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Characterizing diverse orthologues of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator protein for structural studies. Biochem Soc Trans 2015; 43:894-900. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20150081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
As an ion channel, the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein occupies a unique niche within the ABC family. Orthologues of CFTR are extant throughout the animal kingdom from sharks to platypods to sheep, where the osmoregulatory function of the protein has been applied to differing lifestyles and diverse organ systems. In humans, loss-of-function mutations to CFTR cause the disease cystic fibrosis, which is a significant health burden in populations of white European descent. Orthologue screening has proved fruitful in the pursuit of high-resolution structural data for several membrane proteins, and we have applied some of the princples developed in previous studies to the expression and purification of CFTR. We have overexpressed this protein, along with evolutionarily diverse orthologues, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and developed a purification to isolate it in quantities sufficient for structural and functional studies.
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Kurome M, Kessler B, Wuensch A, Nagashima H, Wolf E. Nuclear transfer and transgenesis in the pig. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1222:37-59. [PMID: 25287337 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1594-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) using genetically modified donor cells facilitates the generation of tailored pig models for biomedical research and for xenotransplantation. Up to now, SCNT is the main way to generate gene-targeted pigs, since germ line-competent pluripotent stem cells are not available for this species. In this chapter, we introduce our routine workflow for the production of genetically engineered pigs, especially focused on the genetic modification of somatic donor cells, SCNT using in vitro matured oocytes, and laparoscopic embryo transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuko Kurome
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, and Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, 81377, Munich, Germany
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Dmochewitz M, Wolf E. Genetic engineering of pigs for the creation of translational models of human pathologies. Anim Front 2015. [DOI: 10.2527/af.2015-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Dmochewitz
- Gene Center and Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- Gene Center and Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Caminita F, van der Merwe M, Hance B, Krishnan R, Miller S, Buddington K, Buddington RK. A preterm pig model of lung immaturity and spontaneous infant respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 308:L118-29. [PMID: 25398985 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00173.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) and bronchopulmonary dysplasia remain the leading causes of preterm infant morbidity, mortality, and lifelong disability. Research to improve outcomes requires translational large animal models for RDS. Preterm pigs delivered by caesarian section at gestation days (GD) 98, 100, 102, and 104 were provided 24 h of neonatal intensive care, monitoring (pulse oximetry, blood gases, serum biomarkers, radiography), and nutritional support, with or without intubation and mechanical ventilation (MV; pressure control ventilation with volume guarantee). Spontaneous development of RDS and mortality without MV are inversely related with GD at delivery and correspond with inadequacy of tidal volume and gas exchange. GD 98 and 100 pigs have consolidated lungs, immature alveolar architecture, and minimal surfactant protein-B expression, and MV is essential at GD 98. Although GD 102 pigs had some alveoli lined by pneumocytes and surfactant was released in response to MV, blood gases and radiography revealed limited recruitment 1-2 h after delivery, and mortality at 24 h was 66% (35/53) with supplemental oxygen provided by a mask and 69% (9/13) with bubble continuous positive airway pressure (8-9 cmH2O). The lungs at GD 104 had higher densities of thin-walled alveoli that secreted surfactant, and MV was not essential. Between GD 98 and 102, preterm pigs have ventilation inadequacies and risks of RDS that mimic those of preterm infants born during the saccular phase of lung development, are compatible with standards of neonatal intensive care, and are alternative to fetal nonhuman primates and lambs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marie van der Merwe
- Department of Health and Sport Science, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Brittany Hance
- Department of Health and Sport Science, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Ramesh Krishnan
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Sarah Miller
- Loewenburg School of Nursing, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee; and
| | - Karyl Buddington
- Director of Animal Care, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Randal K Buddington
- Department of Health and Sport Science, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee
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Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) remains the most common fatal hereditary lung disease. The discovery of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene 25 years ago set the stage for: 1) unravelling the molecular and cellular basis of CF lung disease; 2) the generation of animal models to study in vivo pathogenesis; and 3) the development of mutation-specific therapies that are now becoming available for a subgroup of patients with CF. This article highlights major advances in our understanding of how CFTR dysfunction causes chronic mucus obstruction, neutrophilic inflammation and bacterial infection in CF airways. Furthermore, we focus on recent breakthroughs and remaining challenges of novel therapies targeting the basic CF defect, and discuss the next steps to be taken to make disease-modifying therapies available to a larger group of patients with CF, including those carrying the most common mutation ΔF508-CFTR. Finally, we will summarise emerging evidence indicating that acquired CFTR dysfunction may be implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, suggesting that lessons learned from CF may be applicable to common airway diseases associated with mucus plugging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus A Mall
