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Katsu-Kimura Y, Nakaya F, Baba SA, Mogami Y. Substantial energy expenditure for locomotion in ciliates verified by means of simultaneous measurement of oxygen consumption rate and swimming speed. J Exp Biol 2009; 212:1819-24. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.028894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
In order to characterize the energy expenditure of Paramecium, we simultaneously measured the oxygen consumption rate, using an optic fluorescence oxygen sensor, and the swimming speed, which was evaluated by the optical slice method. The standard metabolic rate (SMR, the rate of energy consumption exclusively for physiological activities other than locomotion)was estimated to be 1.18×10–6 J h–1cell–1 by extrapolating the oxygen consumption rate into one at zero swimming speed. It was about 30% of the total energy consumed by the cell swimming at a mean speed of 1 mm s–1, indicating that a large amount of the metabolic energy (about 70% of the total) is consumed for propulsive activity only. The mechanical power liberated to the environment by swimming Paramecium was calculated on the basis of Stokes' law. This power, termed Stokes power, was 2.2×10–9 J h–1 cell–1, indicating extremely low efficiency (0.078%) in the conversion of metabolic power to propulsion. Analysis of the cost of transport (COT, the energy expenditure for translocation per units of mass and distance) revealed that the efficiency of energy expenditure in swimming increases with speed rather than having an optimum value within a wide range of forced swimming, as is generally found in fish swimming. These characteristics of energy expenditure would be unique to microorganisms, including Paramecium, living in a viscous environment where large dissipation of the kinetic energy is inevitable due to the interaction with the surrounding water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Katsu-Kimura
- Graduate school of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Otsuka 2-1-1, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
| | - Fumio Nakaya
- Science and Education Center, Ochanomizu University, Otsuka 2-1-1, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
| | - Shoji A. Baba
- Graduate school of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Otsuka 2-1-1, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Mogami
- Graduate school of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Otsuka 2-1-1, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
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Abstract
Using a high sensitivity differential scanning calorimeter in isothermal mode, we directly measured heat production in eukaryotic protists from 5 phyla spanning over 5 orders of magnitude in carbon biomass and 8 orders of magnitude in cell volume. Our results reveal that metabolic heat production normalized to cell mass is virtually constant in these organisms, with a median of 0.037 pW pg C(-1) (95% confidence interval = 0.022-0.061 pW pg C(-1)) at 5 degrees C. Contrary to allometric models, the relationship between heat production and cell carbon content or surface area is isometric (scaling exponents, 1.056 and 1.057, respectively). That heat production per unit cell surface area is constant suggests that heat flux through the cell surface is effectively instantaneous, and hence that cells are isothermal with their environment. The results further suggest that allometric models of metabolism based on metazoans are not applicable to protists, and that the underlying metabolic processes in the latter polyphyletic group are highly constrained by evolutionary selection. We propose that the evolutionary constraint leading to a universally constant heat production in single-celled eukaryotes is related to cytoplasmic packaging of organelles and surface area to volume relationships controlling diffusion of resources to these organelles.
