51
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Promoter library-based module combination (PLMC) technology for optimization of threonine biosynthesis in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:4117-4130. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8911-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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52
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Małachowska A, Olszewski P. TECS: a toxin expression control strategy as a tool for optimization of inducible promoters. Microb Cell Fact 2018. [PMID: 29534758 PMCID: PMC5851080 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-018-0891-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transcriptional control of gene expression is a widely utilized regulatory mechanism in synthetic biology, biotechnology and recombinant protein production. It is achieved by utilization of naturally occurring promoters responding to nutrients or chemicals. Despite their regulatory properties, these promoters often possess features which diminish their utility for biotechnology. High basal expression level and low induction ratio can be removed using genetic engineering techniques, although this process is often laborious and time-consuming. Results In order to facilitate optimization process for inducible promoters, we developed a simple method based on a conditional toxin expression which we abbreviate as toxin expression control strategy (TECS). In the presence of sucrose, SacB enzyme from Bacillus subtilis synthesizes levans which cause Eschericha coli cell lysis. However, in the absence of sucrose the enzyme does not affect the growth of the host. We utilized this feature to develop a two-step protocol allowing for efficient selection of inducible promoter variants. Using TECS we were able to modify the well-described pBAD promoter to decrease its leakage while maintaining high activity upon induction. Furthermore, we used the method to test transcriptional interference of lambda phage-derived sequence and optimize it for higher induction levels through random mutagenesis. Conclusions We show that TECS is an efficient tool for optimization and development of inducible promoter systems in E. coli. Our strategy is very effective in the selection of promoter variants with improved properties. Its simplicity and short hands-on time make it an attractive method to optimize existing promoters and to construct novel, engineered genetic elements which improve properties of an inducible promoter system. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12934-018-0891-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Małachowska
- Department of Genetics and Biosystematics, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Paweł Olszewski
- Department of Genetics and Biosystematics, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.
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53
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Liu C, Zhang B, Liu YM, Yang KQ, Liu SJ. New Intracellular Shikimic Acid Biosensor for Monitoring Shikimate Synthesis in Corynebacterium glutamicum. ACS Synth Biol 2018; 7:591-601. [PMID: 29087704 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.7b00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The quantitative monitoring of intracellular metabolites with in vivo biosensors provides an efficient means of identifying high-yield strains and observing product accumulation in real time. In this study, a shikimic acid (SA) biosensor was constructed from a LysR-type transcriptional regulator (ShiR) of Corynebacterium glutamicum. The SA biosensor specifically responded to the increase of intracellular SA concentration over a linear range of 19.5 ± 3.6 to 120.9 ± 1.2 fmole at the single-cell level. This new SA biosensor was successfully used to (1) monitor the SA production of different C. glutamicum strains; (2) develop a novel result-oriented high-throughput ribosome binding site screening and sorting strategy that was used for engineering high-yield shikimate-producing strains; and (3) engineer a whole-cell biosensor through the coexpression of the SA sensor and a shikimate transporter shiA gene in C. glutamicum RES167. This work demonstrated that a new intracellular SA biosensor is a valuable tool facilitating the fast development of microbial SA producer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- State Key Laboratory
of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, West Beichen Road No.1, 100101 Beijing, PR China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, PR China
| | - Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory
of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, West Beichen Road No.1, 100101 Beijing, PR China
- Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014 Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Yi-Ming Liu
- State Key Laboratory
of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, West Beichen Road No.1, 100101 Beijing, PR China
| | - Ke-Qian Yang
- State Key Laboratory
of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, West Beichen Road No.1, 100101 Beijing, PR China
| | - Shuang-Jiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory
of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, West Beichen Road No.1, 100101 Beijing, PR China
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54
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Zhang B, Ren LQ, Yu M, Zhou Y, Ye BC. Enhanced l-ornithine production by systematic manipulation of l-ornithine metabolism in engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum S9114. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 250:60-68. [PMID: 29153651 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