- Dept of Translational Pulmonology, Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), University of Heidelberg, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany Division of Paediatric Pulmonology and Allergy and Cystic Fibrosis Center, Dept of Paediatrics, University of Heidelberg, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dominik Hartl
- Paediatric Infectiology and Immunology, Dept of Pediatrics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Klymiuk N, Fezert P, Wünsch A, Kurome M, Kessler B, Wolf E. Homologous recombination contributes to the repair of zinc-finger-nuclease induced double strand breaks in pig primary cells and facilitates recombination with exogenous DNA. J Biotechnol 2014; 177:74-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Matsunari H, Kobayashi T, Watanabe M, Umeyama K, Nakano K, Kanai T, Matsuda T, Nagaya M, Hara M, Nakauchi H, Nagashima H. Transgenic pigs with pancreas-specific expression of green fluorescent protein. J Reprod Dev 2014; 60:230-7. [PMID: 24748398 PMCID: PMC4085388 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2014-006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The development and regeneration of the pancreas is of considerable interest because of the role of these processes in pancreatic diseases, such as diabetes. Here, we sought to develop a large animal model in which the pancreatic cell lineage could be tracked. The pancreatic and duodenal homeobox-1 (Pdx1) gene promoter was conjugated to Venus, a green fluorescent protein, and introduced into 370 in vitro-matured porcine oocytes by intracytoplasmic sperm injection-mediated gene transfer. These oocytes were transferred into four recipient gilts, all of which became pregnant. Three gilts were sacrificed at 47-65 days of gestation, and the fourth was allowed to farrow. Seven of 16 fetuses obtained were transgenic (Tg) and exhibited pancreas-specific green fluorescence. The fourth recipient gilt produced a litter of six piglets, two of which were Tg. The founder Tg offspring matured normally and produced healthy first-generation (G1) progeny. A postweaning autopsy of four 27-day-old G1 Tg piglets confirmed the pancreas-specific Venus expression. Immunostaining of the pancreatic tissue indicated the transgene was expressed in β-cells. Pancreatic islets from Tg pigs were transplanted under the renal capsules of NOD/SCID mice and expressed fluorescence up to one month after transplantation. Tg G1 pigs developed normally and had blood glucose levels within the normal range. Insulin levels before and after sexual maturity were within normal ranges, as were other blood biochemistry parameters, indicating that pancreatic function was normal. We conclude that Pdx1-Venus Tg pigs represent a large animal model suitable for research on pancreatic development/regeneration and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Matsunari
- Meiji University International Institute for Bio-Resource Research, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan
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Deletion of the murine cytochrome P450 Cyp2j locus by fused BAC-mediated recombination identifies a role for Cyp2j in the pulmonary vascular response to hypoxia. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003950. [PMID: 24278032 PMCID: PMC3836722 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) confer vasoactive and cardioprotective functions. Genetic analysis of the contributions of these short-lived mediators to pathophysiology has been confounded to date by the allelic expansion in rodents of the portion of the genome syntenic to human CYP2J2, a gene encoding one of the principle cytochrome P450 epoxygenases responsible for the formation of EETs in humans. Mice have eight potentially functional genes that could direct the synthesis of epoxygenases with properties similar to those of CYP2J2. As an initial step towards understanding the role of the murine Cyp2j locus, we have created mice bearing a 626-kb deletion spanning the entire region syntenic to CYP2J2, using a combination of homologous and site-directed recombination strategies. A mouse strain in which the locus deletion was complemented by transgenic delivery of BAC sequences encoding human CYP2J2 was also created. Systemic and pulmonary hemodynamic measurements did not differ in wild-type, null, and complemented mice at baseline. However, hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) during left mainstem bronchus occlusion was impaired and associated with reduced systemic oxygenation in null mice, but not in null mice bearing the human transgene. Administration of an epoxygenase inhibitor to wild-type mice also impaired HPV. These findings demonstrate that Cyp2j gene products regulate the pulmonary vascular response to hypoxia. In mice and humans, the CYP2J class of cytochrome P450 epoxygenases metabolizes arachidonic acid (AA) to epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), short-lived mediators with effects on both the pulmonary and systemic vasculature. Genetic dissection of CYP2J function to date has been complicated by allelic expansion in the rodent genome. In this study, the mouse chromosomal locus syntenic to human CYP2J2, containing eight presumed genes and two pseudogenes, was deleted via generation of a recombinant template created by homologous and site-specific recombination steps that joined two precursor bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs). The Cyp2j null mice were subsequently complemented by transgenic delivery of BAC sequences encoding human CYP2J2. Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) and systemic oxygenation during regional alveolar hypoxia were unexpectedly found to be impaired in null mice, but not in null mice bearing the transgenic human allele, suggesting that Cyp2j products contribute to the pulmonary vascular response to hypoxia.