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Makarieva AM, Gorshkov VG, Li BL, Chown SL, Reich PB, Gavrilov VM. Mean mass-specific metabolic rates are strikingly similar across life's major domains: Evidence for life's metabolic optimum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:16994-9. [PMID: 18952839 PMCID: PMC2572558 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0802148105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A fundamental but unanswered biological question asks how much energy, on average, Earth's different life forms spend per unit mass per unit time to remain alive. Here, using the largest database to date, for 3,006 species that includes most of the range of biological diversity on the planet-from bacteria to elephants, and algae to sapling trees-we show that metabolism displays a striking degree of homeostasis across all of life. We demonstrate that, despite the enormous biochemical, physiological, and ecological differences between the surveyed species that vary over 10(20)-fold in body mass, mean metabolic rates of major taxonomic groups displayed at physiological rest converge on a narrow range from 0.3 to 9 W kg(-1). This 30-fold variation among life's disparate forms represents a remarkably small range compared with the 4,000- to 65,000-fold difference between the mean metabolic rates of the smallest and largest organisms that would be observed if life as a whole conformed to universal quarter-power or third-power allometric scaling laws. The observed broad convergence on a narrow range of basal metabolic rates suggests that organismal designs that fit in this physiological window have been favored by natural selection across all of life's major kingdoms, and that this range might therefore be considered as optimal for living matter as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastassia M. Makarieva
- Theoretical Physics Division, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina, St. Petersburg 188300, Russia
- Ecological Complexity and Modelling Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Victor G. Gorshkov
- Theoretical Physics Division, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina, St. Petersburg 188300, Russia
- Ecological Complexity and Modelling Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Bai-Lian Li
- Ecological Complexity and Modelling Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Steven L. Chown
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Peter B. Reich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108; and
| | - Valery M. Gavrilov
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
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Khlebovich TV. Relationship between the main functional characteristics of Ciliophora and Sarcodina. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2008; 423:409-411. [PMID: 19213422 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496608060124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T V Khlebovich
- Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab. I, St. Petersburg, 199034 Russia
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MITCHELL GARYC, BAKER JH, SLEIGH MA. Feeding of a Freshwater Flagellate,Bodo saltans, on Diverse Bacteria1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1988.tb04327.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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56
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Chapter 3 Biochemical and energy requirements of gonad development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-9309(07)80067-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
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57
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Chapter 10 Pelagic Bacterial Processes in Polynyas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0422-9894(06)74010-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
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Aberle N, Lengfellner K, Sommer U. Spring bloom succession, grazing impact and herbivore selectivity of ciliate communities in response to winter warming. Oecologia 2006; 150:668-81. [PMID: 16964503 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-006-0540-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2006] [Accepted: 08/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed at simulating different degrees of winter warming and at assessing its potential effects on ciliate succession and grazing-related patterns. By using indoor mesocosms filled with unfiltered water from Kiel Bight, natural light and four different temperature regimes, phytoplankton spring blooms were induced and the thermal responses of ciliates were quantified. Two distinct ciliate assemblages, a pre-spring and a spring bloom assemblage, could be detected, while their formation was strongly temperature-dependent. Both assemblages were dominated by Strobilidiids; the pre-spring bloom phase was dominated by the small Strobilidiids Lohmaniella oviformis, and the spring bloom was mainly dominated by large Strobilidiids of the genus Strobilidium. The numerical response of ciliates to increasing food concentrations showed a strong acceleration by temperature. Grazing rates of ciliates and copepods were low during the pre-spring bloom period and high during the bloom ranging from 0.06 (Delta0 degrees C) to 0.23 day(-1) (Delta4 degrees C) for ciliates and 0.09 (Delta0 degrees C) to 1.62 day(-1) (Delta4 degrees C) for copepods. During the spring bloom ciliates and copepods showed a strong dietary overlap characterized by a wide food spectrum consisting mainly of Chrysochromulina sp., diatom chains and large, single-celled diatoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Aberle
- IFM-GEOMAR Leibniz Institute of Marine Sciences, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24116, Kiel, Germany.
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López-Urrutia A, San Martin E, Harris RP, Irigoien X. Scaling the metabolic balance of the oceans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:8739-44. [PMID: 16731624 PMCID: PMC1482648 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0601137103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oceanic communities are sources or sinks of CO2, depending on the balance between primary production and community respiration. The prediction of how global climate change will modify this metabolic balance of the oceans is limited by the lack of a comprehensive underlying theory. Here, we show that the balance between production and respiration is profoundly affected by environmental temperature. We extend the general metabolic theory of ecology to the production and respiration of oceanic communities and show that ecosystem rates can be reliably scaled from theoretical knowledge of organism physiology and measurement of population abundance. Our theory predicts that the differential temperature-dependence of respiration and photosynthesis at the organism level determines the response of the metabolic balance of the epipelagic ocean to changes in ambient temperature, a prediction that we support with empirical data over the global ocean. Furthermore, our model predicts that there will be a negative feedback of ocean communities to climate warming because they will capture less CO2 with a future increase in ocean temperature. This feedback of marine biota will further aggravate the anthropogenic effects on global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel López-Urrutia
- Centro Oceanográfico de Gijón, Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Avenida Príncipe de Asturias, 70 bis, E-33212 Gijón, Spain.
