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Zhang J, Robinson D. Development of Animal-free, Protein-Free and Chemically-Defined Media for NS0 Cell Culture. Cytotechnology 2005; 48:59-74. [PMID: 19003032 PMCID: PMC3449720 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-005-3563-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2005] [Accepted: 09/28/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been a recent boom of monoclonal antibodies on the market, and a significant portion of them were produced by NS0 cell lines. As regulations become more stringent in ensuring production processes are free of potential contamination by adventitious agents, it is highly desirable to further develop serum-free media into ones that do not contain any components of animal origin, or 'animal-free media'. Using a shake-flask batch culture system, recombinant proteins (human albumin and human insulin) and synthetic compounds (tropolone and ferric ammonium citrate) were identified to be capable of replacing the animal-sourced proteins commonly found in serum-free media for NS0 cell culture, namely bovine albumin, insulin and transferrin. The cholesterol requirement of NS0 cells was satisfied by the use of a commercially available non-proteinaceous, non-animal sourced cholesterol/fatty acid mix in place of bovine lipoproteins, which in effect also eliminated the need for recombinant albumin. In the animal-free medium thus formulated, NS0 cell lines, either the host or recombinant constructs, were all able to grow in batch culture to 1~ 3x10(6) viable cells/ml for multiple passages, with no requirement for gradual adaptation even when seeded from 10% serum-containing cultures. It was surprising to observe that the recombinant insulin was essentially ineffective as sodium salt compared to its zinc salt. Studies showed that the zinc deficiency in the former resulted in a rapid decline of cell viabilities. Supplementation of zinc ions greatly improved growth, and even led to the total replacement of recombinant insulin and hence the formulation of a protein-free medium. When the cell lines were adapted to cholesterol-independent growth which eliminated the need for any lipid source, a completely chemically-defined animal-free medium was formulated. In all cases, antibody production by various GS-NS0 constructs in animal-free media was stable for multiple passages and at least similar to the original serum-free medium containing the animal-sourced proteins. The medium also served well for cryopreservation of NS0 cells in the absence of serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyou Zhang
- Bioprocess R&D, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 2000, 07065, Rahway, NJ, USA,
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52
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Butler M. Animal cell cultures: recent achievements and perspectives in the production of biopharmaceuticals. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2005; 68:283-91. [PMID: 15834715 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-005-1980-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2005] [Revised: 03/23/2005] [Accepted: 03/31/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
There has been a rapid increase in the number and demand for approved biopharmaceuticals produced from animal cell culture processes over the last few years. In part, this has been due to the efficacy of several humanized monoclonal antibodies that are required at large doses for therapeutic use. There have also been several identifiable advances in animal cell technology that has enabled efficient biomanufacture of these products. Gene vector systems allow high specific protein expression and some minimize the undesirable process of gene silencing that may occur in prolonged culture. Characterization of cellular metabolism and physiology has enabled the design of fed-batch and perfusion bioreactor processes that has allowed a significant improvement in product yield, some of which are now approaching 5 g/L. Many of these processes are now being designed in serum-free and animal-component-free media to ensure that products are not contaminated with the adventitious agents found in bovine serum. There are several areas that can be identified that could lead to further improvement in cell culture systems. This includes the down-regulation of apoptosis to enable prolonged cell survival under potentially adverse conditions. The characterization of the critical parameters of glycosylation should enable process control to reduce the heterogeneity of glycoforms so that production processes are consistent. Further improvement may also be made by the identification of glycoforms with enhanced biological activity to enhance clinical efficacy. The ability to produce the ever-increasing number of biopharmaceuticals by animal cell culture is dependent on sufficient bioreactor capacity in the industry. A recent shortfall in available worldwide culture capacity has encouraged commercial activity in contract manufacturing operations. However, some analysts indicate that this still may not be enough and that future manufacturing demand may exceed production capacity as the number of approved biotherapeutics increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Butler
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Buller Building, Winnipeg, Canada.
