51
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Milano F, Tangorra RR, Hassan Omar O, Ragni R, Operamolla A, Agostiano A, Farinola GM, Trotta M. Enhancing the Light Harvesting Capability of a Photosynthetic Reaction Center by a Tailored Molecular Fluorophore. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:11019-23. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201203404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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52
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Use of the interior cavity of the P22 capsid for site-specific initiation of atom-transfer radical polymerization with high-density cargo loading. Nat Chem 2012; 4:781-8. [PMID: 23000990 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.1442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) have emerged as important and versatile architectures for chemical manipulation in the development of functional hybrid nanostructures. Here we demonstrate a successful site-selective initiation of atom-transfer radical polymerization reactions to form an addressable polymer constrained within the interior cavity of a VLP. Potentially, this protein-polymer hybrid of P22 and cross-linked poly(2-aminoethyl methacrylate) could be useful as a new high-density delivery vehicle for the encapsulation and delivery of small-molecule cargos. In particular, the encapsulated polymer can act as a scaffold for the attachment of small functional molecules, such as fluorescein dye or the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent Gd-diethylenetriaminepentacetate, through reactions with its pendant primary amine groups. Using this approach, a significant increase in the labelling density of the VLP, compared to that of previous modifications of VLPs, can be achieved. These results highlight the use of multimeric protein-polymer conjugates for their potential utility in the development of VLP-based MRI contrast agents with the possibility of loading other cargos.
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53
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Bifunctional antioxidant enzyme mimics of albumin-binding salphen Schiff-base metal complexes. PURE APPL CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1351/pac-con-11-12-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
New kinds of bifunctional antioxidant enzyme mimics were prepared, and their superoxide anion radical (O2•–) and hydroxyl radical (•OH) scavenging activity was investigated. These conjugates were prepared by binding insoluble salphen [N,N-(phenylene)salicylidene] Schiff-base metal complexes (HO-salphen-M, M = Co, Mn, Cu) with bovine serum albumin (BSA). They were characterized by UV–vis spectra, circular dichroism (CD), and native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). It showed that the binding mode was an axial coordination between HO-salphen-Co and amino acid residue of BSA. The structure of BSA was maintained when the binding amount of HO-salphen-Co was less than 10. After combining HO-salphen-Co into BSA, the low solubility of HO-salphen-Co was overcome, and the O2•– and •OH scavenging activity of BSA was improved two orders of magnitude. In similar inhibitory value, the scavenging rate of salphen-Co20@BSA was far higher than -others. The scavenging activity of different proportion salphen-Co@BSA was salphen-Co20@BSA > salphen-Co10@BSA > salphen-Co5@BSA > salphen-Co2@BSA. But salphen-Cu@BSA and salphen-Mn@BSA did not show •OH scavenging activity.
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54
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González-Valdez J, Rito-Palomares M, Benavides J. Advances and trends in the design, analysis, and characterization of polymer-protein conjugates for "PEGylaided" bioprocesses. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:2225-35. [PMID: 22367287 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5845-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In addition to their use as therapeutics and because of their enhanced properties, PEGylated proteins have potential application in fields such as bioprocessing. However, the use of PEGylated conjugates to improve the performance of bioprocess has not been widely explored. This limited additional industrial use of PEG-protein conjugates can be attributed to the fact that PEGylation reactions, separation of the products, and final characterization of the structure and activity of the resulting species are not trivial tasks. The development of bioprocessing operations based on PEGylated proteins relies heavily in the use of analytical tools that must sometimes be adapted from the strategies used in pharmaceutical conjugate development. For instance, to evaluate conjugate performance in bioprocessing operations, both chromatographic and non-chromatographic steps must be used to separate and quantify the resulting reaction species. Characterization of the conjugates by mass spectrometry, circular dichroism, and specific activity assays, among other adapted techniques, is then required to evaluate the feasibility of using the conjugates in any operation. Correct selection of the technical and analytical methods in each of the steps from design of the PEGylation reaction to its final engineering application will ensure success in implementing a "PEGylaided" process. In this context, the objective of this review is to describe technological and analytical trends in developing successful applications of PEGylated conjugates in bioprocesses and to describe potential fields in which these proteins can be exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
- José González-Valdez
- Departamento de Biotecnología e Ingeniería de Alimentos, Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Monterrey, NL, México
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55
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Jung B, Theato P. Chemical Strategies for the Synthesis of Protein–Polymer Conjugates. BIO-SYNTHETIC POLYMER CONJUGATES 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2012_169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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56
