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Ziegler-Waldkirch S, Meyer-Luehmann M. The Role of Glial Cells and Synapse Loss in Mouse Models of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:473. [PMID: 30618627 PMCID: PMC6297249 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Synapse loss has detrimental effects on cellular communication, leading to network disruptions within the central nervous system (CNS) such as in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). AD is characterized by a progressive decline of memory function, cognition, neuronal and synapse loss. The two main neuropathological hallmarks are amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. In the brain of AD patients and in mouse models of AD several morphological and functional changes, such as microgliosis and astrogliosis around Aβ plaques, as well as dendritic and synaptic alterations, are associated with these lesions. In this review article, we will summarize the current literature on synapse loss in mouse models of AD and discuss current and prospective treatments for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Ziegler-Waldkirch
- Department of Neurology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Meyer-Luehmann
- Department of Neurology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Blume T, Focke C, Peters F, Deussing M, Albert NL, Lindner S, Gildehaus FJ, von Ungern-Sternberg B, Ozmen L, Baumann K, Bartenstein P, Rominger A, Herms J, Brendel M. Microglial response to increasing amyloid load saturates with aging: a longitudinal dual tracer in vivo μPET-study. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:307. [PMID: 30400912 PMCID: PMC6220478 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1347-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Causal associations between microglia activation and β-amyloid (Aβ) accumulation during the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) remain a matter of controversy. Therefore, we used longitudinal dual tracer in vivo small animal positron emission tomography (μPET) imaging to resolve the progression of the association between Aβ deposition and microglial responses during aging of an Aβ mouse model. METHODS APP-SL70 mice (N = 17; baseline age 3.2-8.5 months) and age-matched C57Bl/6 controls (wildtype (wt)) were investigated longitudinally for 6 months using Aβ (18F-florbetaben) and 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) μPET (18F-GE180). Changes in cortical binding were transformed to Z-scores relative to wt mice, and microglial activation relative to amyloidosis was defined as the Z-score difference (TSPO-Aβ). Using 3D immunohistochemistry for activated microglia (Iba-1) and histology for fibrillary Aβ (methoxy-X04), we measure microglial brain fraction relative to plaque size and the distance from plaque margins. RESULTS Aβ-PET binding increased exponentially as a function of age in APP-SL70 mice, whereas TSPO binding had an inverse U-shape growth function. Longitudinal Z-score differences declined with aging, suggesting that microglial response declined relative to increasing amyloidosis in aging APP-SL70 mice. Microglial brain volume fraction was inversely related to adjacent plaque size, while the proximity to Aβ plaques increased with age. CONCLUSIONS Microglial activity decreases relative to ongoing amyloidosis with aging in APP-SL70 mice. The plaque-associated microglial brain fraction saturated and correlated negatively with increasing plaque size with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Blume
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Carola Focke
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Finn Peters
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Maximilian Deussing
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Nathalie L Albert
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Simon Lindner
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Franz-Josef Gildehaus
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Laurence Ozmen
- Roche, Pharma Research and Early Development, NORD DTA / Neuroscience Discovery, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Karlheinz Baumann
- Roche, Pharma Research and Early Development, NORD DTA / Neuroscience Discovery, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Bartenstein
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Axel Rominger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377, Munich, Germany.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, Freiburgstrasse 4, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Jochen Herms
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377, Munich, Germany.,Center of Neuropathology and Prion Research, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 23, 81377, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Brendel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377, Munich, Germany. .,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
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53
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Consequences of Pharmacological BACE Inhibition on Synaptic Structure and Function. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 84:478-487. [PMID: 29945719 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder among elderly persons. Overt accumulation and aggregation of the amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) is thought to be the initial causative factor for Alzheimer's disease. Aβ is produced by sequential proteolytic cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein. Beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is the initial and rate-limiting protease for the generation of Aβ. Therefore, inhibiting BACE1 is considered one of the most promising therapeutic approaches for potential treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Currently, several drugs blocking this enzyme (BACE inhibitors) are being evaluated in clinical trials. However, high-dosage BACE-inhibitor treatment interferes with structural and functional synaptic plasticity in mice. These adverse side effects may mask the therapeutic benefit of lowering the Aβ concentration. In this review, we focus on the consequences of BACE inhibition-mediated synaptic deficits and the potential clinical implications.
