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Norisoboldine, an isoquinoline alkaloid, acts as an aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligand to induce intestinal Treg cells and thereby attenuate arthritis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 75:63-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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52
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Megna BW, Carney PR, Kennedy GD. Intestinal inflammation and the diet: Is food friend or foe? World J Gastrointest Surg 2016; 8:115-123. [PMID: 26981185 PMCID: PMC4770165 DOI: 10.4240/wjgs.v8.i2.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic intestinal illness of autoimmune origin affecting millions across the globe. The most common subtypes include ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease. While many medical treatments for IBD exist, none come without the risk of significant immunosuppression and in general do not have benign side effect profiles. Surgical intervention exists only as radical resection for medically refractory UC. There exists a dire need for novel treatments that target the inherent pathophysiologic disturbances of IBD, rather than global immune suppression. One avenue of investigation that could provide such an agent is the interaction between certain dietary elements and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). The AHR is a cytosolic transcription factor with a rich history in environmental toxicant handling, however, recently a role has emerged for the AHR as a modulator of the gastrointestinal immune system. Studies have come to elucidate these effects to include the enhancement of Th cell subset differentiation, interactions between enteric flora and the luminal wall, and modulation of inflammatory interleukin and cytokine signaling. This review highlights advancements in our understanding of AHR activity in the digestive tract and how this stimulation may be wrought by certain dietary “micronutriceuticals”, namely indole-3-carbinol (I3C) and its derivatives. Greater clarity surrounding these dynamics could lead to a novel diet-derived agonist of the AHR which is not only non-toxic, but also efficacious in the amelioration of clinical IBD.
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53
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Zhou L. AHR Function in Lymphocytes: Emerging Concepts. Trends Immunol 2016; 37:17-31. [PMID: 26700314 PMCID: PMC4707131 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is an important regulator of the development and function of both innate and adaptive immune cells through roles associated with AHR's ability to respond to cellular and dietary ligands. Recent findings have revealed tissue and context-specific functions for AHR in both homeostasis and in during an immune response. I review these findings here, and integrate them into the current understanding of the mechanisms that regulate AHR transcription and function. I propose a conceptual framework in which AHR function is determined by three factors: the amount of AHR in any given cell, the abundance and potency of AHR ligands within certain tissues, and the tissue microenvironment wherein AHR(+) cells reside. This complexity emphasizes the necessity cell-type specific genetic approaches towards the study of AHR function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA.
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54
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Bostick JW, Zhou L. Innate lymphoid cells in intestinal immunity and inflammation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:237-52. [PMID: 26459449 PMCID: PMC11108440 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2055-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a new and distinct family of innate immune cells that play an important role in immunity and inflammation. In this review, we focus on the role of ILCs in mucosal tissues, especially in the gut, in health and disease. ILCs support intestinal homeostasis by protecting the intestine from pathogens, contributing to the development of gut lymphoid tissue, and helping to repair injuries. By cooperating with epithelial cells and other innate and adaptive immune cells, ILCs participate in the control of pathogens and tolerance of commensal bacteria. The development and maintenance of ILCs are influenced by nutrients and metabolites sourced from diet and/or gut bacteria. ILCs have been shown to be involved in host metabolism and to participate in various diseases of the intestine including infectious and chronic inflammatory diseases, and cancer. Thus, the elucidation of ILC biology provides an exciting potential for development of novel therapeutic means to modulate immune responses in various disease settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Bostick
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Liang Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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55