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Say R, Keçili R, Biçen Ö, Şişman FY, Hür D, Denizli A, Ersöz A. A novel nanoprotein particle synthesis: Nanolipase. Process Biochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2011.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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57
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Thilakarathne V, Briand VA, Zhou Y, Kasi RM, Kumar CV. Protein polymer conjugates: improving the stability of hemoglobin with poly(acrylic acid). LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:7663-7671. [PMID: 21591719 DOI: 10.1021/la2015034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of a novel polymer-protein conjugate are reported here. The covalent conjugation of high-molecular weight poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) to the lysine amino groups of met-hemoglobin (Hb) resulted in the covalent conjugation of Hb to PAA (Hb-PAA conjugate), as confirmed by dialysis and electrophoresis studies. The retention of native-like structure of Hb in Hb-PAA was established from Soret absorption, circular dichroism studies, and the redox activity of the iron center in Hb-PAA. The peroxidase-like activities of the Hb-PAA conjugate further confirmed the retention of Hb structure and biological activity. Thermal denaturation of the conjugate was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry and steam sterilization studies. The Hb-PAA conjugate indicated an improved denaturation temperature (T(d)) when compared to that of the unmodified Hb. One astonishing observation was that polymer conjugation significantly enhanced the Hb-PAA storage stability at room temperature. After 120 h of storage at room temperature in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at pH 7.4, for example, Hb-PAA retained 90% of its initial activity and unmodified Hb retained <60% of its original activity under identical conditions of buffer, pH, and temperature. Our conjugate demonstrates the key role of polymers in enhancing Hb stability via a very simple, efficient, general route. Water-swollen, lightly cross-linked, stable Hb-polymer nanogels of 100-200 nm were produced quickly and economically by this approach for a wide variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vindya Thilakarathne
- Department of Chemistry, U-3060, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, USA
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58
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Muszanska AK, Busscher HJ, Herrmann A, van der Mei HC, Norde W. Pluronic-lysozyme conjugates as anti-adhesive and antibacterial bifunctional polymers for surface coating. Biomaterials 2011; 32:6333-41. [PMID: 21621257 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the preparation and characterization of polymer-protein conjugates composed of a synthetic triblock copolymer with a central polypropylene oxide (PPO) block and two terminal polyethylene oxide (PEO) segments, Pluronic F-127, and the antibacterial enzyme lysozyme attached to the telechelic groups of the PEO chains. Covalent conjugation of lysozyme proceeded via reductive amination of aldehyde functionalized PEO blocks (CHO-Pluronic) and the amine groups of the lysine residues in the protein. SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis together with MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry analysis revealed formation of conjugates of one or two lysozyme molecules per Pluronic polymer chain. The conjugated lysozyme showed antibacterial activity towards Bacillus subtilis. Analysis with a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation revealed that Pluronic-lysozyme conjugates adsorb in a brush conformation on a hydrophobic gold-coated quartz surface. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicated surface coverage of 32% by lysozyme when adsorbed from a mixture of unconjugated Pluronic and Pluronic-lysozyme conjugate (ratio 99:1) and of 47% after adsorption of 100% Pluronic-lysozyme conjugates. Thus, bifunctional brushes were created, possessing both anti-adhesive activity due to the polymer brush, combined with the antibacterial activity of lysozyme. The coating having a lower degree of lysozyme coverage proved to be more bactericidal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka K Muszanska
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, W. J. Kolff Institute, FB40, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, P.O. Box 196, 9700 AD Groningen, The Netherlands
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59
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Dehn S, Chapman R, Jolliffe KA, Perrier S. Synthetic Strategies for the Design of Peptide/Polymer Conjugates. POLYM REV 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2011.566404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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60
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Tao L, Chen G, Zhao L, Xu J, Huang E, Liu A, Marquis CP, Davis TP. Protein Release from Biodegradable PolyHPMA-Lysozyme Conjugates Resulting in Bioactivity Enhancement. Chem Asian J 2011; 6:1398-404. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201000729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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61
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62
