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Kopljar I, Cools F, Witters J, Talia C, Hoogenboom V, Borghys H, Mousa S, Feyen B. P21-13 Digital monitoring of beagle dogs in preclinical toxicity studies for precision observation and improvement of safety assessment. Toxicol Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2022.07.693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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2
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Pibiri F, Urmaliya V, Cools F, Jahouh F, Vreeken RJ, Borghys H, Teisman A, Gallacher D. CNS (EEG & behavior) safety assessment in freely moving/socially housed non-rodents. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2021.107005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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3
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Pibiri F, Urmaliya V, Jahouh F, Vreeken RJ, Teuns G, Youssef S, Borghys H, Teisman A, Gallacher D. CNS safety assessment in freely moving socially housed rodents. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2021.106974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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4
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Dhuyvetter D, Tekle F, Nazarov M, Vreeken RJ, Borghys H, Rombouts F, Lenaerts I, Bottelbergs A. Direct nose to brain delivery of small molecules: critical analysis of data from a standardized in vivo screening model in rats. Drug Deliv 2021; 27:1597-1607. [PMID: 33169635 PMCID: PMC7655051 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2020.1837291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is often a limiting factor for getting drugs in the brain. Bypassing the BBB by intranasal (IN), or also called nose to brain (NTB), route is an interesting and frequently investigated concept for brain drug delivery. However, despite the body of evidence for IN drug delivery in literature over the last decades, reproducibility and interpretation of animal data remain challenging. The objective of this project was to assess the feasibility and value of a standardized IN screening model in rats for the evaluation of direct brain delivery. A chemically diverse set of commercial and internal small molecules were tested in the in vivo model with different doses and/or formulations. Data were analyzed using different ways of ratio calculations: blood concentration at time of sacrifice, total exposure in blood (area under the curve, AUC) and the brain or olfactory bulb concentrations. The IN route was compared to another parenteral route to decide if there is potential direct brain transport. The results show that blood and tissue concentrations and ratios are highly variable and not always reproducible. Potential direct brain delivery was concluded for some compounds, however, sometimes depending on the analysis: using blood levels at sacrifice or AUC could lead to different conclusions. We conclude that a screening model for the evaluation of direct brain transport of small molecules is very difficult to achieve and a conclusion based on a limited number of animals with this variability is questionable.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fetene Tekle
- Non Clinical Statistics, Janssen R&D, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Rob J Vreeken
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, Janssen R&D, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | | | - Ilse Lenaerts
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Janssen R&D, Beerse, Belgium
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5
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Anan K, Iso Y, Oguma T, Nakahara K, Suzuki S, Yamamoto T, Matsuoka E, Ito H, Sakaguchi G, Ando S, Morimoto K, Kanegawa N, Kido Y, Kawachi T, Fukushima T, Teisman A, Urmaliya V, Dhuyvetter D, Borghys H, Austin N, Van Den Bergh A, Verboven P, Bischoff F, Gijsen HJM, Yamano Y, Kusakabe KI. Trifluoromethyl Dihydrothiazine‐Based β‐Secretase (BACE1) Inhibitors with Robust Central β‐Amyloid Reduction and Minimal Covalent Binding Burden. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:1894-1910. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Anan
- Discovery Research Laboratory for Core Therapeutic AreasShionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka Osaka 561-0825 Japan
| | - Yasuyoshi Iso
- Discovery Research Laboratory for Core Therapeutic AreasShionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka Osaka 561-0825 Japan
| | - Takuya Oguma
- Discovery Research Laboratory for Core Therapeutic AreasShionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka Osaka 561-0825 Japan
| | - Kenji Nakahara
- Discovery Research Laboratory for Core Therapeutic AreasShionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka Osaka 561-0825 Japan
| | - Shinji Suzuki
- Discovery Research Laboratory for Core Therapeutic AreasShionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka Osaka 561-0825 Japan
| | - Takahiko Yamamoto
- Discovery Research Laboratory for Core Therapeutic AreasShionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka Osaka 561-0825 Japan
- Current address: API Process Development Department (Biotechnology)Pharmaceutical Technology Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. 5–1, Ukima 5-chome, Kita-ku Tokyo 115-8543 Japan
| | - Eriko Matsuoka
- Discovery Research Laboratory for Core Therapeutic AreasShionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka Osaka 561-0825 Japan
| | - Hisanori Ito
- Discovery Research Laboratory for Core Therapeutic AreasShionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka Osaka 561-0825 Japan
| | - Gaku Sakaguchi
- Discovery Research Laboratory for Core Therapeutic AreasShionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka Osaka 561-0825 Japan
| | - Shigeru Ando
- Research Laboratory for DevelopmentShionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka Osaka 561-0825 Japan
| | - Kenji Morimoto
- Research Laboratory for DevelopmentShionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka Osaka 561-0825 Japan
| | - Naoki Kanegawa
- Research Laboratory for DevelopmentShionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka Osaka 561-0825 Japan
| | - Yasuto Kido