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Zhou CC, Gao ZY, Wang J, Wu MQ, Hu S, Chen F, Liu JX, Pan H, Yan CH. Lead exposure induces Alzheimers’s disease (AD)-like pathology and disturbes cholesterol metabolism in the young rat brain. Toxicol Lett 2018; 296:173-183. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.06.1065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Fukuyama K, Kakio S, Nakazawa Y, Kobata K, Funakoshi-Tago M, Suzuki T, Tamura H. Roasted Coffee Reduces β-Amyloid Production by Increasing Proteasomal β-Secretase Degradation in Human Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cells. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:e1800238. [PMID: 30144352 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201800238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Epidemiological studies have shown that coffee consumption may be associated with a lower risk of developing several neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Caffeine is a prominent candidate component underlying the preventive effects of coffee; however, the contribution of other constituents is unclear. To clarify this issue, the effect of roasting coffee beans on β-secretase (BACE1) expression in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells is investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS Coffee (2%) reduces Aβ accumulation in culture medium to 80% of control levels after 24 h. Accordingly, BACE1 expression is decreased to 70% of control levels at 12 h. Experiments using cycloheximide and MG132, a proteasome inhibitor, reveal that coffee enhanced BACE1 degradation through activation of proteasomal activity. Furthermore, coffee activates cAMP-dependent protein kinase, and consequently, phosphorylation of a serine residue of proteasome 26S subunit, non-ATPase 11 (PSMD11). Pyrocatechol, a strong antioxidant known as catechol or 1,2-dihydroxybenzene, produced from chlorogenic acid during roasting, also reduces BACE1 expression by activation of proteasomal activity. Furthermore, pyrocatechol reduces Aβ production in SH-SY5Y cells. CONCLUSION The data suggest that the roasting process may be crucial for the protective effects of coffee consumption in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Fukuyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Shota Kakio
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Yosuke Nakazawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Kenji Kobata
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Josai University, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Toshiharu Suzuki
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroomi Tamura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
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Tijms BM, Vermunt L, Zwan MD, van Harten AC, van der Flier WM, Teunissen CE, Scheltens P, Visser PJ. Pre-amyloid stage of Alzheimer's disease in cognitively normal individuals. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2018; 5:1037-1047. [PMID: 30250861 PMCID: PMC6144448 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study risk factors for decreasing aβ1-42 concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in cognitively unimpaired individuals with initially normal amyloid and tau markers, and to investigate whether such aβ1-42 decreases are associated with subsequent decline in cognition and other biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease. METHODS Cognitively normal subjects (n = 83, 75 ± 5 years, 35(42%) female) with normal CSF aβ1-42 and tau and repeated CSF sampling were selected from ADNI. Subject level slopes of aβ1-42 decreases were estimated with mixed models. We tested associations of baseline APP processing markers (BACE1 activity, aβ1-40, aβ1-38 and sAPP β) and decreasing aβ1-42 levels by including an interaction term between time and APP marker. Associations between decreasing aβ1-42 levels and clinical decline (i.e., progression to mild cognitive impairment or dementia, MMSE, memory functioning) and biological decline (tau, hippocampal volume, glucose processing and amyloid PET) over a time period of 8-10 years were assessed. RESULTS Aβ1-42 levels decreased annually with -4.6 ± 1 pg/mL. Higher baseline BACE1 activity (β(se) = -0.06(0.03), P < 0.05), aβ1-40 (β(se)= -0.11(.03), P < 0.001), and aβ1-38 levels (β(se) = -0.11(0.03), P < 0.001) predicted faster decreasing aβ1-42. The fastest tertile of decreasing aβ1-42 rates was associated with subsequent pathophysiological processes: 11(14%) subjects developed abnormal amyloid levels after 3 ± 1.7 years, showed increased risk for clinical progression (Hazard Ratio[95CI] = 4.8[1.1-21.0]), decreases in MMSE, glucose metabolism and hippocampal volume, and increased CSF tau and amyloid aggregation on PET (all P < 0.05). INTERPRETATION Higher APP processing and fast decreasing aβ1-42 could be among the earliest, pre-amyloid, pathological changes in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty M. Tijms
