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He C, Xu Q, Tu H, Sun L, Gong Y, Liu J, Yuan Y. Polymorphic rs9471643 and rs6458238 upregulate PGC transcription and protein expression in overdominant or dominant models. Mol Carcinog 2015; 55:586-99. [PMID: 25857852 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The pepsinogen C (PGC) gene encodes a major differentiation biomarker for gastric mucosa and has two single nucleotide polymorphisms, rs9471643 G>C and rs6458238 G>A, within its 5' upstream region that are involved in gastric carcinogenesis. However, in what genetic models the two polymorphisms modulate disease risk and how they relate to gastric carcinogenesis needs further study. We fitted the most appropriate genetic models to the PGC polymorphisms and validated their robustness; then with knowledge of the genetic model, we investigated the influence of functional variant alleles or genotypes on gene expression in vitro and in vivo. We confirmed that rs9471643 CG genotype was stably associated with reduced gastric cancer risk in complete overdominant model. This favorable CG genotype was also associated with reduced atrophic gastritis risk in subjects carrying rs6458238 AG/AA genotype. The G>C transition at rs9471643 enhanced promoter activity and transcription factor binding ability, and the CG genotype was consistently associated with elevated levels of PGC mRNA, in situ protein and serum protein in complete overdominant model based-analyses. Additionally, rs6458238 AG/AA genotype was associated with reduced atrophic gastritis risk in dominant model. Its favorable A allele was related to higher promoter activity and lower transcription factor binding ability, and the AG/AA genotype showed association with elevated levels of serum PGC protein in dominant model based-analyses. Our results suggest that rs9471643 CG and rs6458238 AG/AA genotypes have important roles in up-regulating PGC expression, which may partially explain why individuals with these favorable genotypes have decreased risks of getting gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiyun He
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Cancer Control in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China.,Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Cancer Control in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Huakang Tu
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Cancer Control in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China.,Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, GA
| | - Liping Sun
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Cancer Control in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuehua Gong
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Cancer Control in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Jingwei Liu
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Cancer Control in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Cancer Control in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
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Blum A, Kammeyer JK, Rush AM, Callmann CE, Hahn ME, Gianneschi NC. Stimuli-responsive nanomaterials for biomedical applications. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:2140-54. [PMID: 25474531 PMCID: PMC4353031 DOI: 10.1021/ja510147n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nature employs a variety of tactics to precisely time and execute the processes and mechanics of life, relying on sequential sense and response cascades to transduce signaling events over multiple length and time scales. Many of these tactics, such as the activation of a zymogen, involve the direct manipulation of a material by a stimulus. Similarly, effective therapeutics and diagnostics require the selective and efficient homing of material to specific tissues and biomolecular targets with appropriate temporal resolution. These systems must also avoid undesirable or toxic side effects and evade unwanted removal by endogenous clearing mechanisms. Nanoscale delivery vehicles have been developed to package materials with the hope of delivering them to select locations with rates of accumulation and clearance governed by an interplay between the carrier and its cargo. Many modern approaches to drug delivery have taken inspiration from natural activatable materials like zymogens, membrane proteins, and metabolites, whereby stimuli initiate transformations that are required for cargo release, prodrug activation, or selective transport. This Perspective describes key advances in the field of stimuli-responsive nanomaterials while highlighting some of the many challenges faced and opportunities for development. Major hurdles include the increasing need for powerful new tools and strategies for characterizing the dynamics, morphology, and behavior of advanced delivery systems in situ and the perennial problem of identifying truly specific and useful physical or molecular biomarkers that allow a material to autonomously distinguish diseased from normal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela
P. Blum
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jacquelin K. Kammeyer
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Anthony M. Rush
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Cassandra E. Callmann
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Michael E. Hahn
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department
of Radiology, University of California,
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Nathan C. Gianneschi
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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He CY, Sun LP, Xu Q, Liu JW, Jiang JY, Dong NN, Yuan Y. PGC TagSNP and its interaction with H. pylori and relation with gene expression in susceptibility to gastric carcinogenesis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115955. [PMID: 25551587 PMCID: PMC4281127 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pepsinogen C (PGC) plays an important role in sustaining the cellular differentiation during the process of gastric carcinogenesis. This study aimed to assess the role of PGC tagSNPs and their interactions with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) in the development of gastric cancer and its precursor, atrophic gastritis. Methods Four PGC tagSNPs (rs6941539, rs6912200, rs3789210 and rs6939861) were genotyped by Sequenom MassARRAY platform in a total of 2311 subjects consisting of 642 gastric cancer, 774 atrophic gastritis, and 895 healthy control subjects. The mRNA and protein expression levels of PGC in gastric tissues and in serum were respectively measured by quantitative reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), immunohistochemistry, and Eenzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA). Results We found associations between PGC rs3789210 CG/GG genotypes and reduced gastric cancer risk and between PGC rs6939861 A variant allele and increased risks of both gastric cancer and atrophic gastritis. As for the haplotypes of PGC rs6941539-rs6912200-rs3789210-rs6939861 loci, the TTCA and TTGG haplotypes were respectively associated with increased and reduced risks of both gastric cancer and atrophic gastritis; additionally, the CTCA haplotype was associated with increased atrophic gastritis risk. Very interestingly, rs6912200 CT/TT genotypes had a positive interaction with H. pylori, synergistically elevating the gastric cancer risk. Moreover, healthy subjects who carried rs6912200 CT, TT and CT/TT variant genotypes had lower histological and serum expression levels of PGC protein. Conclusions Our findings highlight an important role of PGC rs3789210 and rs6939861 in altering susceptibility to atrophic gastritis and/or gastric cancer. Moreover, people who carry rs6912200 variant genotypes exhibit higher gastric cancer risk in case of getting H. pylori infection, which strongly suggest a necessity of preventing and/or eliminating H. pylori infection in those individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-yun He
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention (China Medical University), Liaoning Provincial Education Department, Shenyang, China
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics of Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-ping Sun
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention (China Medical University), Liaoning Provincial Education Department, Shenyang, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention (China Medical University), Liaoning Provincial Education Department, Shenyang, China
| | - Jing-wei Liu
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention (China Medical University), Liaoning Provincial Education Department, Shenyang, China
| | - Jing-yi Jiang
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention (China Medical University), Liaoning Provincial Education Department, Shenyang, China
| | - Nan-nan Dong
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention (China Medical University), Liaoning Provincial Education Department, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention (China Medical University), Liaoning Provincial Education Department, Shenyang, China
- * E-mail:
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54
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Marked decrease in serum pepsinogen II levels resulting from endoscopic resection of a large duodenal tumor. Clin J Gastroenterol 2014; 7:484-9. [PMID: 25376543 PMCID: PMC4261135 DOI: 10.1007/s12328-014-0534-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Studies have indicated that serum pepsinogen (PG) levels are not only markers for chronic atrophic gastritis but also predictive risk factors for gastric cancer. However, serum PG levels can change because of pathological conditions other than gastritis. We report the first case in which abnormally high serum PG II levels (168.8 ng/mL) led to the discovery of a large tumor covering a wide area in the duodenum, and after resection of the tumor, the serum PG II levels markedly decreased. Because endoscopic and histopathological examinations showed no indications of atrophic changes, inflammation of the gastric mucosa, or Helicobacter pylori infection, the serum PG II levels eventually returned to normal (10.1 ng/mL). The preoperative abnormally high PG II levels were probably caused by the large duodenal tumor that prevented PG II (which is produced by the duodenal Brunner’s glands) from being secreted into the lumen, a condition that increased the amount transferred to the bloodstream. No previous reports have investigated serum PG II levels before and after resection of a large duodenal tumor. We believe this case provides valuable insight regarding the dynamics of PG II in the body and has important diagnostic implications.