- Research Laboratory for DevelopmentShionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka Osaka 561-0825 Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Kawachi
- Research Laboratory for DevelopmentShionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka Osaka 561-0825 Japan
| | - Tamio Fukushima
- Research Laboratory for DevelopmentShionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka Osaka 561-0825 Japan
| | - Ard Teisman
- Non-Clinical SafetyJanssen Research & Development Turnhoutseweg 30 2340 Beerse Belgium
| | - Vijay Urmaliya
- Non-Clinical SafetyJanssen Research & Development Turnhoutseweg 30 2340 Beerse Belgium
| | - Deborah Dhuyvetter
- Non-Clinical SafetyJanssen Research & Development Turnhoutseweg 30 2340 Beerse Belgium
| | - Herman Borghys
- Non-Clinical SafetyJanssen Research & Development Turnhoutseweg 30 2340 Beerse Belgium
| | - Nigel Austin
- Discovery SciencesJanssen Research & Development Turnhoutseweg 30 2340 Beerse Belgium
- Current address: Sosei HeptaresSteinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abington Cambridge CB21 6DG UK
| | - An Van Den Bergh
- Discovery SciencesJanssen Research & Development Turnhoutseweg 30 2340 Beerse Belgium
| | - Peter Verboven
- Discovery SciencesJanssen Research & Development Turnhoutseweg 30 2340 Beerse Belgium
| | - Francois Bischoff
- Discovery SciencesJanssen Research & Development Turnhoutseweg 30 2340 Beerse Belgium
| | - Harrie J. M. Gijsen
- Discovery SciencesJanssen Research & Development Turnhoutseweg 30 2340 Beerse Belgium
| | - Yoshinori Yamano
- Discovery Research Laboratory for Core Therapeutic AreasShionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka Osaka 561-0825 Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Kusakabe
- Discovery Research Laboratory for Core Therapeutic AreasShionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka Osaka 561-0825 Japan
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Tadano G, Komano K, Yoshida S, Suzuki S, Nakahara K, Fuchino K, Fujimoto K, Matsuoka E, Yamamoto T, Asada N, Ito H, Sakaguchi G, Kanegawa N, Kido Y, Ando S, Fukushima T, Teisman A, Urmaliya V, Dhuyvetter D, Borghys H, Van Den Bergh A, Austin N, Gijsen HJM, Yamano Y, Iso Y, Kusakabe KI. Discovery of an Extremely Potent Thiazine-Based β-Secretase Inhibitor with Reduced Cardiovascular and Liver Toxicity at a Low Projected Human Dose. J Med Chem 2019; 62:9331-9337. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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7
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Gijsen HJM, Alonso de Diego SA, De Cleyn M, García-Molina A, Macdonald GJ, Martinez-Lamenca C, Oehlrich D, Prokopcova H, Rombouts FJR, Surkyn M, Trabanco AA, Van Brandt S, Van den Bossche D, Van Gool M, Austin N, Borghys H, Dhuyvetter D, Urmaliya V, Teisman A, Moechars D. Correction to Optimization of 1,4-Oxazine β-Secretase 1 (BACE1) Inhibitors Toward a Clinical Candidate. J Med Chem 2018; 61:11415. [PMID: 30525600 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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8
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Gijsen HJM, Alonso de Diego SA, De Cleyn M, García-Molina A, Macdonald GJ, Martínez-Lamenca C, Oehlrich D, Prokopcova H, Rombouts FJR, Surkyn M, Trabanco AA, Van Brandt S, Van den Bossche D, Van Gool M, Austin N, Borghys H, Dhuyvetter D, Moechars D. Optimization of 1,4-Oxazine β-Secretase 1 (BACE1) Inhibitors Toward a Clinical Candidate. J Med Chem 2018; 61:5292-5303. [PMID: 29809004 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In previous studies, the introduction of electron withdrawing groups to 1,4-oxazine BACE1 inhibitors reduced the p Ka of the amidine group, resulting in compound 2 that showed excellent in vivo efficacy, lowering Aβ levels in brain and CSF. However, a suboptimal cardiovascular safety margin, based on QTc prolongation, prevented further progression. Further optimization resulted in the replacement of the 2-fluoro substituent by a CF3-group, which reduced hERG inhibition. This has led to compound 3, with an improved cardiovascular safety margin and sufficiently safe in GLP toxicity studies to progress into clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrie J M Gijsen
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development , Janssen Pharmaceutica NV , Turnhoutseweg 30 , B-2340 Beerse , Belgium
| | - Sergio A Alonso de Diego
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development , Janssen-Cilag SA , C/Jarama 75A , 45007 Toledo , Spain
| | - Michel De Cleyn
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development , Janssen Pharmaceutica NV , Turnhoutseweg 30 , B-2340 Beerse , Belgium
| | - Aránzazu García-Molina
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development , Janssen-Cilag SA , C/Jarama 75A , 45007 Toledo , Spain
| | - Gregor J Macdonald
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development , Janssen Pharmaceutica NV , Turnhoutseweg 30 , B-2340 Beerse , Belgium
| | - Carolina Martínez-Lamenca
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development , Janssen Pharmaceutica NV , Turnhoutseweg 30 , B-2340 Beerse , Belgium
| | - Daniel Oehlrich
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development , Janssen Pharmaceutica NV , Turnhoutseweg 30 , B-2340 Beerse , Belgium
| | - Hana Prokopcova
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development , Janssen Pharmaceutica NV , Turnhoutseweg 30 , B-2340 Beerse , Belgium
| | - Frederik J R Rombouts
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development , Janssen Pharmaceutica NV , Turnhoutseweg 30 , B-2340 Beerse , Belgium
| | - Michel Surkyn
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development , Janssen Pharmaceutica NV , Turnhoutseweg 30 , B-2340 Beerse , Belgium
| | - Andrés A Trabanco
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development , Janssen-Cilag SA , C/Jarama 75A , 45007 Toledo , Spain
| | - Sven Van Brandt
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development , Janssen Pharmaceutica NV , Turnhoutseweg 30 , B-2340 Beerse , Belgium
| | - Dries Van den Bossche
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development , Janssen Pharmaceutica NV , Turnhoutseweg 30 , B-2340 Beerse , Belgium
| | - Michiel Van Gool
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development , Janssen-Cilag SA , C/Jarama 75A , 45007 Toledo , Spain
| | - Nigel Austin