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Manunta MDI, McAnulty RJ, McDowell A, Jin J, Ridout D, Fleming J, Bottoms SE, Tossici-Bolt L, Laurent GJ, Biassoni L, O'Callaghan C, Hart SL. Airway deposition of nebulized gene delivery nanocomplexes monitored by radioimaging agents. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2013; 49:471-80. [PMID: 23614789 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0030oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor-targeted nanocomplexes are nonviral vectors developed for gene delivery to the airway epithelium for the treatment of pulmonary disease associated with cystic fibrosis. The present study aimed to optimize the delivery of the nanocomplex by nebulization, and to monitor the in vivo deposition of radiolabeled vector in the airways of a large animal model by γ-camera scintigraphy. Large White weaner pigs were nebulized with nanocomplexes mixed with technetium-99m radiopharmaceuticals. The aerosol deposition scans suggested that the nebulized radiovectors were deposited mainly in the trachea-main bronchi and in the midregion of the lungs. The plasmid biodistribution, assessed by real-time PCR, correlated with the scintigraphy images. The highest plasmid copy numbers were found in the bronchial areas and in the tissues proximal to the main bronchi bifurcation. Immunohistochemistry detected transgene expression in the tracheal and bronchial ciliated epithelium. Histological analysis of lung tissue showed no evidence of inflammation, and no increase in inflammatory cytokines or inflammatory cells was detected in the bronchoalveolar lavage. The deposition of nebulized nanocomplexes coassociated with technetium-99m can be monitored by nuclear medicine techniques. The use of a noninvasive strategy to follow the delivery of the vector could improve the clinical management of patients undergoing cystic fibrosis gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria D I Manunta
- Wolfson Centre for Gene Therapy of Childhood Disease, UCL-Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford St., London, United Kingdom
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Hall V, Hinrichs K, Lazzari G, Betts DH, Hyttel P. Early embryonic development, assisted reproductive technologies, and pluripotent stem cell biology in domestic mammals. Vet J 2013; 197:128-42. [PMID: 23810186 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Over many decades assisted reproductive technologies, including artificial insemination, embryo transfer, in vitro production (IVP) of embryos, cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), and stem cell culture, have been developed with the aim of refining breeding strategies for improved production and health in animal husbandry. More recently, biomedical applications of these technologies, in particular, SCNT and stem cell culture, have been pursued in domestic mammals in order to create models for human disease and therapy. The following review focuses on presenting important aspects of pre-implantation development in cattle, pigs, horses, and dogs. Biological aspects and impact of assisted reproductive technologies including IVP, SCNT, and culture of pluripotent stem cells are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Hall
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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61
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Hall VJ. Early development of the porcine embryo: the importance of cell signalling in development of pluripotent cell lines. Reprod Fertil Dev 2013; 25:94-102. [PMID: 23244832 DOI: 10.1071/rd12264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the cell signalling events that govern cell renewal in porcine pluripotent cells may help improve culture conditions and allow for establishment of bona fide porcine embryonic stem cells (pESC) and stable porcine induced pluripotent stem cells (piPSC). This review investigates cell signalling in the porcine preimplantation embryo containing either the inner cell mass or epiblast, with particular emphasis on fibroblast growth factor, SMAD, WNT and Janus tyrosine kinases/signal transducers and activators of transcription signalling. It is clear that key differences exist in the cell signalling events that govern pluripotency in this species compared with similar embryonic stages in mouse and human. The fact that bona fide pESC have still not been produced and that piPSC cannot survive in culture following the silencing or downregulation of the reprogramming transgenes suggest that culture conditions are not optimal. Unravelling the factor/s that regulate pluripotency in porcine embryos will pave the way for future establishment of stable pluripotent stem cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Jane Hall