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60
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Makarieva AM, Gorshkov VG, Li BL. Energetics of the smallest: Do bacteria breathe at the same rate as whales? Proc Biol Sci 2006; 272:2219-24. [PMID: 16191633 PMCID: PMC1559947 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2005.3225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Power laws describing the dependence of metabolic rate on body mass have been established for many taxa, but not for prokaryotes, despite the ecological dominance of the smallest living beings. Our analysis of 80 prokaryote species with cell volumes ranging more than 1,000,000-fold revealed no significant relationship between mass-specific metabolic rate q and cell mass. By absolute values, mean endogenous mass-specific metabolic rates of non-growing bacteria are similar to basal rates of eukaryote unicells, terrestrial arthropods and mammals. Maximum mass-specific metabolic rates displayed by growing bacteria are close to the record tissue-specific metabolic rates of insects, amphibia, birds and mammals. Minimum mass-specific metabolic rates of prokaryotes coincide with those of larger organisms in various energy-saving regimes: sit-and-wait strategists in arthropods, poikilotherms surviving anoxia, hibernating mammals. These observations suggest a size-independent value around which the mass-specific metabolic rates vary bounded by universal upper and lower limits in all body size intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastassia M Makarieva
- Theoretical Physics DivisionPetersburg Nuclear Physics InstituteRussian Academy of Sciences, 188300, Gatchina, St Petersburg, Russia
- Ecological Complexity and Modeling Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaRiverside, CA 92521-0124, USA
| | - Victor G Gorshkov
- Theoretical Physics DivisionPetersburg Nuclear Physics InstituteRussian Academy of Sciences, 188300, Gatchina, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Bai-Lian Li
- Ecological Complexity and Modeling Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaRiverside, CA 92521-0124, USA
- Author for correspondence ()
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MAKARIEVA AM, GORSHKOV VG, LI BL. Biochemical universality of living matter and its metabolic implications. Funct Ecol 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2005.01005.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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63
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Smalley GW, Coats DW. Ecology of the red-tide dinoflagellate Ceratium furca: distribution, mixotrophy, and grazing impact on ciliate populations of Chesapeake Bay. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2002; 49:63-73. [PMID: 11908900 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2002.tb00343.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ceratium furca is a primarily photosynthetic dinoflagellate also capable of ingesting other protists. During 1995 and 1996, we documented the abundance of C. furca in Chesapeake Bay and determined grazing rates on prey labeled with fluorescent microspheres. Abundance usually remained below 20 cells ml(-1), although the species was capable of localized late-summer blooms (< or = 478 cells ml(-1)) in the more saline lower to mid-Bay region. Feeding rates ranged from 0 to 0.11 prey dinoflagellate(-1) h(-1) or from 0 to 37 pg C dinoflagellate(-1) h(-1) and were highest at lower salinities. Clearance rates averaged 2.5 +/- 0.35 microl dinoflagellate(-1) h(-1). Impact of C. furca feeding on prey populations was higher in the lower Bay, averaging 67% of Strobilidium spp. removed d(-1). Ingestion rates were positively correlated with prey abundance and dissolved inorganic nitrogen, but negatively with salinity, depth, dissolved inorganic phosphorus, and inorganic P:N ratio. Daily consumption of prey biomass by C. furca averaged 4.6% of body carbon, 6.5% of body nitrogen, and 4.0% of body phosphorus. with maximal values of 36, 51, and 32%, respectively. Thus, the ability to exploit an organic nutrient source when inorganic nutrients are limiting may give C. furca a competitive advantage over purely photosynthetic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela W Smalley
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, Maryland 21037, USA.