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development , Janssen Pharmaceutica NV , Turnhoutseweg 30 , B-2340 Beerse , Belgium
| | - Herman Borghys
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development , Janssen Pharmaceutica NV , Turnhoutseweg 30 , B-2340 Beerse , Belgium
| | - Deborah Dhuyvetter
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development , Janssen Pharmaceutica NV , Turnhoutseweg 30 , B-2340 Beerse , Belgium
| | - Diederik Moechars
- Neuroscience Biology, Janssen Research & Development , Janssen Pharmaceutica NV , Turnhoutseweg 30 , B-2340 Beerse , Belgium
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9
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Nakahara K, Fuchino K, Komano K, Asada N, Tadano G, Hasegawa T, Yamamoto T, Sako Y, Ogawa M, Unemura C, Hosono M, Ito H, Sakaguchi G, Ando S, Ohnishi S, Kido Y, Fukushima T, Dhuyvetter D, Borghys H, Gijsen HJM, Yamano Y, Iso Y, Kusakabe KI. Discovery of Potent and Centrally Active 6-Substituted 5-Fluoro-1,3-dihydro-oxazine β-Secretase (BACE1) Inhibitors via Active Conformation Stabilization. J Med Chem 2018; 61:5525-5546. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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10
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Fuchino K, Mitsuoka Y, Masui M, Kurose N, Yoshida S, Komano K, Yamamoto T, Ogawa M, Unemura C, Hosono M, Ito H, Sakaguchi G, Ando S, Ohnishi S, Kido Y, Fukushima T, Miyajima H, Hiroyama S, Koyabu K, Dhuyvetter D, Borghys H, Gijsen HJM, Yamano Y, Iso Y, Kusakabe KI. Rational Design of Novel 1,3-Oxazine Based β-Secretase (BACE1) Inhibitors: Incorporation of a Double Bond To Reduce P-gp Efflux Leading to Robust Aβ Reduction in the Brain. J Med Chem 2018; 61:5122-5137. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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11
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Borghys H, Van Broeck B, Dhuyvetter D, Jacobs T, de Waepenaert K, Erkens T, Brooks M, Thevarkunnel S, Araujo JA. Young to Middle-Aged Dogs with High Amyloid-β Levels in Cerebrospinal Fluid are Impaired on Learning in Standard Cognition tests. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 56:763-774. [PMID: 28035921 PMCID: PMC5271428 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Understanding differences in Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers before the pathology becomes evident can contribute to an improved understanding of disease pathogenesis and treatment. A decrease in amyloid-β (Aβ)42 in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is suggested to be a biomarker for Aβ deposition in brain. However, the relevance of CSF Aβ levels prior to deposition is not entirely known. Dogs are similar to man with respect to amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP)-processing, age-related amyloid plaque deposition, and cognitive dysfunction. In the current study, we evaluated the relation between CSF Aβ42 levels and cognitive performance in young to middle-aged dogs (1.5–7 years old). Additionally, CSF sAβPPα and sAβPPβ were measured to evaluate AβPP processing, and CSF cytokines were measured to determine the immune status of the brain. We identified two groups of dogs showing consistently low or high CSF Aβ42 levels. Based on prior studies, it was assumed that at this age no cerebral amyloid plaques were likely to be present. The cognitive performance was evaluated in standard cognition tests. Low or high Aβ concentrations coincided with low or high sAβPPα, sAβPPβ, and CXCL-1 levels, respectively. Dogs with high Aβ concentrations showed significant learning impairments on delayed non-match to position (DNMP), object discrimination, and reversal learning compared to dogs with low Aβ concentrations. Our data support the hypothesis that high levels of CSF Aβ in dogs coincide with lower cognitive performance prior to amyloid deposition. Further experiments are needed to investigate this link, as well as the relevance with respect to Alzheimer’s disease pathology progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman Borghys
- Janssen Research & Development, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Beerse, Belgium
| | - Bianca Van Broeck
- Janssen Research & Development, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Beerse, Belgium
| | - Deborah Dhuyvetter
- Janssen Research & Development, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Beerse, Belgium
| | - Tom Jacobs
- Janssen Research & Development, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Beerse, Belgium
| | - Katja de Waepenaert
- Janssen Research & Development, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Beerse, Belgium
| | - Tim Erkens
- Janssen Research & Development, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Beerse, Belgium
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12
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McGowan DC, Herschke F, Pauwels F, Stoops B, Smyej I, Last S, Pieters S, Embrechts W, Khamlichi MD, Thoné T, Van Schoubroeck B, Mostmans W, Wuyts D, Verstappen D, Scholliers A, De Pooter D, Dhuyvetter D, Borghys H, Tuefferd M, Arnoult E, Hong J, Fanning G, Bollekens J, Urmaliya V, Teisman A, Horton H, Jonckers THM, Raboisson P. Identification and Optimization of Pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine Toll-like Receptor 7 (TLR7) Selective Agonists for the Treatment of Hepatitis B. J Med Chem 2017; 60:6137-6151. [PMID: 28671847 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidines were identified as a new series of potent and selective TLR7 agonists. Compounds were optimized for their activity and selectivity over TLR8. This presents an advantage over recently described scaffolds that have residual TLR8 activity, which may be detrimental to the tolerability of the candidate drug. Oral administration of the lead compound 54 effectively induced a transient interferon stimulated gene (ISG) response in mice and cynomolgus monkeys. We aimed for a high first pass effect, limiting cytokine induction systemically, and demonstrated the potential for the immunotherapy of viral hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C McGowan
- Janssen Pharmaceutica , N. V. Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Florence Herschke
- Janssen Pharmaceutica , N. V. Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Frederik Pauwels