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Xu H, Wang X, Lackner AA, Veazey RS. Type 3 innate lymphoid cell depletion is mediated by TLRs in lymphoid tissues of simian immunodeficiency virus-infected macaques. FASEB J 2015; 29:5072-80. [PMID: 26283536 PMCID: PMC4653054 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-276477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) type 3, also known as lymphoid tissue inducer cells, plays a major role in both the development and remodeling of organized lymphoid tissues and the maintenance of adaptive immune responses. HIV/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection causes breakdown of intestinal barriers resulting in microbial translocation, leading to systemic immune activation and disease progression. However, the effects of HIV/SIV infection on ILC3 are unknown. Here, we analyzed ILC3 from mucosal and systemic lymphoid tissues in chronically SIV-infected macaques and uninfected controls. ILC3 cells were defined and identified in macaque lymphoid tissues as non-T, non-B (lineage-negative), c-Kit(+)IL-7Rα(+) (CD117(+)CD127(+)) cells. These ILC3 cells highly expressed CD90 (∼ 63%) and aryl hydrocarbon receptor and produced IL-17 (∼ 63%), IL-22 (∼ 36%), and TNF-α (∼ 72%) but did not coexpress CD4 or NK cell markers. The intestinal ILC3 cell loss correlated with the reduction of total CD4(+) T cells and T helper (Th)17 and Th22 cells in the gut during SIV infection (P < 0.001). Notably, ILC3 could be induced to undergo apoptosis by microbial products through the TLR2 (lipoteichoic acid) and/or TLR4 (LPS) pathway. These findings indicated that persistent microbial translocation may result in loss of ILC3 in lymphoid tissues in SIV-infected macaques, further contributing to the HIV-induced impairment of gut-associated lymphoid tissue structure and function, especially in mucosal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanbin Xu
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Andrew A Lackner
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Ronald S Veazey
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, Louisiana, USA
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56
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Peters CP, Mjösberg JM, Bernink JH, Spits H. Innate lymphoid cells in inflammatory bowel diseases. Immunol Lett 2015; 172:124-31. [PMID: 26470815 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
It is generally believed that inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are caused by an aberrant immune response to environmental triggers in genetically susceptible individuals. The exact contribution of the adaptive and innate immune system has not been elucidated. However, recent advances in treatments targeting key inflammatory mediators such as tumour necrosis factor highlight the crucial role of the innate immune system in IBD. Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) have recently been identified to play an important role in immune mediated inflammatory diseases. In this review we recapitulate the current knowledge on ILCs in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Peters
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - J M Mjösberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge Karolinska Institutet, CIM, F59, S-14186 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - J H Bernink
- Department of Celbiology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - H Spits
- Department of Celbiology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Ciccia F, Guggino G, Rizzo A, Saieva L, Peralta S, Giardina A, Cannizzaro A, Sireci G, De Leo G, Alessandro R, Triolo G. Type 3 innate lymphoid cells producing IL-17 and IL-22 are expanded in the gut, in the peripheral blood, synovial fluid and bone marrow of patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis 2015; 74:1739-47. [PMID: 25902790 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-206323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the study was to better characterise the immunological origin and the behaviour of interleukin (IL)-23-responsive innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in the gut, synovial fluid (SF) and bone marrow (BM) of patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). METHODS ILC1, ILC2 and ILC3 cells were determined and characterised by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry in ileal and BM biopsies, in peripheral blood (PB) and SF mononuclear cells obtained from patients with AS and controls. Mucosal vascular addressin cell adhesion molecule 1 (MADCAM-1), IL-7, IL-15 and aggregates of lymphoid tissue inducer cells (LTi) were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. The in vitro ability of epithelial cells in driving the differentiation of ILC3 and the effect of tumour necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFi) on the frequency of ILC3 and the expression of MADCAM1 were also assessed. RESULTS ILC3 characterised as Lyn(-)RORc(-)Tbet(+) NKp44(+) cells were significantly expanded in the gut, SF and BM of patients with AS compared with controls, produced high levels of IL-17 and IL-22 and expressed α4β7. MADcAM1 was overexpressed in BM and ileal high endothelial venules. IL-7 was significantly increased in AS gut, especially in the context of Paneth cells, and accompanied by the presence of aggregates of c-kit/IL-7R(+) cells (LTi). In in vitro experiments, epithelial cells from patients with AS actively induced differentiation of ILC3 from LTi. TNFi efficacy was accompanied by a significant decrease in the percentage of intestinal and circulating ILC3 and in the expression of MADCAM1. CONCLUSIONS Gut-derived IL-17(+) and IL-22(+)ILC3 are expanded in the peripheral blood, SF and inflamed BM of patients with AS, suggesting the presence of an active homing axis between the gut and the inflamed sacroiliac joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Ciccia
- Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica, Sezione di Reumatologia, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuliana Guggino
- Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica, Sezione di Reumatologia, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Aroldo Rizzo
- Unità Operativa di Anatomia Patologica, Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedali Riuniti "Villa Sofia-Cervello", Palermo, Italy
| | - Laura Saieva
