 increase was associated with an increase in sod1 gene expression, increase in SOD-1 activity, and decrease in O2(•-) levels. Lastly, to determine the role of SOD-1 in (•)NO-mediated inhibition of neointimal hyperplasia, we performed the femoral artery wire injury model in wild type and SOD-1 knockout (KO) mice, with and without (•)NO. Interestingly, (•)NO inhibited neointimal hyperplasia only in wild type mice, with no effect in SOD-1 KO mice. In conclusion, these data show the cell-specific modulation of O2(•-) by (•)NO through regulation of SOD-1 in the vasculature, highlighting its importance on the inhibition of neointimal hyperplasia. These results also shed light into the mechanism of (•)NO-dependent redox balance, and suggest a novel VSMC redox target to prevent neointimal hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward S M Bahnson
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Simpson Querrey Institute for Bionanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Nathaniel Koo
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Simpson Querrey Institute for Bionanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Aaron Y Tsui
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Simpson Querrey Institute for Bionanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - George E Havelka
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Simpson Querrey Institute for Bionanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Janet M Vercammen
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Simpson Querrey Institute for Bionanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Qun Jiang
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Simpson Querrey Institute for Bionanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Eric E Kelley
- Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Melina R Kibbe
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Simpson Querrey Institute for Bionanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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79
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Reduction of endoplasmic reticulum stress inhibits neointima formation after vascular injury. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6943. [PMID: 25373918 PMCID: PMC4221790 DOI: 10.1038/srep06943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and inappropriate adaptation through the unfolded protein response (UPR) are predominant features of pathological processes. However, little is known about the link between ER stress and endovascular injury. We investigated the involvement of ER stress in neointima hyperplasia after vascular injury. The femoral arteries of 7-8-week-old male mice were subjected to wire-induced vascular injury. After 4 weeks, immunohistological analysis showed that ER stress markers were upregulated in the hyperplastic neointima. Neointima formation was increased by 54.8% in X-box binding protein-1 (XBP1) heterozygous mice, a model of compromised UPR. Knockdown of Xbp1 in human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (CASMC) in vitro promoted cell proliferation and migration. Furthermore, treatment with ER stress reducers, 4-phenylbutyrate (4-PBA) and tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), decreased the intima-to-media ratio after wire injury by 50.0% and 72.8%, respectively. Chronic stimulation of CASMC with PDGF-BB activated the UPR, and treatment with 4-PBA and TUDCA significantly suppressed the PDGF-BB-induced ER stress markers in CASMC and the proliferation and migration of CASMC. In conclusion, increased ER stress contributes to neointima formation after vascular injury, while UPR signaling downstream of XBP1 plays a suppressive role. Suppression of ER stress would be a novel strategy against post-angioplasty vascular restenosis.
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80
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Ishino M, Shishido T, Suzuki S, Katoh S, Sasaki T, Funayama A, Netsu S, Hasegawa H, Honda S, Takahashi H, Arimoto T, Miyashita T, Miyamoto T, Watanabe T, Takeishi Y, Kubota I. Deficiency of Long Pentraxin PTX3 Promoted Neointimal Hyperplasia after Vascular Injury. J Atheroscler Thromb 2014; 22:372-8. [PMID: 25342475 DOI: 10.5551/jat.26740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is a novel marker for the primary local activation of innate immunity and inflammatory responses. Although clinical and experimental evidence suggests that PTX3 is associated with atherosclerosis, the relationship between PTX3 and vascular remodeling after wall injury remains to be determined. We investigated the effects of PTX3 on neointimal hyperplasia following wire vascular injury. METHODS PTX3 systemic knockout (PTX3-KO) mice and wild-type littermate (WT) mice were subjected to wire-mediated endovascular injury. At four weeks after wire-mediated injury, the areas of neointimal and medial hyperplasia were evaluated. RESULTS The PTX3-KO mice exhibited higher hyperplasia/media ratios than the WT mice after wire injury, and the degree of Mac-3-positive macrophage accumulation was significantly higher in the PTX3-KO mice than in the WT mice. Furthermore, the PTX3-KO mice showed a much greater increase in the number of PCNA-stained cells in the vascular wall than that observed in the WT mice. CONCLUSIONS A deficiency of PTX3 results in deteriorated neointimal hyperplasia after vascular injury via the effects of macrophage accumulation and vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsunori Ishino