- Janssen Pharmaceutica , N. V. Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Bart Stoops
- Janssen Pharmaceutica , N. V. Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Ilham Smyej
- Janssen Pharmaceutica , N. V. Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Stefaan Last
- Janssen Pharmaceutica , N. V. Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Serge Pieters
- Janssen Pharmaceutica , N. V. Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Werner Embrechts
- Janssen Pharmaceutica , N. V. Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Mourad Daoubi Khamlichi
- Villapharma Research S.L. , Parque Tecnológico de Fuente Álamo, Ctra. El Estrecho-Lobosillo, Km. 2.5-Av. Azul, 30320 Fuente Álamo de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Tine Thoné
- Janssen Pharmaceutica , N. V. Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Wendy Mostmans
- Janssen Pharmaceutica , N. V. Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Debbie Wuyts
- Janssen Pharmaceutica , N. V. Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Dorien Verstappen
- Janssen Pharmaceutica , N. V. Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Annick Scholliers
- Janssen Pharmaceutica , N. V. Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Dorien De Pooter
- Janssen Pharmaceutica , N. V. Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Herman Borghys
- Janssen Pharmaceutica , N. V. Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Marianne Tuefferd
- Janssen Pharmaceutica , N. V. Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Eric Arnoult
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C. , 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19454, United States
| | - Jin Hong
- Alios Biopharma, Inc. , 260 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Gregory Fanning
- Janssen Pharmaceutica , N. V. Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Jacques Bollekens
- Janssen Pharmaceutica , N. V. Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Vijay Urmaliya
- Janssen Pharmaceutica , N. V. Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Ard Teisman
- Janssen Pharmaceutica , N. V. Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Helen Horton
- Janssen Pharmaceutica , N. V. Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Tim H M Jonckers
- Janssen Pharmaceutica , N. V. Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Pierre Raboisson
- Janssen Pharmaceutica , N. V. Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
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13
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McGowan D, Herschke F, Pauwels F, Stoops B, Last S, Pieters S, Scholliers A, Thoné T, Van Schoubroeck B, De Pooter D, Mostmans W, Khamlichi MD, Embrechts W, Dhuyvetter D, Smyej I, Arnoult E, Demin S, Borghys H, Fanning G, Vlach J, Raboisson P. Novel Pyrimidine Toll-like Receptor 7 and 8 Dual Agonists to Treat Hepatitis B Virus. J Med Chem 2016; 59:7936-49. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David McGowan
- Janssen Infectious Diseases Diagnostics BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Florence Herschke
- Janssen Infectious Diseases Diagnostics BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Frederik Pauwels
- Janssen Infectious Diseases Diagnostics BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Bart Stoops
- Janssen Infectious Diseases Diagnostics BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Stefaan Last
- Janssen Infectious Diseases Diagnostics BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Serge Pieters
- Janssen Infectious Diseases Diagnostics BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Annick Scholliers
- Janssen Infectious Diseases Diagnostics BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Tine Thoné
- Janssen Infectious Diseases Diagnostics BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Dorien De Pooter
- Janssen Infectious Diseases Diagnostics BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Wendy Mostmans
- Janssen Infectious Diseases Diagnostics BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Mourad Daoubi Khamlichi
- Villapharma Research S.L., Parque
Tecnológico de Fuente Álamo. Ctra. El Estrecho-Lobosillo,
Km. 2.5, Av. Azul 30320 Fuente Álamo de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Werner Embrechts
- Janssen Infectious Diseases Diagnostics BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Deborah Dhuyvetter
- Janssen Infectious Diseases Diagnostics BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Ilham Smyej
- Janssen Infectious Diseases Diagnostics BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Eric Arnoult
- Janssen Infectious Diseases Diagnostics BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Samuël Demin
- Janssen Infectious Diseases Diagnostics BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Herman Borghys
- Janssen Infectious Diseases Diagnostics BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Gregory Fanning
- Janssen Infectious Diseases Diagnostics BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Jaromir Vlach
- Janssen Infectious Diseases Diagnostics BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Pierre Raboisson
- Janssen Infectious Diseases Diagnostics BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
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Van Broeck B, Cascalho A, Meulders G, Van Glabbeek D, Dhuyvetter D, Borghys H, Mercken M. P2‐045: Effect of Bace Inhibitor Treatment on Full‐Length and N‐Truncated AB Species in Cellular and Canine Models. Alzheimers Dement 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2016.06.1249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Gaekens T, Guillaume M, Borghys H, De Zwart LL, de Vries R, Embrechts RCA, Vermeulen A, Megens AAHP, Leysen JE, Herdewijn P, Annaert PP, Atack JR. Lipophilic nalmefene prodrugs to achieve a one-month sustained release. J Control Release 2016; 232:196-202. [PMID: 27107723 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Nalmefene is an opioid antagonist which as a once-a-day tablet formulation has recently been approved for reducing ethanol intake in alcoholic subjects. In order to address the compliance issue in this patient population, a number of potential nalmefene prodrugs were synthesized with the aim of providing a formulation that