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Gronnegaardsvej 7, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Bartlett JA, Albertolle ME, Wohlford-Lenane C, Pezzulo AA, Zabner J, Niles RK, Fisher SJ, McCray PB, Williams KE. Protein composition of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and airway surface liquid from newborn pigs. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2013; 305:L256-66. [PMID: 23709621 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00056.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The airway mucosa and the alveolar surface form dynamic interfaces between the lung and the external environment. The epithelial cells lining these barriers elaborate a thin liquid layer containing secreted peptides and proteins that contribute to host defense and other functions. The goal of this study was to develop and apply methods to define the proteome of porcine lung lining liquid, in part, by leveraging the wealth of information in the Sus scrofa database of Ensembl gene, transcript, and protein model predictions. We developed an optimized workflow for detection of secreted proteins in porcine bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and in methacholine-induced tracheal secretions [airway surface liquid (ASL)]. We detected 674 and 3,858 unique porcine-specific proteins in BAL and ASL, respectively. This proteome was composed of proteins representing a diverse range of molecular classes and biological processes, including host defense, molecular transport, cell communication, cytoskeletal, and metabolic functions. Specifically, we detected a significant number of secreted proteins with known or predicted roles in innate and adaptive immunity, microbial killing, or other aspects of host defense. In greatly expanding the known proteome of the lung lining fluid in the pig, this study provides a valuable resource for future studies using this important animal model of pulmonary physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Bartlett
- Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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63
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Kurome M, Geistlinger L, Kessler B, Zakhartchenko V, Klymiuk N, Wuensch A, Richter A, Baehr A, Kraehe K, Burkhardt K, Flisikowski K, Flisikowska T, Merkl C, Landmann M, Durkovic M, Tschukes A, Kraner S, Schindelhauer D, Petri T, Kind A, Nagashima H, Schnieke A, Zimmer R, Wolf E. Factors influencing the efficiency of generating genetically engineered pigs by nuclear transfer: multi-factorial analysis of a large data set. BMC Biotechnol 2013; 13:43. [PMID: 23688045 PMCID: PMC3691671 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-13-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) using genetically engineered donor cells is currently the most widely used strategy to generate tailored pig models for biomedical research. Although this approach facilitates a similar spectrum of genetic modifications as in rodent models, the outcome in terms of live cloned piglets is quite variable. In this study, we aimed at a comprehensive analysis of environmental and experimental factors that are substantially influencing the efficiency of generating genetically engineered pigs. Based on a considerably large data set from 274 SCNT experiments (in total 18,649 reconstructed embryos transferred into 193 recipients), performed over a period of three years, we assessed the relative contribution of season, type of genetic modification, donor cell source, number of cloning rounds, and pre-selection of cloned embryos for early development to the cloning efficiency. RESULTS 109 (56%) recipients became pregnant and 85 (78%) of them gave birth to offspring. Out of 318 cloned piglets, 243 (76%) were alive, but only 97 (40%) were clinically healthy and showed normal development. The proportion of stillborn piglets was 24% (75/318), and another 31% (100/318) of the cloned piglets died soon after birth. The overall cloning efficiency, defined as the number of offspring born per SCNT embryos transferred, including only recipients that delivered, was 3.95%. SCNT experiments performed during winter using fetal fibroblasts or kidney cells after additive gene transfer resulted in the highest number of live and healthy offspring, while two or more rounds of cloning and nuclear transfer experiments performed during summer decreased the number of healthy offspring. CONCLUSION Although the effects of individual factors may be different between various laboratories, our results and analysis strategy will help to identify and optimize the factors, which are most critical to cloning success in programs aiming at the generation of genetically engineered pig models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuko Kurome
- Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, and Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ludwig Geistlinger
- Practical Informatics and Bioinformatics, Institute for Informatics, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Barbara Kessler
- Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, and Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Valeri Zakhartchenko
- Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, and Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nikolai Klymiuk
- Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, and Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Annegret Wuensch
- Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, and Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anne Richter
- Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, and Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Baehr
- Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, and Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katrin Kraehe
- Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, and Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katinka Burkhardt
- Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, and Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Krzysztof Flisikowski
- Livestock Biotechnology, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, TU Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Tatiana Flisikowska
- Livestock Biotechnology, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, TU Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Claudia Merkl
- Livestock Biotechnology, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, TU Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Martina Landmann
- Livestock Biotechnology, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, TU Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Marina Durkovic
- Livestock Biotechnology, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, TU Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Alexander Tschukes
- Livestock Biotechnology, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, TU Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Simone Kraner
- Livestock Biotechnology, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, TU Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Dirk Schindelhauer
- Livestock Biotechnology, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, TU Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Tobias Petri
- Practical Informatics and Bioinformatics, Institute for Informatics, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Kind
- Livestock Biotechnology, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, TU Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Hiroshi Nagashima
- International Institute for Bio-Resource Research, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Angelika Schnieke
- Livestock Biotechnology, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, TU Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Ralf Zimmer
- Practical Informatics and Bioinformatics, Institute for Informatics, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, and Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2013; 18:111-30. [PMID: 23299306 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0b013e32835daf68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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The pig as a model for investigating the role of neutrophil serine proteases in human inflammatory lung diseases. Biochem J 2012; 447:363-70. [PMID: 22860995 PMCID: PMC3492928 DOI: 10.1042/bj20120818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The serine proteases released by activated polymorphonuclear neutrophils [NSPs (neutrophil serine proteases)] contribute to a variety of inflammatory lung diseases, including CF (cystic fibrosis). They are therefore key targets for the development of efficient inhibitors. Although rodent models have contributed to our understanding of several diseases, we have previously shown that they are not appropriate for testing anti-NSP therapeutic strategies [Kalupov, Brillard-Bourdet, Dade, Serrano, Wartelle, Guyot, Juliano, Moreau, Belaaouaj and Gauthier (2009) J. Biol. Chem. 284, 34084–34091). Thus NSPs must be characterized in an animal model that is much more likely to predict how therapies will act in humans in order to develop protease inhibitors as drugs. The recently developed CFTR−/− (CFTR is CF transmembrane conductance regulator) pig model is a promising alternative to the mouse model of CF [Rogers, Stoltz, Meyerholz, Ostedgaard, Rokhlina, Taft, Rogan, Pezzulo, Karp, Itani et al. (2008) Science 321, 1837–1841]. We have isolated blood neutrophils from healthy pigs and determined their responses to the bacterial pathogens Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, and the biochemical properties of their NSPs. We used confocal microscopy and antibodies directed against their human homologues to show that the three NSPs (elastase, protease 3 and cathepsin G) are enzymatically active and present on the surface of triggered neutrophils and NETs (neutrophil extracellular traps). All of the porcine NSPs are effectively inhibited by human NSP inhibitors. We conclude that there is a close functional resemblance between porcine and human NSPs. The pig is therefore a suitable animal model for testing new NSP inhibitors as anti-inflammatory agents in neutrophil-associated diseases such as CF.