l-Ornithine is a non-protein amino acid with extensive applications in medicine and the food industry. Currently, l-ornithine is produced by microbial fermentation; however, this process needs to be further improved in terms of l-ornithine productivity and cost reduction. In this study, overexpression of LysE was observed to increase l-ornithine production in engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum S9114. To overcome the drawbacks of using a plasmid to express LysE, Ptac, a strong promoter, was inserted in the upstream region of lysE on the chromosome. This strain was further engineered by attenuating the expression of ncgl2228 and proB, and enhancing the expression of gdh and argCJBD. Combination of those targets resulted in l-ornithine production at a titer of 25 g/L, which was 63.4% higher than that produced by the original strain (15.3 g/L). These results demonstrated the positive effects of overexpressing LysE on l-ornithine production and provided novel targets for developing l-ornithine-producing C. glutamicum strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- Laboratory of Biosystems and Microanalysis, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Li-Quan Ren
- Laboratory of Biosystems and Microanalysis, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Miao Yu
- Laboratory of Biosystems and Microanalysis, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Laboratory of Biosystems and Microanalysis, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Bang-Ce Ye
- Laboratory of Biosystems and Microanalysis, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China.
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55
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A set of synthetic versatile genetic control elements for the efficient expression of genes in Actinobacteria. Sci Rep 2018; 8:491. [PMID: 29323285 PMCID: PMC5765039 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18846-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The design and engineering of secondary metabolite gene clusters that are characterized by complicated genetic organization, require the development of collections of well-characterized genetic control elements that can be reused reliably. Although a few intrinsic terminators and RBSs are used routinely, their translation and termination efficiencies have not been systematically studied in Actinobacteria. Here, we analyzed the influence of the regions surrounding RBSs on gene expression in these bacteria. We demonstrated that inappropriate RBSs can reduce the expression efficiency of a gene to zero. We developed a genetic device – an in vivo RBS-selector – that allows selection of an optimal RBS for any gene of interest, enabling rational control of the protein expression level. In addition, a genetic tool that provides the opportunity for measurement of termination efficiency was developed. Using this tool, we found strong terminators that lead to a 17–100-fold reduction in downstream expression and are characterized by sufficient sequence diversity to reduce homologous recombination when used with other elements. For the first time, a C-terminal degradation tag was employed for the control of protein stability in Streptomyces. Finally, we describe a collection of regulatory elements that can be used to control metabolic pathways in Actinobacteria.
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56
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Shang X, Chai X, Lu X, Li Y, Zhang Y, Wang G, Zhang C, Liu S, Zhang Y, Ma J, Wen T. Native promoters of Corynebacterium glutamicum and its application in L-lysine production. Biotechnol Lett 2017; 40:383-391. [PMID: 29164417 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-017-2479-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify useful native promoters of Corynebacterium glutamicum for fine-tuning of gene expression in metabolic engineering. RESULTS Sixteen native promoters of C. glutamicum were characterized. These promoters covered a strength range of 31-fold with small increments and exhibited relatively stable activity during the whole growth phase using β-galactosidase as the reporter. The mRNA level and enzymatic activity of the lacZ reporter gene exhibited high correlation (R 2 = 0.96) under the control of these promoters. Sequence analysis found that strong promoters had high similarity of the -10 hexamer to the consensus sequence and preference of the AT-rich UP element upstream the -35 region. To test the utility of the promoter library, the characterized native promoters were applied to modulate the sucCD-encoded succinyl-CoA synthetase expression for L-lysine overproduction. CONCLUSIONS The native promoters with various strengths realize the efficient and precise regulation of gene expression in metabolic engineering of C. glutamicum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuling Shang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xin Chai
- Beijing Zhongke EPPEN Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100085, China.,Ningxia EPPEN Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yongning, 750100, Ningxia, China
| | - Xuemei Lu
- Beijing Zhongke EPPEN Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100085, China.,Ningxia EPPEN Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yongning, 750100, Ningxia, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Beijing Zhongke EPPEN Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100085, China.,Ningxia EPPEN Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yongning, 750100, Ningxia, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Guoqiang Wang