could provide plasma drug concentrations in the region of 0.5-1.0ng/mL for a one-month period when dosed intramuscular to dogs or minipigs. In an initial series of studies, three different lipophilic nalmefene derivatives were evaluated: the palmitate (C16), the octadecyl glutarate diester (C18-C5) and the decyl carbamate (CB10). They were administered intramuscularly to dogs in a sesame oil solution at a dose of 1mg-eq. nalmefene/kg. The decyl carbamate was released relatively quickly from the oil depot and its carbamate bond was too stable to be used as a prodrug. The other two derivatives delivered a fairly constant level of 0.2-0.3ng nalmefene/mL plasma for one month and since there was no significant difference between these two, the less complex palmitate monoester was chosen to demonstrate that dog plasma nalmefene concentrations were dose-dependent at 1, 5 and 20mg-eq. nalmefene/kg. In a second set of experiments, the effect of the chain length of the fatty acid monoester promoieties was examined. The increasingly lipophilic octanoate (C8), decanoate (C10) and dodecanoate (C12) derivatives were evaluated in dogs and in minipigs, at a dose of 5mg-eq. nalmefene/kg and plasma nalmefene concentrations were measured over a four-week period. The pharmacokinetic profiles were very similar in both species with Cmax decreasing and Tmax increasing with increasing fatty acid chain length and the target plasma concentrations (0.5-1.0ng/mL over a month-long period) were achieved with the dodecanoate (C12) prodrug. These data therefore demonstrate that sustained plasma nalmefene concentrations can be achieved in both dog and minipig using nalmefene prodrugs and that the pharmacokinetic profile of nalmefene can be tuned by varying the length of the alkyl group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Gaekens
- API Small Molecule Development, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Michel Guillaume
- API Small Molecule Development, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Herman Borghys
- Neuroscience, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Loeckie L De Zwart
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Ronald de Vries
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Roger C A Embrechts
- Drug Product Development, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - An Vermeulen
- Clinical Pharmacology, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Anton A H P Megens
- Neuroscience, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Josée E Leysen
- Neuroscience, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium; Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Research, VU University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Piet Herdewijn
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, Box 1030, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter P Annaert
- Laboratory for Pharmacotechnology and Biopharmacy, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, O&N2, Herestraat 49-Box 921, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - John R Atack
- Neuroscience, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium.
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16
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Sjödin S, Andersson KKA, Mercken M, Zetterberg H, Borghys H, Blennow K, Portelius E. APLP1 as a cerebrospinal fluid biomarker for γ-secretase modulator treatment. Alzheimers Res Ther 2015; 7:77. [PMID: 26689589 PMCID: PMC4687145 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-015-0160-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's disease brains are characterized by extracellular plaques containing the aggregated amyloid β42 (Aβ42) peptide and intraneuronal tangles containing hyperphosphorylated tau. Aβ42 is produced by sequential processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β-secretase followed by γ-secretase. Substantial efforts have been put into developing pharmaceuticals preventing the production or increasing the clearance of Aβ42. However, treatments inhibiting γ-secretase have proven disappointing due to off-target effects. To circumvent these effects, γ-secretase modulators (GSMs) have been developed, which rather than inhibiting γ-secretase shift its preference into producing less aggregation-prone shorter Aβ peptides. Belonging to the same family of proteins as APP, amyloid-like protein 1 (APLP1) is also a substrate for γ-secretase. Herein we investigated whether the GSM E2012 affects APLP1 processing in the central nervous system by measuring APLP1 peptide levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) before and after E2012 treatment in dogs. METHODS An in-house monoclonal APLP1 antibody, AP1, was produced and utilized for immunopurification of APLP1 from human and dog CSF in a hybrid immuno-affinity mass spectrometric method. Seven dogs received a single dose of 20 or 80 mg/kg of E2012 in a randomized cross-over design and CSF was collected prior to and 4, 8 and 24 hours after dosing. RESULTS We have identified 14 CSF APLP1 peptides in humans and 12 CSF APLP1 peptides in dogs. Of these, seven were reproducibly detectable in dogs who received E2012. We found a dose-dependent relative increase of the CSF peptides APLP1β17, 1β18 and 1β28 accompanied with a decrease of 1β25 and 1β27 in response to E2012 treatment. All peptides reverted to baseline over the time of sample collection. CONCLUSION We show an in vivo effect of the GSM E2012 on the processing of APLP1 which is measurable in CSF. These data suggest that APLP1 peptides may be used as biomarkers to monitor drug effects of GSMs on γ-secretase processing in clinical trials. However, this requires further investigation in larger cohorts, including studies in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Sjödin
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, S-431 80, Sweden.
| | - Kerstin K A Andersson
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, S-431 80, Sweden.
| | - Marc Mercken
- Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium.
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, S-431 80, Sweden. .,UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.
| | | | - Kaj Blennow
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, S-431 80, Sweden.
| | - Erik Portelius
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, S-431 80, Sweden.