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine
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81
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Mineralocorticoid receptor: a critical player in vascular remodeling. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2014; 57:809-17. [PMID: 25104454 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-014-4691-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Vascular remodeling is a pathological condition with structural changes of blood vessels. Both inside-out and outside-in hypothesis have been put forward to describe mechanisms of vascular remodeling. An integrated model of these two hypotheses emphasizes the importance of immune cells such as monocytes/macrophages, T cells, and dendritic cells. These immune cells are at the center stage to orchestrate cellular proliferation, migration, and interactions of themselves and other vascular cells including endothelial cells (ECs), vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), and fibroblasts. These changes on vascular wall lead to inflammation and oxidative stress that are largely responsible for vascular remodeling. Mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) is a classic nuclear receptor. MR agonist promotes inflammation and oxidative stress and therefore exacerbates vascular remodeling. Conversely, MR antagonists have the opposite effects. MR has direct roles on vascular cells through non-genomic or genomic actions to modulate inflammation and oxidative stress. Recent studies using genetic mouse models have revealed that MR in myeloid cells, VSMCs and ECs all contribute to vascular remodeling. In conclusion, data in the past years have demonstrated that MR is a critical control point in modulating vascular remodeling. Studies will continue to provide evidence with more detailed mechanisms to support this notion.
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82
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Wu J, Hadoke PWF, Mair I, Lim WG, Miller E, Denvir MA, Smith LB. Modulation of neointimal lesion formation by endogenous androgens is independent of vascular androgen receptor. Cardiovasc Res 2014; 103:281-90. [PMID: 24903497 PMCID: PMC4094672 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvu142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Low androgen levels have been linked with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease in men. Previous studies have suggested that androgens directly inhibit atherosclerotic lesion formation although the underlying mechanisms for this remain unclear. This study addressed the hypothesis that endogenous androgens inhibit arterial remodelling by a direct action on the androgen receptor (AR) in the vascular wall. Methods and results We studied a series of novel mouse lines with cell-specific deletion of the AR in either the endothelium or in smooth muscle cells or both cell types. Findings were compared with a model of global androgen deficiency in wild-type mice (castrated). We characterized the cardiovascular phenotype, vascular pharmacology and histology, and assessed neointimal lesion formation following vascular injury to the femoral artery. Cell-specific AR deletion did not alter body weight, circulating testosterone levels or seminal vesicle weight, but caused limited alterations in arterial contractility and blood pressure. Neointimal lesion formation was unaltered by selective deletion of AR from the vascular endothelium, smooth muscle, or both cell types. Castration in wild-type mice increased neointimal lesion volume (Sham vs. Castration: 2.4 × 107 ± 4.5 × 106 vs. 3.9 × 107 ± 4.9 × 106 µm3, P = 0.04, n = 9–10). Conclusion Vascular cell-specific AR deletion had no effect on neointimal lesion formation, while low systemic androgen levels adversely affect neointimal lesion size. These findings suggest that the cardio-protective effects of androgens are mediated either by AR outside the vasculature or by AR-independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxi Wu
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Patrick W F Hadoke
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Iris Mair
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Win Gel Lim
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Eileen Miller
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Martin A Denvir
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Lee B Smith
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
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83