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Biotecnologie Mediche e Forensi, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Sergio Peralta
- Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica, Sezione di Gastroenterologia, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - AnnaRita Giardina
- Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica, Sezione di Reumatologia, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandra Cannizzaro
- Unità Operativa di Anatomia Patologica, Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedali Riuniti "Villa Sofia-Cervello", Palermo, Italy
| | - Guido Sireci
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Biotecnologie Mediche e Forensi, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giacomo De Leo
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Biotecnologie Mediche e Forensi, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Riccardo Alessandro
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Biotecnologie Mediche e Forensi, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Triolo
- Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica, Sezione di Reumatologia, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Heller JJ, Schjerven H, Li S, Lee A, Qiu J, Chen ZME, Smale ST, Zhou L. Restriction of IL-22-producing T cell responses and differential regulation of regulatory T cell compartments by zinc finger transcription factor Ikaros. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2014; 193:3934-46. [PMID: 25194055 PMCID: PMC4185244 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Proper immune responses are needed to control pathogen infection at mucosal surfaces. IL-22-producing CD4(+) T cells play an important role in controlling bacterial infection in the gut; however, transcriptional regulation of these cells remains elusive. In this study, we show that mice with targeted deletion of the fourth DNA-binding zinc finger of the transcription factor Ikaros had increased IL-22-producing, but not IL-17-producing, CD4(+) T cells in the gut. Adoptive transfer of CD4(+) T cells from these Ikaros-mutant mice conferred enhanced mucosal immunity against Citrobacter rodentium infection. Despite an intact in vivo thymic-derived regulatory T cell (Treg) compartment in these Ikaros-mutant mice, TGF-β, a cytokine well known for induction of Tregs, failed to induce Foxp3 expression in Ikaros-mutant CD4(+) T cells in vitro and, instead, promoted IL-22. Aberrant upregulation of IL-21 in CD4(+) T cells expressing mutant Ikaros was responsible, at least in part, for the enhanced IL-22 expression in a Stat3-dependent manner. Genetic analysis using compound mutations further demonstrated that the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, but not RORγt, was required for aberrant IL-22 expression by Ikaros-mutant CD4(+) T cells, whereas forced expression of Foxp3 was sufficient to inhibit this aberrant cytokine production. Together, our data identified new functions for Ikaros in maintaining mucosal immune homeostasis by restricting IL-22 production by CD4(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Heller
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611; Department of Microbiology, and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Hilde Schjerven
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095; Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143; and
| | - Shiyang Li
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611; Department of Microbiology, and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Aileen Lee
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611; Department of Microbiology, and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Ju Qiu
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611; Department of Microbiology, and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Zong-Ming E Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA 17822
| | - Stephen T Smale
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Liang Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611; Department of Microbiology, and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611;
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An overview of the role of innate lymphoid cells in gut infections and inflammation. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:235460. [PMID: 25061260 PMCID: PMC4100280 DOI: 10.1155/2014/235460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a group of hematopoietic cells devoid of antigen receptors that have important functions in lymphoid organogenesis, in the defense against extracellular pathogens, and in the maintenance of the epithelial barrier. Three distinct groups of ILCs have been identified on the basis of phenotypic and functional criteria and termed ILCs1, ILCs2, and ILCs3. Specifically, ILCs1 express the transcription factor T-bet and secrete T helper type-1- (Th1-) related cytokines, ILCs2 are dependent on the transcription factor RORα and express Gata-3 and the chemokine receptor homologous molecule (CRTH2) and produce Th2-related cytokines, and ILCs3 express the transcription factor RORγt and synthesize interleukin- (IL-) 17, IL-22, and, under specific stimuli, interferon-γ. ILCs represent a relatively small population in the gut, but accumulating evidence suggests that these cells could play a decisive role in orchestrating both protective and detrimental immune responses. In this review, we will summarize the present knowledge on the distribution of ILCs in the intestinal mucosa, with particular focus on their role in the control of both infections and effector cytokine response in immune-mediated pathologies.
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