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Li M, Li H, De P, Sumerlin BS. Thermoresponsive block copolymer-protein conjugates prepared by grafting-from via RAFT polymerization. Macromol Rapid Commun 2011; 32:354-9. [PMID: 21433183 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201000619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2010] [Revised: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Well-defined "smart" block copolymer-protein conjugates were prepared by two consecutive "grafting-from" reactions via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. The initiating portion (R-group) of the RAFT agent was anchored to a model protein such that the thiocarbonylthio moiety was readily accessible for chain transfer with propagating chains in solution. Well-defined polymer-protein conjugates of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were prepared at room temperature in aqueous media. The retained trithiocarbonate moiety on the free end group of the immobilized polymer allowed the homopolymer conjugate to be extended by polymerization of N,N-dimethylacrylamide. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, size exclusion chromatography, and NMR spectroscopy confirmed the synthesis of the various conjugates and revealed that the polymerizations were well controlled. As expected, the resulting block copolymer-protein conjugates demonstrated thermoresponsive behavior due to the temperature-sensitivity of the PNIPAM block, as evidenced by turbidity measurements and dynamic light scattering analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Avenue, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, USA
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63
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Lavigueur C, García JG, Hendriks L, Hoogenboom R, Cornelissen JJLM, Nolte RJM. Thermoresponsive giant biohybrid amphiphiles. Polym Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0py00229a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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64
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Gauthier MA, Ayer M, Kowal J, Wurm FR, Klok HA. Arginine-specific protein modification using α-oxo-aldehyde functional polymers prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization. Polym Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0py00422g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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65
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Gauthier MA, Klok HA. Arginine-Specific Modification of Proteins with Polyethylene Glycol. Biomacromolecules 2010; 12:482-93. [DOI: 10.1021/bm101272g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc A. Gauthier
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères, Bâtiment MXD, Station 12, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Harm-Anton Klok
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères, Bâtiment MXD, Station 12, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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66
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Grotzky A, Manaka Y, Kojima T, Walde P. Preparation of catalytically active, covalent α-polylysine-enzyme conjugates via UV/vis-quantifiable bis-aryl hydrazone bond formation. Biomacromolecules 2010; 12:134-44. [PMID: 21171644 DOI: 10.1021/bm101074s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Covalent UV/vis-quantifiable bis-aryl hydrazone bond formation was investigated for the preparation of conjugates between α-poly-d-lysine (PDL) and either α-chymotrypsin (α-CT) or horseradish peroxidase (HRP). PDL and the enzymes were first modified via free amino groups with the linking reagents succinimidyl 6-hydrazinonicotinate acetone hydrazone (S-HyNic, at pH 7.6) and succinimidyl 4-formylbenzoate (S-4FB, at pH 7.2), respectively. The modified PDL and enzymes were then conjugated at pH 4.7, whereby polymer chains carrying several enzymes were obtained. Kinetics of the bis-aryl hydrazone bond formation was investigated spectrophotometrically at 354 nm. Retention of the enzymatic activity after conjugate formation was confirmed by using the substrates N-succinimidyl-l-Ala-l-Ala-l-Pro-l-Phe-p-nitroanilide (for α-CT) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS, for HRP). Thus, not only a mild and efficient preparation and convenient quantification of a conjugate between the polycationic α-polylysine and enzymes could be shown, but also the complete preservation of the enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Grotzky
- Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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67
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Boyer C, Stenzel MH, Davis TP. Building nanostructures using RAFT polymerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.24482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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68
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Synthesis and characterization of thermo-responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-bovine liver catalase bioconjugate. Enzyme Microb Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2010.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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69
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Popescu D, Keul H, Möller M. Functional and reactive polymethacrylates suitable for preparation of peptide/protein–polymer conjugates. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2010.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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70
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Li X, Fan Y, Watari F. Current investigations into carbon nanotubes for biomedical application. Biomed Mater 2010; 5:22001. [DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/5/2/022001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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71
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Two-Step Enzymatic Modification of Solid-Supported Bergenin in Aqueous and Organic Media. Tetrahedron Lett 2010; 51:1220. [PMID: 20174610 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.12.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The natural flavonoid bergenin was directly immobilized onto carboxylic acid functionalized controlled pore glass (carboxy-CPG) at 95% yield. Immobilized bergenin was brominated via chloroperoxidase in aqueous solution and then transesterified with vinyl butyrate in diisopropyl ether by subtilisin carslberg (SC) extracted into the organic solvent via ion pairing. Enzymatic cleavage of 7-bromo-4-butyrylbergenin from carboxy-CPG (9.6% final yield) was accomplished using lipase B (LipB) in an aqueous/organic mixture (90/10 v/v of water/acetonitrile), demonstrating the feasibility of solid phase biocatalysis of a natural product in aqueous and non-aqueous media.