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Zhao Y, Xu H, Yu W, Xie BD. Complement anaphylatoxin C4a inhibits C5a-induced neointima formation following arterial injury. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:45-52. [PMID: 24789665 PMCID: PMC4068717 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between complement anaphylatoxins have been investigated in numerous fields; however, their functions during arterial remodeling following injury have not been studied. The inhibitory effect of complement anaphylatoxin C4a on neointima formation induced by C5a following arterial injury was investigated. Mice were subjected to wire-induced endothelial denudation of the femoral artery and treated with C5a alone or C5a + C4a for two weeks. C4a significantly inhibited C5a-induced neointima formation and the expression of CD68, F4/80, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF‑α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1). In vitro, although C4a did not directly inhibit the migration, proliferation or the expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) of C5a-induced vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), C5a-pretreated conditioned medium‑induced migration, proliferation and VCAM-1 expression of VSMCs were suppressed when VSMCs were exposed to conditioned medium from C4a-pretreated macrophages. In addition, C5a-induced TNF-α, IL-6 and MCP-1 expression, Ca2+ influx and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation in macrophages were suppressed by C4a. C4a inhibits C5a-induced neointima formation, not by acting directly on VSMCs, but via a macrophage-mediated reaction by inhibiting the Ca2+-dependent ERK pathway in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- Department of Emergency, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Heng Xu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Wenhui Yu
- Department of Peripheral Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Bao-Dong Xie
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
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84
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Hibbert B, Lavoie JR, Ma X, Seibert T, Raizman JE, Simard T, Chen YX, Stewart D, O'Brien ER. Glycogen synthase kinase-3β inhibition augments diabetic endothelial progenitor cell abundance and functionality via cathepsin B: a novel therapeutic opportunity for arterial repair. Diabetes 2014; 63:1410-21. [PMID: 24296714 DOI: 10.2337/db13-0941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Progenitor cell therapy is hindered in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) due to cellular senescence. Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) activity is increased in DM, potentially exacerbating impaired cell-based therapies. Thus, we aimed to determine if and how GSK3β inhibitors (GSKi) can improve therapeutic efficacy of endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) from patients with DM. Patients with DM had fewer EPCs and increased rates of apoptosis. DM EPCs also exhibited higher levels of GSK3β activity resulting in increased levels of phosphorylated β-catenin. Proteomic profiling of DM EPCs treated with GSKi identified 37 nonredundant, differentially regulated proteins. Cathepsin B (cathB) was subsequently confirmed to be differentially regulated and showed 40% less baseline activity in DM EPCs, an effect reversed by GSKi treatment. Finally, in vivo efficacy of cell-based therapy was assessed in a xenotransplant femoral wire injury mouse model. Administration of DM EPCs reduced the intima-to-media ratio, an effect that was further augmented when DM EPCs were pretreated with GSKi yet absent when cathB was antagonized. In DM, increased basal GSK3β activity contributes to accelerated EPC cellular senescence, an effect reversed by small molecule antagonism of GSK3β, which enhanced cell-based therapy after vascular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Hibbert
- Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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85
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Wang J, Wang H, Guo C, Luo W, Lawler A, Reddy A, Wang J, Sun EB, Eitzman DT. Mebendazole reduces vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and neointimal formation following vascular injury in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90146. [PMID: 24587248 PMCID: PMC3937425 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mebendazole is an antihelminthic drug that exerts its effects via interference with microtubule function in parasites. To determine the utility of mebendazole as a potential treatment for vascular diseases involving proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells, the effects of mebendazole on vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation were tested in vitro and in a mouse model of arterial injury. In vitro, mebendazole inhibited proliferation and migration of murine vascular smooth muscle cells and this was associated with altered intracellular microtubule organization. To determine in vivo effects of mebendazole following vascular injury, femoral arterial wire injury was induced in wild-type mice treated with either mebendazole or placebo control. Compared with placebo-treated mice, mebendazole-treated mice formed less neointima at the site of injury. Mebendazole is effective at inhibiting vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration, and neointimal formation following arterial injury in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jintao Wang
- University of Michigan, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Hui Wang
- University of Michigan, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Chiao Guo
- University of Michigan, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Wei Luo
- University of Michigan, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Alyssa Lawler
- University of Michigan, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Aswin Reddy
- University of Michigan, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Julia Wang
- University of Michigan, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Eddy B. Sun