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64
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Marsh AG, Watts SA. Energy Metabolism and Gonad Development. DEVELOPMENTS IN AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES SCIENCE 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-9309(01)80004-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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65
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Macedo CF, Pinto-Coelho RM. Diel variations in respiration, excretion rates, and nutritional status of zooplankton from the Pampulha Reservoir, Belo Horizonte, MG. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 2000; 286:671-82. [PMID: 10797319 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-010x(20000601)286:7<671::aid-jez1>3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This investigation is focused on the experimental determination of diel cycles of metabolic activity of zooplankton in a tropical reservoir. Water and zooplankton used in laboratory experiments were collected from the Pampulha reservoir. The experimental units were incubated in the light (1500 Lux) and in the dark at 25.0 +/- 1.0 degrees C during different periods of the diel cycle. At the end of each experiment, the following variables were measured: temperature, dissolved oxygen, ammonia, and orthophosphate as well as the composition, abundance and dry weight of the zooplankton. The specific respiration and excretion rates were determined considering the differences in concentration between experimental and control units. The effect of diurnal cycle on respiration rates was clearly more intense than the effect of light. The average values of respiration rates obtained in the morning hours oscillated between 0. 015 and 0.016 mgO(2)mgDW. hr(-1) (light and dark incubations). At night, these rates were higher and ranged from 0.020 to 0.035 mgO(2)mgDW. hr(-1). Increased biomass of zooplankton and longer incubation times produced lower respiration rates. The excretion rates of ammonia were higher at night, reaching a mean value of 4.2 microgN-NH(4)/mg DW. hr(-1) in illuminated units. The phosphate excretion rates were more elevated in the morning, reaching 0.58 microgP-PO(4)/mg/DW. hr(-1) illuminated vessels. The nanoplankton was able to actively absorb ammonia as well as phosphate. The highest ammonia absorption rates were measured at night, whereas the nanoplankton absorbed phosphorus only in the morning hours. The nutritional status of zooplankton also showed short-term variations. The mean phosphorus content of zooplankton biomass also varied between day and night as well as with incubation time. It ranged from 0.58-2.17%, whereas organic matter variation was more conservative, oscillating around 70-92% in all occasions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Macedo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Conservação e Manejo da Vida Silvestre (ECMVS), Dept Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), CEP 30161-970, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Leonildi A, Erra F, Banchetti R, Ricci N. The ethograms of Uronychia transfuga and Uronychia setigera (ciliata, hypotrichida): a comparative approach for new insights into the behaviour of protozoa. Eur J Protistol 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0932-4739(98)80011-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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67
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68
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69
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Zubkov MV, Sleigh MA. Heterotrophic nanoplankton biomass measured by a glucosaminidase assay. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 1998. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.1998.tb00463.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Variation in morphology, ecology, and toxicological responses of Colpoda inflata (stokes) collected from five biogeographic realms. Eur J Protistol 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0932-4739(97)80031-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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72
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73
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MADONI PAOLO. The Contribution of Ciliated Protozoa to Plankton and Benthos Biomass in a European Ricefield. J Eukaryot Microbiol 1996. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1996.tb01390.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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74
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RATSAK CHRISTAH, KOOI BOBW, KOOIJMAN BAS. Modeling the Individual Growth of Tetrahymena Sp. and its Population Consequences. J Eukaryot Microbiol 1995. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1995.tb01578.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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75
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A critical body size for use of pheromones in mate location. J Chem Ecol 1995; 21:427-38. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02036740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/1994] [Accepted: 12/23/1994] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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76