- Beijing Zhongke EPPEN Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100085, China.,Ningxia EPPEN Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yongning, 750100, Ningxia, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Beijing Zhongke EPPEN Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100085, China.,Ningxia EPPEN Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yongning, 750100, Ningxia, China
| | - Shuwen Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jiyin Ma
- Beijing Zhongke EPPEN Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100085, China.,Ningxia EPPEN Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yongning, 750100, Ningxia, China
| | - Tingyi Wen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China. .,Beijing Zhongke EPPEN Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100085, China. .,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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57
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Yang G, Jia D, Jin L, Jiang Y, Wang Y, Jiang W, Gu Y. Rapid Generation of Universal Synthetic Promoters for Controlled Gene Expression in Both Gas-Fermenting and Saccharolytic Clostridium Species. ACS Synth Biol 2017; 6:1672-1678. [PMID: 28602076 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.7b00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Engineering solventogenic clostridia, a group of important industrial microorganisms, to realize their full potential in biorefinery application is still hindered by the absence of plentiful biological parts. Here, we developed an effective approach for rapid generation of a synthetic promoter library in solventogenic clostridia based on a dual-reporter system (catP-lacZ) and a widely used strong thl promoter. The yielded artificial promoters, spanning 2 orders of magnitude, comprised two modular components (the core promoter region and the spacer between RBS and the translation-initiating code), and the strongest promoter had an over 10-fold-higher activity than the original expression part Pthl. The test of these synthetic promoters in controlled expression of sadh and danK in saccharolytic C. acetobutylicum and gas-fermenting C. ljungdahlii, respectively, gave the expected phenotypes, and moreover, showed good correlation between promoter activities and phenotypic changes. The presented wide-strength-range promoters here will be useful for synthetic biology application in solventogenic clostridia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaohua Yang
- Key
Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and
Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Dechen Jia
- Key
Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and
Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lin Jin
- Key
Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and
Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuqian Jiang
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
| | - Yong Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and
Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Weihong Jiang
- Key
Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and
Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- Jiangsu
National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, SICAM, 200 North Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yang Gu
- Key
Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and
Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
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58
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Engstrom MD, Pfleger BF. Transcription control engineering and applications in synthetic biology. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2017; 2:176-191. [PMID: 29318198 PMCID: PMC5655343 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In synthetic biology, researchers assemble biological components in new ways to produce systems with practical applications. One of these practical applications is control of the flow of genetic information (from nucleic acid to protein), a.k.a. gene regulation. Regulation is critical for optimizing protein (and therefore activity) levels and the subsequent levels of metabolites and other cellular properties. The central dogma of molecular biology posits that information flow commences with transcription, and accordingly, regulatory tools targeting transcription have received the most attention in synthetic biology. In this mini-review, we highlight many past successes and summarize the lessons learned in developing tools for controlling transcription. In particular, we focus on engineering studies where promoters and transcription terminators (cis-factors) were directly engineered and/or isolated from DNA libraries. We also review several well-characterized transcription regulators (trans-factors), giving examples of how cis- and trans-acting factors have been combined to create digital and analogue switches for regulating transcription in response to various signals. Last, we provide examples of how engineered transcription control systems have been used in metabolic engineering and more complicated genetic circuits. While most of our mini-review focuses on the well-characterized bacterium Escherichia coli, we also provide several examples of the use of transcription control engineering in non-model organisms. Similar approaches have been applied outside the bacterial kingdom indicating that the lessons learned from bacterial studies may be generalized for other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Engstrom
- Genetics-Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison College of Engineering, USA
| | - Brian F. Pfleger
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison College of Engineering, USA
- Microbiology Doctoral Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
