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Cunha JS, Ottoni CA, Morales SA, Silva ES, Maiorano AE, Perna RF. SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF FRUCTOSYLTRANSFERASE FROM Aspergillus oryzae IPT-301 FOR HIGH FRUCTOOLIGOSACCHARIDES PRODUCTION. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/0104-6632.20190362s20180572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristiane A. Ottoni
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Brazil; Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas, Brasil
| | | | - Elda S. Silva
- Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas, Brasil; Universidade do Minho, Portugal
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Tozakidis IEP, Lüken LM, Üffing A, Meyers A, Jose J. Improving the autotransporter-based surface display of enzymes in Pseudomonas putida KT2440. Microb Biotechnol 2019; 13:176-184. [PMID: 31044490 PMCID: PMC6922575 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas putida can be used as a host for the autotransporter‐mediated surface display of enzymes (autodisplay), resulting in whole‐cell biocatalysts with recombinant functionalities on their cell envelope. The efficiency of autotransporter‐mediated secretion depends on the N‐terminal signal peptide as well as on the C‐terminal translocator domain of autotransporter fusion proteins. We set out to optimize autodisplay for P. putida as the host bacterium by comparing different signal peptides and translocator domains for the surface display of an esterase. The translocator domain did not have a considerable effect on the activity of the whole‐cell catalysts. In contrast, by using the signal peptide of the P. putida outer membrane protein OprF, the activity was more than 12‐fold enhanced to 638 mU ml−1 OD−1 compared with the signal peptide of V. cholerae CtxB (52 mU ml−1 OD−1). This positive effect was confirmed with a β‐glucosidase as a second example enzyme. Here, cells expressing the protein with N‐terminal OprF signal peptide showed more than fourfold higher β‐glucosidase activity (181 mU ml−1 OD−1) than with the CtxB signal peptide (42 mU ml−1 OD−1). SDS‐PAGE and flow cytometry analyses indicated that the increased activities correlated with an increased amount of recombinant protein in the outer membrane and a higher number of enzymes detectable on the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iasson E P Tozakidis
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, PharmaCampus, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 48, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Lena M Lüken
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, PharmaCampus, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 48, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Alina Üffing
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, PharmaCampus, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 48, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Annika Meyers
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, PharmaCampus, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 48, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Joachim Jose
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, PharmaCampus, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 48, 48149, Münster, Germany
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53
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Zheng Y, Wang Z, Ji X, Sheng J. Display of a sucrose isomerase on the cell surface of Yarrowia lipolytica for synthesis of isomaltulose from sugar cane by-products. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:179. [PMID: 31058045 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1713-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Isomaltulose (α-d-glucopyranosyl-1,6-d-fructofuranose) is an important industrial and raw food material, which can be synthesised from the by-products of sugar cane processing through sucrose isomerization conversion. In this study, we constructed a surface display vector of sucrose isomerase from Pantoea dispersa (pSIase) by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-cell wall protein (CWP) anchor signal sequence and successfully displayed pSIase on the cell surface of Yarrowia lipolytica, thereby increasing the conversion efficiency of isomaltulose. The highest activity of the displayed pSIase reached 2910.3 U/g of cell dry weight. Compared with the free pSIase, the displayed enzyme showed good stability at a broad range of temperatures (20-45 °C). The half-life at 40 °C increased from 62 to 141 min and the deactivation constants (k d) reached 4.91 × 10-3 min-1. Using low-cost cane molasses as the substrate, the isomaltulose conversion rate remained at 85% even after 9 batches were processed, which is a highly desired outcome for industrial use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zheng
- Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Qingdao, 266071 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhipeng Wang
- Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Qingdao, 266071 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofeng Ji
- Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Qingdao, 266071 People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Sheng
- Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Qingdao, 266071 People's Republic of China
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Development of a novel bacterial surface display system using truncated OmpT as an anchoring motif. Biotechnol Lett 2019; 41:763-777. [PMID: 31025146 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-019-02676-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES An efficient bacterial surface display system based on the anchoring motif derived from Escherichia coli (E. coli) outer membrane protease OmpT was developed in this study. RESULTS Referring to the classical Lpp-OmpA (LOA) display system, the signal peptide and nine amino acids of mature Lpp were fused to the transmembrane domain comprising five β-strands of truncated OmpT to generate a novel Lpp-OmpT (LOT) display system. The C-terminal fusion strategy was used to fuse a small peptide (His tag) and red fluorescent protein (mCherry) to the C-terminus of LOT. Cell surface exposure of His tag and mCherry were compared between the LOA and LOT display systems. E. coli expressing LOT-His tag adsorbed more Cu2+ than E. coli expressing LOA-His tag. E. coli expressing both LOT-mCherry-His tag and LOA-mCherry-His tag adhered to Cu2+ chelating sepharose beads, and adhered cells could be dissociated from the beads after excess Cu2+ treatment. More importantly, compared with the LOA system, a higher amount of LOT-mCherry-His tag hybrid protein was demonstrated to be localized at the outer membrane by both fluorescence spectrophotometric determination of cell fractions and cell-surface immunofluorescence assay. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that genetically modified OmpT can be used as a potential anchoring motif to efficiently and stably display polypeptides and proteins, and that the LOT system could be used in a variety of biotechnological and industrial processes.
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55
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Oloketuyi S, Dilkaute C, Mazzega E, Jose J, de Marco A. Purification-independent immunoreagents obtained by displaying nanobodies on bacteria surface. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:4443-4453. [PMID: 30989251 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09823-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The availability of preimmune libraries of antibody fragments allows for the fast generation of binders which can be expressed in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic systems. We exploited the recombinant nature of antibody fragments to demonstrate the possibility of expressing them as functional proteins displayed on the surface of Escherichia coli and by such a way to generate living reagents ready-to-use for diagnostics. Such immunoreagents were effectively exploited without the necessity of any purification step to prepare immunocapture surfaces suitable for the diagnostic of both cancer cells and toxic microalgae. The same nanobody-displaying bacteria were also engineered to coexpress GFP in their cytoplasm. Suspensions of such living fluorescent immunoreagents effectively bound to eukaryotic cells making them visible and quantifiable by flow cytometry analysis and using 96-well plate readers. The collected data showed the suitability of such living immunoreagents for reproducible and inexpensive diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Oloketuyi
- Laboratory of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska cesta 13, SI-5000, Rožna Dolina, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - Carina Dilkaute
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, PharmaCampus, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 48, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Elisa Mazzega
- Laboratory of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska cesta 13, SI-5000, Rožna Dolina, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - Joachim Jose
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, PharmaCampus, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 48, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Ario de Marco
- Laboratory of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska cesta 13, SI-5000, Rožna Dolina, Nova Gorica, Slovenia.