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Pérez-Uz B. Growth rate variability in geographically diverse clones of Uronema (Ciliophora: Scuticociliatida). FEMS Microbiol Ecol 1995. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.1995.tb00283.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Caron DA. Inorganic nutrients, bacteria, and the microbial loop. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 1994; 28:295-298. [PMID: 24186457 DOI: 10.1007/bf00166820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The realization that natural assemblages of planktonic bacteria may acquire a significant fraction of their nitrogen and phosphorus via the uptake of dissolved inorganic nutrients has modified our traditional view of these microorganisms as nutrient remineralizers in plankton communities. Bacterial uptake of inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus may place bacteria and phytoplankton in competition for growth-limiting nutrients, rather than in their traditional roles as the respective "source" and "sink" for these nutrients in the plankton. Bacterial nutrient uptake also implies that bacterivorous protozoa may play a pivotal role in the remineralization of these elements in the microbial loop. The overall contribution of bacterial utilization of inorganic nutrients to total nutrient uptake in the ocean is still poorly understood, but some generalizations are emerging with respect to the geographical areas and community physiological conditions that might elicit this behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Caron
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 02543, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA
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78
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Abstract
In a crude fashion it can be said that metabolizable energy (M) is partitioned into metabolic work, paid for by 'oxidations' (R), and 'assimilation', i.e. production (P), so that M = R+P. However, a fraction of R is required to meet the expenses of production and if these expenses represent, Joule for Joule, a constant proportion of the amount produced, then Rt = Rm+cP, where Rt = total metabolic expenditures, Rm = metabolic expenditures for maintaining the non-producing organism, and cP = Rp = metabolic expenditures connected with the processes of production. The partitioning of metabolizable energy into R and P as well as into Rm and Rp may vary depending on the phylogeny and life-history of the species concerned and on ecological circumstances. Thus selection is expected to act on both ratios, R/P and Rm/Rp. By comparing the ratios P/(P+Rp) (the apparent efficiency of production) and Rp/P (the apparent metabolic cost of production) in different types of organisms, one finds that a value of P/(P+Rp) = 0.75, equal to 75% efficiency, 10 mgdbm/mmol ATP, and 16 mumolO2/mg dbm (when I mg identical to 22 J), can be used as a 'consensus value' for the average efficiency, or cost, of the transformation of metabolizable energy into production in a wide range of organisms, from bacteria to mammals. This value corresponds to about three times the theoretical cost of synthesizing the same amount of tissue on the basis of known biochemical principles. The reasons why the empirical costs of production are higher than the theoretical costs of synthesis by what appears to be a common factor may be quite different in bacteria, small ectothermic and large endothermic organisms. Deviations from the consensus value may be due to differences in energy density of the nutrients assimilated and the tissues synthesized. Further complications arise because of interactions between P, Rp, and Rm. In microorganisms the existence of a constant and a variable component of maintenance metabolism has been postulated, the latter decreasing with increasing rate of production. In small ectothermic metazoans, on the other hand, the nonlinear relationship between growth metabolism and growth rate has led to the speculation that above a critical value of Pg certain energy consuming functions of maintenance are suppressed and the energy thus gained used for fuelling growth processes. There is some evidence that, at least in ectothermic metazoans, the apparent cost of growth decreases with the rate of growth, reaching a low plateau of about 10 mumolO2/mgdbm at growth rates exceeding about 8 mgdbm/g/h.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- W Wieser
- Department of Zoology, University of Innsbruck, Austria
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79
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Gilbert JJ. Jumping behavior in the oligotrich ciliates Strobilidium velox and Halteria grandinella, and its significance as a defense against rotifer predators. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 1994; 27:189-200. [PMID: 24190275 DOI: 10.1007/bf00165817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/1993] [Revised: 11/23/1993] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The jumping behavior of Strobilidium velox and Halteria grandinella was analyzed videographically. On average, undisturbed cells of these species jumped 1.7-3.6 and 8 times per minute and spent 0.8 and 1.0% of their time jumping, respectively. Both ciliate species initiated jumps after encounters with rotifer predators. S. velox jumped on contact with Asplanchna girodi, traveling a mean distance of 1.5 mm (33 body lengths) at a mean velocity of 7 mm/s (154 body lengths/s) at 17°C. H. grandinella jumped on contact or near contact with Synchaeta pectinata, traveling a mean distance of 0.37 mm (18 body lengths) at a mean velocity of 2.76 mm/s (131 body lengths/s) at 20°C. The maximum velocity recorded during these escape jumps was 16.07 mm/s for S. velox and 3.70 mm/s for H. grandinella. In S. velox, swimming velocity during jumps was not significantly correlated either with swimming velocity just before jumping (mean = 0.15 mm/s) or with distance traveled. In H. grandinella, jumping velocity and distance also were not significantly correlated. Jumping in S. velox and H. grandinella was calculated to require approximately 149% and 41 % of total metabolic rate, respectively. Jumping seemed to be an effective defense against rotifer predation. Only 3% of 93 S. velox cells contacted by A. girodi were captured, and only 12% of 92 H. grandinella cells contacted or closely approached by S. pectinata were captured; all other cells jumped away. A predation experiment showed that A. girodi was about twice as, and significantly more, likely to ingest Paramecium tetraurelia as S. velox in a mixture of equal numbers of these ciliates. The swimming velocity of S. velox during jumps is the highest one so far reported for an oligotrich, and equals the highest one reported for any ciliate (Mesodinium rubrum).