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Araujo e Silva AC, de Oliveira Lemos F, Gomes MTR, Salas CE, Lopes MTP. Role of gastric acid inhibition, prostaglandins and endogenous-free thiol groups on the gastroprotective effect of a proteolytic fraction from Vasconcellea cundinamarcensis latex. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 67:133-41. [PMID: 25213103 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to extend our knowledge about the mechanism involved in the gastroprotective effect of P1G10, a proteolytic fraction rich in cysteine proteinases from Vasconcellea cundinamarcensis (syn. Carica candamarcensis) latex, which demonstrated gastric healing and protection activities in rats. METHODS Wistar rats were submitted to gastric lesions by indomethacin and treated with P1G10 (10 mg/kg). Free thiol groups and prostaglandin E2 content were measured in gastric mucosal and gastrin levels in blood samples. To evaluate the participation of nitric oxide (NO) or proteolytic activity of P1G10 on its gastroprotective effect, animals were treated with an inhibitor of NO production (L-NAME) or the fraction inhibited by iodoacetamide, respectively. Gastric secretion study (acidity and pepsin activity) was also performed. KEY FINDINGS P1G10 (10 mg/kg) inhibited the occurrence of gastric lesions by indomethacin, restored the free thiol groups content on gastric mucosa and increased moderately prostaglandin E2 levels (34%). Furthermore, the treatment decreased the gastrin levels (95%), suggesting a possible modulation of secretory activity. This effect was accordant with attenuation of gastric acidity (42%) and pepsin activity (69%) seen in animals subjected to pyloric ligation. The inhibition of NO production or the proteolytic activity of P1G10 does not affect the gastroprotective effect. CONCLUSIONS These results can explain the gastroprotective activity of P1G10 and serve a basis for further studies of this active principle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Candida Araujo e Silva
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Aihara E, Montrose MH. Importance of Ca(2+) in gastric epithelial restitution-new views revealed by real-time in vivo measurements. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2014; 19:76-83. [PMID: 25108560 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It has been a few decades since Ca(2+) was identified as one of the important factors that can accelerate gastric wound repair as well as contribute to epithelial homeostasis and regulation of gastric secretions. The mechanistic basis has remained largely unexplored in vivo because it was not possible to track in real time either intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization or wound repair in living tissues. Recent advances in technology, such as combining high resolution light microscopy and genetically encoded Ca(2+) reporters in mice, now allow the monitoring of Ca(2+) mobilization during gastric epithelial cell restitution. Ca(2+) is a ubiquitous second messenger that influences numerous cellular processes, including gastric acid/bicarbonate secretion, mucus secretion, and cell migration. We have demonstrated that cytosolic Ca(2+) mobilization within the restituting gastric epithelial cells is a central signal driving small wound repair. However, extracellular Ca(2+) is also mobilized in the juxtamucosal luminal space above a wound, and evidence suggests extracellular Ca(2+) is a third messenger that also promotes gastric epithelial restitution. Interplay between intracellular and extracellular Ca(2+) is necessary for efficient gastric epithelial restitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eitaro Aihara
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Marshall H Montrose
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
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Matsumoto H, Tsuchiya T, Yoshiura KI, Hayashi T, Hidaka S, Nanashima A, Nagayasu T. ABCC11/MRP8 Expression in the Gastrointestinal Tract and a Novel Role for Pepsinogen Secretion. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2014; 47:85-94. [PMID: 25320405 PMCID: PMC4164699 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.13040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are involved in chemotherapy resistance. Multidrug-resistance protein 8 (ABCC11/MRP8) is also involved in 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) metabolism. 5-FU and its derivatives are widely used in the treatment of gastrointestinal tract cancers, but little is known about the contribution of ABCC11/MRP8 to gastrointestinal tract and related cancers. Here, we report our investigation of ABCC11/MRP8 expression in normal and cancerous gastrointestinal tract tissues and reveal its novel role in the gastric mucosa. In tissue microarray and surgically resected cancer specimens, immunohistochemical (IHC) staining revealed significantly reduced expression of ABCC11/MRP8 in gastrointestinal tract cancers compared with other cancers. In contrast, strong ABCC11/MRP8 expression was observed in normal gastric mucosa. Additional immunofluorescence assays revealed co-localization of ABCC11/MRP8 and pepsinogen I in normal gastric chief cells. Quantitative PCR and Western blot analysis also revealed significant expression of ABCC11/MRP8 in fundic mucosa where the chief cells are mainly located. Furthermore, the ABCC11 mRNA-suppressed NCI-N87 gastric cancer cell line failed to secret pepsinogen I extracellularly. Thus, low expression of ABCC11/MRP8 is consistent with chemotherapeutic regimens using 5-FU and its derivatives in gastrointestinal tract cancers. Our results indicated a novel function of ABCC11/MRP8 in the regulation of pepsinogen I secretion in the normal gastric chief cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Matsumoto
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgical Oncology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Tomoshi Tsuchiya
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgical Oncology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Koh-ichiro Yoshiura
- Department of Human Genetics, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | | | - Shigekazu Hidaka
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgical Oncology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Atsushi Nanashima
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgical Oncology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Takeshi Nagayasu
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgical Oncology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
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Investigation of a link between raised levels of pepsinogen in blood as a mediator of in-vitro clot lysis in acid and a cause of abnormal factor XIII screening tests. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2014; 25:340-8. [DOI: 10.1097/mbc.0000000000000037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Pizzi M, Saraggi D, Fassan M, Megraud F, Di Mario F, Rugge M. Secondary prevention of epidemic gastric cancer in the model of Helicobacter pylori-associated gastritis. Dig Dis 2014; 32:265-74. [PMID: 24732192 DOI: 10.1159/000357857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Irrespective of its etiology, long-standing, non-self-limiting gastric inflammation (mostly in Helicobacter pylori-associated cases) is the cancerization ground on which epidemic (intestinal-type) gastric carcinoma (GC) can develop. The natural history of invasive gastric adenocarcinoma encompasses gastritis, atrophic mucosal changes, and intraepithelial neoplasia (IEN). The topography, the extent and the severity of the atrophic changes significantly correlate with the risk of developing both IEN and GC. In recent years, both noninvasive (serological) tests and invasive (endoscopy/biopsy) procedures have been proposed to stratify patients according to different classes of GC risk. As a consequence, different patient-tailored GC secondary prevention strategies have been put forward. This review summarizes the histological features of H. pylori-related gastritis and the natural history of the disease. Histological and serological strategies to assess GC risk as well as the clinical management of atrophic gastritis patients are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pizzi
- General Pathology and Cytopathology Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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60
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Zhang XM, Li JX, Zhang GY, Li XH, Gu H. The value of serum pepsinogen levels for the diagnosis of gastric diseases in Chinese Han people in midsouth China. BMC Gastroenterol 2014; 14:3. [PMID: 24383519 PMCID: PMC3893538 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-14-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Serum pepsinogen (PG) levels are valuable in the diagnosis of gastric diseases. However, PG levels are affected by many factors such as the area and race. This study aimed to investigate serum PG levels in patients with different gastric diseases who were Chinese Han people in Hunan Province, midsouth China. Methods A total of 248 gastric disease patients and 34 healthy controls were enrolled. The patients included those with non-atrophic and chronic atrophic gastritis, gastric and duodenal ulcer, early and advanced gastric cancer. Serum PG I and II levels were detected by Biohit ELISA kit (Finland), and PG I/II ratio was calculated. Differences in patients with gastric disease and healthy controls were analyzed using paired t-test. Results Compared with controls, patients with early and advanced gastric cancer had a significantly lower PG I level and PG I/II ratio (p <0.005). In contrast, patients with gastric and duodenal ulcer had a significantly higher PG I level (p <0.005). Compared with atrophic gastritis patients, patients with early and advanced carcinoma of the stomach had a significantly lower PG I/II ratio (p < 0.001). Combination of the cut-off levels of PG I (70 μg/L) and PG I/II ratio (6) provided 62.1% sensitivity of and 94.2% specificity for the diagnosis of gastric cancer. Conclusions Decreased PG I level and PG I/II ratio are risk factors for gastric cancer. Combined use of serum PG I level and PG I/II ratio may help the early diagnosis of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-mei Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province China.
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Chae HD, Kim IH, Lee GH, Shin IH, Suh HS, Jeon CH. Gastric cancer detection using gastric juice pepsinogen and melanoma-associated gene RNA. Am J Clin Pathol 2013; 140:209-14. [PMID: 23897256 DOI: 10.1309/ajcpohxrm5iyxvoc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To develop a new method for gastric cancer detection with gastric juice using melanoma-associated gene (MAGE) RNA and pepsinogen (PG). METHODS In total, 183 gastric juice and paired serum specimens were obtained from 134 patients with gastric cancer and 49 healthy individuals. The gastric juice specimens were analyzed with MAGE A1 to A6 nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The serum and gastric juice PG were measured with a PG I and II immunoassay. RESULTS The gastric juice PG I and PG I/II ratios were more accurate than those of serum. The combination test using the gastric PG I/II ratio and MAGE was the most accurate, with a sensitivity of 77.6% and a specificity of 87.8%. The sensitivity was 78.8% for stage I gastric cancer and not influenced by cancer location or pathologic type. CONCLUSIONS The combination test is potentially an additional tool for gastric cancer detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Dong Chae
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu, South Korea
| | - In-Ho Kim
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Geon Ho Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Im-Hee Shin
- Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Hun-Suk Suh
- Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Chang-Ho Jeon
- Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu, South Korea
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He C, Tu H, Sun L, Xu Q, Li P, Gong Y, Dong N, Yuan Y. Helicobacter pylori-related host gene polymorphisms associated with susceptibility of gastric carcinogenesis: a two-stage case-control study in Chinese. Carcinogenesis 2013; 34:1450-1457. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