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72
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Sawada SI, Akiyoshi K. Nano-Encapsulation of Lipase by Self-Assembled Nanogels: Induction of High Enzyme Activity and Thermal Stabilization. Macromol Biosci 2010; 10:353-8. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.200900304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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73
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Li M, De P, Li H, Sumerlin BS. Conjugation of RAFT-generated polymers to proteins by two consecutive thiol–ene reactions. Polym Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c0py00025f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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74
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Velonia K. Protein-polymer amphiphilic chimeras: recent advances and future challenges. Polym Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/b9py00362b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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75
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76
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Delaittre G, Reynhout I, Cornelissen J, Nolte R. Cascade Reactions in an All-Enzyme Nanoreactor. Chemistry 2009; 15:12600-3. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200902063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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77
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Peterson JR, Smith TA, Thordarson P. Synthesis and room temperature photo-induced electron transfer in biologically active bis(terpyridine)ruthenium(II)-cytochrome c bioconjugates and the effect of solvents on the bioconjugation of cytochrome c. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 8:151-62. [PMID: 20024146 DOI: 10.1039/b919289a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photo-active bis(terpyridine)ruthenium(ii) chromophores were synthesised and attached to the redox enzyme iso-1 cytochrome c in a mixed solvent system to form photo-induced bioconjugates in greater than 40% yield after purification. The effects of up to 20% (v/v) of acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, dimethylformamide, or dimethyl sulfoxide at 4, 25 and 35 degrees C on the stability and biological activity of cytochrome c and its reactivity towards the model compound 4,4'-dithiodipyridine (DTDP) was measured. The second-order rate constant for the DTDP reaction was found to range between k = 2.5-4.3 M(-1) s(-1) for reactions with 5% organic solvent added compared to k = 5.6 M(-1) s(-1) in pure water at 25 degrees C. Use of 20% solvent generally results in significant protein oxidation, and 20% acetonitrile and tetrahydrofuran in particular result in significant protein dimerization, which competes with the bioconjugation reaction. Cyclic voltammetry studies indicated that the rate of electron transfer to the heme in solution was reduced in the bis(terpyridine)ruthenium(ii) cytochrome c bioconjugates compared to unmodified cytochrome c. Steady-state fluorescence studies on these bioconjugates showed that energy or electron transfer is taking place between the bis(terpyridine)ruthenium(ii) chromophores and cytochrome c. The bis(terpyridine)ruthenium(ii) cytochrome c bioconjugates demonstrate room temperature photo-activated electron transfer from the bis(terpyridine)ruthenium(ii) donor to the protein acceptor. Two sacrificial donors were used; in 50% glycerol, the bioconjugates were reduced in about 15 min while in 20 mM EDTA the bioconjugates were fully reduced in less than 5 min upon irradiation with a xenon lamp source. Under these conditions, the reduction of the non-covalent mixture of cytochrome c and bis(terpyridine)ruthenium(ii) mixtures took over 30 min. Control experiments showed that the photo-induced reduction of cytochrome c only occurs in the absence of oxygen and presence of a sacrificial donor. These results are encouraging for future incorporation of these bioconjugates in light-responsive bioelectronic circuits, including photo-activated biosensors and biofuel cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua R Peterson
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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78
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Iha RK, Wooley KL, Nyström AM, Burke DJ, Kade MJ, Hawker CJ. Applications of orthogonal "click" chemistries in the synthesis of functional soft materials. Chem Rev 2009; 109:5620-86. [PMID: 19905010 PMCID: PMC3165017 DOI: 10.1021/cr900138t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1172] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon K. Iha
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Radiology, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Karen L. Wooley
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Radiology, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842
| | - Andreas M. Nyström
- Cancer Center Karolinska, Department of Oncology-Pathology CCK, R8:03 Karolinska Hospital and Institute, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel J. Burke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Materials, and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Matthew J. Kade
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Materials, and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Craig J. Hawker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Materials, and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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79
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Boyer C, Bulmus V, Davis TP, Ladmiral V, Liu J, Perrier S. Bioapplications of RAFT Polymerization. Chem Rev 2009; 109:5402-36. [DOI: 10.1021/cr9001403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 829] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Sciences & Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia, Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Biotechnology & Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia, and Key Centre for Polymers & Colloids, School of Chemistry, Building F11, Eastern Avenue, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Volga Bulmus
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Sciences & Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia, Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Biotechnology & Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia, and Key Centre for Polymers & Colloids, School of Chemistry, Building F11, Eastern Avenue, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Thomas P. Davis