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Richter A, Kurome M, Kessler B, Zakhartchenko V, Klymiuk N, Nagashima H, Wolf E, Wuensch A. Potential of primary kidney cells for somatic cell nuclear transfer mediated transgenesis in pig. BMC Biotechnol 2012; 12:84. [PMID: 23140586 PMCID: PMC3537537 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-12-84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is currently the most efficient and precise method to generate genetically tailored pig models for biomedical research. However, the efficiency of this approach is crucially dependent on the source of nuclear donor cells. In this study, we evaluate the potential of primary porcine kidney cells (PKCs) as cell source for SCNT, including their proliferation capacity, transfection efficiency, and capacity to support full term development of SCNT embryos after additive gene transfer or homologous recombination. Results PKCs could be maintained in culture with stable karyotype for up to 71 passages, whereas porcine fetal fibroblasts (PFFs) and porcine ear fibroblasts (PEFs) could be hardly passaged more than 20 times. Compared with PFFs and PEFs, PKCs exhibited a higher proliferation rate and resulted in a 2-fold higher blastocyst rate after SCNT and in vitro cultivation. Among the four transfection methods tested with a GFP expression plasmid, best results were obtained with the NucleofectorTM technology, resulting in transfection efficiencies of 70% to 89% with high fluorescence intensity, low cytotoxicity, good cell proliferation, and almost no morphological signs of cell stress. Usage of genetically modified PKCs in SCNT resulted in approximately 150 piglets carrying at least one of 18 different transgenes. Several of those pigs originated from PKCs that underwent homologous recombination and antibiotic selection before SCNT. Conclusion The high proliferation capacity of PKCs facilitates the introduction of precise and complex genetic modifications in vitro. PKCs are thus a valuable cell source for the generation of porcine biomedical models by SCNT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Richter
- Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, and Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 25, Munich, 81377, Germany
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Garrels W, Holler S, Cleve N, Niemann H, Ivics Z, Kues WA. Assessment of fecundity and germ line transmission in two transgenic pig lines produced by sleeping beauty transposition. Genes (Basel) 2012; 3:615-33. [PMID: 24705079 PMCID: PMC3899982 DOI: 10.3390/genes3040615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, we described a simplified injection method for producing transgenic pigs using a non-autonomous Sleeping Beauty transposon system. The founder animals showed ubiquitous expression of the Venus fluorophore in almost all cell types. To assess, whether expression of the reporter fluorophore affects animal welfare or fecundity, we analyzed reproductive parameters of two founder boars, germ line transmission, and organ and cell specific transgene expression in animals of the F1 and F2 generation. Molecular analysis of ejaculated sperm cells suggested three monomeric integrations of the Venus transposon in both founders. To test germ line transmission of the three monomeric transposon integrations, wild-type sows were artificially inseminated. The offspring were nursed to sexual maturity and hemizygous lines were established. A clear segregation of the monomeric transposons following the Mendelian rules was observed in the F1 and F2 offspring. Apparently, almost all somatic cells, as well as oocytes and spermatozoa, expressed the Venus fluorophore at cell-type specific levels. No detrimental effects of Venus expression on animal health or fecundity were found. Importantly, all hemizygous lines expressed the fluorophore in comparable levels, and no case of transgene silencing or variegated expression was found after germ line transmission, suggesting that the insertions occurred at transcriptionally permissive loci. The results show that Sleeping Beauty transposase-catalyzed transposition is a promising approach for stable genetic modification of the pig genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Garrels
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Höltystraße 10, 31535 Neustadt, Germany.
| | - Stephanie Holler
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Höltystraße 10, 31535 Neustadt, Germany.
| | - Nicole Cleve
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Höltystraße 10, 31535 Neustadt, Germany.
| | - Heiner Niemann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Höltystraße 10, 31535 Neustadt, Germany.
| | - Zoltan Ivics
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 51-59, 63225 Langen, Germany.
| | - Wilfried A Kues
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Höltystraße 10, 31535 Neustadt, Germany.
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Synthesis of porcine pCLCA2 protein during late differentiation of keratinocytes of epidermis and hair follicle inner root sheath. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 350:445-53. [PMID: 22968961 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-012-1482-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Despite the discovery of the widely expressed CLCA (chloride channel regulators, calcium-activated) proteins more than 15 years ago, their seemingly diverse functions are still poorly understood. With the recent generation of porcine animal models for cystic fibrosis (CF), members of the porcine CLCA family are becoming of interest as possible modulators of the disease in the pig. Here, we characterize pCLCA2, the porcine ortholog of the human hCLCA2 and the murine mCLCA5, which are the only CLCA members expressed in the skin. Immunohistochemical studies with a specific antibody against pCLCA2 have revealed a highly restricted pCLCA2 protein expression in the skin. The protein is strictly co-localized with filaggrin and trichohyalin in the granular layer of the epidermis and the inner root sheath of the hair follicles, respectively. No differences have been observed between the expression patterns of wild-type pigs and CF transmembrane conductance regulator(-/-) pigs. We speculate that pCLCA2 plays an as yet undefined role in the structural integrity of the skin or, possibly, in specialized functions of the epidermis, including barrier or defense mechanisms.