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Rocha BS, Gago B, Barbosa RM, Lundberg JO, Mann GE, Radi R, Laranjinha J. Pepsin is nitrated in the rat stomach, acquiring antiulcerogenic activity: a novel interaction between dietary nitrate and gut proteins. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 58:26-34. [PMID: 23277149 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Dietary nitrate is reduced to nitrite and nitric oxide ((•)NO) in the gut, producing reactive species able to nitrate proteins and lipids. We investigated intragastric production of (•)NO and nitrating agents in vivo by examining selective nitration of pepsinogen and pepsin. We further addressed the functional impact of nitration on peptic activity by evaluating the progression of secretagogue-induced ulcers. Pepsinogen nitration was assessed in healthy and diclofenac-induced ulcerated rat stomachs. Both groups were fed nitrite or water by oral gavage. Protein nitration was studied by immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation. In parallel experiments, pentagastrin was administered to rats and nitrite was then instilled intragastrically. (•)NO levels were measured before and after nitrite administration by chemiluminescence. Macroscopic damage was assessed and nitrated pepsin was examined in the margin of ulcers. Protein nitration was detected physiologically in the stomach of healthy animals. Nitrite had a dual effect on intragastric nitration: overall nitration was decreased under physiological conditions but enhanced by acute inflammation. Pepsin and pepsinogen were also nitrated via a nitrite-dependent pathway. Nitration of both pepsin and its zymogen led to decreased peptic activity in response to classical substrates (e.g., collagen). Under conditions of acute ulceration, nitrite-dependent pepsin nitration prevented the development of gastric ulcers. Dietary nitrite generates nitrating agents in the stomach in vivo, markedly decreasing peptic activity. Under inflammatory and ulcerogenic conditions pepsin nitration attenuates the progression of gastric ulceration. These results suggest that dietary nitrite-dependent nitration of pepsin may have a novel antiulcerogenic effect in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara S Rocha
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Health Sciences Campus, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
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Xu Q, Dong QG, Sun LP, He CY, Yuan Y. Expression of serum miR-20a-5p, let-7a, and miR-320a and their correlations with pepsinogen in atrophic gastritis and gastric cancer: a case-control study. BMC Clin Pathol 2013; 13:11. [PMID: 23521833 PMCID: PMC3635921 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6890-13-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The identification of serial miRNAs targeting the same functional gastric protein could provide new and effective serological biomarkers for the diagnosis of gastric cancer (GC). The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of miR-20a-5p, let-7a and miR-320a in the diagnosis of AG or GC and the correlation of the three miRNAs with their predicted target molecules PGA, PGC and PGA/PGC ratio. Methods The total of 291 patients included 103 controls (CON), 94 with atrophic gastritis (AG) and 94 with GC. The levels of serum miRNAs were detected by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and serum pepsinogen A (PGA) and C (PGC) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Results Serum miR-320a level decreased through the controls, AG and GC groups which were the cascades of GC development, while there were no significant differences in levels of miR-20a-5p and let-7a among the controls, AG and GC groups. When stratified by gender and age, serum miR-320a expression was lower in female GC patients than in controls (p = 0.035), especially in female GC patients older than 60 years (p = 0.008). For distinguishing female GC patients aged over 60, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for miR-320a was 0.699, and the best cut-off point was 4.76 with a sensitivity of 65.2% and specificity of 68.2%. Concerning the correlations between the selected miR-20a-5p, let-7a, miR-320a and PGs, we found that there were positive correlations between all the three and the ratio of PGA/PGC (r = 0.408, 0.255, 0.324; p = <0.001, 0.009, 0.001, respectively), but there was no relationship between the expression of serum miR-20a-5p and its predicted target PGA, or between let-7a and miR-320a and their predicted target PGC. Serum miR-320a was decreased and PGC was increased in the GC group compared with the control group. Conclusions Levels of serum miR-320a were lower in female GC patients older than 60 than in controls, which may provide a potential valuable marker for diagnosing older women with GC. The levels of serum miR-20a-5p, let-7a and miR-320a were positively correlated with PGA/PGC, which may indirectly reflect the functional status of the gastric mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xu
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Tumor Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110001, China
| | - Qi-Guan Dong
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Tumor Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110001, China.,The Department of Medical Oncology, the General Hospital of Fushun Mining Bureau, Fushun, Liaoning Province 113008, China
| | - Li-Ping Sun
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Tumor Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110001, China
| | - Cai-Yun He
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Tumor Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110001, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Tumor Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110001, China
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Riepl RL, Fischer R, Hautmann H, Hartmann G, Müller TD, Tschöp M, Toepfer M, Otto B. Influence of acute exposure to high altitude on basal and postprandial plasma levels of gastroenteropancreatic peptides. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44445. [PMID: 22970220 PMCID: PMC3435278 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute mountain sickness (AMS) is characterized by headache often accompanied by gastrointestinal complaints that vary from anorexia through nausea to vomiting. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of high altitude on plasma levels of gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) peptides and their association to AMS symptoms. Plasma levels of 6 GEP peptides were measured by radioimmunoassay in 11 subjects at 490 m (Munich, Germany) and, after rapid passive ascent to 3454 m (Jungfraujoch, Switzerland), over the course of three days. In a second study (n = 5), the same peptides and ghrelin were measured in subjects who consumed standardized liquid meals at these two elevations. AMS symptoms and oxygen saturation were monitored. In the first study, both fasting (morning 8 a.m.) and stimulated (evening 8 p.m.) plasma levels of pancreatic polypeptide (PP) and cholecystokinin (CCK) were significantly lower at high altitude as compared to baseline, whereas gastrin and motilin concentrations were significantly increased. Fasting plasma neurotensin was significantly enhanced whereas stimulated levels were reduced. Both fasting and stimulated plasma motilin levels correlated with gastrointestinal symptom severity (r = 0.294, p = 0.05, and r = 0.41, p = 0.006, respectively). Mean O(2)-saturation dropped from 96% to 88% at high altitude. In the second study, meal-stimulated integrated (= area under curve) plasma CCK, PP, and neurotensin values were significantly suppressed at high altitude, whereas integrated levels of gastrin were increased and integrated VIP and ghrelin levels were unchanged. In summary, our data show that acute exposure to a hypobaric hypoxic environment causes significant changes in fasting and stimulated plasma levels of GEP peptides over consecutive days and after a standardized meal. The changes of peptide levels were not uniform. Based on the inhibition of PP and neurotensin release a reduction of the cholinergic tone can be postulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf L Riepl
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology, Kreiskrankenhaus Erding, Erding, Germany.
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Israeli I, Steiner J, Segev G, Kass PH, Suchodolski JS, Sattasathuchana P, Bruchim Y, Yudelevitch S, Aroch I. Serum pepsinogen-A, canine pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity, and C-reactive protein as prognostic markers in dogs with gastric dilatation-volvulus. J Vet Intern Med 2012; 26:920-8. [PMID: 22594637 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00940.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pepsinogens are proenzymes secreted by gastric chief cells. In humans, their serum concentrations reflect gastric mucosal morphological and functional status. OBJECTIVES To evaluate serum canine pepsinogen-A (cPG-A), C-reactive protein (CRP), and canine pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (cPLI) concentrations in dogs with gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV). ANIMALS Sixty-six dogs presented with GDV and 79 healthy controls. METHODS Blood was collected prospectively, and records retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS Median cPG-A concentration was higher in GDV dogs (median, 397 μg/L; range, 37-5,410) compared to controls (median, cPG-A 304 μg/L; range, 18-848; P = .07). Mortality rate in GDV dogs was 22.7%. In nonsurvivors of GDV, median cPG-A was higher compared to survivors (median, 746 μg/L; range, 128-5,409 versus median, 346; range, 36-1,575, respectively; P = .003). The proportion of dogs with increased cPG-A increased with gastric wall damage score (P = .007). An ROC analysis of cPG-A as a predictor of death showed an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.75, higher than lactate (AUC 0.66), and corresponded to a sensitivity and specificity of 53% and 88%, respectively. CRP was increased in 48 dogs (75%), cPLI was >200 μg/L in 26 dogs (39.4%) and >400 μg/L in 12 dogs (18.2%) but both analytes had no association with outcome. CONCLUSIONS Presurgical cPG-A concentration was positively and significantly associated with gastric wall lesion severity, but, based on ROC analysis, it was only a moderate outcome predictor. CRP and cPLI were commonly increased in dogs with GDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Israeli
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.
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Gastroprotective Efficacy of Coenzyme Q10 in Indomethacin-Induced Gastropathy: Other Potential Mechanisms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1155/2012/957898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Though recently the mitochondrial bioenergetic coenzyme (Co)Q10 has been shown to protect against indomethacin-induced gastric ulceration, yet the full mechanistic cassettes have not been investigated. Therefore, the current investigation assessed further gastroprotective mechanisms of CoQ10 using the indomethacin-induced gastropathy model. While CoQ10 was administered at 3 dose levels to male Wistar rats, the proton pump inhibitor, pantoprazole, was given at 4 dose levels ahead of pyloric ligation and indomethacin administration. Indomethacin evoked gastric ulcerations that were associated by decreased gastric mucosal nitric oxide and glutathione levels. The NSAID reduced gastric volume and mucin content, but increased titratable acidity, acid output, and peptic activity. CoQ10, especially at the higher dose levels, as well as pantoprazole pretreatments reverted almost all diversions induced by the NSAID to different extends. Moreover, preadministration with the nonselective nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, L-NAME, boosted ulcer formation that was associated by suppression of gastric mucosal nitric oxide in CoQ10 and pantoprazole-treated groups. The current investigation shows that CoQ10 guards against gastric ulceration via its partial inhibition of titratable acidity and peptic activity, as well as enhancement of mucin secretion due to both gastric mucosal nitric oxide and glutathione replenishment, especially at the higher dose levels.