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Yuan H, Wang H, Fidan O, Qin Y, Xiao G, Zhan J. Identification of new glutamate decarboxylases from Streptomyces for efficient production of γ-aminobutyric acid in engineered Escherichia coli. J Biol Eng 2019; 13:24. [PMID: 30949236 PMCID: PMC6429771 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-019-0154-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gamma (γ)-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) as a bioactive compound is used extensively in functional foods, pharmaceuticals and agro-industry. It can be biosynthesized via decarboxylation of monosodium glutamate (MSG) or L-glutamic acid (L-Glu) by glutamate decarboxylase (GAD; EC4.1.1.15). GADs have been identified from a variety of microbial sources, such as Escherichia coli and lactic acid bacteria. However, no GADs from Streptomyces have been characterized. The present study is aimed to identify new GADs from Streptomyces strains and establish an efficient bioproduction platform for GABA in E. coli using these enzymes. Results By sequencing and analyzing the genomes of three Streptomyces strains, three putative GADs were discovered, including StGAD from Streptomyces toxytricini NRRL 15443, SsGAD from Streptomyces sp. MJ654-NF4 and ScGAD from Streptomyces chromofuscus ATCC 49982. The corresponding genes were cloned from these strains and heterologously expressed in E. coli BL21(DE3). The purified GAD proteins showed a similar molecular mass to GadB from E. coli BL21(DE3). The optimal reaction temperature is 37 °C for all three enzymes, while the optimum pH values for StGAD, SsGAD and ScGAD are 5.2, 3.8 and 4.2, respectively. The kinetic parameters including Vmax, Km, kcat and kcat/Km values were investigated and calculated through in vitro reactions. SsGAD and ScGAD showed high biocatalytic efficiency with kcat/Km values of 0.62 and 1.21 mM− 1·s− 1, respectively. In addition, engineered E. coli strains harboring StGAD, SsGAD and ScGAD were used as whole-cell biocatalysts for production of GABA from L-Glu. E. coli/SsGAD showed the highest capability of GABA production. The cells were repeatedly used for 10 times, with an accumulated yield of 2.771 kg/L and an average molar conversion rate of 67% within 20 h. Conclusions Three new GADs have been functionally characterized from Streptomyces, among which two showed higher catalytic efficiency than previously reported GADs. Engineered E. coli harboring SsGAD provides a promising cost-effective bioconversion system for industrial production of GABA. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13036-019-0154-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haina Yuan
- 1Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-4105 USA.,2School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Agricultural Biological Resources Biochemical Manufacturing, Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Chem&Bio Processing Technology of Farm Produces, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, 310023 Zhejiang China
| | - Hongbo Wang
- 1Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-4105 USA
| | - Ozkan Fidan
- 1Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-4105 USA
| | - Yong Qin
- Hangzhou Viablife Biotech Co., Ltd., 1 Jingyi Road, Yuhang District, Hangzhou, 311113 Zhejiang China
| | - Gongnian Xiao
- 2School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Agricultural Biological Resources Biochemical Manufacturing, Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Chem&Bio Processing Technology of Farm Produces, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, 310023 Zhejiang China
| | - Jixun Zhan
- 1Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-4105 USA
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Liang AD, Serrano-Plana J, Peterson RL, Ward TR. Artificial Metalloenzymes Based on the Biotin-Streptavidin Technology: Enzymatic Cascades and Directed Evolution. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:585-595. [PMID: 30735358 PMCID: PMC6427477 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Artificial metalloenzymes (ArMs) result from
anchoring a metal-containing
moiety within a macromolecular scaffold (protein or oligonucleotide).
The resulting hybrid catalyst combines attractive features of both
homogeneous catalysts and enzymes. This strategy includes the possibility
of optimizing the reaction by both chemical (catalyst design) and
genetic means leading to achievement of a novel degree of (enantio)selectivity,
broadening of the substrate scope, or increased activity, among others.
In the past 20 years, the Ward group has exploited, among others,
the biotin–(strept)avidin technology to localize a catalytic
moiety within a well-defined protein environment. Streptavidin has
proven versatile for the implementation of ArMs as it offers the following
features: (i) it is an extremely robust protein scaffold, amenable
to extensive genetic manipulation and mishandling, (ii) it can be
expressed in E. coli to very high titers (up to >8
g·L–1 in fed-batch cultures), and (iii) the
cavity surrounding the biotinylated cofactor is commensurate with
the size of a typical metal-catalyzed transition state. Relying on
a chemogenetic optimization strategy, varying the orientation and
the nature of the biotinylated cofactor within genetically engineered
streptavidin, 12 reactions have been reported by the Ward group thus
far. Recent efforts within our group have focused on extending the
ArM technology to create complex systems for integration into biological
cascade reactions and in vivo. With the long-term
goal of complementing in vivo natural enzymes with
ArMs, we summarize herein three complementary
research lines: (i) With the aim of mimicking complex cross-regulation
mechanisms prevalent in metabolism, we have engineered enzyme cascades,
including cross-regulated reactions, that rely on ArMs. These efforts
highlight the remarkable (bio)compatibility and complementarity of
ArMs with natural enzymes. (ii) Additionally, multiple-turnover catalysis
in the cytoplasm of aerobic organisms was achieved with ArMs that
are compatible with a glutathione-rich environment. This feat is demonstrated
in HEK-293T cells that are engineered with a gene switch that is upregulated
by an ArM equipped with a cell-penetrating module. (iii) Finally,
ArMs offer the fascinating prospect of “endowing organometallic
chemistry with a genetic memory.” With this goal in mind, we
have identified E. coli’s periplasmic space
and surface display to compartmentalize an ArM, while maintaining
the critical phenotype–genotype linkage. This strategy offers
a straightforward means to optimize by directed evolution the catalytic
performance of ArMs. Five reactions have been optimized following
these compartmentalization strategies: ruthenium-catalyzed olefin
metathesis, ruthenium-catalyzed deallylation, iridium-catalyzed transfer
hydrogenation, dirhodium-catalyzed cyclopropanation and carbene insertion
in C–H bonds. Importantly, >100 turnovers were achieved
with
ArMs in E. coli whole cells, highlighting the multiple
turnover catalytic nature of these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria Deliz Liang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Joan Serrano-Plana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ryan L. Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas R. Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
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Sakkos JK, Wackett LP, Aksan A. Enhancement of biocatalyst activity and protection against stressors using a microbial exoskeleton. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3158. [PMID: 30816335 PMCID: PMC6395662 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40113-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole cell biocatalysts can perform numerous industrially-relevant chemical reactions. While they are less expensive than purified enzymes, whole cells suffer from inherent reaction rate limitations due to transport resistance imposed by the cell membrane. Furthermore, it is desirable to immobilize the biocatalysts to enable ease of separation from the reaction mixture. In this study, we used a layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly process to create a microbial exoskeleton which, simultaneously immobilized, protected, and enhanced the reactivity of a whole cell biocatalyst. As a proof of concept, we used Escherichia coli expressing homoprotocatechuate 2,3-dioxygenase (HPCD) as a model biocatalyst and coated it with up to ten alternating layers of poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC) and silica. The microbial exoskeleton also protected the biocatalyst against a variety of external stressors including: desiccation, freeze/thaw, exposure to high temperatures, osmotic shock, as well as against enzymatic attack by lysozyme, and predation by protozoa. While we observed increased permeability of the outer membrane after exoskeleton deposition, this had a moderate effect on the reaction rate (up to two-fold enhancement). When the exoskeleton construction was followed by detergent treatment to permeabilize the cytoplasmic membrane, up to 15-fold enhancement in the reaction rate was reached. With the exoskeleton, we increased in the reaction rate constants as much as 21-fold by running the biocatalyst at elevated temperatures ranging from 40 °C to 60 °C, a supraphysiologic temperature range not accessible by unprotected bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan K Sakkos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Lawrence P Wackett
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- The BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Alptekin Aksan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
- The BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
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59
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Yao Y, Ding Q, Ou L. Biosynthesis of (deoxy)guanosine-5'-triphosphate by GMP kinase and acetate kinase fixed on the surface of E. coli. Enzyme Microb Technol 2018; 122:82-89. [PMID: 30638512 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
(Deoxy)guanosine-5'-triphosphate (5'-(d)GTP), the precursor for synthesizing DNA or RNA in vivo, is an important raw material for various modern biotechnologies based on PCR. In this study, we investigated the application of whole-cell catalysts constructed by bacterial cell surface display in biosynthetic reactions of 5'-(d)GTP from (deoxy)guanosine-5'-monophosphate (5'-(d)GMP). By N-terminal or N- and C-terminal fusion of the ice nucleation protein, we successfully displayed the GMP kinase of Lactobacillus bulgaricus and the acetate kinase of E. coli on the surface of E. coli cells. A large amount of soluble target protein was obtained upon induction with 0.2 mM IPTG at 25 °C for 30 h. The conversion of dGMP was up to 91% when catalysed by the surface-displayed enzymes at 37 °C for 4 h. Up to 95% of the GMP was converted after 3 h of reaction. The stability of the whole-cell catalyst at 37 °C was very good. The enzyme activity was maintained above 50% after 9 rounds of recovery. Our research showed that only one-twentieth of the initial substrate concentration of added ATP was sufficient to meet the reaction requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yefeng Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Qingbao Ding
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.