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Abstract
Mucus pathology in cystic fibrosis (CF) has been known for as long as the disease has been recognized and is sometimes called mucoviscidosis. The disease is marked by mucus hyperproduction and plugging in many organs, which are usually most fatal in the airways of CF patients, once the problem of meconium ileus at birth is resolved. After the CF gene, CFTR, was cloned and its protein product identified as a cAMP-regulated Cl(-) channel, causal mechanisms underlying the strong mucus phenotype of the disease became obscure. Here we focus on mucin genes and polymeric mucin glycoproteins, examining their regulation and potential relationships to a dysfunctional cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). Detailed examination of CFTR expression in organs and different cell types indicates that changes in CFTR expression do not always correlate with the severity of CF disease or mucus accumulation. Thus, the mucus hyperproduction that typifies CF does not appear to be a direct cause of a defective CFTR but, rather, to be a downstream consequence. In organs like the lung, up-regulation of mucin gene expression by inflammation results from chronic infection; however, in other instances and organs, the inflammation may have a non-infectious origin. The mucus plugging phenotype of the β-subunit of the epithelial Na(+) channel (βENaC)-overexpressing mouse is proving to be an archetypal example of this kind of inflammation, with a dehydrated airway surface/concentrated mucus gel apparently providing the inflammatory stimulus. Data indicate that the luminal HCO(3)(-) deficiency recently described for CF epithelia may also provide such a stimulus, perhaps by causing a mal-maturation of mucins as they are released onto luminal surfaces. In any event, the path between CFTR dysfunction and mucus hyperproduction has proven tortuous, and its unraveling continues to offer its own twists and turns, along with fascinating glimpses into biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia M Kreda
- Cystic Fibrosis/Pulmonary Research and Treatment Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27517-7248, USA
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Luo Y, Lin L, Bolund L, Jensen TG, Sørensen CB. Genetically modified pigs for biomedical research. J Inherit Metab Dis 2012; 35:695-713. [PMID: 22453682 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-012-9475-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
During the last two decades, pigs have been used to develop some of the most important large animal models for biomedical research. Advances in pig genome research, genetic modification (GM) of primary pig cells and pig cloning by nuclear transfer, have facilitated the generation of GM pigs for xenotransplantation and various human diseases. This review summarizes the key technologies used for generating GM pigs, including pronuclear microinjection, sperm-mediated gene transfer, somatic cell nuclear transfer by traditional cloning, and somatic cell nuclear transfer by handmade cloning. Broadly used genetic engineering tools for porcine cells are also discussed. We also summarize the GM pig models that have been generated for xenotransplantation and human disease processes, including neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, eye diseases, bone diseases, cancers and epidermal skin diseases, diabetes mellitus, cystic fibrosis, and inherited metabolic diseases. Thus, this review provides an overview of the progress in GM pig research over the last two decades and perspectives for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonglun Luo
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.
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Luo Y, Kofod-Olsen E, Christensen R, Sørensen CB, Bolund L. Targeted genome editing by recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors for generating genetically modified pigs. J Genet Genomics 2012; 39:269-74. [PMID: 22749014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors have been extensively used for experimental gene therapy of inherited human diseases. Several advantages, such as simple vector construction, high targeting frequency by homologous recombination, and applicability to many cell types, make rAAV an attractive approach for targeted genome editing. Combined with cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), this technology has recently been successfully adapted to generate gene-targeted pigs as models for cystic fibrosis, hereditary tyrosinemia type 1, and breast cancer. This review summarizes the development of rAAV for targeted genome editing in mammalian cells and provides strategies for enhancing the rAAV-mediated targeting frequency by homologous recombination. We discuss current development and application of the rAAV vectors for targeted genome editing in porcine primary fibroblasts, which are subsequently used as donor cells for SCNT to generate cloned genetically designed pigs and provide positive perspectives for the generation of gene-targeted pigs with rAAV in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonglun Luo
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Alle 4, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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