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Sciences & Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia, Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Biotechnology & Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia, and Key Centre for Polymers & Colloids, School of Chemistry, Building F11, Eastern Avenue, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Vincent Ladmiral
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Sciences & Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia, Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Biotechnology & Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia, and Key Centre for Polymers & Colloids, School of Chemistry, Building F11, Eastern Avenue, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jingquan Liu
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Sciences & Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia, Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Biotechnology & Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia, and Key Centre for Polymers & Colloids, School of Chemistry, Building F11, Eastern Avenue, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Sébastien Perrier
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Sciences & Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia, Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Biotechnology & Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia, and Key Centre for Polymers & Colloids, School of Chemistry, Building F11, Eastern Avenue, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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80
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Xu J, Boyer C, Bulmus V, Davis TP. Synthesis of dendritic carbohydrate end-functional polymers via RAFT: Versatile multi-functional precursors for bioconjugations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.23482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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81
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van Dongen SFM, de Hoog HPM, Peters RJRW, Nallani M, Nolte RJM, van Hest JCM. Biohybrid Polymer Capsules. Chem Rev 2009; 109:6212-74. [DOI: 10.1021/cr900072y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stijn F. M. van Dongen
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and Institute of Materials Research & Engineering (IMRE), Research Link 3, Singapore 117602, Singapore
| | - Hans-Peter M. de Hoog
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and Institute of Materials Research & Engineering (IMRE), Research Link 3, Singapore 117602, Singapore
| | - Ruud J. R. W. Peters
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and Institute of Materials Research & Engineering (IMRE), Research Link 3, Singapore 117602, Singapore
| | - Madhavan Nallani
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and Institute of Materials Research & Engineering (IMRE), Research Link 3, Singapore 117602, Singapore
| | - Roeland J. M. Nolte
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and Institute of Materials Research & Engineering (IMRE), Research Link 3, Singapore 117602, Singapore
| | - Jan C. M. van Hest
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and Institute of Materials Research & Engineering (IMRE), Research Link 3, Singapore 117602, Singapore
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82
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Dirks A(TJ, Cornelissen JJLM, Nolte RJM. Monitoring Protein−Polymer Conjugation by a Fluorogenic Cu(I)-Catalyzed Azide−Alkyne 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition. Bioconjug Chem 2009; 20:1129-38. [DOI: 10.1021/bc8004667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. (Ton) J. Dirks
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen J. L. M. Cornelissen
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Roeland J. M. Nolte
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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83
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Synthesis and characterization of a methacrylic polyelectrolyte capable of reacting with primary amines at room temperature in water. POLYMER 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2009.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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84
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Rosenberger N, Studer A, Takatani N, Nakajima H, Watanabe Y. Synthese von Azurin-Poly(N-Isopropylacrylamid)-Konjugaten durch zielgerichtete Mutagenese und deren temperaturabhängiges Verhalten im Elektronentransferprozess. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200804440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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85
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Rosenberger N, Studer A, Takatani N, Nakajima H, Watanabe Y. Azurin-Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Conjugates by Site-Directed Mutagenesis and their Thermosensitive Behavior in Electron-Transfer Processes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:1946-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200804440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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86
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Thordarson P, Payne RJ. The Inaugural Australian Workshop on Bioconjugate Chemistry, UNSW 2008. Aust J Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1071/ch09412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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87
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Goldstein DC, Thordarson P, Peterson JR. The Bioconjugation of Redox Proteins to Novel Electrode Materials. Aust J Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1071/ch09240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The immobilization of redox proteins on electrode surfaces has been crucial for understanding the fundamentals of electron transfer in biological systems and has led to the development of biosensors and other bioelectronic devices. Novel materials, such as carbon nanotubes, gold and other metallic nanoparticles, carbon nanofibre and mesoporous materials have been widely used in the construction of these bioelectrodes, and have been shown to greatly improve the efficiency of electron transfer between the electrode and the redox centre of the protein. The use of these materials has spawned a diversity of covalent and non-covalent techniques for protein immobilization that offer different advantages and disadvantages to the performance of the bioelectrode. This review covers the important properties of these novel electrode materials relevant to the bioconjugation of proteins, and discusses the various methods of attachment from recent examples in the literature.