- University of Michigan, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Daniel T. Eitzman
- University of Michigan, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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86
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Shi B, Long X, Zhao R, Liu Z, Wang D, Xu G. Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells carrying the human receptor activity-modifying protein 1 gene improves cardiac function and inhibits neointimal proliferation in the carotid angioplasty and myocardial infarction rabbit model. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 239:356-65. [PMID: 24477823 DOI: 10.1177/1535370213517619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Although transplanting mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can improve cardiac function and contribute to endothelial recovery in a damaged artery, natural MSCs may induce neointimal hyperplasia by directly or indirectly acting on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Receptor activity-modifying protein 1 (RAMP1) is the component and the determinant of ligand specificity of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). It is recently reported that CGRP and its receptor involve the proliferation and the apoptosis in vivo and in vitro, and the exogenous RAMP1 enhances the antiproliferation effect of CGRP in VSMCs. Here, we investigated the effects of MSCs overexpressing the human receptor activity-modifying protein 1 (hRAMP1) on heart function and artery repair in rabbit models of myocardial infarction (MI) reperfusion and carotid artery injury. MSCs transfected with a recombinant adenovirus containing the hRAMP1 gene (EGFP-hRAMP1-MSCs) were injected into the rabbit models via the ear vein at 24 h after carotid artery injury and MI 7 days post-EGFP-hRAMP1-MSC transplantation. The cells that expressed both enhance green fluorescent protein (EGFP) and CD31 were detected in the neointima of the damaged artery via immunofluorescence. EGFP-hRAMP1 expression was observed in the injured artery and infarcted myocardium by western blot analysis, confirming that the engineered MSCs targeted the injured artery and infarcted myocardium and expressed hRAMP1 protein. Compared with the EGFP-MSCs group, the EGFP-hRAMP1-MSCs group had a significantly smaller infarcted area and improved cardiac function by 28 days after cell transplantation, as detected by triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining and echocardiography. Additionally, arterial hematoxylin-eosin staining revealed that the area of the neointima and the area ratio of intima/media were significantly decreased in the EGFP-hRAMP1-MSCs group. An immunohistological study showed that the expression of α-smooth muscle antigen and proliferating cell nuclear antigen in the neointima cells of the carotid artery of the EGFP-hRAMP1-MSCs group was approximately 50% lower than that of the EGFP-MSCs group, suggesting that hRAMP1 expression may inhibit VSMCs proliferation within the neointima. Therefore, compared with natural MSCs, EGFP-hRAMP1-engineered MSCs improved infarcted heart function and endothelial recovery from artery injury more efficiently, which will provide valuable information for the development of MSC-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Shi
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi City 563003, Guizhou Province, China
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87
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Nakazawa G, Finn AV, Ladich E, Ribichini F, Coleman L, Kolodgie FD, Virmani R. Drug-eluting stent safety: findings from preclinical studies. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2014; 6:1379-91. [DOI: 10.1586/14779072.6.10.1379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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88
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Guo L, Ning W, Tan Z, Gong Z, Li X. Mechanism of matrix metalloproteinase axis-induced neointimal growth. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 66:116-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2013.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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89
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Shoji M, Furuyama F, Yokota Y, Omori Y, Sato T, Tsunoda F, Iso Y, Koba S, Geshi E, Katagiri T, Suzuki H, Kobayashi Y. IL-6 mobilizes bone marrow-derived cells to the vascular wall, resulting in neointima formation via inflammatory effects. J Atheroscler Thromb 2013; 21:304-12. [PMID: 24366256 DOI: 10.5551/jat.19414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Among the many factors related to bone marrow cell mobilization, local inflammation induced by cytokines may drive bone marrow cells to the vascular wall, resulting in a thickened neointima. However, the relationship between inflammatory reactions and bone marrow cell invasion has not yet been fully clarified. METHODS We inserted a large wire into the femoral artery in male balb/c(WT), interleukin (IL)-6-knockout (KO) and bone marrow-transplanted (BMT) mice that had received bone marrow cells from KO mice. Immunohistochemistry was performed to evaluate the degree of intimal hyperplasia and inflammation following vascular injury. RESULTS Three days after the vascular injury, the number of CD34/Sca-1-positive cells in the blood was higher in the KO mice. The numbers of apoptotic cells in the neointima