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59
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Liu X, Zhao Z, Zhang W, Sun Y, Yang Y, Bai Z. Bicistronic expression strategy for high-level expression of recombinant proteins in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Eng Life Sci 2017; 17:1118-1125. [PMID: 32624739 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201700087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Directly using the promoter associated with 5'-untranslated region of a high-protein-abundance gene from the genome may cause low expression activity of an expression system. A bicistronic expression part containing the short 5' coding sequence of the source gene and an embedded Shine-Dalgarno sequence can cause higher expression levels of the recombinant gene in a bicistronic cassette. Here, we evaluated two methods to construct expression parts and exploited genomic sequence sources to provide specific functional sequences to complete the expression system. The architecture of the bicistronic part increased the expression levels of target genes and performed more reliably than conventional expression parts with the same promoter and 5' untranslated region. For Corynebacterium glutamicum, the strongest bicistronic part, HP-BEP4, was obtained from a heterologous sequence source, leading to a 2.24-fold increase in the expression level of fluorescent protein over constitutively expressed pXMJ19 or the production of more than 100 mg/L single-chain variable fragment (scFv). It could meet the needs of overexpressing key genes in C. glutamicum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuxia Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi P. R. China.,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology Jiangnan University Wuxi P. R. China.,The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology Jiangnan University Wuxi P. R. China
| | - Zihao Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi P. R. China.,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology Jiangnan University Wuxi P. R. China.,The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology Jiangnan University Wuxi P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi P. R. China.,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology Jiangnan University Wuxi P. R. China.,The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology Jiangnan University Wuxi P. R. China
| | - Yang Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi P. R. China.,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology Jiangnan University Wuxi P. R. China.,The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology Jiangnan University Wuxi P. R. China
| | - Yankun Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi P. R. China.,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology Jiangnan University Wuxi P. R. China.,The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology Jiangnan University Wuxi P. R. China
| | - Zhonghu Bai
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi P. R. China.,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology Jiangnan University Wuxi P. R. China.,The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology Jiangnan University Wuxi P. R. China
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60
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Abstract
The judicious choice of promoter to drive gene expression remains one of the most important considerations for synthetic biology applications. Constitutive promoter sequences isolated from nature are often used in laboratory settings or small-scale commercial production streams, but unconventional microbial chassis for new synthetic biology applications require well-characterized, robust and orthogonal promoters. This review provides an overview of the opportunities and challenges for synthetic promoter discovery and design, including molecular methodologies, such as saturation mutagenesis of flanking regions and mutagenesis by error-prone PCR, as well as the less familiar use of computational and statistical analyses for de novo promoter design.
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61
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A novel genetic tool for metabolic optimization of Corynebacterium glutamicum: efficient and repetitive chromosomal integration of synthetic promoter-driven expression libraries. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:4737-4746. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8222-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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62
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Zhou S, Du G, Kang Z, Li J, Chen J, Li H, Zhou J. The application of powerful promoters to enhance gene expression in industrial microorganisms. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 33:23. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-016-2184-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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63
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Becker J, Wittmann C. Industrial Microorganisms: Corynebacterium glutamicum. Ind Biotechnol (New Rochelle N Y) 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527807796.ch6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Judith Becker
- Saarland University; Institute of Systems Biotechnology; Campus A 15 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Christoph Wittmann
- Saarland University; Institute of Systems Biotechnology; Campus A 15 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
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64