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Rombouts FJR, Tresadern G, Delgado O, Martínez-Lamenca C, Van Gool M, García-Molina A, Alonso de Diego SA, Oehlrich D, Prokopcova H, Alonso JM, Austin N, Borghys H, Van Brandt S, Surkyn M, De Cleyn M, Vos A, Alexander R, Macdonald G, Moechars D, Gijsen H, Trabanco AA. 1,4-Oxazine β-Secretase 1 (BACE1) Inhibitors: From Hit Generation to Orally Bioavailable Brain Penetrant Leads. J Med Chem 2015; 58:8216-35. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frederik J. R. Rombouts
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Gary Tresadern
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen−Cilag SA, C/Jarama 75A, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Oscar Delgado
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen−Cilag SA, C/Jarama 75A, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Carolina Martínez-Lamenca
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Michiel Van Gool
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen−Cilag SA, C/Jarama 75A, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Aránzazu García-Molina
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen−Cilag SA, C/Jarama 75A, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Sergio A. Alonso de Diego
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen−Cilag SA, C/Jarama 75A, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Daniel Oehlrich
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Hana Prokopcova
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - José Manuel Alonso
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen−Cilag SA, C/Jarama 75A, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Nigel Austin
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Herman Borghys
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Sven Van Brandt
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Michel Surkyn
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Michel De Cleyn
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Ann Vos
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Richard Alexander
- Biologics Research, Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Gregor Macdonald
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Dieder Moechars
- Neuroscience Biology, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Harrie Gijsen
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Andrés A. Trabanco
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen−Cilag SA, C/Jarama 75A, 45007 Toledo, Spain
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Araujo JA, Borghys H, Brooks M, Broeck B, Dhuyvetter D. P4‐179: Young to middle‐aged dogs with high basal Aβ42 CSF level demonstrate learning impairment compared to dogs with low basal CSF Aβ42. Alzheimers Dement 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Velter AI, Bischoff FP, Berthelot D, De Cleyn M, Oehlrich D, Jaroskova L, Macdonald G, Minne G, Pieters S, Rombouts F, Van Brandt S, Van Roosbroeck Y, Surkyn M, Trabanco AA, Tresadern G, Wu T, Borghys H, Mercken M, Masungi C, Gijsen H. Anilinotriazoles as potent gamma secretase modulators. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:5805-5813. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Broeck B, Meulders G, Nogueira S, Dhuyvetter D, Borghys H, Mercken M. P4‐216: COMPARISON OF PLASMA Aβ ASSAYS AS PHARMACODYNAMIC READ‐OUT FOR BACE1 INHIBITOR TREATMENT IN CANINES. Alzheimers Dement 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2014.05.1734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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21
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Borghys H, Jacobs T, Van Broeck B, Dillen L, Dhuyvetter D, Gijsen H, Mercken M. Comparison of two different methods for measurement of amyloid-β peptides in cerebrospinal fluid after BACE1 inhibition in a dog model. J Alzheimers Dis 2014; 38:39-48. [PMID: 23948925 DOI: 10.3233/jad-130599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Beta-secretase is the first cleavage enzyme of amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) in the amyloidogenic pathway, leading to the formation of the plaque forming Amyloid-β (Aβ)1-42 peptide. BACE (beta-site AβPP cleaving enzyme) 1 inhibition is therefore considered to be a promising disease modifying therapy for Alzheimer's disease. An early assessment of the in vivo activity of BACE inhibitors was done in dogs since AβPP processing is the same as in humans and this species easily enables longitudinal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sampling. Aβ changes in CSF compared to baseline are used to evaluate target engagement of the compounds. Levels of Aβ1-37, Aβ1-38, Aβ1-40, and Aβ1-42 in CSF are measured with immunoassay (Mesoscale electrochemiluminescence technology) and with an ultra high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Two experimental BACE inhibitors were evaluated. With the immunoassay, a dose dependent decrease is observed for all four Aβ peptides. Measurements with the UPLC-MS/MS are in line with the immunoassay for Aβ1-37, Aβ1-38, and Aβ1-40, however, for Aβ1-42, differences are sometimes observed when comparing to changes seen in the other peptides with UPLC-MS/MS and with immunoassay results. Generally lower concentrations are measured with immunoassay. The reason for these differences is still unknown. Aβ1-42 is more prone to form aggregates compared to the other peptides. One hypothesis could be that while the immunoassay only measures free Aβ, bound and aggregated Aβ peptides are at least partially dissolved with the UPLC-MS/MS method, since acetonitrile is added to the CSF samples. This increases variability in the concentration of Aβ peptide measured with UPLC-MS/MS, especially for Aβ1-42, potentially masking the compound effect on Aβ1-42 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman Borghys
- Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
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22
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Cools F, Dhuyvetter D, Vanlommel A, Janssens S, Borghys H, Geys H, Gallacher DJ. A translational assessment of preclinical versus clinical tools for the measurement of cardiac contractility: Comparison of LV dP/dtmax with echocardiography in telemetry implanted beagle dogs. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2014; 69:17-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Cools F, Dhuyvetter D, Vanlommel A, Janssens S, Borghys H, Gallacher DJ. A translational assessment of preclinical versus clinical tools for cardiac contractility measurement: Comparison of LV dP/dtmax with echocardiography in telemetry implanted beagle dogs. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2013.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Borghys H, Tuefferd M, Van Broeck B, Clessens E, Dillen L, Cools W, Vinken P, Straetemans R, De Ridder F, Gijsen H, Mercken M. A canine model to evaluate efficacy and safety of γ-secretase inhibitors and modulators. J Alzheimers Dis 2012; 28:809-22. [PMID: 22072214 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2011-111475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-secretase, a membrane bound protease which cleaves the transmembrane protein amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP), is a therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease. Gamma-secretase inhibitors (GSIs) and modulators (GSMs) are being investigated as potential disease-modifying agents. Preclinical in vivo models to monitor the activity on gamma-secretase are described in different species such as mouse, rat, and guinea pigs. All these models have their value in testing compounds with amyloid lowering properties, however, compound characteristics and pharmacokinetic properties, as well as other species characteristics such as limited sampling volumes of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), recommended the use of a larger, non-rodent animal species. For this purpose, a screening model in dogs was developed for testing GSIs and GSMs. We showed that GSIs and GSMs had a dose- and time-dependent effect on Aβ(37), Aβ(38), Aβ(40), and Aβ(42) in CSF. Changes in liver function were evidenced by a transient increase in bilirubin with the GSMs and incidental increases in alanine aminotransferase for GSMs as well as GSIs. Microarray analysis of liver biopsies enabled to elucidate potential mechanisms behind the liver function changes. The relevance of the liver findings should be further evaluated in chronic pre-clinical safety studies and in humans. Based on our data, we can conclude that the dog is a very appropriate species to assess efficacy and safety of compounds which have an effect on AβPP processing such as GSMs, GSIs, and BACE-inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman Borghys
- Janssen Research and Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium.