| | - Ling Ou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
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Rangra S, Kabra M, Gupta V, Srivastava P. Improved conversion of Dibenzothiophene into sulfone by surface display of Dibenzothiophene monooxygenase (DszC) in recombinant Escherichia coli. J Biotechnol 2018; 287:59-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Huang GL, Gosschalk JE, Kim YS, Ogorzalek Loo RR, Clubb RT. Stabilizing displayed proteins on vegetative Bacillus subtilis cells. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:6547-6565. [PMID: 29796970 PMCID: PMC6289300 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9062-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Microbes engineered to display heterologous proteins could be useful biotechnological tools for protein engineering, lignocellulose degradation, biocatalysis, bioremediation, and biosensing. Bacillus subtilis is a promising host to display proteins, as this model Gram-positive bacterium is genetically tractable and already used industrially to produce enzymes. To gain insight into the factors that affect displayed protein stability and copy number, we systematically compared the ability of different protease-deficient B. subtilis strains (WB800, BRB07, BRB08, and BRB14) to display a Cel8A-LysM reporter protein in which the Clostridium thermocellum Cel8A endoglucanase is fused to LysM cell wall binding modules. Whole-cell cellulase measurements and fractionation experiments demonstrate that genetically eliminating extracytoplasmic bacterial proteases improves Cel8A-LysM display levels. However, upon entering stationary phase, for all protease-deficient strains, the amount of displayed reporter dramatically decreases, presumably as a result of cellular autolysis. This problem can be partially overcome by adding chemical protease inhibitors, which significantly increase protein display levels. We conclude that strain BRB08 is well suited for stably displaying our reporter protein, as genetic removal of its extracellular and cell wall-associated proteases leads to the highest levels of surface-accumulated Cel8A-LysM without causing secretion stress or impairing growth. A two-step procedure is presented that enables the construction of enzyme-coated vegetative B. subtilis cells that retain stable cell-associated enzyme activity for nearly 3 days. The results of this work could aid the development of whole-cell display systems that have useful biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace L Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- UCLA-DOE Institute of Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jason E Gosschalk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Ye Seong Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Rachel R Ogorzalek Loo
- UCLA-DOE Institute of Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Robert T Clubb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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Abstract
The continuous flow synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients, value-added chemicals, and materials has grown tremendously over the past ten years. This revolution in chemical manufacturing has resulted from innovations in both new methodology and technology. This field, however, has been predominantly focused on synthetic organic chemistry, and the use of biocatalysts in continuous flow systems is only now becoming popular. Although immobilized enzymes and whole cells in batch systems are common, their continuous flow counterparts have grown rapidly over the past two years. With continuous flow systems offering improved mixing, mass transfer, thermal control, pressurized processing, decreased variation, automation, process analytical technology, and in-line purification, the combination of biocatalysis and flow chemistry opens powerful new process windows. This Review explores continuous flow biocatalysts with emphasis on new technology, enzymes, whole cells, co-factor recycling, and immobilization methods for the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, value-added chemicals, and materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Britton
- Departments of Chemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, USA.
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63
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Zhang Y, Dong W, Lv Z, Liu J, Zhang W, Zhou J, Xin F, Ma J, Jiang M. Surface Display of Bacterial Laccase CotA on Escherichia coli Cells and its Application in Industrial Dye Decolorization. Mol Biotechnol 2018; 60:681-689. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-018-0103-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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64
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Zhang Y, Fan Y, Zhang W, Wu G, Wang J, Cheng F, Zheng J, Wang Z. Bio-preparation of (R)-DMPM using whole cells of Pseudochrobactrum asaccharolyticum WZZ003 and its application on kilogram-scale synthesis of fungicide (R)-metalaxyl. Biotechnol Prog 2018; 34:921-928. [PMID: 29694734 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Methyl (R)-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)alaninate ((R)-DMPM) is a key chiral intermediate for the production of (R)-metalaxyl, which is one of the best-selling fungicides. A new strain, Pseudochrobactrum asaccharolyticum WZZ003, was identified as a biocatalyst for the enantioselective hydrolysis of (R,S)-DMPM. The key parameters including pH, temperature, rotation speed and substrate concentrations were optimized in the enantioselective hydrolysis of (R,S)-DMPM. After the 48 h hydrolysis of 256 mM (R,S)-DMPM under the optimized reaction conditions, the enantiomeric excess of product (e.e.p ) was up to 99% and the conversion was nearly 50%. Subsequently, the unhydrolyzed (S)-DMPM was converted to (R,S)-DMPM through the n-butanal-catalyzed racemization. Furthermore, stereoselective hydrolysis of (R,S)-DMPM catalyzed by whole cells of P. asaccharolyticum WZZ003 was scaled up to kilogram-scale, offering (R)-MAP-acid with 98.6% e.e.p and 48.0% yield. Moreover, (R)-metalaxyl was prepared at kilogram scale after subsequent esterification and coupling reactions. Therefore, a practical production process of (R)-DMPM and (R)-metalaxyl with the prospect of industrialization was developed in this study. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 34:921-928, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinjun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Yicheng Fan
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Guanzhong Wu
- Yifan Biotechnology Group Co. Ltd., 325000, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Jinghong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Feng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Jianyong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
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Li K, Wang J, Wu K, Zheng D, Zhou X, Han W, Wan N, Cui B, Chen Y. Enantioselective synthesis of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline-4-ols and 2,3-dihydroquinolin-4(1H)-ones via a sequential asymmetric hydroxylation/diastereoselective oxidation process using Rhodococcus equi ZMU-LK19. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 15:3580-3584. [PMID: 28177033 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob00151g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A cascade biocatalysis system involving asymmetric hydroxylation and diastereoselective oxidation was developed using Rhodococcus equi ZMU-LK19, which gave chiral 2-substituted-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline-4-ols (2) (up to 57% isolated yield, 99 : 1 dr, and >99% ee) and chiral 2-substituted-2,3-dihydroquinolin-4(1H)-ones (3) (up to 25% isolated yield, and >99% ee) from (±)-2-substituted-tetrahydroquinolines (1). In addition, a possible mechanism for this cascade biocatalysis was tentatively proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Li
- Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China.
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66
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Blank M, Schweiger P. Surface display for metabolic engineering of industrially important acetic acid bacteria. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4626. [PMID: 29637028 PMCID: PMC5890722 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetic acid bacteria have unique metabolic characteristics that suit them for a variety of biotechnological applications. They possess an arsenal of membrane-bound dehydrogenases in the periplasmic space that are capable of regiospecific and enantioselective partial oxidations of sugars, alcohols, and polyols. The resulting products are deposited directly into the medium where they are easily recovered for use as pharmaceutical precursors, industrial chemicals, food additives, and consumer products. Expression of extracytoplasmic enzymes to augment the oxidative capabilities of acetic acid bacteria is desired but is challenging due to the already crowded inner membrane. To this end, an original surface display system was developed to express recombinant enzymes at the outer membrane of the model acetic acid bacterium Gluconobacter oxydans. Outer membrane porin F (OprF) was used to deliver alkaline phosphatase (PhoA) to the cell surface. Constitutive high-strength p264 and moderate-strength p452 promoters were used to direct expression of the surface display system. This system was demonstrated for biocatalysis in whole-cell assays with the p264 promoter having a twofold increase in PhoA activity compared to the p452 promoter. Proteolytic cleavage of PhoA from the cell surface confirmed proper delivery to the outer membrane. Furthermore, a linker library was constructed to optimize surface display. A rigid (EAAAK)1 linker led to the greatest improvement, increasing PhoA activity by 69%. This surface display system could be used both to extend the capabilities of acetic acid bacteria in current biotechnological processes, and to broaden the potential of these microbes in the production of value-added products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshal Blank
- Biology Department, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, USA
| | - Paul Schweiger
- Department of Microbiology, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI, USA
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67
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The Role of Yeast-Surface-Display Techniques in Creating Biocatalysts for Consolidated BioProcessing. Catalysts 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/catal8030094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change is directly linked to the rapid depletion of our non-renewable fossil resources and has posed concerns on sustainability. Thus, imploring the need for us to shift from our fossil based economy to a sustainable bioeconomy centered on biomass utilization. The efficient bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass (an ideal feedstock) to a platform chemical, such as bioethanol, can be achieved via the consolidated bioprocessing technology, termed yeast surface engineering, to produce yeasts that are capable of this feat. This approach has various strategies that involve the display of enzymes on the surface of yeast to degrade the lignocellulosic biomass, then metabolically convert the degraded sugars directly into ethanol, thus elevating the status of yeast from an immobilization material to a whole-cell biocatalyst. The performance of the engineered strains developed from these strategies are presented, visualized, and compared in this article to highlight the role of this technology in moving forward to our quest against climate change. Furthermore, the qualitative assessment synthesized in this work can serve as a reference material on addressing the areas of improvement of the field and on assessing the capability and potential of the different yeast surface display strategies on the efficient degradation, utilization, and ethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass.