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Nasrollahzadeh D, Aghcheli K, Sotoudeh M, Shakeri R, Persson EC, Islami F, Kamangar F, Abnet CC, Boffetta P, Engstrand L, Dawsey SM, Malekzadeh R, Ye W. Accuracy and cut-off values of pepsinogens I, II and gastrin 17 for diagnosis of gastric fundic atrophy: influence of gastritis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26957. [PMID: 22066020 PMCID: PMC3204997 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To establish optimal cutoff values for serologic diagnosis of fundic atrophy in a high-risk area for oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma and gastric cancer with high prevalence of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) in Northern Iran, we performed an endoscopy-room-based validation study. Methods We measured serum pepsinogens I (PGI) and II (PGII), gastrin 17 (G-17), and antibodies against whole H. pylori, or cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) antigen among 309 consecutive patients in two major endoscopy clinics in northeastern Iran. Updated Sydney System was used as histology gold standard. Areas under curves (AUCs), optimal cutoff and predictive values were calculated for serum biomarkers against the histology. Results 309 persons were recruited (mean age: 63.5 years old, 59.5% female). 84.5% were H. pylori positive and 77.5% were CagA positive. 21 fundic atrophy and 101 nonatrophic pangastritis were diagnosed. The best cutoff values in fundic atrophy assessment were calculated at PGI<56 µg/l (sensitivity: 61.9%, specificity: 94.8%) and PGI/PGII ratio<5 (sensitivity: 75.0%, specificity: 91.0%). A serum G-17<2.6 pmol/l or G-17>40 pmol/l was 81% sensitive and 73.3% specific for diagnosing fundic atrophy. At cutoff concentration of 11.8 µg/l, PGII showed 84.2% sensitivity and 45.4% specificity to distinguish nonatrophic pangastritis. Exclusion of nonatrophic pangastritis enhanced diagnostic ability of PGI/PGII ratio (from AUC = 0.66 to 0.90) but did not affect AUC of PGI. After restricting study samples to those with PGII<11.8, the sensitivity of using PGI<56 to define fundic atrophy increased to 83.3% (95%CI 51.6–97.9) and its specificity decreased to 88.8% (95%CI 80.8–94.3). Conclusions Among endoscopy clinic patients, PGII is a sensitive marker for extension of nonatrophic gastritis toward the corpus. PGI is a stable biomarker in assessment of fundic atrophy and has similar accuracy to PGI/PGII ratio among populations with prevalent nonatrophic pangastritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariush Nasrollahzadeh
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Karim Aghcheli
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Sotoudeh
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Shakeri
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - E. Christina Persson
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Farhad Islami
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Farin Kamangar
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Public Health Analysis, School of Community Health and Policy, Morgan State University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christian C. Abnet
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Paolo Boffetta
- The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France
| | - Lars Engstrand
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sanford M. Dawsey
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Reza Malekzadeh
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- * E-mail: (RM); (WY)
| | - Weimin Ye
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail: (RM); (WY)
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Peluffo MC, Murphy MJ, Baughman ST, Stouffer RL, Hennebold JD. Systematic analysis of protease gene expression in the rhesus macaque ovulatory follicle: metalloproteinase involvement in follicle rupture. Endocrinology 2011; 152:3963-74. [PMID: 21791558 PMCID: PMC3176652 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-1172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Protease genes were identified that exhibited increased mRNA levels before and immediately after rupture of the naturally selected, dominant follicle of rhesus macaques at specific intervals after an ovulatory stimulus. Quantitative real-time PCR validation revealed increased mRNA levels for matrix metalloproteinase (MMP1, MMP9, MMP10, and MMP19) and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin-like repeats (ADAMTS1, ADAMTS4, ADAMTS9, and ADAMTS15) family members, the cysteine protease cathepsin L (CTSL), the serine protease urokinase-type plasminogen activator (PLAU), and the aspartic acid protease pepsinogen 5 (PGA5). With the exception of MMP9, ADAMTS1, and PGA5, mRNA levels for all other up-regulated proteases increased significantly (P < 0.05) 12 h after an ovulatory human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) bolus. MMP1, -10, and -19; ADAMTS1, -4, and -9; CTSL; PLAU; and PGA5 also exhibited a secondary increase in mRNA levels in 36-h postovulatory follicles. To further determine metalloproteinase involvement in ovulation, vehicle (n = 4) or metalloproteinase inhibitor (GM6001, 0.5 μg/follicle, n = 8) was injected into the preovulatory follicle at the time of hCG administration. Of the eight GM6001-injected follicles, none displayed typical stigmata indicative of ovulation at 72 h after hCG; whereas all four vehicle-injected follicles ovulated. No significant differences in mean luteal progesterone levels or luteal phase length occurred between the two groups. Subsequent histological analysis revealed that vehicle-injected follicles ruptured, whereas GM6001-injected follicles did not, as evidenced by an intact stroma and trapped oocytes (n = 3). These findings demonstrate metalloproteinases are critical for follicle rupture in primates, and blocking their activity would serve as a novel, nonhormonal means to achieve contraception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina C Peluffo
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evaluate the hypothesis that the same pepsinogen C molecule produced in the stomach is also produced by the lung. PATIENTS AND METHODS Pulmonary and gastric tissues collected postmortem were immunohistochemically stained for pepsinogen C and pepsinogen A. RESULTS Sixteen patients with diverse causes of death were evaluated. Gestational age at birth ranged between 21 and 37 weeks. Pepsinogen A was detected in 12 of the 13 stomach sections, mainly in the chief cells, but not in any lung sections. Pepsinogen C was detected in all stomach sections in chief and mucus cells and in 9 of the 16 lung sections, mainly in type II pneumocytes. Pepsinogen C was not detected in the 3 lung cases with a gestational age <23 weeks. CONCLUSIONS The same pepsinogen C molecule is produced in the stomach and in the lung. These findings potentially affect previous study results that used an enzymatic pepsin detection assay to evaluate for and associate gastroesophageal reflux disease with other morbidities.
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Ghosh T, Lewis DI, Axon ATR, Everett SM. Review article: methods of measuring gastric acid secretion. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011; 33:768-81. [PMID: 21261669 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2010.04573.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric acid has an important pathophysiological role in human beings. Numerous methods have been evaluated over the years in an attempt to measure gastric acid and stomach acidity, to study the role of gastric acid in gastrointestinal diseases in humans and to evaluate the effects of acid suppressing drugs. AIM To review methods that have been used to measure gastric acid and gastric acidity. METHODS Searches of the electronic databases PUBMED, MEDLINE and EMBASE, were performed with articles restricted to English language and human subjects. References were also identified from the bibliographies of selected articles. RESULTS Methods for measuring gastric acid include both invasive and non-invasive techniques. Invasive tests include the conventional gastric acid aspiration tests, gastric pH measurement techniques and endoscopic methods. Non-invasive methods use urinary analysis, breath analysis, serum pepsinogens assay, scintigraphic techniques, impedence tomography and alkaline tide for measurement of gastric acid. CONCLUSIONS Several methods of measuring gastric acid exist. Invasive tube tests are uncomfortable and time consuming, whereas most of the non-invasive methods are at best semiquantitative and useful in detecting low or absent acid secretion. Further attempts to explore new methods for measuring gastric acid are therefore warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ghosh
- Department of Gastroenterology, Leeds General Infirmary, Great George Street, Leeds, UK.
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Cammisotto PG, Levy E, Bukowiecki LJ, Bendayan M. Cross-talk between adipose and gastric leptins for the control of food intake and energy metabolism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 45:143-200. [PMID: 20621336 DOI: 10.1016/j.proghi.2010.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The understanding of the regulation of food intake has become increasingly complex. More than 20 hormones, both orexigenic and anorexigenic, have been identified. After crossing the blood-brain barrier, they reach their main site of action located in several hypothalamic areas and interact to balance satiety and hunger. One of the most significant advances in this matter has been the discovery of leptin. This hormone plays fundamental roles in the control of appetite and in regulating energy expenditure. In accordance with the lipostatic theory stated by Kennedy in 1953, leptin was originally discovered in white adipose tissue. Its expression by other tissues was later established. Among them, the gastric mucosa has been shown to secrete large amounts of leptin. Both the adipose and the gastric tissues share similar characteristics in the synthesis and storage of leptin in granules, in the formation of a complex with the soluble receptor and a secretion modulated by hormones and energy substrates. However while adipose tissue secretes leptin in a slow constitutive endocrine way, the gastric mucosa releases leptin in a rapid regulated exocrine fashion into the gastric juice. Exocrine-secreted leptin survives the extreme hydrolytic conditions of the gastric juice and reach the duodenal lumen in an intact active form. Scrutiny into transport mechanisms revealed that a significant amount of the exocrine leptin crosses the intestinal wall by active transcytosis. Leptin receptors, expressed on the luminal and basal membrane of intestinal epithelial cells, are involved in the control of nutrient absorption by enterocytes, mucus secretion by goblet cells and motility, among other processes, and this control is indeed different depending upon luminal or basal stimulus. Gastric leptin after transcytosis reaches the central nervous system, to control food intake. Studies using the Caco-2, the human intestinal cell line, in vitro allowed analysis of the mechanisms of leptin actions on the intestinal mucosa, identification of the mechanisms of leptin transcytosis and understanding the modulation of leptin receptors by nutrients and hormones. Exocrine-secreted gastric leptin thus participates in a physiological axis independent in terms of time and regulation from that of adipose tissue to rapidly control food intake and nutrient absorption. Adipocytes and gastric epithelial cells are two cell types the metabolism of which is closely linked to food intake and energy storage. The coordinated secretion of adipose and gastric leptins ensures proper management of food processing and energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe G Cammisotto
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of Montreal, 2900 Boulevard Edouard-Montpetit, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Chen WQ, Cao MJ, Yoshida A, Liu GM, Weng WY, Sun LC, Su WJ. Study on pepsinogens and pepsins from snakehead (Channa argus). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:10972-10978. [PMID: 19877637 DOI: 10.1021/jf902548p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Three pepsinogens (PG1, PG2, and PG3) were highly purified from the stomach of freshwater fish snakehead (Channa argus) by ammonium sulfate fractionation, anion exchange, and gel filtration. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and native-PAGE analysis revealed that their molecular masses were 37, 38, and 36 kDa and their isoelectric points 4.8, 4.4, 4.0, respectively. All of the pepsinogens converted into their active form pepsins under pH 2.0 by one-step pathway or stepwise pathway. The three pepsins showed maximal activity at pH 3.0, 3.5, and 3.0 with optimum temperature at 45, 40, and 40 degrees C, respectively, using hemoglobin as substrate. All of the pepsins were completely inhibited by pepstatin A, a typical aspartic proteinase inhibitor. The N-terminal amino acid sequences of the three pepsinogens were determined to the 34th, 25th, and 28th amino acid residues, respectively. Western blot analysis of the three PGs exhibited different immunological reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Qin Chen
- College of Biological Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Science and Technology for Aquaculture and Food Safety, Jimei University, Jimei, Xiamen, China 361021
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Helchowski CM, Minea RO, Swenson SD, Markland FS. The use of pepsin in receptor internalization assays. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 388:240-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.07.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Liu L, Jiang M. Clinical significance of serum pepsinogen I and II and gastrin-17 in patients with functional dyspepsia. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2009; 17:2625-2630. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v17.i25.2625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the clinical significance of serum pepsinogen (PG) I and II and gastrin-17 (G-17) in patients with functional dyspepsia (FD).