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Gilbert
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, 03755, Hanover, NH, USA
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Riegman R, Kuipers BR, Noordeloos AA, Witte HJ. Size-differential control of phytoplankton and the structure of plankton communities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0077-7579(93)90026-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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82
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JEROME CHERYLA, MONTAGNES DAVIDJS, TAYLOR FJR. The Effect of the Quantitative Protargol Stain and Lugol's and Bouin's Fixatives On Cell Size: A More Accurate Estimate of Ciliate Species Biomass. J Eukaryot Microbiol 1993. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1993.tb04913.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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83
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Does the influence of the epibenthic predator crangon crangon L. (brown shrimp) extend to sediment microalgae and bacteria? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0077-7579(93)90020-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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84
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Schönborn W. Comparative Studies on the Production Biology of Protozoan Communities in Freshwater and Soil Ecosystems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9365(11)80069-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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85
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Choi JW, Peters F. Effects of Temperature on Two Psychrophilic Ecotypes of a Heterotrophic Nanoflagellate,
Paraphysomonas imperforata. Appl Environ Microbiol 1992; 58:593-9. [PMID: 16348647 PMCID: PMC195289 DOI: 10.1128/aem.58.2.593-599.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Two different psychrophilic types of the heterotrophic nanoflagellate
Paraphysomonas imperforata
were isolated from Newfoundland coastal waters and the Arctic Ocean. When fed bacteria without food limitation, both isolates were able to grow at temperatures from -1.8 to 20°C, with maximum growth rates of 3.28 day
-1
at 15°C and 2.28 day
-1
at 12.3°C for the Newfoundland and the Arctic isolates, respectively. Ingestion rates increased with temperature from 14 to 62 bacteria flagellate
-1
h
-1
for the Newfoundland isolate and from 30 to 99 bacteria flagellate
-1
h
-1
for the Arctic isolate. While temperature did not affect cell yields (number of protozoa produced divided by number of bacteria consumed), it affected flagellate sizes. This differential effect of temperature on cell yield and cell size resulted in a changing gross growth efficiency (GGE) in terms of biovolume; colder temperatures favored higher GGEs. The comparison of
Q
10
values for growth rates and ingestion rates between the isolates shows that the Arctic isolate is better adapted to extremely cold temperature than the Newfoundland isolate. At seawater-freezing temperature (-1.8°C), the estimated maximum growth rates and maximum ingestion rates are 0.81 day
-1
and 30 bacteria flagellate
-1
h
-1
for the Arctic isolate and 0.54 day
-1
and 12 bacteria flagellate
-1
h
-1
for the Newfoundland isolate. Our findings about psychrophilic nanoflagellates fit the general characteristics of cold-water-dwelling organisms: reduced physiological rates and higher GGEs at lower temperatures. Because of the large and persistent differences between the isolates, we conclude that they are ecotypes adapted to specific environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Choi
- Institute of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
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86
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Fenchel T, Finaly BJ. Anaerobic free-living protozoa: growth efficiencies and the structure of anaeorobic communities. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1990. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1990.tb04073.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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87
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88
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Müller H. The relative importance of different ciliate taxa in the pelagic food web of lake constance. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 1989; 18:261-273. [PMID: 24196206 DOI: 10.1007/bf02075813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Abundance, biovolume, and species composition of pelagic ciliates in Lake Constance were recorded over two annual cycles (1987/88). Production was estimated from mean annual biovolumes and size-specific growth rates obtained from the literature. Cell concentrations and biovolumes ranged from 0.1 to 120 cells ml(-1) and from 3 to 1,200 mm(3) m(-3), respectively. Mean annual values were, respectively, 6.8 cells ml(-1) and 94 mm(3) m(-3) in 1987, and 12.0 cells ml(-1) and 130 mm(3) m(-3) in 1988. In both years, prostome nanociliates (<20μm) dominated numerically, while strobiliids in the size range 20-35μm contributed most significantly to ciliate production. Ciliate community production, according to a crude calculation, yielded approximately 10-15 g C m(-2) year(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- H Müller
- Limnological Institute, University of Konstanz, P.O. Box 5560, D-7750, Konstanz, Federal Republic of Germany
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89