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68
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Biotechnical production of trehalose through the trehalose synthase pathway: current status and future prospects. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:2965-2976. [PMID: 29460000 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8814-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Trehalose (α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 1)-α-D-glucopyranoside) is a non-reducing disaccharide composed of two glucose molecules linked by an α,α-1,1-glycosidic bond. It possesses physicochemical properties, which account for its biological roles in a variety of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms and invertebrates. Intensive studies of trehalose gradually uncovered its functions, and its applications in foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals have increased every year. Currently, trehalose is industrially produced by the two-enzyme method, which was first developed in 1995 using maltooligosyltrehalose synthase (EC 5.4.99.15) and subsequently using maltooligosyltrehalose trehalohydrolase (EC 3.2.1.141), with starch as the substrate. This biotechnical method has lowered the price of trehalose and expanded its applications. However, when trehalose synthase (EC 5.4.99.16) was later discovered, this method for trehalose production using maltose as the substrate soon became a popular topic because of its simplicity and potential in industrial production. Since then, many trehalose synthases have been studied. This review summarizes the sources and characteristics of reported trehalose synthases, and the most recent advances on structural analysis of trehalose synthase, catalytic mechanism, molecular modification, and usage in industrial production processes.
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69
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Chen L, Holmes M, Schaefer E, Mulchandani A, Ge X. Highly active spore biocatalyst by self-assembly of co-expressed anchoring scaffoldin and multimeric enzyme. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 115:557-564. [PMID: 29131302 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
We report a spore-based biocatalysis platform capable of producing and self-assembling active multimeric enzymes on a spore surface with a high loading density. This was achieved by co-expressing both a spore surface-anchoring scaffoldin protein containing multiple cohesin domains and a dockerin-tagged enzyme of interest in the mother cell compartment during Bacillus subtilis sporulation. Using this method, tetrameric β-galactosidase was successfully displayed on the spore surface with a loading density of 1.4 × 104 active enzymes per spore particle. The resulting spore biocatalysts exhibited high conversion rates of transgalactosylation in water/organic emulsions. With easy manufacture, enhanced thermostability, excellent reusability, and long-term storage stability at ambient temperature, this approach holds a great potential in a wide range of biocatalysis applications especially involving organic phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Chen
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California
| | - Megan Holmes
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, California
| | - Elise Schaefer
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, California
| | - Ashok Mulchandani
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California
| | - Xin Ge
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California
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70
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Autotransporter-Based Surface Display of Hemicellulases onPseudomonas putida: Whole-Cell Biocatalysts for the Degradation of Biomass. ChemCatChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201700577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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71
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Cavallari M. Rapid and Direct VHH and Target Identification by Staphylococcal Surface Display Libraries. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071507. [PMID: 28704956 PMCID: PMC5535997 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Unbiased and simultaneous identification of a specific antibody and its target antigen has been difficult without prior knowledge of at least one interaction partner. Immunization with complex mixtures of antigens such as whole organisms and tissue extracts including tumoral ones evokes a highly diverse immune response. During such a response, antibodies are generated against a variety of epitopes in the mixture. Here, we propose a surface display design that is suited to simultaneously identify camelid single domain antibodies and their targets. Immune libraries of single-domain antigen recognition fragments from camelid heavy chain-only antibodies (VHH) were attached to the peptidoglycan of Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus employing its endogenous housekeeping sortase enzyme. The sortase transpeptidation reaction covalently attached the VHH to the bacterial peptidoglycan. The reversible nature of the reaction allowed the recovery of the VHH from the bacterial surface and the use of the VHH in downstream applications. These staphylococcal surface display libraries were used to rapidly identify VHH as well as their targets by immunoprecipitation (IP). Our novel bacterial surface display platform was stable under harsh screening conditions, allowed fast target identification, and readily permitted the recovery of the displayed VHH for downstream analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Cavallari
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestrasse 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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72
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Chen H, Ullah J, Jia J. Progress in Bacillus subtilis Spore Surface Display Technology towards Environment, Vaccine Development, and Biocatalysis. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 27:159-167. [DOI: 10.1159/000475177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Spore surface display is the most desirable with enhanced effects, low cost, less time consuming and the most promising technology for environmental, medical, and industrial development. Spores have various applications in industry due to their ability to survive in harsh industrial processes including heat resistance, alkaline tolerance, chemical tolerance, easy recovery, and reusability. Yeast and bacteria, including gram-positive and -negative, are the most frequently used organisms for the display of various proteins (eukaryotic and prokaryotic), but unlike spores, they can rupture easily due to nutritive properties, susceptibility to heat, pH, and chemicals. Hence, spores are the best choice to avoid these problems, and they have various applications over nonspore formers due to amenability for laboratory purposes. Various strains of <i>Clostridium</i> and <i>Bacillus</i> are spore formers, but the most suitable choice for display is <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> because, according to the WHO, it is safe to humans and considered as “GRAS” (generally recognized as safe). This review focuses on the application of spore surface display towards industries, vaccine development, the environment, and peptide library construction, with cell surface display for enhanced protein expression and high enzymatic activity. Different vectors, coat proteins, and statistical analyses can be used for linker selection to obtain greater expression and high activity of the displayed protein.