METHODS: A case-control study was performed. Two hundreds and twenty-nine FD patients recruited were diagnosed according to Rome III criteria. Serum PG I and II and G-17 levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The PG I/II ratio (PGR) was calculated. Serum IgG antibody against Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) was determined by ELISA to evaluate H. pylori infection.
RESULTS: In FD patients, the PGR was lower in the ≥ 61 age group than in the ≤ 40 age group (P = 0.049). The levels of serum PG II and G-17 were significantly higher in FD patients than in normal controls (both P = 0.000), while the PGR was significantly lower in FD patients than in normal controls (P = 0.000). No significant difference was noted in serum PG I level between FD patients and normal controls (P = 0.067). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed that the optimal cut-off points of PG II and G-17 values for the diagnosis of FD were 13.2 μg/L (sensitivity 52.8%, specificity 100%, and accuracy 67.5%) and 6.84 μg/L (sensitivity 52.8%, specificity 100%, and accuracy 67.5%), respectively. The levels of serum PG I and PG II were significantly higher in male FD patients than in female ones (P = 0.003 and 0.004, respectively). The positive rate of serum IgG antibody against H. pylori was higher in FD patients than in normal controls (P = 0.028).
CONCLUSION: The levels of serum PGII and G-17 are elevated in FD patients, which may suggest functional changes in gastric sinus and proximal duodenal mucosa. There is an association between FD and H. pylori infection.
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Guariso G, Basso D, Bortoluzzi CF, Meneghel A, Schiavon S, Fogar P, Farina M, Navaglia F, Greco E, Mescoli C, Zambon CF, Plebani M. GastroPanel: Evaluation of the usefulness in the diagnosis of gastro-duodenal mucosal alterations in children. Clin Chim Acta 2009; 402:54-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2008.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2008] [Revised: 12/11/2008] [Accepted: 12/11/2008] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Kalnina Z, Silina K, Bruvere R, Gabruseva N, Stengrevics A, Barnikol-Watanabe S, Leja M, Line A. Molecular characterisation and expression analysis of SEREX-defined antigen NUCB2 in gastric epithelium, gastritis and gastric cancer. Eur J Histochem 2009; 53:e2. [PMID: 30256860 PMCID: PMC3167273 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2009.e2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
NUCB2 is an EF-hand Ca2+ binding protein that has been implicated in various physiological processes like calcium homeostasis, hypothalamic regulation of feeding and TNF receptor shedding. In our previous study we identified NUCB2 as a potential tumour antigen eliciting autoantibody responses in 5.4% of gastric cancer patients but not in the healthy individuals. The current study aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying NUCB2 immunogenicity and to gain an insight into the physiological functions of NUCB2 in the stomach. mRNA expression analysis demonstrated that NUCB2 is ubiquitously expressed in normal tissues, including lymphoid tissues, and downregulated in gastric tumours when compared with the adjacent relatively normal stomach tissues. The search for molecular alterations resulted in the identification of novel mRNA variants transcribed from an alternative promoter and expressed predominantly in gastric cancers. Western blot analysis demonstrated that the protein levels correspond to mRNA levels and revealed that NUCB2 is phosphorylated in gastric mucosa. Furthermore, a 55 kDa isoform, generated presumably by yet an unidentified post-translational modification was detected in gastric tumours and AGS gastric cancer cells but was absent in the relatively normal gastric mucosa and thereby might have served as a trigger for the immune response against NUCB2. Staining of stomach tissue microarray with anti-NUCB2 antibody revealed that it is expressed in the secretory granules of chief cells and in the cytoplasm of parietal cells in the functioning gastric glands which are lost in atrophic glands and tumour cells. Hence we propose that NUCB2 may be implicated in gastric secretion by establishing an agonist-releasable Ca2+ store in ER or Golgi apparatus, signalling via heterotrimeric Gα proteins and/or mediating the exocytosis of the secretory granules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Kalnina
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
| | - K Silina
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
| | - R Bruvere
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
| | - N Gabruseva
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
| | | | - S Barnikol-Watanabe
- Department of Immunochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - M Leja
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - A Line
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
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78
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Atrophic gastritis: deficient complex I of the respiratory chain in the mitochondria of corpus mucosal cells. J Gastroenterol 2009; 43:780-8. [PMID: 18958547 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-008-2231-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2008] [Accepted: 05/29/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial dysfunction is one of the most characteristic properties of the cancer cell. However, it is not known whether oxidative energy metabolism has already become altered in conditions of atrophic gastritis, a precancerous state of gastric disease. The purpose of our study was to comparatively characterize oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in the atrophic and nonatrophic gastric corpus mucosa. METHODS Mucosal biopsies were taken from 12 patients with corpus dominant atrophic gastritis and from 12 patients with nonatrophic mucosa (controls). One part of the tissue samples was permeabilized with saponin for analysis of the function of the respiratory chain using high-resolution respirometry, and another part was used for histopathological examination. The serum level of pepsinogen I (S-PGI) was determined with a specific enzyme immunoassay (EIA). RESULTS Compared to the control group, the maximal capacity of OXPHOS in the atrophy group was almost twofold lower, the respiratory chain complex I-dependent respiration, normalized to complex II-dependent respiration, was reduced, and respiratory control by ADP in the presence of succinate was increased in the atrophic corpus mucosa. In the whole cohort of the patients studied, serum S-PGI level correlated positively with complex I-dependent respiration or complex I-dependent to complex II-dependent respiration ratio. CONCLUSIONS Corpus dominant atrophic gastritis is characterized by decreased respiratory capacity and relative deficiency of the respiratory complex I of mitochondria in the mucosa, the latter defect probably limiting mitochondrial ATP production and energetic support of the secretory function of the zymogenic mucosal cells.