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53
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Soria MA, Gonzalez Funes JL, Garcia AF. A simulation study comparing the impact of experimental error on the performance of experimental designs and artificial neural networks used for process screening. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2004; 31:469-74. [PMID: 15480940 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-004-0171-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2004] [Accepted: 09/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Many variables and their interactions can affect a biotechnological process. Testing a large number of variables and all their possible interactions is a cumbersome task and its cost can be prohibitive. Several screening strategies, with a relatively low number of experiments, can be used to find which variables have the largest impact on the process and estimate the magnitude of their effect. One approach for process screening is the use of experimental designs, among which fractional factorial and Plackett-Burman designs are frequent choices. Other screening strategies involve the use of artificial neural networks (ANNs). The advantage of ANNs is that they have fewer assumptions than experimental designs, but they render black-box models (i.e., little information can be extracted about the process mechanics). In this paper, we simulate a biotechnological process (fed-batch growth of baker's yeast) to analyze and compare the effect of random experimental errors of different magnitudes and statistical distributions on experimental designs and ANNs. Except for the situation in which the error has a normal distribution and the standard deviation is constant, it was not possible to determine a clear-cut rule for favoring one screening strategy over the other. Instead, we found that the data can be better analyzed using both strategies simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Abel Soria
- Cátedra de Microbiología Agrícola, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martín 4453, 1417 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Vlassides S, Ferrier JG, Block DE. Using historical data for bioprocess optimization: modeling wine characteristics using artificial neural networks and archived process information. Biotechnol Bioeng 2001; 73:55-68. [PMID: 11255152 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0290(20010405)73:1<55::aid-bit1036>3.0.co;2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Optimization of fermentation processes is a difficult task that relies on an understanding of the complex effects of processing inputs on productivity and quality outputs. Because of the complexity of these biological systems, traditional optimization methods utilizing mathematical models and statistically designed experiments are less effective, especially on a production scale. At the same time, information is being collected on a regular basis during the course of normal manufacturing and process development that is rarely fully utilized. We are developing an optimization method in which historical process data is used to train an artificial neural network for correlation of processing inputs and outputs. Subsequently, an optimization routine is used in conjunction with the trained neural network to find optimal processing conditions given the desired product characteristics and any constraints on inputs. Wine processing is being used as a case study for this work. Using data from wine produced in our pilot winery over the past 3 years, we have demonstrated that trained neural networks can be used successfully to predict the yeast-fermentation kinetics, as well as chemical and sensory properties of the finished wine, based solely on the properties of the grapes and the intended processing. To accomplish this, a hybrid neural network training method, Stop Training with Validation (STV), has been developed to find the most desirable neural network architecture and training level. As industrial historical data will not be evenly spaced over the entire possible search space, we have also investigated the ability of the trained neural networks to interpolate and extrapolate with data not used during training. Because a company will utilize its own existing process data for this method, the result of this work will be a general fermentation optimization method that can be applied to fermentation processes to improve quality and productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vlassides
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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56
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Liu CH, Chu IM, Hwang SM. Factorial designs combined with the steepest ascent method to optimize serum-free media for CHO cells. Enzyme Microb Technol 2001; 28:314-321. [PMID: 11240185 DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(00)00346-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A serum free medium for recombinant CHO NTHU 108 cell growth and fusion protein (CD20 linked to a human IgG-Fc gamma4 fragment) synthesis were systematically developed using factorial designs combined with the steepest ascent method. Experimental results indicate that the optimal composition of serum replacement for specific fusion protein production was 1% SITE (selenium, insulin, transferrin, ethanolamine), 0.3 g/L yeast extract, and 0.09% linoleic acid-BSA. Cell growth and fusion protein production of the adapted CHO NTHU 108 cultured in Iscove's modified Dulbecco's medium supplemented with these serum substitutes were comparable to those in the Ex-Cell 301 commercial serum-free medium. These serum substitutes can also promote CHO cell growth and fusion protein production in nine kinds of commercial media. The low protein content of the developed medium facilitates downstream processing and product purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- C -H. Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan, People's Republic of China
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57
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McIntyre JJ, Bull AT, Bunch AW. Vancomycin production in batch and continuous culture. Biotechnol Bioeng 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(19960220)49:4%3c412::aid-bit8%3e3.0.co;2-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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59
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Lee GM, Kim EJ, Kim NS, Yoon SK, Ahn YH, Song JY. Development of a serum-free medium for the production of erythropoietin by suspension culture of recombinant Chinese hamster ovary cells using a statistical design. J Biotechnol 1999; 69:85-93. [PMID: 10361720 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1656(99)00004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In order to develop a serum-free (SF) medium for the production of erythropoietin (EPO) by suspension culture of recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (rCHO) cells, a statistical optimization approach based on a Plackett-Burman design was adopted. A basal medium was prepared by supplementing Iscove's modified Dulbecco's medium (IMDM) with Fe(NO3)3.9H2O, CuCl2 and ZnSO4.7H2O which are generally contained in SF medium formulations. Insulin, transferrin and ethanolamine were also supplemented to the basal medium to determine their optimal concentrations. From this statistical analysis, glutamate, serine, methionine, phosphatidylcholine, hydrocortisone and pluronic F68 were identified as positive determinants for cell growth. The SF medium was formulated by supplementing the basal medium with components showing positive effects on cell growth in suspension culture. An EPO titer in this optimized SF medium was 79% of that in IMDM supplemented with 5% dialyzed fetal bovine serum (dFBS). Furthermore, the in vitro and in vivo biological activities of EPO produced in the SF medium were comparable to those produced in the serum-supplemented medium. Taken together, the results obtained here show that a Plackett-Burman design facilitates the development of SF media for the production of EPO by suspension culture of rCHO cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Taejon, South Korea.