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Wigneswaran V, Nielsen KF, Sternberg C, Jensen PR, Folkesson A, Jelsbak L. Biofilm as a production platform for heterologous production of rhamnolipids by the non-pathogenic strain Pseudomonas putida KT2440. Microb Cell Fact 2016; 15:181. [PMID: 27776509 PMCID: PMC5075983 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0581-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although a transition toward sustainable production of chemicals is needed, the physiochemical properties of certain biochemicals such as biosurfactants make them challenging to produce in conventional bioreactor systems. Alternative production platforms such as surface-attached biofilm populations could potentially overcome these challenges. Rhamnolipids are a group of biosurfactants highly relevant for industrial applications. However, they are mainly produced by the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa using hydrophobic substrates such as plant oils. As the biosynthesis is tightly regulated in P. aeruginosa a heterologous production of rhamnolipids in a safe organism can relive the production from many of these limitations and alternative substrates could be used. RESULTS In the present study, heterologous production of biosurfactants was investigated using rhamnolipids as the model compound in biofilm encased Pseudomonas putida KT2440. The rhlAB operon from P. aeruginosa was introduced into P. putida to produce mono-rhamnolipids. A synthetic promoter library was used in order to bypass the normal regulation of rhamnolipid synthesis and to provide varying expression levels of the rhlAB operon resulting in different levels of rhamnolipid production. Biosynthesis of rhamnolipids in P. putida decreased bacterial growth rate but stimulated biofilm formation by enhancing cell motility. Continuous rhamnolipid production in a biofilm was achieved using flow cell technology. Quantitative and structural investigations of the produced rhamnolipids were made by ultra performance liquid chromatography combined with high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and tandem HRMS. The predominant rhamnolipid congener produced by the heterologous P. putida biofilm was mono-rhamnolipid with two C10 fatty acids. CONCLUSION This study shows a successful application of synthetic promoter library in P. putida KT2440 and a heterologous biosynthesis of rhamnolipids in biofilm encased cells without hampering biofilm capabilities. These findings expands the possibilities of cultivation setups and paves the way for employing biofilm flow systems as production platforms for biochemicals, which as a consequence of physiochemical properties are troublesome to produce in conventional fermenter setups, or for production of compounds which are inhibitory or toxic to the production organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinoth Wigneswaran
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kristian Fog Nielsen
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Claus Sternberg
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Peter Ruhdal Jensen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anders Folkesson
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Lars Jelsbak
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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65
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Construction of genetic parts from the Corynebacterium glutamicum genome with high expression activities. Biotechnol Lett 2016; 38:2119-2126. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-016-2196-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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66
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Cleto S, Jensen JVK, Wendisch VF, Lu TK. Corynebacterium glutamicum Metabolic Engineering with CRISPR Interference (CRISPRi). ACS Synth Biol 2016; 5:375-85. [PMID: 26829286 PMCID: PMC4877668 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.5b00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Corynebacterium
glutamicum is an important organism for the
industrial production
of amino acids. Metabolic pathways in this organism are usually engineered
by conventional methods such as homologous recombination, which depends
on rare double-crossover events. To facilitate the mapping of gene
expression levels to metabolic outputs, we applied CRISPR interference
(CRISPRi) technology using deactivated Cas9 (dCas9) to repress genes
in C. glutamicum. We then determined the effects
of target repression on amino acid titers. Single-guide RNAs directing
dCas9 to specific targets reduced expression of pgi and pck up to 98%, and of pyk up
to 97%, resulting in titer enhancement ratios of l-lysine
and l-glutamate production comparable to levels achieved
by gene deletion. This approach for C. glutamicum metabolic engineering, which only requires 3 days, indicates that
CRISPRi can be used for quick and efficient metabolic pathway remodeling
without the need for gene deletions or mutations and subsequent selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Cleto
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science and Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- MIT Synthetic Biology Center, 500 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jaide VK Jensen
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science and Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- MIT Synthetic Biology Center, 500 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Genetics
of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology and CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Volker F. Wendisch
- Genetics