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73
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Schüürmann J, Quehl P, Lindhorst F, Lang K, Jose J. Autodisplay of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase for redox cofactor regeneration at the cell surface. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 114:1658-1669. [PMID: 28401536 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Inherent cofactor regeneration is a pivotal feature of whole cell biocatalysis. For specific biotechnological applications, surface display of enzymes is emerging as a tool to circumvent mass transfer limitations or enzyme stability problems. Even complex reactions can be accomplished applying displayed enzymes. Yet, industrial utilization of the technique is still impeded by lacking cofactor regeneration at the cell surface. Here, we report on the surface display of a glucose-6-phoshate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) via Autodisplay to address this limitation and regenerate NADPH directly at the cell surface. The obtained whole cell biocatalyst demonstrated similar kinetic parameters compared to the purified enzyme, more precisely KM values of 0.2 mM for NADP+ and calculated total turnover numbers of 107 . However, the KM for the substrate G6P increased by a factor of 7 to yield 1.5 mM. The whole cell biocatalyst was cheaper to produce, easy to separate from the reaction mixture and reusable in consecutive reaction cycles. Furthermore, lyophilization allowed storage at room temperature. The whole cell biocatalyst displaying G6PDH was applicable for NADPH regeneration in combination with soluble as well as surface displayed enzymes and model reactions in combination with bacterial CYP102A1 and human CYP1A2 were realized. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 1658-1669. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Schüürmann
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, PharmaCampus, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Paul Quehl
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, PharmaCampus, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Fabian Lindhorst
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, PharmaCampus, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Kristina Lang
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, PharmaCampus, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Joachim Jose
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, PharmaCampus, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Fantappiè L, Irene C, De Santis M, Armini A, Gagliardi A, Tomasi M, Parri M, Cafardi V, Bonomi S, Ganfini L, Zerbini F, Zanella I, Carnemolla C, Bini L, Grandi A, Grandi G. Some Gram-negative Lipoproteins Keep Their Surface Topology When Transplanted from One Species to Another and Deliver Foreign Polypeptides to the Bacterial Surface. Mol Cell Proteomics 2017; 16:1348-1364. [PMID: 28483926 PMCID: PMC5500766 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m116.065094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In Gram-negative bacteria, outer membrane-associated lipoproteins can either face the periplasm or protrude out of the bacterial surface. The mechanisms involved in lipoprotein transport through the outer membrane are not fully elucidated. Some lipoproteins reach the surface by using species-specific transport machinery. By contrast, a still poorly characterized group of lipoproteins appears to always cross the outer membrane, even when transplanted from one organism to another. To investigate such lipoproteins, we tested the expression and compartmentalization in E. coli of three surface-exposed lipoproteins, two from Neisseria meningitidis (Nm-fHbp and NHBA) and one from Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa-fHbp). We found that all three lipoproteins were lipidated and compartmentalized in the E. coli outer membrane and in outer membrane vesicles. Furthermore, fluorescent antibody cell sorting analysis, proteolytic surface shaving, and confocal microscopy revealed that all three proteins were also exposed on the surface of the outer membrane. Removal or substitution of the first four amino acids following the lipidated cysteine residue and extensive deletions of the C-terminal regions in Nm-fHbp did not prevent the protein from reaching the surface of the outer membrane. Heterologous polypeptides, fused to the C termini of Nm-fHbp and NHBA, were efficiently transported to the E. coli cell surface and compartmentalized in outer membrane vesicles, demonstrating that these lipoproteins can be exploited in biotechnological applications requiring Gram-negative bacterial surface display of foreign polypeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Fantappiè
- From the ‡Synthetic and Structural Vaccinology Unit, CIBIO, University of Trento, Via Sommarive, 9, 38123 Povo, Trento, Italy
| | - Carmela Irene
- From the ‡Synthetic and Structural Vaccinology Unit, CIBIO, University of Trento, Via Sommarive, 9, 38123 Povo, Trento, Italy
| | - Micaela De Santis
- From the ‡Synthetic and Structural Vaccinology Unit, CIBIO, University of Trento, Via Sommarive, 9, 38123 Povo, Trento, Italy
| | - Alessandro Armini
- §Functional Proteomics Lab., Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Assunta Gagliardi
- §Functional Proteomics Lab., Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Michele Tomasi
- From the ‡Synthetic and Structural Vaccinology Unit, CIBIO, University of Trento, Via Sommarive, 9, 38123 Povo, Trento, Italy
| | - Matteo Parri
- ¶Toscana Life Sciences Scientific Park, Via Fiorentina, 1 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Valeria Cafardi
- From the ‡Synthetic and Structural Vaccinology Unit, CIBIO, University of Trento, Via Sommarive, 9, 38123 Povo, Trento, Italy
| | - Serena Bonomi
- From the ‡Synthetic and Structural Vaccinology Unit, CIBIO, University of Trento, Via Sommarive, 9, 38123 Povo, Trento, Italy
| | - Luisa Ganfini
- From the ‡Synthetic and Structural Vaccinology Unit, CIBIO, University of Trento, Via Sommarive, 9, 38123 Povo, Trento, Italy
| | - Francesca Zerbini
- From the ‡Synthetic and Structural Vaccinology Unit, CIBIO, University of Trento, Via Sommarive, 9, 38123 Povo, Trento, Italy
| | - Ilaria Zanella
- From the ‡Synthetic and Structural Vaccinology Unit, CIBIO, University of Trento, Via Sommarive, 9, 38123 Povo, Trento, Italy
| | - Chiara Carnemolla
- §Functional Proteomics Lab., Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Luca Bini
- §Functional Proteomics Lab., Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Alberto Grandi
- ¶Toscana Life Sciences Scientific Park, Via Fiorentina, 1 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Guido Grandi
- From the ‡Synthetic and Structural Vaccinology Unit, CIBIO, University of Trento, Via Sommarive, 9, 38123 Povo, Trento, Italy;
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75
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Obeng EM, Adam SNN, Budiman C, Ongkudon CM, Maas R, Jose J. Lignocellulases: a review of emerging and developing enzymes, systems, and practices. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2017. [DOI: 10.1186/s40643-017-0146-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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76
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Petukhova NI, Kon’shina II, Spivak AY, Odinokov VN, Zorin VV. Novel biocatalyst for productions of S-(-)-2-[6-benzyloxy -2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman -2-yl] ethanol—precursor of natural α-tocols. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683817020144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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77
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Mei M, Zhou Y, Peng W, Yu C, Ma L, Zhang G, Yi L. Application of modified yeast surface display technologies for non-Antibody protein engineering. Microbiol Res 2017; 196:118-128. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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78
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dos Santos JBC, da Silva Cruz RG, Tardioli PW. Production of Whole-Cell Lipase from Streptomyces clavuligerus in a Bench-Scale Bioreactor and Its First Evaluation as Biocatalyst for Synthesis in Organic Medium. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 183:218-240. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-017-2440-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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79
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Chen L, Mulchandani A, Ge X. Spore-displayed enzyme cascade with tunable stoichiometry. Biotechnol Prog 2017; 33:383-389. [PMID: 27977916 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Taking the advantages of inert and stable nature of endospores, we developed a biocatalysis platform for multiple enzyme immobilization on Bacillus subtilis spore surface. Among B. subtilis outer coat proteins, CotG mediated a high expression level of Clostridium thermocellum cohesin (CtCoh) with a functional display capability of ∼104 molecules per spore of xylose reductase-C. thermocellum dockerin fusion protein (XR-CtDoc). By co-immobilization of phosphite dehydrogenase (PTDH) on spore surface via Ruminococcus flavefaciens cohesin-dockerin modules, regeneration of NADPH was achieved. Both xylose reductase (XR) and PTDH exhibited enhanced stability upon spore surface display. More importantly, by altering the copy numbers of CtCoh and RfCoh fused with CotG, the molar ratio between immobilized enzymes was adjusted in a controllable manner. Optimization of spore-displayed XR/PTDH stoichiometry resulted in increased yields of xylitol. In conclusion, endospore surface display presents a novel approach for enzyme cascade immobilization with improved stability and tunable stoichiometry. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 33:383-389, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Chen
- Dept. of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521
| | - Ashok Mulchandani
- Dept. of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521
| | - Xin Ge
- Dept. of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521
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80
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Peschke T, Rabe KS, Niemeyer CM. Orthogonale Oberflächenmarkierungen für die Ganzzellkatalyse. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201609590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Theo Peschke
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT); Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen-1 (IBG-1); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| | - Kersten S. Rabe
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT); Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen-1 (IBG-1); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| | - Christof M. Niemeyer
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT); Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen-1 (IBG-1); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
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81
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Peschke T, Rabe KS, Niemeyer CM. Orthogonal Surface Tags for Whole-Cell Biocatalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:2183-2186. [PMID: 28105787 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201609590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We herein describe the engineering of E. coli strains that display orthogonal tags for immobilization on their surface and overexpress a functional heterologous "protein content" in their cytosol at the same time. Using the outer membrane protein Lpp-ompA, cell-surface display of the streptavidin-binding peptide, the SpyTag/SpyCatcher system, or a HaloTag variant allowed us to generate bacterial strains that can selectively bind to solid substrates, as demonstrated with magnetic microbeads. The simultaneous cytosolic expression of functional content was demonstrated for fluorescent proteins or stereoselective ketoreductase enzymes. The latter strains gave high selectivities for specific immobilization onto complementary surfaces and also in the whole-cell stereospecific transformation of a prochiral CS -symmetric nitrodiketone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo Peschke