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25
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Portelius E, Rajendran L, Zetterberg H, Gustavsson M, Andreasson U, Olsson M, Brinkmalm G, Lundkvist J, Jacobson LH, Perrot L, Neumann U, Borghys H, Mercken M, Dhuyvetter D, Jeppsson F, Blennow K, Mattsson N. P2‐072: The performance of Aβ5‐X isoforms as novel pharmacodynamic markers of BACE1 inhibition. Alzheimers Dement 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2012.05.776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Maria Olsson
- Clinical Neurochemistry LaboratoryGothenburgSweden
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26
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Bischoff F, Berthelot D, De Cleyn M, Macdonald G, Minne G, Oehlrich D, Pieters S, Surkyn M, Trabanco AA, Tresadern G, Van Brandt S, Velter I, Zaja M, Borghys H, Masungi C, Mercken M, Gijsen HJM. Design and Synthesis of a Novel Series of Bicyclic Heterocycles As Potent γ-Secretase Modulators. J Med Chem 2012; 55:9089-106. [DOI: 10.1021/jm201710f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francois Bischoff
- Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Didier Berthelot
- Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Michel De Cleyn
- Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Gregor Macdonald
- Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Garrett Minne
- Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Daniel Oehlrich
- Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Serge Pieters
- Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Michel Surkyn
- Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Andrés A. Trabanco
- Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Gary Tresadern
- Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Sven Van Brandt
- Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Ingrid Velter
- Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Mirko Zaja
- Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Herman Borghys
- Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Chantal Masungi
- Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Marc Mercken
- Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Harrie J. M. Gijsen
- Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
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27
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Mattsson N, Rajendran L, Zetterberg H, Gustavsson M, Andreasson U, Olsson M, Brinkmalm G, Lundkvist J, Jacobson LH, Perrot L, Neumann U, Borghys H, Mercken M, Dhuyvetter D, Jeppsson F, Blennow K, Portelius E. BACE1 inhibition induces a specific cerebrospinal fluid β-amyloid pattern that identifies drug effects in the central nervous system. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31084. [PMID: 22328928 PMCID: PMC3273469 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACE1 is a key enzyme for amyloid-β (Aβ) production, and an attractive therapeutic target in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here we report that BACE1 inhibitors have distinct effects on neuronal Aβ metabolism, inducing a unique pattern of secreted Aβ peptides, analyzed in cell media from amyloid precursor protein (APP) transfected cells and in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from dogs by immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry, using several different BACE1 inhibitors. Besides the expected reductions in Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42, treatment also changed the relative levels of several other Aβ isoforms. In particular Aβ1-34 decreased, while Aβ5-40 increased, and these changes were more sensitive to BACE1 inhibition than the changes in Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42. The effects on Aβ5-40 indicate the presence of a BACE1 independent pathway of APP degradation. The described CSF Aβ pattern may be used as a pharmacodynamic fingerprint to detect biochemical effects of BACE1-therapies in clinical trials, which might accelerate development of novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Mattsson
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Lawrence Rajendran
- Systems and Cell Biology of Neurodegeneration, Division of Psychiatry Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Mikael Gustavsson
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Ulf Andreasson
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Maria Olsson
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Brinkmalm
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Johan Lundkvist
- Innovative Medicines, Central Nervous System and Pain iMed, Department of Neuroscience, AstraZeneca R&D, Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Laura H. Jacobson
- Neuroscience Discovery, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ludovic Perrot
- Neuroscience Discovery, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ulf Neumann
- Neuroscience Discovery, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Herman Borghys
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Marc Mercken
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Deborah Dhuyvetter
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Fredrik Jeppsson
- Innovative Medicines, Central Nervous System and Pain iMed, Department of Neuroscience, AstraZeneca R&D, Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Erik Portelius
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
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Barao A, Van Broeck B, Vandermeeren M, Clessens E, Borghys H, Karran E, Mercken M. P2‐445: Quantification of beta‐amyloid ï€ peptides in dog CSF following gamma‐secretase modulator and inhibitor treatment. Alzheimers Dement 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2011.05.1317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Barao
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV ‐ Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and DevelopmentBeerseBelgium
| | - Bianca Van Broeck
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV ‐ Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and DevelopmentBeerseBelgium
| | - Marc Vandermeeren
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV ‐ Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and DevelopmentBeerseBelgium
| | - Ellen Clessens
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV ‐ Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and DevelopmentBeerseBelgium
| | - Herman Borghys
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV ‐ Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and DevelopmentBeerseBelgium
| | - Eric Karran
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV ‐ Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and DevelopmentBeerseBelgium
| | - Marc Mercken