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Beaver JR, Crisman TL. The role of ciliated protozoa in pelagic freshwater ecosystems. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 1989; 17:111-136. [PMID: 24197241 DOI: 10.1007/bf02011847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The abundance and biomass of ciliates are both strongly related to lake trophic status as measured by chlorophylla concentrations. Taxonomic replacements occur with increasing eutrophication such that large-bodied forms (predominantly oligotrichs) are progressively replaced by smaller-bodied ciliates (mainly scuticociliates). Highly acidic lakes display a more pronounced dominance of large-bodied forms when contrasted with less acidic lakes of comparable trophy. Community structure of ciliate populations is determined largely by lake trophy with acidic oligotrophic systems being characterized by reduced diversity and species richness compared with hypereutrophic systems. The temporal and spatial distribution of small (< 100μm) ciliate populations is ascribed to lake thermal regimes which provide localized concentrations of food resources. Likewise, in extremely productive lakes, very large (> 100μm) meroplanktonic ciliates enter the water column during midsummer after the development of thermal stratification and associated profundal deoxygenation. Laboratory studies indicate that large zooplankton (crustaceans) are capable of utilizing ciliates as a food source, but there is little direct evidence from field studies documenting this trophic link. Ciliates can be voracious grazers of both bacterioplankton and phytoplankton, and each species has a distinct range of preferred particle size which is a function of both mouth size and morphology. Myxotrophic ciliates may be important components in some plankton communities, particularly during periods of nutrient limitation or after their displacement from the benthos of eutrophic lakes. Evidence regarding the importance of planktonic ciliated protozoa in nutrient regeneration and as intermediaries in energy flow is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Beaver
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, 32611, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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90
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Fenchel T, Finlay B, Giannì A. Microaerophily in ciliates: Responses of an Euplotes species (hypotrichida) to oxygen tension. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9365(89)80015-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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91
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Lynn DH, Montagnes DJ, Riggs W. Divider size and the cell cycle after prolonged starvation ofTetrahymena corlissi. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 1987; 13:115-127. [PMID: 24213210 DOI: 10.1007/bf02011248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Cell growth and division of the ciliateTetrahymena corlissi were examined upon refeeding after prolonged starvation of up to 12 days. Division did not automatically occur when a certain critical cell size was reached. Rather, it varied both with the nutritional history of the cell and the nutrient conditions in which the cell was growing. Upon refeeding, cells starved for 12 days divided at a smaller size and later than cells starved for 6 days. Cells refed at high density took longer to begin division than cells refed at low density. The results are discussed with respect to the "relative starvation" and "critical constituent" models of the cell cycle and in terms of the polymorphic life cycle ofTetrahymena species.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Lynn
- Department of Zoology, University of Guelph, N1G 2W1, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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92
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Norland S, Heldal M, Tumyr O. On the relation between dry matter and volume of bacteria. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 1987; 13:95-101. [PMID: 24213208 DOI: 10.1007/bf02011246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Dry matter and volumes of 337 individual bacterial cells with volumes in the range 0.01-7μm(3) from different origins were measured. An allometric relation was established between dry matter and volume, such that smaller bacteria tended to have a higher dry matter to volume ratio than larger bacteria. The results are compared to results from similar work on algae. The implications for the use of conversion factors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Norland
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Physiology, University of Bergen, N-5000, Bergen, Norway
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93
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Duarte CM, Agusti S, Peters H. An upper limit to the abundance of aquatic organisms. Oecologia 1987; 74:272-276. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00379370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/1987] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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94
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Wieser W. [From becoming to being: energy conditions for the evolution of social relations in the animal kingdom]. THE SCIENCE OF NATURE - NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN 1986; 73:543-9. [PMID: 3762728 DOI: 10.1007/bf00368162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In the evolution of the animal kingdom and of Man there have been four striking changes in orientation, each accompanied by (amongst other things) marked changes in the flow rates and distribution of energy. An analysis of the alterations in the turnover and distribution of energy reveals that with each such revolution the role of the individual and his social demands gained in importance as compared to that of the germ line.
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95
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