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG 1), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Kersten S Rabe
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG 1), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Christof M Niemeyer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG 1), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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82
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Improving the activity of surface displayed cytochrome P450 enzymes by optimizing the outer membrane linker. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2017; 1859:104-116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2016.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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83
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Tang M, Sun X, Zhang S, Wan J, Li L, Ni H. Improved catalytic and antifungal activities ofBacillus thuringiensiscells with surface display of Chi9602ΔSP. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 122:106-118. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Tang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources; Faculty of Life Science; Hubei University; Wuhan Hubei China
| | - X. Sun
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources; Faculty of Life Science; Hubei University; Wuhan Hubei China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology; Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan Hubei China
| | - S. Zhang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources; Faculty of Life Science; Hubei University; Wuhan Hubei China
| | - J. Wan
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources; Faculty of Life Science; Hubei University; Wuhan Hubei China
| | - L. Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology; Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan Hubei China
| | - H. Ni
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources; Faculty of Life Science; Hubei University; Wuhan Hubei China
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84
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Gao F, Ding H, Xu X, Zhao Y. A self-sufficient system for removal of synthetic dye by coupling of spore-displayed triphenylmethane reductase and glucose 1-dehydrogenase. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:21319-21326. [PMID: 27502455 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7330-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradation of triphenylmethane dyes by microorganisms is hampered by the transport barrier imposed by cell membranes. On the other hand, cell-free systems using enzyme-based biodegradation strategy are costly. Therefore, an efficient and inexpensive approach circumventing these problems is highly desirable. Here, we constructed a self-sufficient system for synthetic dye removal by coupling of spore surface-displayed triphenylmethane reductase (TMR) and glucose 1-dehydrogenase (GDH) for the first time. Display of both TMR and GDH significantly enhanced their stability under conditions of extreme pH and temperature. These engineered spores also exhibited more robust long-term stability than their purified counterparts. Furthermore, we observed that a high ratio of spore-displayed GDH is necessary for high dye degradation efficiency. These results indicate that this continuous dye removal system with cofactor regeneration offers a promising solution for dye biodegradation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Gao
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Haitao Ding
- Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai, 200136, China
| | - Xiaohong Xu
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yuhua Zhao
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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85
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Hyeon JE, Shin SK, Han SO. Design of nanoscale enzyme complexes based on various scaffolding materials for biomass conversion and immobilization. Biotechnol J 2016; 11:1386-1396. [PMID: 27783468 PMCID: PMC5132044 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201600039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The utilization of scaffolds for enzyme immobilization involves advanced bionanotechnology applications in biorefinery fields, which can be achieved by optimizing the function of various enzymes. This review presents various current scaffolding techniques based on proteins, microbes and nanomaterials for enzyme immobilization, as well as the impact of these techniques on the biorefinery of lignocellulosic materials. Among them, architectural scaffolds have applied to useful strategies for protein engineering to improve the performance of immobilized enzymes in several industrial and research fields. In complexed enzyme systems that have critical roles in carbon metabolism, scaffolding proteins assemble different proteins in relatively durable configurations and facilitate collaborative protein interactions and functions. Additionally, a microbial strain, combined with designer enzyme complexes, can be applied to the immobilizing scaffold because the in vivo immobilizing technique has several benefits in enzymatic reaction systems related to both synthetic biology and metabolic engineering. Furthermore, with the advent of nanotechnology, nanomaterials possessing ideal physicochemical characteristics, such as mass transfer resistance, specific surface area and efficient enzyme loading, can be applied as novel and interesting scaffolds for enzyme immobilization. Intelligent application of various scaffolds to couple with nanoscale engineering tools and metabolic engineering technology may offer particular benefits in research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Eun Hyeon
- Department of BiotechnologyKorea University02841SeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Sang Kyu Shin
- Department of BiotechnologyKorea University02841SeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Sung Ok Han
- Department of BiotechnologyKorea University02841SeoulRepublic of Korea
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86
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Combinatorial library strategy for strong overexpression of the lipase from Geobacillus thermocatenulatus on the cell surface of yeast Pichia pastoris. Biochem Eng J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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87
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De Geyter J, Tsirigotaki A, Orfanoudaki G, Zorzini V, Economou A, Karamanou S. Protein folding in the cell envelope of Escherichia coli. Nat Microbiol 2016; 1:16107. [PMID: 27573113 DOI: 10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
While the entire proteome is synthesized on cytoplasmic ribosomes, almost half associates with, localizes in or crosses the bacterial cell envelope. In Escherichia coli a variety of mechanisms are important for taking these polypeptides into or across the plasma membrane, maintaining them in soluble form, trafficking them to their correct cell envelope locations and then folding them into the right structures. The fidelity of these processes must be maintained under various environmental conditions including during stress; if this fails, proteases are called in to degrade mislocalized or aggregated proteins. Various soluble, diffusible chaperones (acting as holdases, foldases or pilotins) and folding catalysts are also utilized to restore proteostasis. These responses can be general, dealing with multiple polypeptides, with functional overlaps and operating within redundant networks. Other chaperones are specialized factors, dealing only with a few exported proteins. Several complex machineries have evolved to deal with binding to, integration in and crossing of the outer membrane. This complex protein network is responsible for fundamental cellular processes such as cell wall biogenesis; cell division; the export, uptake and degradation of molecules; and resistance against exogenous toxic factors. The underlying processes, contributing to our fundamental understanding of proteostasis, are a treasure trove for the development of novel antibiotics, biopharmaceuticals and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozefien De Geyter
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alexandra Tsirigotaki
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Georgia Orfanoudaki
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH and Department of Biology, University of Crete, PO Box 1385, GR-711 10 Iraklio, Crete, Greece
| | - Valentina Zorzini
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anastassios Economou
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH and Department of Biology, University of Crete, PO Box 1385, GR-711 10 Iraklio, Crete, Greece
| | - Spyridoula Karamanou
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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88
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Cofactor regeneration via autodisplay – towards industrial applications with surface displayed enzymes. N Biotechnol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2016.06.940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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89
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Silvério SC, Macedo EA, Teixeira JA, Rodrigues LR. Biocatalytic Approaches Using Lactulose: End Product Compared with Substrate. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2016; 15:878-896. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara C. Silvério
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering; Univ. do Minho; Campus de Gualtar 4710-057 Braga Portugal
| | - Eugénia A. Macedo
- LSRE-Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Associate Laboratory LSRE/LCM, Faculdade de Engenharia; Univ. do Porto; Rua Dr. Roberto Frias 4200-465 Porto Portugal
| | - José A. Teixeira
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering; Univ. do Minho; Campus de Gualtar 4710-057 Braga Portugal
| | - Lígia R. Rodrigues
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering; Univ. do Minho; Campus de Gualtar 4710-057 Braga Portugal
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90
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Tozakidis IEP, Brossette T, Lenz F, Maas RM, Jose J. Proof of concept for the simplified breakdown of cellulose by combining Pseudomonas putida strains with surface displayed thermophilic endocellulase, exocellulase and β-glucosidase. Microb Cell Fact 2016; 15:103. [PMID: 27287198 PMCID: PMC4901517 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0505-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The production and employment of cellulases still represents an economic bottleneck in the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to biofuels and other biocommodities. This process could be simplified by displaying the necessary enzymes on a microbial cell surface. Such an approach, however, requires an appropriate host organism which on the one hand can withstand the rough environment coming along with lignocellulose hydrolysis, and on the other hand does not consume the generated glucose so that it remains available for subsequent fermentation steps. RESULTS The robust soil bacterium Pseudomonas putida showed a strongly reduced uptake of glucose above a temperature of 50 °C, while remaining structurally intact hence recyclable, which makes it suitable for cellulose hydrolysis at elevated temperatures. Consequently, three complementary, thermophilic cellulases from Ruminiclostridium thermocellum were displayed on the surface of the bacterium. All three enzymes retained their activity on the cell surface. A mixture of three strains displaying each one of these enzymes was able to synergistically hydrolyze filter paper at 55 °C, producing 20 μg glucose per mL cell suspension in 24 h. CONCLUSION We could establish Pseudomonas putida as host for the surface display of cellulases, and provided proof-of-concept for a fast and simple cellulose breakdown process at elevated temperatures. This study opens up new perspectives for the application of P. putida in the production of biofuels and other biotechnological products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iasson E P Tozakidis