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88
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van Dongen SFM, Teeuwen RLM, Nallani M, van Berkel SS, Cornelissen JJLM, Nolte RJM, van Hest JCM. Single-step azide introduction in proteins via an aqueous diazo transfer. Bioconjug Chem 2009; 20:20-3. [PMID: 19099498 DOI: 10.1021/bc8004304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The controlled introduction of azides in proteins provides targetable handles for selective protein manipulation. We present here an efficient diazo transfer protocol that can be applied in an aqueous solution, leading to the facile introduction of azides in the side chains of lysine residues and at the N-terminus of enzymes, e.g. horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and the red fluorescent protein DsRed. The effective introduction of azides was verified by mass spectrometry, after which the azido-proteins were used in Cu(I)-catalyzed [3 + 2] cycloaddition reactions. Azido-HRP retained its catalytic activity after conjugation of a small molecule. This modified protein could also be successfully immobilized on the surface of an acetylene-covered polymersome. Azido-DsRed was coupled to an acetylene-bearing protein allowing it to act as a fluorescent label, demonstrating the wide applicability of the diazo transfer procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stijn F M van Dongen
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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89
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Ruehl J, Morimoto C, Stevens DJ, Braslau R. Carboxylic acid- and hydroxy-functionalized alkoxyamine initiators for nitroxide mediated radical polymerization. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2008.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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90
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Le Droumaguet B, Velonia K. In Situ ATRP-Mediated Hierarchical Formation of Giant Amphiphile Bionanoreactors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:6263-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200801007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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91
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Le Droumaguet B, Velonia K. In Situ ATRP-Mediated Hierarchical Formation of Giant Amphiphile Bionanoreactors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200801007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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92
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Boyer C, Liu J, Bulmus V, Davis TP, Barner-Kowollik C, Stenzel MH. Direct Synthesis of Well-Defined Heterotelechelic Polymers for Bioconjugations. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma800289u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, The University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jingquan Liu
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, The University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Volga Bulmus
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, The University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Thomas P. Davis
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, The University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, The University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Martina H. Stenzel
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, The University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
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93
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Le Droumaguet B, Velonia K. Click Chemistry: A Powerful Tool to Create Polymer‐Based Macromolecular Chimeras. Macromol Rapid Commun 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200800155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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94
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Site-directed PEGylation as successful approach to improve the enzyme replacement in the case of prolidase. Int J Pharm 2008; 358:230-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2008] [Revised: 03/11/2008] [Accepted: 03/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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95
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Schoffelen S, Lambermon MHL, van Eldijk MB, van Hest JCM. Site-specific modification of Candida antarctica lipase B via residue-specific incorporation of a non-canonical amino acid. Bioconjug Chem 2008; 19:1127-31. [PMID: 18461981 DOI: 10.1021/bc800019v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In order to modify proteins in a controlled way, new functionalities need to be introduced in a defined manner. One way to accomplish this is by the incorporation of a non-natural amino acid of which the side chain can selectively be reacted to other molecules. We have investigated whether the relatively simple method of residue-specific replacement of methionine by azidohomoalanine can be used to achieve monofunctionalization of the model enzyme Candida antarctica lipase B. A protein variant was engineered with one additional methionine residue. Due to the high hydrophobicity and low abundance of methionine, this was the only residue out of five that was exposed to the solvent. The use of the Cu (I)-catalyzed [3 + 2] cycloaddition under native conditions resulted in a monofunctionalized enzyme which retained hydrolytic activity. The strategy can be considered a convenient tool to modify proteins at a single position as long as one solvent-exposed methionine is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne Schoffelen