of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology and CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Timothy K. Lu
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science and Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- MIT Synthetic Biology Center, 500 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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67
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Metabolic engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum for the de novo production of ethylene glycol from glucose. Metab Eng 2016; 33:12-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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68
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Becker J, Gießelmann G, Hoffmann SL, Wittmann C. Corynebacterium glutamicum for Sustainable Bioproduction: From Metabolic Physiology to Systems Metabolic Engineering. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 162:217-263. [DOI: 10.1007/10_2016_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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69
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Brown AJ, James DC. Precision control of recombinant gene transcription for CHO cell synthetic biology. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 34:492-503. [PMID: 26721629 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The next generation of mammalian cell factories for biopharmaceutical production will be genetically engineered to possess both generic and product-specific manufacturing capabilities that may not exist naturally. Introduction of entirely new combinations of synthetic functions (e.g. novel metabolic or stress-response pathways), and retro-engineering of existing functional cell modules will drive disruptive change in cellular manufacturing performance. However, before we can apply the core concepts underpinning synthetic biology (design, build, test) to CHO cell engineering we must first develop practical and robust enabling technologies. Fundamentally, we will require the ability to precisely control the relative stoichiometry of numerous functional components we simultaneously introduce into the host cell factory. In this review we discuss how this can be achieved by design of engineered promoters that enable concerted control of recombinant gene transcription. We describe the specific mechanisms of transcriptional regulation that affect promoter function during bioproduction processes, and detail the highly-specific promoter design criteria that are required in the context of CHO cell engineering. The relative applicability of diverse promoter development strategies are discussed, including re-engineering of natural sequences, design of synthetic transcription factor-based systems, and construction of synthetic promoters. This review highlights the potential of promoter engineering to achieve precision transcriptional control for CHO cell synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Brown
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, England, United Kingdom
| | - David C James
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, England, United Kingdom.
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70
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Zobel S, Benedetti I, Eisenbach L, de Lorenzo V, Wierckx N, Blank LM. Tn7-Based Device for Calibrated Heterologous Gene Expression in Pseudomonas putida. ACS Synth Biol 2015; 4:1341-51. [PMID: 26133359 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.5b00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The soil bacterium Pseudomonas putida is increasingly attracting considerable interest as a platform for advanced metabolic engineering through synthetic biology approaches. However, genomic context, gene copy number, and transcription/translation interplay often introduce considerable uncertainty to the design of reliable genetic constructs. In this work, we have established a standardized heterologous expression device in which the promoter strength is the only variable; the remaining parameters of the flow have stable default values. To this end, we tailored a mini-Tn7 delivery transposon vector that inserts the constructs in a single genomic locus of P. putida's chromosome. This was then merged with a promoter insertion site, an unvarying translational coupler, and a downstream location for placing the gene(s) of interest under fixed assembly rules. This arrangement was exploited to benchmark a collection of synthetic promoters with low transcriptional noise in this bacterial host. Growth experiments and flow cytometry with single-copy promoter-GFP constructs revealed a robust, constitutive behavior of these promoters, whose strengths and properties could be faithfully compared. This standardized expression device significantly extends the repertoire of tools available for reliable metabolic engineering and other genetic enhancements of P. putida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Zobel
- Institute
of Applied Microbiology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ilaria Benedetti
- Systems
Biology Program, Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia, CSIC, C/Darwin, 3 (Campus
de Cantoblanco), Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Lara Eisenbach
- Institute
of Applied Microbiology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Victor de Lorenzo
- Systems
Biology Program, Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia, CSIC, C/Darwin, 3 (Campus
de Cantoblanco), Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Nick Wierckx
- Institute
of Applied Microbiology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Lars M. Blank
- Institute
of Applied Microbiology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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71