was lower in the KO and BMT mice at two hours after injury. The morphometric analysis performed at one and four weeks after injury showed that the intima/media ratio was significantly lower in the KO and BMT mice, while CD34-positive cells were much more frequent in the WT mice. Furthermore, re-endothelialization appeared earlier in the KO and BMT mice than in the WT mice. No differences in the levels of vascular endothelial growth factor or hepatocyte growth factor were observed in the mice sera between the WT, KO and BMT mice after injury. The in vitro culture of bone marrow cells showed more differentiated smooth muscle-like cells in the WT mice than in the KO mice. CONCLUSIONS IL-6 is involved in neointimal formation following vascular injury, possibly acting through inflammatory effects inducing the production of bone marrow cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Shoji
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Showa University School of Medicine
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90
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Sahara M, Ikutomi M, Morita T, Minami Y, Nakajima T, Hirata Y, Nagai R, Sata M. Deletion of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 promotes the development of atherosclerosis and arterial neointima formation. Cardiovasc Res 2013; 101:236-46. [PMID: 24193738 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvt245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is known as a negative regulator of the renin-angiotensin system. We aimed to determine the roles of ACE2 on the development of vascular diseases. METHODS AND RESULTS Using two diversely different models of vascular diseases, hyperlipidaemia-induced atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E knockout (KO) mice and mechanical injury-induced arterial neointimal hyperplasia in C57Bl6 mice, we examined whether ACE2 deficiency could affect formation of the vascular lesions. ACE2 deficiency resulted in significantly larger vascular lesions in both aortic atherosclerotic plaques and arterial neointima formation, compared with ACE2(+) control. These ACE2-deficient vascular lesions exhibited enhanced accumulation of macrophages into the lesions and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), accompanied with increased angiotensin-II (Ang-II) levels and enhanced expression of vascular inflammation-related genes, including vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)9 in aorta/artery tissues. Primary bone marrow macrophages and aortic VSMCs isolated from ACE2 KO mice also displayed enhanced pro-inflammatory responsiveness such as up-regulated gene/protein expression of VCAM-1, MCP-1, and MMP9 to stimulation with tumour necrosis factor-α and Ang-II. The similar phenotype was shown in human macrophages and aortic VSMCs that were transfected with ACE2-specific siRNA. In ACE2-deficient VSMCs, inhibition of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) by pharmacological blockade with SP600125 or genetic knockdown with JNK-specific siRNA significantly attenuated their pro-inflammatory phenotype. CONCLUSION ACE2 deficiency promotes the development of vascular diseases associated with Ang-II-mediated vascular inflammation and activation of the JNK signalling, leading to the notion that ACE2 potentially confers protection against vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Sahara
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
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91
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Ma X, Hibbert B, McNulty M, Hu T, Zhao X, Ramirez FD, Simard T, Belleroche JS, O'Brien ER. Heat shock protein 27 attenuates neointima formation and accelerates reendothelialization after arterial injury and stent implantation: importance of vascular endothelial growth factor up‐regulation. FASEB J 2013; 28:594-602. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-230417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Ma
- University of Ottawa Heart InstituteOttawaOntarioCanada
| | | | | | - Tieqiang Hu
- University of Ottawa Heart InstituteOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Xiaoling Zhao
- University of Ottawa Heart InstituteOttawaOntarioCanada
| | | | - Trevor Simard
- University of Ottawa Heart InstituteOttawaOntarioCanada
| | | | - Edward R. O'Brien
- University of Ottawa Heart InstituteOttawaOntarioCanada
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute of AlbertaCalgaryAlbertaCanada
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92
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Hirata Y, Kurobe H, Higashida M, Fukuda D, Shimabukuro M, Tanaka K, Higashikuni Y, Kitagawa T, Sata M. HMGB1 plays a critical role in vascular inflammation and lesion formation via toll-like receptor 9. Atherosclerosis 2013; 231:227-33. [PMID: 24267232 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endogenous ligands such as high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and nucleic acids are released by dying cells and bind to Toll-like receptors (TLRs). As TLR9 is involved in both microbial and sterile inflammation by detecting both bacterial and endogenous DNA, we investigated its role in inflammation and lesion formation in a mouse model of vascular injury. METHODS AND RESULTS C57BL/6 (WT) and TLR9 KO mice were subjected to wire-mediated vascular injury. Anti-HMGB1 antibody and purified HMGB1 protein were chronically