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, PharmaCampus, Corrensstraße 48, 48149, Münster, Germany.,NRW Graduate School of Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, PharmaCampus, Corrensstraße 48, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Tatjana Brossette
- Autodisplay Biotech GmbH, Merowingerplatz 1a, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Florian Lenz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, PharmaCampus, Corrensstraße 48, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Ruth M Maas
- Autodisplay Biotech GmbH, Merowingerplatz 1a, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Joachim Jose
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, PharmaCampus, Corrensstraße 48, 48149, Münster, Germany. .,NRW Graduate School of Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, PharmaCampus, Corrensstraße 48, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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91
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Ku S. Finding and Producing Probiotic Glycosylases for the Biocatalysis of Ginsenosides: A Mini Review. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21050645. [PMID: 27196878 PMCID: PMC6273753 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21050645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Various microorganisms have been widely applied in nutraceutical industries for the processing of phytochemical conversion. Specifically, in the Asian food industry and academia, notable attention is paid to the biocatalytic process of ginsenosides (ginseng saponins) using probiotic bacteria that produce high levels of glycosyl-hydrolases. Multiple groups have conducted experiments in order to determine the best conditions to produce more active and stable enzymes, which can be applicable to produce diverse types of ginsenosides for commercial applications. In this sense, there are various reviews that cover the biofunctional effects of multiple types of ginsenosides and the pathways of ginsenoside deglycosylation. However, little work has been published on the production methods of probiotic enzymes, which is a critical component of ginsenoside processing. This review aims to investigate current preparation methods, results on the discovery of new glycosylases, the application potential of probiotic enzymes and their use for biocatalysis of ginsenosides in the nutraceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seockmo Ku
- Laboratory of Renewable Resources Engineering, Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2022, USA.
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92
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Ke C, Yang X, Rao H, Zeng W, Hu M, Tao Y, Huang J. Whole-cell conversion of l-glutamic acid into gamma-aminobutyric acid by metabolically engineered Escherichia coli. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:591. [PMID: 27247887 PMCID: PMC4864792 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-2217-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A simple and high efficient way for the synthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was developed by using engineered Escherichia coli as whole-cell biocatalyst from l-glutamic acid (l-Glu). Codon optimization of Lactococcus lactis GadB showed the best performance on GABA production when middle copy-number plasmid was used as expression vector in E. coli BW25113. The highest production of GABA reached 308.96 g L(-1) with 99.9 mol% conversion within 12 h, when E. coli ΔgabAB (pRB-lgadB) concentrated to an OD600 of 15 in 3 M l-Glu at 45 °C. Furthermore, the strain could be reused at least three cycles in 2 M crude l-Glu with an average productivity of 40.94 g L(-1) h(-1). The total GABA yield reached 614.15 g L(-1) with a molar yield over 99 %, which represented the highest GABA production ever reported. The whole-cell bioconversion system allowed us to achieve a promising cost-effective resource for GABA in industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongrong Ke
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology and Fermentation Technology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350108 Fujian China
| | - Xinwei Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology and Fermentation Technology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350108 Fujian China
| | - Huanxin Rao
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology and Fermentation Technology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350108 Fujian China
| | - Wenchao Zeng
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology and Fermentation Technology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350108 Fujian China
| | - Meirong Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Yong Tao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Jianzhong Huang
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology and Fermentation Technology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350108 Fujian China
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93
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Wendel S, Fischer EC, Martínez V, Seppälä S, Nørholm MHH. A nanobody:GFP bacterial platform that enables functional enzyme display and easy quantification of display capacity. Microb Cell Fact 2016; 15:71. [PMID: 27142225 PMCID: PMC4855350 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0474-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial surface display is an attractive technique for the production of cell-anchored, functional proteins and engineering of whole-cell catalysts. Although various outer membrane proteins have been used for surface display, an easy and versatile high-throughput-compatible assay for evaluating and developing surface display systems is missing. RESULTS Using a single domain antibody (also called nanobody) with high affinity for green fluorescent protein (GFP), we constructed a system that allows for fast, fluorescence-based detection of displayed proteins. The outer membrane hybrid protein LppOmpA and the autotransporter C-IgAP exposed the nanobody on the surface of Escherichia coli with very different efficiency. Both anchors were capable of functionally displaying the enzyme Chitinase A as a fusion with the nanobody, and this considerably increased expression levels compared to displaying the nanobody alone. We used flow cytometry to analyse display capability on single-cell versus population level and found that the signal peptide of the anchor has great effect on display efficiency. CONCLUSIONS We have developed an inexpensive and easy read-out assay for surface display using nanobody:GFP interactions. The assay is compatible with the most common fluorescence detection methods, including multi-well plate whole-cell fluorescence detection, SDS-PAGE in-gel fluorescence, microscopy and flow cytometry. We anticipate that the platform will facilitate future in-depth studies on the mechanism of protein transport to the surface of living cells, as well as the optimisation of applications in industrial biotech.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Wendel
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kogle Allé 6, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Emil C Fischer
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kogle Allé 6, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Virginia Martínez
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kogle Allé 6, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Susanna Seppälä
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kogle Allé 6, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Morten H H Nørholm
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kogle Allé 6, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark.
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94
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Elahipanah S, Radmanesh P, Luo W, O'Brien PJ, Rogozhnikov D, Yousaf MN. Rewiring Gram-Negative Bacteria Cell Surfaces with Bio-Orthogonal Chemistry via Liposome Fusion. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:1082-9. [PMID: 27019118 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The ability to tailor bacteria cell surfaces with non-native molecules is critical to advance the study of bacteria communication, cell behavior, and for next-generation therapeutics to improve livestock and human health. Such modifications would allow for novel control over cell behavior, cell-cell interactions, biofilm formation, adjuvant conjugation, and imaging. Current methods to engineer bacteria surfaces have made major advances but rely on complicated, slow, and often expensive molecular biology and metabolic manipulation methods with limited scope on the type of molecules installed onto the surface. In this report, we introduce a new straightforward method based on liposome fusion to engineer Gram-negative bacteria cells with bio-orthogonal groups that can subsequently be conjugated to a range of molecules (biomolecules, small molecules, probes, proteins, nucleic acids, ligands, and radiolabels) for further studies and programmed behavior of bacteria. This method is fast, efficient, inexpensive, and useful for installing a broad scope of ligands and biomolecules to Gram-negative bacteria surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Elahipanah
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Research in Biomolecular Interactions, York University , Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Parham Radmanesh
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Research in Biomolecular Interactions, York University , Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Wei Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Research in Biomolecular Interactions, York University , Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Paul J O'Brien
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Research in Biomolecular Interactions, York University , Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Dmitry Rogozhnikov
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Research in Biomolecular Interactions, York University , Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Muhammad N Yousaf
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Research in Biomolecular Interactions, York University , Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada.,OrganoLinX Inc. , Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
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95
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Hyeon JE, Kim SW, Park C, Han SO. Efficient biological conversion of carbon monoxide (CO) to carbon dioxide (CO2) and for utilization in bioplastic production by Ralstonia eutropha through the display of an enzyme complex on the cell surface. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 51:10202-5. [PMID: 26017299 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc00832h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An enzyme complex for biological conversion of CO to CO2 was anchored on the cell surface of the CO2-utilizing Ralstonia eutropha and successfully resulted in a 3.3-fold increase in conversion efficiency. These results suggest that this complexed system may be a promising strategy for CO2 utilization as a biological tool for the production of bioplastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Eun Hyeon
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea.