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79
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Messerli-Burgy N, Meyer K, Steptoe A, Laederach-Hofmann K. Autonomic and Cardiovascular Effects of Acute High Altitude Exposure After Myocardial Infarction and in Normal Volunteers. Circ J 2009; 73:1485-91. [DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-09-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Messerli-Burgy
- Autonomic Laboratory; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology & Clinical Nutrition, Inselspital, University of Bern
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Bern
- Swiss Health Observatory (OBSAN)
| | | | - Andrew Steptoe
- Psychobiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College
| | - Kurt Laederach-Hofmann
- Autonomic Laboratory; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology & Clinical Nutrition, Inselspital, University of Bern
- Center for Psychobiology and Psychosomatics, University of Trier
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80
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Sun LP, Gong YH, Wang L, Yuan Y. Serum pepsinogen levels and their influencing factors: a population-based study in 6990 Chinese from North China. World J Gastroenterol 2008. [PMID: 18161928 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.13.6562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To explore the essential characteristics of serum pepsinogen (PG) levels in Chinese people, by analyzing the population-based data on the serum levels of PG I and II and the PG I/II ratio, and their influencing factors in Chinese from North China. METHODS A total of 6990 subjects, who underwent a gastric cancer screening in North China from 1997 to 2002, were collected in this study. Serum pepsinogen levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). H pylori status was determined by histological examination and H pylori-IgG ELISA. The cut-off point was calculated by using receiving operator characteristics (ROC) curves. Factors linked to serum PG I/II ratio were identified using a multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS The serum PG I and PG II levels were significantly higher in males than in females (95.2 microg/L vs 79.7 microg/L, P < 0.01; 12.1 microg/L vs 9.4 microg/L, P < 0.01), PG I/II ratio was significantly lower in males than in females (7.9 vs 8.3, P < 0.01). The PG I/II ratio decreased significantly in the aged groups following the progression of gastric mucosa from normal to non-atrophic and atrophic lesions (10.4, 8.8, and 6.6, respectively). The serum PG I and II levels were significantly higher in patients with H pylori infection than in those without H pylori infection (88.7 microg/L vs 81.4 microg/L, P < 0.01; 11.4 microg/L vs 8.4 microg/L, P < 0.01), while the PG I/II ratio was significantly lower in patients with H pylori infection than in those without H pylori infection (7.7 vs 9.6, P < 0.01). For patients with atrophic lesions, the area under the PG I/II ROC curve was 0.622. The best cut-off point for PG I/II was 6.9, with a sensitivity of 53.2%, and a specificity of 67.5%. Factors linked to PG I/II were sensitive to identified PG using a multinomial logistic regression relying on the following inputs: males (OR: 1.151, 95% CI: 1.042-1.272, P = 0.006), age > or = 61 years (OR: 1.358, 95% CI: 1.188-1.553, P = 0.000), atrophic lesion (OR: 2.075, 95% CI: 1.870-2.302, P = 0.000), and H pylori infection (OR: 1.546, 95% CI: 1.368-1.748, P = 0.000). CONCLUSION The essential characteristics of serum PG levels in Chinese are significantly skewed from the normal distribution, and influenced by age, sex, gastric mucosa lesions and H pylori infection. PG I/II ratio is more suitable for identifying subgroups with different influence factors compared with PG I or PG II alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Sun
- Cancer Institute, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
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81
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Novotna L, Hruby M, Benes MJ, Kucerova Z. Study of pepsin phosphorylation using immobilized metal affinity chromatography. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:1662-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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82
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Frýdlová J, Kucerová Z, Tichá M. Interaction of pepsin with aromatic amino acids and their derivatives immobilized to Sepharose. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008; 863:135-40. [PMID: 18255363 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2007] [Revised: 12/01/2007] [Accepted: 01/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of porcine pepsin A with immobilized derivatives of aromatic amino acids was investigated. Divinyl sulfone-activated Sepharose was used to immobilize N-acetyl-l-phenylalanine and 3,5-diiodo-l-tyrosine via their free carboxyl groups and l-tyrosine via its amino group. Immobilized l-tyrosine was iodinated after coupling. The optimum conditions for the separation of porcine pepsin A using the prepared affinity carriers were studied and the following parameters were established: enzyme recovery, reproducibility of analyses, capacity and dependence of the elution peak area on the concentration of the loaded enzyme. The ability of the prepared affinity carriers to retain various types of proteins was compared under optimum conditions for porcine pepsin A separation. While immobilized 3,5-diiodo-l-tyrosine and iodinated l-tyrosine-Sepharose adsorbed relatively high amounts of bovine serum albumin and ovalbumin, only negligible amounts of these proteins were adsorbed to immobilized N-acetyl-l-phenylalanine. The behavior of porcine pepsin A was the same as its complex with pepstatin A on the prepared affinity carriers, indicating that the enzyme active site is not involved in the studied interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Frýdlová
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Center of Experimental Hematology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, U Nemocnice 5, 128 53 Praha 2, Czech Republic.
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83
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Sun LP, Gong YH, Wang L, Yuan Y. Serum pepsinogen levels and their influencing factors: a population-based study in 6990 Chinese from North China. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13:6562-7. [PMID: 18161928 PMCID: PMC4611297 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v13.i48.6562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2007] [Revised: 10/09/2007] [Accepted: 10/16/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To explore the essential characteristics of serum pepsinogen (PG) levels in Chinese people, by analyzing the population-based data on the serum levels of PG I and II and the PG I/II ratio, and their influencing factors in Chinese from North China. METHODS A total of 6990 subjects, who underwent a gastric cancer screening in North China from 1997 to 2002, were collected in this study. Serum pepsinogen levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). H pylori status was determined by histological examination and H pylori-IgG ELISA. The cut-off point was calculated by using receiving operator characteristics (ROC) curves. Factors linked to serum PG I/II ratio were identified using a multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS The serum PG I and PG II levels were significantly higher in males than in females (95.2 microg/L vs 79.7 microg/L, P < 0.01; 12.1 microg/L vs 9.4 microg/L, P < 0.01), PG I/II ratio was significantly lower in males than in females (7.9 vs 8.3, P < 0.01). The PG I/II ratio decreased significantly in the aged groups following the progression of gastric mucosa from normal to non-atrophic and atrophic lesions (10.4, 8.8, and 6.6, respectively). The serum PG I and II levels were significantly higher in patients with H pylori infection than in those without H pylori infection (88.7 microg/L vs 81.4 microg/L, P < 0.01; 11.4 microg/L vs 8.4 microg/L, P < 0.01), while the PG I/II ratio was significantly lower in patients with H pylori infection than in those without H pylori infection (7.7 vs 9.6, P < 0.01). For patients with atrophic lesions, the area under the PG I/II ROC curve was 0.622. The best cut-off point for PG I/II was 6.9, with a sensitivity of 53.2%, and a specificity of 67.5%. Factors linked to PG I/II were sensitive to identified PG using a multinomial logistic regression relying on the following inputs: males (OR: 1.151, 95% CI: 1.042-1.272, P = 0.006), age > or = 61 years (OR: 1.358, 95% CI: 1.188-1.553, P = 0.000), atrophic lesion (OR: 2.075, 95% CI: 1.870-2.302, P = 0.000), and H pylori infection (OR: 1.546, 95% CI: 1.368-1.748, P = 0.000). CONCLUSION The essential characteristics of serum PG levels in Chinese are significantly skewed from the normal distribution, and influenced by age, sex, gastric mucosa lesions and H pylori infection. PG I/II ratio is more suitable for identifying subgroups with different influence factors compared with PG I or PG II alone.
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84
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Frýdlová J, Tichá M, Kučerová Z. Optimization of Affinity Chromatography of Pepsins on Iodinated l-Tyrosine–Sepharose. Chromatographia 2007. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-007-0464-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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85
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Tsukamoto T, Yokoi T, Maruta S, Kitamura M, Yamamoto T, Ban H, Tatematsu M. Gastric adenocarcinoma with chief cell differentiation. Pathol Int 2007; 57:517-22. [PMID: 17610477 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.2007.02134.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A case of adenocarcinoma with chief cell differentiation, a novel entity in the stomach, is presented. An 82-year-old woman who had undergone distal gastrectomy, was scheduled for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy to clarify mechanical ileus. A protruding tumor 16 x 14 x 9 mm in size was found in the cardia of the remnant stomach. Histological examination indicated a well-differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma composed of basophilic columnar or cuboidal cells with occasional coarse eosinophilic granules. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed strong expression of pepsinogens I and II and Runt-related transcription factor gene 3 (RUNX3), characteristic for chief cells, and MUC6 typical for mucous neck cells. However, the tumor cells were negative for the proton pump alpha subunit, a marker for parietal cells. Cdx2 and defensin-5 were not present, confirming the lack of an intestinal phenotype. The cancer cells shared characteristics of a chief cell and a mucous neck cell, resembling an ancestor of these two cell types, so-called 'primitive chief cell' in fundic gland. In line with these data, the cancer was diagnosed as an adenocarcinoma with chief cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Tsukamoto
- Division of Oncological Pathology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Japan.
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86
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Zavros Y, Waghray M, Tessier A, Bai L, Todisco A, L Gumucio D, Samuelson LC, Dlugosz A, Merchant JL. Reduced pepsin A processing of sonic hedgehog in parietal cells precedes gastric atrophy and transformation. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:33265-33274. [PMID: 17872943 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m707090200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is not only essential to the development of the gastrointestinal tract, but is also necessary to maintain the characteristic acid-secreting phenotype of the adult stomach. Gastrin is the only hormone capable of stimulating gastric acid and is thus required to maintain functional parietal cells. We have shown previously that gastrin-null mice display gastric atrophy and metaplasia prior to progression to distal, intestinal-type gastric cancer. Because reduced levels of Shh peptide correlate with gastric atrophy, we examined whether gastrin regulates Shh expression in parietal cells. We show here that gastrin stimulates Shh gene expression and acid-dependent processing of the 45-kDa Shh precursor to the 19-kDa secreted peptide in primary parietal cell cultures. This cleavage was blocked by the proton pump inhibitor omeprazole and mediated by the acid-activated protease pepsin A. Pepsin A was also the protease responsible for processing Shh in tissue extracts from human stomach. By contrast, extracts prepared from neoplastic gastric mucosa had reduced levels of pepsin A and did not process Shh. Therefore processing of Shh in the normal stomach is hormonally regulated, acid-dependent, and mediated by the aspartic protease pepsin A. Moreover parietal cell atrophy, a known pre-neoplastic lesion, correlates with loss of Shh processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana Zavros
- Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
| | - Meghna Waghray
- Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
| | - Arthur Tessier
- Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
| | - Longchuan Bai
- Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
| | - Andrea Todisco
- Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
| | - Deborah L Gumucio
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
| | - Linda C Samuelson
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Andrzej Dlugosz
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
| | - Juanita L Merchant
- Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109.