- Alzheimer CenterDepartment of NeurologyVU University Medical CenterAmsterdam NeuroscienceAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Lisa Vermunt
- Alzheimer CenterDepartment of NeurologyVU University Medical CenterAmsterdam NeuroscienceAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Marissa D. Zwan
- Alzheimer CenterDepartment of NeurologyVU University Medical CenterAmsterdam NeuroscienceAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Argonde C. van Harten
- Alzheimer CenterDepartment of NeurologyVU University Medical CenterAmsterdam NeuroscienceAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Wiesje M. van der Flier
- Alzheimer CenterDepartment of NeurologyVU University Medical CenterAmsterdam NeuroscienceAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsVU University Medical CenterAmsterdam NeuroscienceAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Charlotte E. Teunissen
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsVU University Medical CenterAmsterdam NeuroscienceAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Philip Scheltens
- Alzheimer CenterDepartment of NeurologyVU University Medical CenterAmsterdam NeuroscienceAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Pieter Jelle Visser
- Alzheimer CenterDepartment of NeurologyVU University Medical CenterAmsterdam NeuroscienceAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry & NeuropsychologySchool for Mental Health and NeuroscienceMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
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Blume T, Filser S, Jaworska A, Blain JF, Koenig G, Moschke K, Lichtenthaler SF, Herms J. BACE1 Inhibitor MK-8931 Alters Formation but Not Stability of Dendritic Spines. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:229. [PMID: 30093858 PMCID: PMC6070607 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta-site amyloid-precursor-protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is the rate limiting protease in the production of the amyloid-beta peptide (Aβ), which is considered to be the causative agent in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). Therefore, the therapeutic potential of pharmacological BACE1 inhibitors is currently tested in clinical trials for AD treatment. To ensure a positive clinical outcome it is crucial to identify and evaluate adverse effects associated with BACE1 inhibition. Preclinical studies show that chronic blockade of BACE1 activity alters synaptic functions and leads to loss of dendritic spines. To assess the mechanism of synapse loss, dendritic spine dynamics of pyramidal layer V cells were monitored by in vivo two-photon microscopy in the somatosensory cortex of mice, treated with the BACE1 inhibitor MK-8931. MK-8931 treatment significantly reduced levels of Aβ40 and density of dendritic spines in the brain. However, the steady decline in dendritic spine density specifically resulted from a diminished formation of new spines and not from a loss of stable spines. Furthermore, the described effects on spine formation were transient and recovered after inhibitor withdrawal. Since MK-8931 inhibition did not completely abolish spine formation, our findings suggest that carefully dosed inhibitors might be therapeutically effective without affecting the structural integrity of excitatory synapses if given at an early disease stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Blume
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren (HZ)-German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
| | - Severin Filser
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren (HZ)-German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna Jaworska
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren (HZ)-German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Katrin Moschke
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren (HZ)-German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany.,Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan F Lichtenthaler
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren (HZ)-German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany.,Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Jochen Herms
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren (HZ)-German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.,Zentrum für Neuropathologie und Prionforschung, Munich, Germany