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Wang R, Zhu M, Ye R, Liu Z, Zhou F, Chen H, Lin Y. Novel green tissue-specific synthetic promoters and cis-regulatory elements in rice. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18256. [PMID: 26655679 PMCID: PMC4676006 DOI: 10.1038/srep18256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
As an important part of synthetic biology, synthetic promoter has gradually become a hotspot in current biology. The purposes of the present study were to synthesize green tissue-specific promoters and to discover green tissue-specific cis-elements. We first assembled several regulatory sequences related to tissue-specific expression in different combinations, aiming to obtain novel green tissue-specific synthetic promoters. GUS assays of the transgenic plants indicated 5 synthetic promoters showed green tissue-specific expression patterns and different expression efficiencies in various tissues. Subsequently, we scanned and counted the cis-elements in different tissue-specific promoters based on the plant cis-elements database PLACE and the rice cDNA microarray database CREP for green tissue-specific cis-element discovery, resulting in 10 potential cis-elements. The flanking sequence of one potential core element (GEAT) was predicted by bioinformatics. Then, the combination of GEAT and its flanking sequence was functionally identified with synthetic promoter. GUS assays of the transgenic plants proved its green tissue-specificity. Furthermore, the function of GEAT flanking sequence was analyzed in detail with site-directed mutagenesis. Our study provides an example for the synthesis of rice tissue-specific promoters and develops a feasible method for screening and functional identification of tissue-specific cis-elements with their flanking sequences at the genome-wide level in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Menglin Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Rongjian Ye
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zuoxiong Liu
- College of Foreign Language, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongjun Lin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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72
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Liu X, Yang Y, Zhang W, Sun Y, Peng F, Jeffrey L, Harvey L, McNeil B, Bai Z. Expression of recombinant protein using Corynebacterium Glutamicum: progress, challenges and applications. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2015; 36:652-64. [PMID: 25714007 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2015.1004519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Corynebacterium glutamicum (C. glutamicum) is a highly promising alternative prokaryotic host for recombinant protein expression, as it possesses several significant advantages over Escherichia coli (E. coli), the currently leading bacterial protein expression system. During the past decades, several experimental techniques and vector components for genetic manipulation of C. glutamicum have been developed and validated, including strong promoters for tightly regulating target gene expression, various types of plasmid vectors, protein secretion systems and methods of genetically modifying the host strain genome to improve protein production potential. This review critically discusses current progress in establishing C. glutamicum as a host for recombinant protein expression, and examines, in depth, some successful case studies of actual application of this expression system. The established "expression tool box" for developing novel constructs based on C. glutamicum as a host are also evaluated. Finally, the existing issues and solutions in process development with C. glutamicum as a host are specifically addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuxia Liu
- a National Engineering Laboratory of Cereal Fermentation Technology , School of Biotechnology, JiangNan University , Wuxi , China and
| | - Yankun Yang
- a National Engineering Laboratory of Cereal Fermentation Technology , School of Biotechnology, JiangNan University , Wuxi , China and
| | - Wei Zhang
- a National Engineering Laboratory of Cereal Fermentation Technology , School of Biotechnology, JiangNan University , Wuxi , China and
| | - Yang Sun
- a National Engineering Laboratory of Cereal Fermentation Technology , School of Biotechnology, JiangNan University , Wuxi , China and
| | - Feng Peng
- a National Engineering Laboratory of Cereal Fermentation Technology , School of Biotechnology, JiangNan University , Wuxi , China and
| | - Laura Jeffrey
- b Institute of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, Strathclyde University , Glasgow , UK
| | - Linda Harvey
- b Institute of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, Strathclyde University , Glasgow , UK
| | - Brian McNeil
- b Institute of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, Strathclyde University , Glasgow , UK
| | - Zhonghu Bai
- a National Engineering Laboratory of Cereal Fermentation Technology , School of Biotechnology, JiangNan University , Wuxi , China and
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73
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Becker J, Wittmann C. Advanced Biotechnology: Metabolically Engineered Cells for the Bio-Based Production of Chemicals and Fuels, Materials, and Health-Care Products. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:3328-50. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201409033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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74