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87
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Myllyluoma E, Kajander K, Mikkola H, Kyrönpalo S, Rasmussen M, Kankuri E, Sipponen P, Vapaatalo H, Korpela R. Probiotic intervention decreases serum gastrin-17 in Helicobacter pylori infection. Dig Liver Dis 2007; 39:516-23. [PMID: 17433799 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2007.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2006] [Revised: 02/07/2007] [Accepted: 02/28/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously we showed that a probiotic combination with L. rhamnosus GG was beneficial as an adjuvant therapy during H. pylori eradication. AIM To evaluate whether probiotic combination with LGG adheres to the upper gastrointestinal mucosa and modifies H. pylori colonisation and H. pylori induced inflammation. METHODS Thirteen patients referred for gastroduodenoscopy received a drink consisting of equal doses (2.5x10(9)CFU) of LGG, L. rhamnosus LC705, Propionibacterium freudenreichii JS and Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 daily. Recovery of probiotics in biopsies (antrum, corpus, duodenum) and faecal samples was evaluated by strain-specific quantitative polymerase chain reaction. H. pylori colonization and gastric inflammation was investigated by urease activity ((13)C-urea breath test), histology and serum pepsinogen I, II and gastrin-17 measurements. RESULTS Twelve patients were fully investigated; of these three of the patients had LGG adhering to the biopsies at end of the intervention. Other probiotic strains were not detected, even though the recovery of all individual probiotic strains from the faeces was significantly increased (p<0.01). After the treatment, the level of (13)C-urea breath test (p=0.063) and gastrin-17 (p=0.046) decreased. CONCLUSIONS The decreases in (13)C-urea breath test and gastrin-17 indicate that the probiotic combination exerts a beneficial effect on gastric mucosa in H. pylori infected patients. LGG showed marginal ability to adhere to the upper gastrointestinal tract mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Myllyluoma
- Institute of Biomedicine, Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, Finland
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88
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Coelho Horta B, Steinberg Perilo C, Caldeira Costa D, Nogueira-Machado JA, Martins Chaves M. Aging: functional metabolic balance among cAMP, cGMP and reactive oxygen intermediate generation by human granulocytes. Gerontology 2006; 51:363-8. [PMID: 16299416 DOI: 10.1159/000088699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2005] [Accepted: 06/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nature of the aging process has been the subject of considerable speculation. It has been reported that in the aging process several components of the signal transduction pathways, including phosphoinositide, protein kinase C, protein kinase A and reactive oxygen intermediate (ROI) generation, are altered. OBJECTIVE The aim of our study was to evaluate the functional metabolic balance among cAMP, cGMP and ROI generation by human neutrophils in relation to age. METHODS The age-induced ROI generation was studied in healthy subjects ranging in age from 20 to 80 years old, divided into 6 age groups: 20-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, 60-69 and 70-80 years old. The oxidizing cellular generation was quantified in a luminol-dependent (ROI production) chemiluminescence assay and the results expressed as relative light units per minute. RESULTS Our results show a differential functional metabolic balance of cAMP and cGMP in relation to age from 50 years on. This phenomenon is reflected by the increase in ROI generation by neutrophil stimulation with cGMP at all ages and a simultaneous lack of effect of cAMP on cGMP from 50 years old. The same results were observed when neutrophil reacted with endogenous contents of cGMP (levamisole, an inhibitor of cGMP phosphodiesterase) or cAMP (aminophylline, an inhibitor of cAMP phosphodiesterase). Our results show that the lack of modulation of the endogenous or exogenous contents of cAMP or cGMP on ROI generation altered the age-related functional metabolic balance. CONCLUSIONS This altered functional metabolic balance in cAMP, cGMP and ROI generation of neutrophils may certainly have consequences on host defenses, mainly on inflammatory processes, in healthy subjects from 50 years old. However, the exact consequences of this phenomenon on the aging process remain unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Coelho Horta
- Santa Casa Hospital of Belo Horizonte, Santa Efigênia CEP, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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89
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Sidikou DI, Banga-Mboko H, Tamboura HH, Hornick JL, Remy B, Beckers JF. Correlation between a proteolytic method and a radioimmunoassay for porcine serum pepsinogen concentrations. Res Vet Sci 2005; 80:260-6. [PMID: 16085154 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2005.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2003] [Revised: 04/18/2005] [Accepted: 06/10/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The measurement of serum pepsinogen concentrations by enzymatic method and immunoassay provides diagnostic values and should be helpful in the detection of gastric diseases related to a rise of blood pepsinogen. In the present study, the correlation between a conventional enzymatic method and a recently developed radioimmunoassay (RIA) for serum pepsinogen A was investigated. A total of 123 sera samples of porcine foetuses (n = 28), adult healthy pigs (n = 56), pigs with parakeratosis (n = 25) and pigs with ulceration of the pars oesophagea (n = 14) were tested. Overall, there was a slight correlation between the two methods (r = 0.60). In relation to individual animal groups, the correlations (r) were 0.39 (P>0.05), 0.74 (P<0.001), 0.19 (P>0.05) and 0.34 (P>0.05) in foetuses, healthy pigs, pigs with parakeratosis and pigs with ulcers, respectively. In both methods, pepsinogen concentrations (means+/-SE) were significantly higher (P<0.05) in pigs with parakeratosis (1778 +/- 86.00 mUTyr/L; 690 +/- 53.00 ng/mL) and in pigs with ulcers (2026 +/- 153.00 mUTyr/L; 1747 +/- 94.00 ng/mL) when compared to healthy pigs (935 +/- 58.00 mUTyr/L; 275 +/- 35.00 ng/mL). The proteolytic method gave a significant increased activity (P<0.05) in foetuses (1150 +/- 82.00 mUTyr/L) vs. (935 +/- 58.00 mUTyr/L) in healthy adult pigs, indicating an additional proteolytic activity in the sera of foetuses or neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- D I Sidikou
- Department of Animal Physiology of Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Bd de Colonster n 20 B41, 4000 Sart Tilman, Belgium
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90
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Varilová T, Vránková A, Pacáková V, Tichá M, Stulík K. Preparation and testing of stationary phases and modified capillaries for affinity chromatography and affinity capillary electrophoresis of pepsin. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1084:207-13. [PMID: 16114256 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Three stationary phases have been prepared for affinity liquid chromatography isolation and separation of porcine and human pepsin. The phases contain 3,5-diiodo-L-tyrosine (DIT) bound to the supports HEMA BIO VS, HEMA BIO E and EPOXY TOYOPEARL. These phases have been tested on a model sample of porcine pepsin A and applied to human pepsin. Fractions have been collected and the chymase activity determined in selected analyses. For affinity CE, capillaries have been prepared by modifying the wall with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, followed either by direct binding of DIT, or by binding L-tyrosine that was subsequently iodated. The dissociation constant K(d) has been determined for the pepsin-DIT complex from the changes in the electrophoretic mobilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Varilová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Charles University, Prague, Hlavova 2030/8, Praha 2, 12843 Czech Republic.
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91
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Novotná L, Hrubý M, Benes MJ, Kucerová Z. Affinity chromatography of porcine pepsin A using quinolin-8-ol as ligand. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1084:108-12. [PMID: 16114243 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Stationary phase containing quinolin-8-ol immobilized on macroporous methacrylate support for the affinity chromatography of porcine pepsin A is described. Optimized chromatographic conditions for separation of porcine pepsin A on this stationary phase were found investigating the influence of pH, concentration, ionic strength and chemical composition of the used mobile phases. The stationary phase shows a good reproducibility of chromatographic analyses (relative standard deviation, +/-2%), a high recovery (ca. 93%) and a satisfactory capacity (13 mg pepsin A/1 mL stationary phase) for porcine pepsin A. The obtained findings confirm the applicability of affinity chromatography on the stationary phase with immobilized quinolin-8-ol to the isolation and determination of porcine pepsin A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Novotná
- Institute of Pathophysiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, U Nemocnice 5, 12853 Praha 2, Czech Republic.
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92
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Aydemir S, Borazan A, Acikgoz S, Ustundag Y, Yilmaz A. The effects of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis on serum pepsinogen concentrations in patients with chronic renal failure. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2005; 205:263-8. [PMID: 15718818 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.205.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Pepsinogen, the precursors of pepsin, is classified into two subtypes: pepsinogen I (PG I) and pepsinogen II (PG II). Patients with impaired renal function are associated with elevated concentrations of serum pepsinogen. Contradictory results have been reported about the effect of dialysis on the serum pepsinogen levels, as the previous studies were conducted only in a particular period of dialysis. We therefore investigated the effect of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) or hemodialysis on serum pepsinogen levels in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) before and after dialysis treatment. Thirty-four patients with CRF were enrolled in this study and were treated by CAPD (n=22) or hemodialysis (n=12). As a control group, subjects with normal renal function were included (n=20). Serum PG I and PG II levels were measured in control subjects and CRF patients before dialysis treatment and after three-month dialysis treatment. Before dialysis treatment, serum PG I levels were significantly higher in CRF patients than control subjects. In patients treated by CAPD, the serum PG I levels were significantly decreased but its levels were still higher than the values of the control subjects, whereas PG I levels remained unchanged in patients treated by hemodialysis. There were no differences in serum PG II levels between control subjects and CRF patients before or after dialysis treatment. Thus, CAPD is more effective than hemodialysis in the clearance of PG I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selim Aydemir
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zonguldak Karaelmas University Faculty of Medicine, Turkey.