delivered around the injured arteries by gelatin hydrogel, and neointima formation at 4 weeks after injury was evaluated. In addition, the same vascular injury was performed in bone-marrow chimeric mice (WT bone marrow into TLR KO mice; TLR9 KO bone marrow into WT mice). We also evaluated the production of inflammatory cytokines by mouse macrophages in response to HMGB1 and CpG-ODN. In wild-type mice after vascular injury, anti-HMGB1 antibody significantly reduced neointima formation and HMGB1 protein accelerated neointima hyperplasia. HMGB1 failed to accelerate lesion formation in TLR9 KO mice. The bone marrow transplantation study revealed that TLR9 in bone marrow-derived cells played a fundamental role in neointima formation. In vitro, HMGB1 and CpG-ODN synergistically induced the production of inflammatory cytokines by macrophages. CONCLUSIONS HMGB1 serves as an endogenous mediator of inflammation and lesion formation via the TLR9 pathway in response to vascular injury. Blockade of HMGB1 and/or TLR9 may represent a novel approach to treating atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichiro Hirata
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima-city, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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93
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Kobayashi N, Suzuki JI, Ogawa M, Aoyama N, Komuro I, Izumi Y, Isobe M. Porphyromonas gingivalis promotes neointimal formation after arterial injury through toll-like receptor 2 signaling. Heart Vessels 2013; 29:542-9. [PMID: 24002697 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-013-0405-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that Porphyromonas gingivalis infection induces neointimal hyperplasia with an increase in monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 after arterial injury in wild-type mice. Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 is a key receptor for the virulence factors of P. gingivalis. The aim of this study was to assess whether TLR2 plays a role in periodontopathic bacteria-induced neointimal formation after an arterial injury. Wild-type and TLR2-deficient mice were used in this study. The femoral arteries were injured, and P. gingivalis or vehicle was injected subcutaneously once per week. Fourteen days after arterial injury, the murine femoral arteries were obtained for histopathologic and immunohistochemical analyses. The immunoglobulin-G levels of the P. gingivalis-infected groups were significantly increased in comparison with the level in the corresponding noninfected groups in both wild-type and TLR2-deficient mice. TLR2 deficiency negated the P. gingivalis-induced neointimal formation in comparison with the wild-type mice, and reduced the number of positive monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 cells in the neointimal area. These findings demonstrate that P. gingivalis infection can promote neointimal formation after an arterial injury through TLR2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naho Kobayashi
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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94
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Koizumi G, Kumai T, Egawa S, Yatomi K, Hayashi T, Oda G, Ohba K, Iwai S, Watanabe M, Matsumoto N, Oguchi K. Gene expression in the vascular wall of the aortic arch in spontaneously hypertensive hyperlipidemic model rats using DNA microarray analysis. Life Sci 2013; 93:495-502. [PMID: 23994198 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
AIMS In recent years, there has been an increase in patients with arteriosclerosis and the risk of lifestyle-related diseases. However, the pathogenesis and medication of atherosclerosis have not been elucidated. We developed a rat model of lifestyle-related diseases by feeding a high-fat diet and 30% sucrose solution (HFDS) to spontaneously hypertensive hyperlipidemic rats (SHHR) and reported that this model is a useful model of early atherosclerosis. In order to elucidate the pathogenesis of early atherosclerosis, we searched for atherosclerosis-related genes by microarray analysis using the aortic arch rat model of lifestyle-related diseases. MAIN METHODS Four-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats and SHHR were each divided into two normal diet (ND) groups and two HFDS groups. After a four-month treatment, the expression of mRNA in the aortic arch was detected using the oligo DNA microarray one-color method and quantified using real-time PCR. KEY FINDINGS In this study, we detected 39 genes in microarray analysis. Esm1, Retnlb Mkks, and Grem2 showed particularly marked changes in gene expression in the SHHR-HFDS group. Compared with the SD-ND group, the SHHR-HFDS group had an increase in Mkks gene expression of about 26-fold and an approximately 22-fold increase in the expression of Grem2. Similarly, the expression of Esm1 increased by about 12-fold and that of Retnlg by about 10-fold as shown by quantitative real-time PCR. SIGNIFICANCE This study suggested that these four genes might be important in early atherosclerosis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go Koizumi
- Department of Pharmacology, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan; Department of Pharmacogenomics, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, 1-30 Fujigaoka, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8501, Japan.