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Biotechnologie von Morgen: metabolisch optimierte Zellen für die bio-basierte Produktion von Chemikalien und Treibstoffen, Materialien und Gesundheitsprodukten. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201409033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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75
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Liu C, Liu YM, Sun QL, Jiang CY, Liu SJ. Unraveling the kinetic diversity of microbial 3-dehydroquinate dehydratases of shikimate pathway. AMB Express 2015; 5:7. [PMID: 25852984 PMCID: PMC4314829 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-014-0087-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
3-Dehydroquinate dehydratase (DHQase) catalyzes the conversion of 3-dehydroquinic acid to 3-dehydroshikimic acid of the shikimate pathway. In this study, 3180 prokaryotic genomes were examined and 459 DHQase sequences were retrieved. Based on sequence analysis and their original hosts, 38 DHQase genes were selected for chemical synthesis. The selected DHQases were translated into new DNA sequences according to the genetic codon usage bias by both Escherichia coli and Corynebacterium glutamicum. The new DNA sequences were customized for synthetic biological applications by adding Biobrick adapters at both ends and by removal of any related restriction endonuclease sites. The customized DHQase genes were successfully expressed in E. coli, and functional DHQases were obtained. Kinetic parameters of Km, kcat, and Vmax of DHQases were determined with a newly established high-throughput method for DHQase activity assay. Results showed that DHQases possessed broad strength of substrate affinities and catalytic capacities. In addition to the DHQase kinetic diversities, this study generated a DHQase library with known catalytic constants that could be applied to design artificial modules of shikimate pathway for metabolic engineering and synthetic biology.
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76
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Yu AQ, Pratomo Juwono NK, Leong SSJ, Chang MW. Production of Fatty Acid-derived valuable chemicals in synthetic microbes. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2014; 2:78. [PMID: 25566540 PMCID: PMC4275033 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2014.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid derivatives, such as hydroxy fatty acids, fatty alcohols, fatty acid methyl/ethyl esters, and fatty alka(e)nes, have a wide range of industrial applications including plastics, lubricants, and fuels. Currently, these chemicals are obtained mainly through chemical synthesis, which is complex and costly, and their availability from natural biological sources is extremely limited. Metabolic engineering of microorganisms has provided a platform for effective production of these valuable biochemicals. Notably, synthetic biology-based metabolic engineering strategies have been extensively applied to refactor microorganisms for improved biochemical production. Here, we reviewed: (i) the current status of metabolic engineering of microbes that produce fatty acid-derived valuable chemicals, and (ii) the recent progress of synthetic biology approaches that assist metabolic engineering, such as mRNA secondary structure engineering, sensor-regulator system, regulatable expression system, ultrasensitive input/output control system, and computer science-based design of complex gene circuits. Furthermore, key challenges and strategies were discussed. Finally, we concluded that synthetic biology provides useful metabolic engineering strategies for economically viable production of fatty acid-derived valuable chemicals in engineered microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Qun Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore , Singapore ; Synthetic Biology Research Program, National University of Singapore , Singapore , Singapore
| | - Nina Kurniasih Pratomo Juwono
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore , Singapore ; Synthetic Biology Research Program, National University of Singapore , Singapore , Singapore
| | - Susanna Su Jan Leong
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore , Singapore ; Synthetic Biology Research Program, National University of Singapore , Singapore , Singapore ; Singapore Institute of Technology , Singapore , Singapore
| | - Matthew Wook Chang
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore , Singapore ; Synthetic Biology Research Program, National University of Singapore , Singapore , Singapore
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77
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Wang Z, Moslehi-Jenabian S, Solem C, Jensen PR. Increased expression of pyruvate carboxylase and biotin protein ligase increases lysine production in a biotin prototrophicCorynebacterium glutamicumstrain. Eng Life Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201400185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Wang
- The National Food Institute; Technical University of Denmark; Kongens Lyngby Denmark
| | | | - Christian Solem
- The National Food Institute; Technical University of Denmark; Kongens Lyngby Denmark
| | - Peter Ruhdal Jensen
- The National Food Institute; Technical University of Denmark; Kongens Lyngby Denmark
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78
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Woo HM, Park JB. Recent progress in development of synthetic biology platforms and metabolic engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum. J Biotechnol 2014; 180:43-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 02/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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