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Gijsen HJM, Alonso de Diego SA, De Cleyn M, García-Molina A, Macdonald GJ, Martínez-Lamenca C, Oehlrich D, Prokopcova H, Rombouts FJR, Surkyn M, Trabanco AA, Van Brandt S, Van den Bossche D, Van Gool M, Austin N, Borghys H, Dhuyvetter D, Moechars D. Optimization of 1,4-Oxazine β-Secretase 1 (BACE1) Inhibitors Toward a Clinical Candidate. J Med Chem 2018; 61:5292-5303. [PMID: 29809004 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In previous studies, the introduction of electron withdrawing groups to 1,4-oxazine BACE1 inhibitors reduced the p Ka of the amidine group, resulting in compound 2 that showed excellent in vivo efficacy, lowering Aβ levels in brain and CSF. However, a suboptimal cardiovascular safety margin, based on QTc prolongation, prevented further progression. Further optimization resulted in the replacement of the 2-fluoro substituent by a CF3-group, which reduced hERG inhibition. This has led to compound 3, with an improved cardiovascular safety margin and sufficiently safe in GLP toxicity studies to progress into clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrie J M Gijsen
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development , Janssen Pharmaceutica NV , Turnhoutseweg 30 , B-2340 Beerse , Belgium
| | - Sergio A Alonso de Diego
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development , Janssen-Cilag SA , C/Jarama 75A , 45007 Toledo , Spain
| | - Michel De Cleyn
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development , Janssen Pharmaceutica NV , Turnhoutseweg 30 , B-2340 Beerse , Belgium
| | - Aránzazu García-Molina
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development , Janssen-Cilag SA , C/Jarama 75A , 45007 Toledo , Spain
| | - Gregor J Macdonald
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development , Janssen Pharmaceutica NV , Turnhoutseweg 30 , B-2340 Beerse , Belgium
| | - Carolina Martínez-Lamenca
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development , Janssen Pharmaceutica NV , Turnhoutseweg 30 , B-2340 Beerse , Belgium
| | - Daniel Oehlrich
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development , Janssen Pharmaceutica NV , Turnhoutseweg 30 , B-2340 Beerse , Belgium
| | - Hana Prokopcova
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development , Janssen Pharmaceutica NV , Turnhoutseweg 30 , B-2340 Beerse , Belgium
| | - Frederik J R Rombouts
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development , Janssen Pharmaceutica NV , Turnhoutseweg 30 , B-2340 Beerse , Belgium
| | - Michel Surkyn
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development , Janssen Pharmaceutica NV , Turnhoutseweg 30 , B-2340 Beerse , Belgium
| | - Andrés A Trabanco
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development , Janssen-Cilag SA , C/Jarama 75A , 45007 Toledo , Spain
| | - Sven Van Brandt
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development , Janssen Pharmaceutica NV , Turnhoutseweg 30 , B-2340 Beerse , Belgium
| | - Dries Van den Bossche
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development , Janssen Pharmaceutica NV , Turnhoutseweg 30 , B-2340 Beerse , Belgium
| | - Michiel Van Gool
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development , Janssen-Cilag SA , C/Jarama 75A , 45007 Toledo , Spain
| | - Nigel Austin
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development , Janssen Pharmaceutica NV , Turnhoutseweg 30 , B-2340 Beerse , Belgium
| | - Herman Borghys
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development , Janssen Pharmaceutica NV , Turnhoutseweg 30 , B-2340 Beerse , Belgium
| | - Deborah Dhuyvetter
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development , Janssen Pharmaceutica NV , Turnhoutseweg 30 , B-2340 Beerse , Belgium
| | - Diederik Moechars
- Neuroscience Biology, Janssen Research & Development , Janssen Pharmaceutica NV , Turnhoutseweg 30 , B-2340 Beerse , Belgium
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Coimbra JRM, Marques DFF, Baptista SJ, Pereira CMF, Moreira PI, Dinis TCP, Santos AE, Salvador JAR. Highlights in BACE1 Inhibitors for Alzheimer's Disease Treatment. Front Chem 2018; 6:178. [PMID: 29881722 PMCID: PMC5977085 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a severe neurodegenerative disorder and the most common type of dementia in the elderly. The clinical symptoms of AD include a progressive loss of memory and impairment of cognitive functions interfering with daily life activities. The main neuropathological features consist in extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) plaque deposition and intracellular Neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) of hyperphosphorylated Tau. Understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms that underlie neurodegeneration in AD is essential for rational design of neuroprotective agents able to prevent disease progression. According to the "Amyloid Cascade Hypothesis" the critical molecular event in the pathogenesis of AD is the accumulation of Aβ neurotoxic oligomers. Since the proteolytic processing of Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) by β-secretase (beta-site APP cleaving enzyme 1, BACE1) is the rate-limiting step in the production of Aβ, this enzyme is considered a major therapeutic target and BACE1 inhibitors have the potential to be disease-modifying drugs for AD treatment. Therefore, intensive efforts to discover and develop inhibitors that can reach the brain and effectively inhibit BACE1 have been pursued by several groups worldwide. The aim of this review is to highlight the progress in the discovery of potent and selective small molecule BACE1 inhibitors over the past decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judite R. M. Coimbra