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96
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Quehl P, Hollender J, Schüürmann J, Brossette T, Maas R, Jose J. Co-expression of active human cytochrome P450 1A2 and cytochrome P450 reductase on the cell surface of Escherichia coli. Microb Cell Fact 2016; 15:26. [PMID: 26838175 PMCID: PMC4736170 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0427-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes mediate the first step in the breakdown of most drugs and are strongly involved in drug–drug interactions, drug clearance and activation of prodrugs. Their biocatalytic behavior is a key parameter during drug development which requires preparative synthesis of CYP related drug metabolites. However, recombinant expression of CYP enzymes is a challenging bottleneck for drug metabolite biosynthesis. Therefore, we developed a novel approach by displaying human cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) and cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) on the surface of Escherichia coli. Results To present human CYP1A2 and CPR on the surface, we employed autodisplay. Both enzymes were displayed on the surface which was demonstrated by protease and antibody accessibility tests. CPR activity was first confirmed with the protein substrate cytochrome c. Cells co-expressing CYP1A2 and CPR were capable of catalyzing the conversion of the known CYP1A2 substrates 7-ethoxyresorufin, phenacetin and the artificial substrate luciferin-MultiCYP, which would not have been possible without interaction of both enzymes. Biocatalytic activity was strongly influenced by the composition of the growth medium. Addition of 5-aminolevulinic acid was necessary to obtain a fully active whole cell biocatalyst and was superior to the addition of heme. Conclusion We demonstrated that CYP1A2 and CPR can be co-expressed catalytically active on the cell surface of E. coli. It is a promising step towards pharmaceutical applications such as the synthesis of drug metabolites. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-016-0427-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Quehl
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, PharmaCampus, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| | - Joel Hollender
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, PharmaCampus, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 48149, Münster, Germany. .,Autodisplay Biotech GmbH, Merowingerplatz 1a, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Jan Schüürmann
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, PharmaCampus, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| | - Tatjana Brossette
- Autodisplay Biotech GmbH, Merowingerplatz 1a, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Ruth Maas
- Autodisplay Biotech GmbH, Merowingerplatz 1a, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Joachim Jose
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, PharmaCampus, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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De Santi C, Altermark B, de Pascale D, Willassen NP. Bioprospecting around Arctic islands: Marine bacteria as rich source of biocatalysts. J Basic Microbiol 2015; 56:238-53. [PMID: 26662844 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201500505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the biotechnological potential of Arctic marine bacteria for their ability to produce a broad spectrum of cold-active enzymes. Marine bacteria exhibiting these features are of great interest for both fundamental research and industrial applications. Macrobiota, water and sediment samples have been collected during 2010 and 2011 expeditions around the Lofoten and Svalbard islands. Bacteria were isolated from this material and identified through 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis for the purpose of establishing a culture collection of marine Arctic bacteria. Herein, we present the functional screening for different extracellular enzymatic activities from 100 diversely chosen microbial isolates incubated at 4 and 20 °C. The production of esterase/lipase, DNase, and protease activities were revealed in 67, 53, and 56% of the strains, respectively, while 41, 23, 9, and 7% of the strains possessed amylase, chitinase, cellulase, and xylanase activities, respectively. Our findings show that phylogenetically diverse bacteria, including many new species, could be cultured from the marine arctic environment. The Arctic polar environment is still an untapped reservoir of biodiversity for bioprospecting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concetta De Santi
- NorStruct, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Bjørn Altermark
- NorStruct, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Nils-Peder Willassen
- NorStruct, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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98
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Sührer I, Langemann T, Lubitz W, Weuster-Botz D, Castiglione K. A novel one-step expression and immobilization method for the production of biocatalytic preparations. Microb Cell Fact 2015; 14:180. [PMID: 26577293 PMCID: PMC4650107 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-015-0371-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whole cell biocatalysts and isolated enzymes are considered as state of the art in biocatalytic preparations for industrial applications. Whole cells as biocatalysts are disadvantageous if substrate or products are toxic to the cells or undesired byproducts are formed due to the cellular metabolism. The use of isolated enzymes in comparison is more expensive due to the required downstream processing. Immobilization of enzymes after purification increases preparation costs for biocatalysts significantly, but allows for the efficient reuse of the enzymes in the biocatalytic process. For a more rapid processing one-step expression and immobilization is desirable. RESULTS This study focused on the development of a new one-step expression and immobilization technique for enzymes on the example of the β-galactosidase from Escherichia coli K12. The enzyme was expressed in E. coli with a C-terminal membrane anchor originating from cytochrome b5 from rabbit liver and was thus in situ immobilized to the inner surface of the cytosolic membrane. Then, the expression of a lytic phage protein (gene E from PhiX174) caused the formation of a pore in the cell wall of E. coli, which resulted in release of the cytosol. The cellular envelopes with immobilized enzymes were retained. Batch and fed-batch processes were developed for efficient production of these biocatalysts. It was possible to obtain cellular envelopes with up to 27,200 ± 10,460 immobilized enzyme molecules per cellular envelope (753 ± 190 U/gdry weight). A thorough characterization of the effects of membrane immobilization was performed. Comparison to whole cells showed that mass transfer limitation was reduced in cellular envelopes due to the pore formation. CONCLUSION In this study the feasibility of a new one-step expression and immobilization technique for the generation of biocatalytic preparations was demonstrated. The technique could be a useful tool especially for enzyme systems, which are not suitable for whole-cell biocatalysts due to severe mass transfer limitations or undesired side reactions mediated by cytosolic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilka Sührer
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität München, Boltzmannstr. 15, 85748, Garching, Germany.
| | - Timo Langemann
- BIRD-C GmbH & Co KG, Erne-Seder-Gasse 4/2, 1030, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Werner Lubitz
- BIRD-C GmbH & Co KG, Erne-Seder-Gasse 4/2, 1030, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Dirk Weuster-Botz
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität München, Boltzmannstr. 15, 85748, Garching, Germany.
| | - Kathrin Castiglione
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität München, Boltzmannstr. 15, 85748, Garching, Germany.
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Displaying Lipase B from Candida antarctica in Pichia pastoris Using the Yeast Surface Display Approach: Prospection of a New Anchor and Characterization of the Whole Cell Biocatalyst. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141454. [PMID: 26510006 PMCID: PMC4624902 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Yeast Surface Display (YSD) is a strategy to anchor proteins on the yeast cell wall which has been employed to increase enzyme stability thus decreasing production costs. Lipase B from Candida antarctica (LipB) is one of the most studied enzymes in the context of industrial biotechnology. This study aimed to assess the biochemical features of this important biocatalyst when immobilized on the cell surface of the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris using the YSD approach. For that purpose, two anchors were tested. The first (Flo9) was identified after a prospection of the P. pastoris genome being related to the family of flocculins similar to Flo1 but significantly smaller. The second is the Protein with Internal Repeats (Pir1) from P. pastoris. An immunolocalization assay showed that both anchor proteins were able to display the reporter protein EGFP in the yeast outer cell wall. LipB was expressed in P. pastoris fused either to Flo9 (FLOLIPB) or Pir1 (PIRLIPB). Both constructions showed hydrolytic activity towards tributyrin (>100 U/mgdcw and >80 U/mgdcw, respectively), optimal hydrolytic activity around 45°C and pH 7.0, higher thermostability at 45°C and stability in organic solvents when compared to a free lipase.
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