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95
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Yamauchi A, Kawabe JI, Kabara M, Matsuki M, Asanome A, Aonuma T, Ohta H, Takehara N, Kitagawa T, Hasebe N. Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonucelase 1 maintains adhesion of endothelial progenitor cells and reduces neointima formation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2013; 305:H1158-67. [PMID: 23934858 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00965.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) is a multifunctional protein that processes DNA-repair function and controls cellular response to oxidative stress. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are recruited to oxidative stress-rich injured vascular walls and positively contribute to vascular repair and endothelialization. We hypothesized that APE1 functions for EPCs-mediated inhibition of neointima formation in injured vasculature. EPCs isolated from bone marrow cells of C57BL6 mice (12-16 wk old) were able to survive in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2; up to 1,000 μM) due to the highly expressed reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers. However, adhesion capacity of EPCs was significantly inhibited by H2O2 (100 μM) even though an intracellular ROS was retained at small level. An APE1-selective inhibitor or RNA interference-mediated knockdown of endogenous APE1 in EPCs aggravated the H2O2-mediated inhibition of EPCs-adhesion. In contrast, when APE1 was overexpressed in EPCs using an adenovirus harboring the APE1 gene (APE-EPCs), adhesion was significantly improved during oxidative stress. To examine in vivo effects of APE1 in EPCs, APE-EPCs were transplanted via the tail vein after wire-mediated injury of the mouse femoral artery. The number of adherent EPCs at injured vascular walls and the vascular repair effect of EPCs were enhanced in APE-EPCs compared with control EPCs. Among the cellular functions of EPCs, adhesion is especially sensitive to oxidative stress. APE1 enhances in vivo vascular repair effects of EPCs in part through the maintenance of adhesion properties of EPCs. APE1 may be a novel and useful target gene for effective cellular transplantation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Yamauchi
- Department of Cardiovascular Regeneration and Innovation, Asahikawa Medical University, Midorigaoka-higashi, Asahikawa, Japan
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96
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Hamaya R, Ogawa M, Suzuki JI, Kobayashi N, Hirata Y, Nagai R, Komuro I, Isobe M. A selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-β/δ agonist attenuates neointimal hyperplasia after wire-mediated arterial injury. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2013; 22:1095-106. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2013.820702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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97
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Shimamura M, Nakagami H, Sata M, Takaoka M, Azuma J, Kiomy Osako M, Koriyama H, Kurinami H, Wakayama K, Miyake T, Morishita R. Unique remodeling processes after vascular injury in intracranial arteries: analysis using a novel mouse model. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2013; 33:1153-9. [PMID: 23571280 PMCID: PMC3734766 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2013.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The effectiveness of angioplasty and stenting in intracranial atherosclerotic diseases is controversial due to high rates of delayed restenosis and hemorrhage compared with extracranial arteries. However, the mechanisms underlying these differences are still unclear, because their pathophysiology is yet to be examined. To address this issue, we established a novel vascular injury model in the intracranial internal carotid arteries (IICAs) in mice, and analyzed the remodeling process in comparison to that of the femoral arteries (FAs). In IICAs, neointimal hyperplasia was observed from day 14 and grew until day 56. Although smooth muscle cells (SMCs) emerged in the neointima from day 28, SMCs in the injured media were continuously lost with eventual extinction of the media. Re-endothelialization was started from day 7 and completed on day 28. Accumulation of macrophages was continued in the adventitia until day 56. Compared with FAs, the following points are unique in IICAs: (1) delayed continuous formation of neointima; (2) accumulation of macrophages in the media on day 14; (3) continuous loss of SMCs in the media followed by extinction of the media itself; and (4) continuously growing adventitia. These pathophysiologic differences might be associated with unfavorable outcomes in percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting in intracranial arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munehisa Shimamura
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, Department of Child Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University Office for University-Industry Collaboration, Osaka, Japan
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98
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Hirschberg K, Tarcea V, Páli S, Barnucz E, Gwanmesia P, Korkmaz S, Radovits T, Loganathan S, Merkely B, Karck M, Szabó G. Cinaciguat prevents neointima formation after arterial injury by decreasing vascular smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation. Int J Cardiol 2013; 167:470-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 01/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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99