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93
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Lee K, Kye M, Jang JS, Lee OJ, Kim T, Lim D. Proteomic analysis revealed a strong association of a high level of alpha1-antitrypsin in gastric juice with gastric cancer. Proteomics 2005; 4:3343-52. [PMID: 15378737 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200400960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the pathology of gastric disorders, we compared the proteomic patterns of gastric juice from patients with various gastric disorders. In healthy subjects pepsin A, pepsin B and gastric lipase were the major proteins detected by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. These digestive enzymes were not detected in 60% of gastric cancer cases (18 out of 30 analyzed cases). Interestingly, an extraordinary amount of alpha(1)-antitrypsin was observed in these cases. In contrast to gastric cancer cases, alpha(1)-antitrypsin was detected in only 5% of patients (three out of 56) with chronic atrophic gastritis, and the detection frequency went up as the disease developed (one of four intestinal metaplasia cases, two of seven tubular adenoma cases, a single examined case of hyperplastic polyp and 60% of gastric cancer). Zymography showed that a 60 kDa protease strongly associated with alpha(1)-antitrypsin and mass spectrometric analysis revealed that the gastric alpha(1)-antitrypsin was a protease-cleaved form. Our data suggest that alpha(1)-antitrypsin and 60 kDa protease may serve as good diagnostic and prognostic markers for conditions associated with gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyunghee Lee
- Graduate School of Applied Life Science and Division of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Chinju, Korea
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94
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Zolotarev VA, Khropycheva RP, Polenov SA. Pattern-dependent vagal control of gastric secretion: the role of histamine mediation. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2005; 401:92-4. [PMID: 16003866 DOI: 10.1007/s10630-005-0053-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- V A Zolotarev
- Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, nab. Makarova 6, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
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95
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Tress U, Steiner JM, Ruaux CG, Suchodolski JS, Williams DA. Purification and partial characterization of feline pepsinogen. Am J Vet Res 2004; 65:1195-9. [PMID: 15478764 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2004.65.1195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To purify and partially characterize feline pepsinogen (fPG) from the gastric mucosa and compare fPG with PGs of other species. SAMPLE POPULATION Stomachs of 6 cats. PROCEDURE A crude protein extract was prepared from the gastric mucosa of feline stomachs. Feline PG A was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, weak-anion-exchange chromatography, size-exclusion chromatography, and strong-anion exchange chromatography. Partial characterization consisted of estimation of molecular weights (MWs) and isoelectric points, N-terminal amino acid sequencing, and investigation of susceptibility to pepstatin inhibition. RESULTS Several fPG A-group isoforms were identified. The MWs of the isoforms ranged from 37,000 to 44,820. Isoelectric points were all < pH 3.0. The proteolytic activity of the activated PGs was inhibited completely by pepstatin in a range of equimolar to 10-fold molar excess. The specific absorbance of fPG A was 1.29. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the first 25 residues of the predominant fPG A7 had 75%, 72%, 64%, and 56% homology with PG A of dogs, rabbits, cattle, and humans, respectively. Sequences of 4 other fPG A-group isoforms were similar to fPG A7. All isoforms were immunologically cross-reactive with sheep anti-fPG A7 antiserum. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE PG A is the only identified type of PG in cats and, similar to pg in other species, comprises multiple isoforms. The availability of fPG A may be used to facilitate the development of an immunoassay to quantify serum fPG A as a potential marker for gastric disorders in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Tress
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA
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96
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Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM, Ruaux CG, Williams DA. Serum concentrations of pepsinogen A in healthy dogs after food deprivation and after feeding. Am J Vet Res 2003; 64:1146-50. [PMID: 13677393 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2003.64.1146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop and validate an ELISA for measurement of serum canine pepsinogen A (cPG A) as a diagnostic marker of gastric disorders in dogs and to measure serum cPG A in healthy dogs after food deprivation and after feeding. SAMPLE POPULATION Sera from 72 healthy dogs. PROCEDURE A sandwich ELISA was developed and validated. The reference range for serum concentrations of cPG A was determined in 64 healthy dogs. Postprandial changes in serum concentrations of cPG A were evaluated in 8 healthy dogs. RESULTS Assay sensitivity was 18 microg/L, and the maximum detectable concentration was 1,080 microg/L. The observed-to-expected ratio (O:E) for 3 serial dilutions of 3 serum samples ranged from 69.3 to 104.1%. The O:E for 3 serum samples spiked with 8 concentrations of cPG A ranged from 58.8 to 120.4%. Coefficients of variation for intra- and interassay variability of 3 serum samples ranged from 7.6 to 11.9% and from 10.1 to 13.1%, respectively. Mean +/- SD serum concentration of cPG A in healthy dogs was 63.8 +/- 31.0 microg/L and the reference range was 18 to 129 microg/L. Significant increases in serum concentrations of cPG A were observed between 1 and 7 hours after feeding. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The ELISA for measuring cPG A was sufficiently sensitive, linear, accurate, precise, and reproducible for clinical use. Serum concentrations of cPG A increase substantially after feeding, which should be taken into account when conducting clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA
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97
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Banga-Mboko H, Sulon J, Closset J, Remy B, Youssao I, De Sousa NM, El Amiri B, Sangild PT, Maes D, Beckers JF. An improved radioimmunoassay for measurement of pepsinogen in porcine blood samples. Vet J 2003; 165:288-95. [PMID: 12672375 DOI: 10.1016/s1090-0233(02)00183-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The study was conducted to develop a sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay (RIA) for the measurement of pepsinogen in porcine serum, and to use this test for the determination of pepsinogen concentrations in serum samples from fetuses and pigs of different ages. Compared to a previously described RIA, major improvements were made concerning the use of specific polyclonal antibodies and the use of an appropriate buffer. The assay was able to detect pepsinogen concentrations of >/=0.2 ng/mL. The recovery of pepsinogen was close to 95%. The intra-assay coefficients of variations ranged between 3.9 and 7.5% whereas the interassay ranged between 8.8 and 11.9%. These percentages correspond to a satisfactory accuracy and reproducibility of the assay. No cross-reactions were observed with the main commercially available products of the aspartic proteases family except porcine pepsin cross-reacted over 62.5 microg/mL. Pepsinogen concentrations increased steadily with increasing age of the fetuses and the pigs (P<0.05). Pepsinogen concentrations (+/-SE) in fetuses of 90-100 (n=24) and 100-110 days of pregnancy (n=36) were 0.5+/-0.1 and 5.3+/-1.3 ng/mL, respectively. In pigs of 21, 98, and 213 days of age, the pepsinogen concentrations were 290.6+/-10.8, 343.1+/-17.9 and 383.5+/-15.3 ng/mL, respectively. The results demonstrate that RIA is accurate and can be used easily to assess pepsinogen concentrations in pig sera. The test may constitute a valuable tool in epidemiological surveys and in studies related to gastric diseases in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Banga-Mboko
- Department of Physiology of Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Bd de Colonster no. 20 B41, 4000 Sart Tilman, Belgium.
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98
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Davis MS, Willard MD, Nelson SL, McCullough SM, Mandsager RE, Roberts J, Payton ME. Efficacy of omeprazole for the prevention of exercise-induced gastritis in racing Alaskan sled dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2003; 17:163-6. [PMID: 12683615 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02428.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise-induced gastritis and gastric ulcers are common in humans and horses, and recently have been described in racing sled dogs. The cause of exercise-induced gastric disease is not completely understood in any species, but pharmacologic suppression of acid secretion is an effective treatment in humans and horses. Thus, we tested the hypothesis that omeprazole, a proton-pump inhibitor shown to reduce gastric acid secretion in dogs, would reduce the severity of exercise-induced gastric disease. Three teams of 16 dogs each competing in the 2002 Iditarod Sled Dog Race were recruited for participation. Within each team, dogs were randomly assigned to either treatment (20 mg omeprazole PO q24h) or placebo. Treatments were administered until either completion of the race or withdrawal of an individual dog from competition. Gastric endoscopy was performed in all dogs 24 hours after completion or withdrawal, and the gastric mucosa was scored by using a subjective severity score (0 = normal, 3 = numerous bleeding ulcers). Treatment with omeprazole significantly reduced mean gastricseverity score compared to placebo (omeprazole: 0.65 +/- 0.17, placebo: 1.09 +/- 0.18; P = .028), but also was associated with increased frequency of diarrhea during the race (omeprazole 54%, placebo 21%; P = .017). Examination of our data suggests that omeprazole may be an effective treatment for exercise-induced gastric disease in racing sled dogs. However, further investigation regarding the cause and clinical relevance of diarrhea associated with omeprazole treatment must be conducted before omeprazole can be recommended for routine prophylactic treatment in these athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Davis
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA.
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99
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Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM, Ruaux CG, Boari A, Williams DA. Purification and partial characterization of canine pepsinogen A and B. Am J Vet Res 2002; 63:1585-90. [PMID: 12428671 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2002.63.1585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To purify and partially characterize various isoforms of canine pepsinogen (PG) from gastric mucosa. SAMPLE POPULATION Stomachs obtained from 6 euthanatized dogs. PROCEDURE Mucosa was scraped from canine stomachs, and a crude mucosal extract was prepared and further purified by use of weak anion-exchange chromatography, hydroxyapatite chromatography, size-exclusion chromatography, and strong anion-exchange chromatography. Pepsinogens were characterized by estimation of molecular weights, estimation of their isoelectric points (IEPs), and N-terminal amino acid sequencing. RESULTS Two different groups of canine PG were identified after the final strong anion-exchange chromatography: PG A and PG B. Pepsinogens differed in their molecular weights and IER Pepsinogen B appeared to be a dimer with a molecular weight of approximately 34,100 and an IEP of 4.9. Pepsinogen A separated into several isoforms. Molecular weights for the various isoforms of PG A ranged from 34,200 to 42,100, and their IEPs ranged from 4.0 to < 3.0. The N-terminal amino acid sequence for the first 25 amino acid residues for PG A and B had good homology with the amino acid sequences for these proteins in other species. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Canine PG B and several isoforms of canine PG A have been purified. Availability of these PGs will facilitate development of immunoassays to measure PG in canine serum as a potential diagnostic marker for gastric disorders in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan S Suchodolski
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843-4474, USA
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