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of CoimbraCoimbra, Portugal
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of CoimbraCoimbra, Portugal
| | - Daniela F. F. Marques
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of CoimbraCoimbra, Portugal
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of CoimbraCoimbra, Portugal
| | - Salete J. Baptista
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of CoimbraCoimbra, Portugal
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of CoimbraCoimbra, Portugal
- Chem4Pharma, Edifício IPN IncubadoraCoimbra, Portugal
| | - Cláudia M. F. Pereira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of CoimbraCoimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of CoimbraCoimbra, Portugal
| | - Paula I. Moreira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of CoimbraCoimbra, Portugal
- Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of CoimbraCoimbra, Portugal
| | - Teresa C. P. Dinis
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of CoimbraCoimbra, Portugal
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of CoimbraCoimbra, Portugal
| | - Armanda E. Santos
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of CoimbraCoimbra, Portugal
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of CoimbraCoimbra, Portugal
| | - Jorge A. R. Salvador
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of CoimbraCoimbra, Portugal
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of CoimbraCoimbra, Portugal
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β-Secretase BACE1 Promotes Surface Expression and Function of Kv3.4 at Hippocampal Mossy Fiber Synapses. J Neurosci 2018; 38:3480-3494. [PMID: 29507146 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2643-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The β-secretase β-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is deemed a major culprit in Alzheimer's disease, but accumulating evidence indicates that there is more to the enzyme than driving the amyloidogenic processing of the amyloid precursor protein. For example, BACE1 has emerged as an important regulator of neuronal activity through proteolytic and, most unexpectedly, also through nonproteolytic interactions with several ion channels. Here, we identify and characterize the voltage-gated K+ channel 3.4 (Kv3.4) as a new and functionally relevant interaction partner of BACE1. Kv3.4 gives rise to A-type current with fast activating and inactivating kinetics and serves to repolarize the presynaptic action potential. We found that BACE1 and Kv3.4 are highly enriched and remarkably colocalized in hippocampal mossy fibers (MFs). In BACE1-/- mice of either sex, Kv3.4 surface expression was significantly reduced in the hippocampus and, in synaptic fractions thereof, Kv3.4 was specifically diminished, whereas protein levels of other presynaptic K+ channels such as KCa1.1 and KCa2.3 remained unchanged. The apparent loss of presynaptic Kv3.4 affected the strength of excitatory transmission at the MF-CA3 synapse in hippocampal slices of BACE1-/- mice when probed with the Kv3 channel blocker BDS-I. The effect of BACE1 on Kv3.4 expression and function should be bidirectional, as predicted from a heterologous expression system, in which BACE1 cotransfection produced a concomitant upregulation of Kv3.4 surface level and current based on a physical interaction between the two proteins. Our data show that, by targeting Kv3.4 to presynaptic sites, BACE1 endows the terminal with a powerful means to regulate the strength of transmitter release.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The β-secretase β-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is infamous for its crucial role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, but its physiological functions in the intact nervous system are only gradually being unveiled. Here, we extend previous work implicating BACE1 in the expression and function of voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels. Specifically, we characterize voltage-gated K+ channel 3.4 (Kv3.4), a presynaptic K+ channel required for action potential repolarization, as a novel interaction partner of BACE1 at the mossy fiber (MF)-CA3 synapse of the hippocampus. BACE1 promotes surface expression of Kv3.4 at MF terminals, most likely by physically associating with the channel protein in a nonenzymatic fashion. We advance the BACE1-Kv3.4 interaction as a mechanism to strengthen the temporal control over transmitter release from MF terminals.
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