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Nakayama T, Kurobe H, Sugasawa N, Kinoshita H, Higashida M, Matsuoka Y, Yoshida Y, Hirata Y, Sakata M, Maxfield MW, Shimabukuro M, Takahama Y, Sata M, Tamaki T, Kitagawa T, Tomita S. Role of macrophage-derived hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α as a mediator of vascular remodelling. Cardiovasc Res 2013; 99:705-15. [PMID: 23752975 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvt146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Excessive vascular remodelling leads to progression of a wide range of vasculopathies, and the immune response to intimal injuries is crucial in this process. This vascular remodelling occurs in the hypoxic microenvironment and is closely related to the immune system. Macrophages play a key role in immunological-cell-mediated arterial remodelling. In this study, we clarified the role of macrophage-derived hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1α) in vascular remodelling. METHODS AND RESULTS Wire-induced femoral arterial injury was inflicted in mice lacking the macrophage-specific HIF-1α gene and in their wild-type counterparts. The mutant mice showed both suppressed wire-induced neointimal thickening and decreased infiltration of inflammatory cells in the adventitia, compared with wild-type mice. Studies to clarify the mechanism of restrained vascular remodelling in the mutant mice revealed decreased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by the activated macrophages and suppressed macrophage migration activity in the mutant mice. Gene expressions of the HIF-1α-deficient macrophages positively correlated with the phenotypic profile of M2 macrophages and negatively correlated with that of M1 macrophages. CONCLUSION Our results show that HIF-1α in macrophages plays a crucial role in promoting vascular inflammation and remodelling. As decreasing HIF-1α activity in macrophages may prevent the progression of vascular remodelling, HIF-1α may be a possible therapeutic target in vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisuke Nakayama
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Japan
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Zhang JM, Wang Y, Miao YJ, Zhang Y, Wu YN, Jia LX, Qi YF, Du J. Knockout of CD8 delays reendothelialization and accelerates neointima formation in injured arteries of mouse via TNF-α inhibiting the endothelial cells migration. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62001. [PMID: 23658704 PMCID: PMC3642119 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Delayed or impaired reendothelialization is a major cause of stent thrombosis in the interventional treatment of coronary heart disease. T cells are involved in neointima formation of injured arteries. However, the regulated mechanism of reendothelialization and the role of CD8 T cell in reendothelialization are unclear. Methods and Results Immunofluorescence staining showed that CD8 positive cells were increased in wire injured femoral artery of mice. On day 21 after injury, elastin staining showed that knockout of CD8 (CD8−/−) significantly increased intimal thickness and a ratio of intima to media by 1.8 folds and 1.9 folds respectively in injured arteries. Evans blue staining showed that knockout of CD8 delayed the reendothelialization area on day 7 after injury (18.8±0.5% versus 42.1±5.6%, p<0.05). In vitro, a migration assay revealed that CD8−/− T cells co-cultured with WT macrophages significantly inhibited the migration of the endothelial cells (ECs); compared to CD4+ T cells, and CD8+ T cells could promote the ECs migration. Furthermore, real-time PCR analysis showed that knockout of CD8 increased the level of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in injured arteries and cytometric bead cytokine array showed that TNF-α was elevated in cultured CD8−/− T cells. Finally, a wound-healing assay showed that recombinant TNF-α significantly inhibited the migration of ECs. Conclusion Our study suggested that CD8+ T cells could promote the reendothelialization and inhibit the neointima formation after the artery wire injury, and this effect is at least partly dependent on decreasing TNF-α production promoting ECs migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Meng Zhang
- Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University; The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University; The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Ju Miao
- Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University; The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University; The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Na Wu
- Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University; The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Xin Jia
- Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University; The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Fen Qi
- Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University; The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Du
- Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University; The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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