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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96
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Genome-free Viral Capsids as Carriers for Positron Emission Tomography Radiolabels. Mol Imaging Biol 2008; 10:182-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s11307-008-0136-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2007] [Accepted: 01/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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97
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Gauthier MA, Klok HA. Peptide/protein-polymer conjugates: synthetic strategies and design concepts. Chem Commun (Camb) 2008:2591-611. [PMID: 18535687 DOI: 10.1039/b719689j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 378] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This feature article provides a compilation of tools available for preparing well-defined peptide/protein-polymer conjugates, which are defined as hybrid constructs combining (i) a defined number of peptide/protein segments with uniform chain lengths and defined monomer sequences (primary structure) with (ii) a defined number of synthetic polymer chains. The first section describes methods for post-translational, or direct, introduction of chemoselective handles onto natural or synthetic peptides/proteins. Addressed topics include the residue- and/or site-specific modification of peptides/proteins at Arg, Asp, Cys, Gln, Glu, Gly, His, Lys, Met, Phe, Ser, Thr, Trp, Tyr and Val residues and methods for producing peptides/proteins containing non-canonical amino acids by peptide synthesis and protein engineering. In the second section, methods for introducing chemoselective groups onto the side-chain or chain-end of synthetic polymers produced by radical, anionic, cationic, metathesis and ring-opening polymerization are described. The final section discusses convergent and divergent strategies for covalently assembling polymers and peptides/proteins. An overview of the use of chemoselective reactions such as Heck, Sonogashira and Suzuki coupling, Diels-Alder cycloaddition, Click chemistry, Staudinger ligation, Michael's addition, reductive alkylation and oxime/hydrazone chemistry for the convergent synthesis of peptide/protein-polymer conjugates is given. Divergent approaches for preparing peptide/protein-polymer conjugates which are discussed include peptide synthesis from synthetic polymer supports, polymerization from peptide/protein macroinitiators or chain transfer agents and the polymerization of peptide side-chain monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc A Gauthier
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Institut des Matériaux, Laboratoire des Polymères, Bâtiment MXD, Station 12, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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98
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Site-specific modification and PEGylation of pharmaceutical proteins mediated by transglutaminase. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2008; 60:13-28. [PMID: 17916398 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2007.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2007] [Accepted: 06/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Transglutaminase (TGase, E.C. 2.3.2.13) catalyzes acyl transfer reactions between the gamma-carboxamide groups of protein-bound glutamine (Gln) residues, which serve as acyl donors, and primary amines, resulting in the formation of new gamma-amides of glutamic acid and ammonia. By using an amino-derivative of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG-NH(2)) as substrate for the enzymatic reaction with TGase it is possible to covalently bind the PEG polymer to proteins of pharmaceutical interest. In our laboratory, we have conducted experiments aimed to modify proteins of known structure using TGase and, surprisingly, we were able to obtain site-specific modification or PEGylation of protein-bound Gln residue(s) in the protein substrates. For example, in apomyoglobin (apoMb, myoglobin devoid of heme) only Gln91 was modified and in human growth hormone only Gln40 and Gln141, despite these proteins having many more Gln residues. Moreover, we noticed that these proteins suffered highly selective limited proteolysis phenomena at the same chain regions being attacked by TGase. We have analysed also the results of other published experiments of TGase-mediated modification or PEGylation of several proteins in terms of protein structure and dynamics, among them alpha-lactalbumin and interleukin-2, as well as disordered proteins. A noteworthy correlation was observed between chain regions of high temperature factor (B-factor) determined crystallographically and sites of TGase attack and limited proteolysis, thus emphasizing the role of chain mobility or local unfolding in dictating site-specific enzymatic modification. We propose that enhanced chain flexibility favors limited enzymatic reactions on polypeptide substrates by TGases and proteases, as well as by other enzymes involved in a number of site-specific post-translational modifications of proteins, such as phosphorylation and glycosylation. Therefore, it is possible to predict the site(s) of TGase-mediated modification and PEGylation of a therapeutic protein on the basis of its structure and dynamics and, consequently, the likely effects of modifications on the functional properties of the protein.