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60
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Guan YH, Kemp RB. Detection of the changing substrate requirements of cultured animal cells by stoichiometric growth equations validated by enthalpy balances. J Biotechnol 1999; 69:95-114. [PMID: 10361721 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1656(99)00007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
As part of an overall aim to base the feeding of substrates to cultured animal cells on their actual metabolic needs, we have developed a stoichiometric approach centred on the macronutrients in the medium. Heat flux records the overall metabolic activity and therefore was the sensitive indicator of changing metabolic requirement. Analyses were made of the experimental measurements on two engineered cell lines in batch culture, the 2C11-12 macrophage hybridoma cell capable of the respiratory burst and the CHO320 constitutively producing human interferon-gamma. The crux was to construct simplified stoichiometric equations for the growth reactions to represent metabolic activity as it changed with time. Beforehand, it was essential to select the appropriate components for the equations. The choice was then justified by constructing enthalpy balances in which the ratio of heat flux to enthalpy flux must be close to unity for validation. By combining the stoichiometric approach with heat flow measurements, it was shown both theoretically and experimentally that the set of stoichiometric coefficients constituting a validated growth equation has a one-to-one corresponding relationship to the metabolic activity of the average cell population. Thus, a strategy was established for feeding the cells at any one time with the correct ratio of the major substrates, glucose and glutamine, in response to metabolic requirements that change with time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Guan
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Wales, Aberystwyth, UK
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61
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Kim EJ, Kim NS, Lee GM. Development of a serum-free medium for dihydrofolate reductase-deficient Chinese hamster ovary cells (DG44) using a statistical design: beneficial effect of weaning of cells. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 1999; 35:178-82. [PMID: 10478796 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-999-0024-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To develop serum-free (SF) medium for dihydrofolate reductase-deficient Chinese hamster ovary cells (DG44), a statistical optimization approach based on a Plackett-Burman design was adopted. DG44 cells which were normally maintained in 10 serum medium were gradually weaned to 0.5% serum medium to increase the probability of successful growth in SF medium. A basal medium was prepared by supplementing Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium and Ham's nutrient mixture F12 with hypoxanthine (10 mg/l) and thymidine (10 mg/l). Twenty-eight different supplements were selected as variables on the basis of their growth-promoting abilities. From statistical analysis, leucine, tryptophan, lysine, proline, histidine, hydrocortisone, ethanolamine, and phosphatidylcholine were identified as important components showing positive effects on cell growth. A new SF medium (SF-DG44) was formulated by supplementing the basal medium with these components. When the weaned cells were inoculated at 1.0 x 10(5) cells/ml, a maximum viable cell concentration of 6.4 x 10(3)) cells/ ml was achieved in SF-DG44 medium. In contrast, when the unweaned cells were used, a concentration of only 4.1 x 10(5) cells/ml was reached under the same culture conditions, indicating that weaning of cells improves cell growth in SF medium. In summary, we found that development of a novel SF medium for DG44 cells was facilitated using a Plackett-Burman design technique and weaning of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Taejon
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62
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Microcalorimetric studies of animal tissues and their isolated cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s1573-4374(99)80014-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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63
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Kim EJ, Kim NS, Lee GM. Development of a serum-free medium for the production of humanized antibody from Chinese hamster ovary cells using a statistical design. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 1998; 34:757-61. [PMID: 9870524 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-998-0029-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
To develop serum-free (SF) media for the production of humanized antibody from recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (rCHO) cells, a statistical optimization approach based on a Plackett-Burman design was adopted. A basal medium was prepared by supplementing alpha-minimal essential medium (alpha-MEM) with Fe(NO3)3.9H2O, CuCl2, ZnSO4.7H2O, and Na2SeO3 which are generally contained in SF medium formulations. Insulin, transferrin, and ethanolamine were also supplemented to the basal medium to determine their optimal concentrations. From this statistical analysis, serine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine were identified as important determinants for cell growth. Also, putrescine, linoleic acid, and hydrocortisone were shown to be important for both cell growth and antibody production. The SF medium was formulated by supplementing the basal medium with components showing positive effects on cell growth and/or antibody production. Cell growth and antibody production in this SF medium were comparable to those in alpha-MEM supplemented with 5% dialyzed fetal bovine serum. Taken together, the results obtained here show that a Plackett-Burman design facilitates the development of SF media for rCHO cells aimed at producing a humanized antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Taejon
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64
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Capiaumont J, Ostrovidov S, Legrand C, Belleville F, Nabet P. Bovine whey: a substitute for FBS in CHO-K1 cell cultures. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 1996; 32:8-12. [PMID: 8835312 DOI: 10.1007/bf02722987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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65
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Hooker AD, Goldman MH, Markham NH, James DC, Ison AP, Bull AT, Strange PG, Salmon I, Baines AJ, Jenkins N. N-glycans of recombinant human interferon-? change during batch culture of chinese hamster ovary cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 1995; 48:639-48. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260480612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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66
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Coppen SR, Newsam R, Bull AT, Baines AJ. Heterogeneity within populations of recombinant Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing human interferon-? Biotechnol Bioeng 1995; 46:147-58. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260460208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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67
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68
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Hayter PM, Curling EMA, Gould ML, Baines AJ, Jenkins N, Salmon I, Strange PG, Bull AT. The effect of the dilution rate on CHO cell physiology and recombinant interferon-? production in glucose-limited chemostat culture. Biotechnol Bioeng 1993; 42:1077-85. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260420909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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