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99
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Brocchini S, Godwin A, Balan S, Choi JW, Zloh M, Shaunak S. Disulfide bridge based PEGylation of proteins. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2008; 60:3-12. [PMID: 17920720 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2007.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2007] [Accepted: 06/28/2007] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PEGylation is a clinically proven strategy for increasing the therapeutic efficacy of protein-based medicines. Our approach to site-specific PEGylation exploits the thiol selective chemistry of the two cysteine sulfur atoms from an accessible disulfide. It involves two key steps: (1) disulfide reduction to release the two cystine thiols, and (2) bis-alkylation to give a three-carbon bridge to which PEG is covalently attached. During this process, irreversible denaturation of the protein does not occur. Mechanistically, the conjugation is conducted by a sequential, interactive bis-alkylation using alpha,beta-unsaturated-beta'-mono-sulfone functionalized PEG reagents. The combination of: - (a) maintaining the protein's tertiary structure after reduction of a disulfide, (b) bis-thiol selectivity of the PEG reagent, and (c) PEG associated steric shielding ensure that only one PEG molecule is conjugated at each disulfide. Our studies have shown that peptides, proteins, enzymes and antibody fragments can be site-specifically PEGylated using a native and accessible disulfide without destroying the molecules' tertiary structure or abolishing its biological activity. As the stoichiometric efficiency of our approach also enables recycling of any unreacted protein, it offers the potential to make PEGylated biopharmaceuticals as cost-effective medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Brocchini
- Department of Pharmaceutics, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29/39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK.
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100
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Kostiainen MA, Szilvay GR, Lehtinen J, Smith DK, Linder MB, Urtti A, Ikkala O. Precisely defined protein-polymer conjugates: construction of synthetic DNA binding domains on proteins by using multivalent dendrons. ACS NANO 2007; 1:103-113. [PMID: 19206526 DOI: 10.1021/nn700053y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Nature has evolved proteins and enzymes to carry out a wide range of sophisticated tasks. Proteins modified with functional polymers possess many desirable physical and chemical properties and have applications in nanobiotechnology. Here we describe multivalent Newkome-type polyamine dendrons that function as synthetic DNA binding domains, which can be conjugated with proteins. These polyamine dendrons employ naturally occurring spermine surface groups to bind DNA with high affinity and are attached onto protein surfaces in a site-specific manner to yield well-defined one-to-one protein-polymer conjugates, where the number of dendrons and their attachment site on the protein surface are precisely known. This precise structure is achieved by using N-maleimido-core dendrons that selectively react via 1,4-conjugate addition with a single free thiol group on the protein surface--either Cys-34 of bovine serum albumin (BSA) or a genetically engineered cysteine mutant of Class II hydrophobin (HFBI). This reaction can be conducted in mild aqueous solutions (pH 7.2-7.4) and at ambient temperature, resulting in BSA- and HFBI-dendron conjugates. The protein-dendron conjugates constitute a specific biosynthetic diblock copolymer and bind DNA with high affinity, as shown by ethidium bromide displacement assay. Importantly, even the low-molecular-weight first-generation polyamine dendron (1 kDa) can bind a large BSA protein (66.4 kDa) to DNA with relatively good affinity. Preliminary gene transfection, cytotoxicity, and self-assembly studies establish the relevance of this methodology for in vitro applications, such as gene therapy and surface patterning. These results encourage further developments in protein-dendron block copolymer-like conjugates and will allow the advance of functional biomimetic nanoscale materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauri A Kostiainen
- Department of Engineering, Physics, and Mathematics and Center for New Materials, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O. Box 2200, 02015 HUT, Espoo, Finland.
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