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV ‐ Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and DevelopmentBeerseBelgium
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29
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Portelius E, Van Broeck B, Andreasson U, Gustavsson MK, Mercken M, Zetterberg H, Borghys H, Blennow K. Acute effect on the Aβ isoform pattern in CSF in response to γ-secretase modulator and inhibitor treatment in dogs. J Alzheimers Dis 2011; 21:1005-12. [PMID: 20634579 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2010-100573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) in the brain, which is reflected by low concentration of the Aβ(1-42) peptide in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The γ-secretase inhibitor LY450139 (semagacestat) lowers plasma Aβ(1-40) and Aβ(1-42) in a dose-dependent manner but has no clear effect on the CSF level of these isoforms. Less is known about the potent γ-secretase modulator E2012. Using targeted proteomics techniques, we recently identified several shorter Aβ isoforms in CSF, such as Aβ(1-16), which is produced by a novel pathway. In a Phase II clinical trial on AD patients, Aβ(1-14), Aβ(1-15) and Aβ(1-16) increased several-fold during γ-secretase inhibitor treatment. In the present study, 9 dogs were treated with a single dose of the γ-secretase modulator E2012, the γ-secretase inhibitor LY450139, or vehicle with a dosing interval of 1 week. The CSF Aβ isoform pattern was analyzed by immunoprecipitation combined with MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. We show here that Aβ(1-15) and Aβ(1-16) increase while Aβ(1-34) decreases in response to treatment with the γ-secretase inhibitor LY450139, which is in agreement with previous studies. The isoform Aβ(1-37) was significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner in response to treatment with E2012, while Aβ(1-39), Aβ(1-40) and A(1-42) decreased. The data presented suggests that the γ-secretase modulator E-2012 alters the cleavage site preference of γ-secretase. The increase in Aβ(1-37) may inhibit Aβ(1-42) oligomerization and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Portelius
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.
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30
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Portelius E, Dean RA, Van Broeck B, Gustavsson MK, Mercen M, Anderasson U, Zetterberg H, Borghys H, Siemers E, Blennow K. O4‐06‐04: Acute effect on novel Abeta isoforms in cerebrospinal fluid as a response to treatment with gamma‐secretase inhibitors and modulators in Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2010.05.499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erik Portelius
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and PhysiologyMolndal Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Marc Mercen
- Division of Janssen PharmaceuticaBeerse Belgium
| | - Ulf Anderasson
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and PhysiologyMolndal Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Kaj Blennow
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and PhysiologyMolndal Sweden
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31
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Schueller L, Baert L, Lachau-Durand S, Borghys H, Clessens E, Van Den Mooter G, Van Gyseghem E, Jonckers TH, Van Remoortere P, Wigerinck P. Dog model with implanted pump to test boosters for antiretroviral medication. Int J Pharm 2008; 355:45-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2007] [Revised: 09/12/2007] [Accepted: 09/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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32
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Baert L, Schueller L, Tardy Y, Macbride D, Klooster GV, Borghys H, Clessens E, Van Den Mooter G, Van Gyseghem E, Van Remoortere P. Development of an implantable infusion pump for sustained anti-HIV drug administration. Int J Pharm 2008; 355:38-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2007] [Revised: 12/24/2007] [Accepted: 01/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Eichenbaum G, Pollock-Dove C, Nguyen J, Li S, Evans J, Borghys H, Kennis L, Dong L, van Osdol W, Dai W, Scicinski J, Chen J, Xu Y, Ashton D, Mackie C, Megens A. Preclinical Assessment of the Feasibility of Applying Controlled Release Oral Drug Delivery to a Lead Series of Atypical Antipsychotics. J Pharm Sci 2006; 95:883-95. [PMID: 16489607 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we present a preclinical approach for evaluating the feasibility of applying controlled-release (CR) oral drug delivery to increase the duration of exposure and lower the C(max) of compounds in a lead series of short half-life atypical antipsychotics. Three lead compounds in the series had demonstrated potential pharmacological benefits for the treatment of psychosis, in preclinical studies. However, the compounds showed evidence of insufficient half-lives to enable a once-a-day (QD) product using immediate-release (IR) oral delivery. To evaluate and compare the potential for oral CR delivery to extend the duration of action and thereby enable QD administration, the in vitro solubility and permeability, and the duodenal and colonic absorption of three compounds in the series were measured. Based on the results, one candidate was selected for advancement that showed moderate in vitro solubility, but had the highest in vitro permeability and ratio of colonic to duodenal bioavailability (0.9) in the rat. The results from this study provided evidence that a CR drug delivery system could be used to extend the duration of exposure of the compounds in the series and a scientific basis for selecting one of the three compounds as a candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Eichenbaum
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Raritan, New Jersey 08869, USA.
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Verreck G, Chun I, Li Y, Kataria R, Zhang Q, Rosenblatt J, Decorte A, Heymans K, Adriaensen J, Bruining M, Van Remoortere M, Borghys H, Meert T, Peeters J, Brewster ME. Preparation and physicochemical characterization of biodegradable nerve guides containing the nerve growth agent sabeluzole. Biomaterials 2005; 26:1307-15. [PMID: 15475061 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2004] [Accepted: 04/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop and characterize a biodegradable drug-loaded nerve guide for peripheral nerve regeneration. Sabeluzole, a nerve growth agent, was selected as model compound. Four biodegradable polymers were selected for this study: a copolymer of polylactic acid and polycaprolactone (PCL); a copolymer of polyglycolic acid and polycaprolactone PCL; a copolymer of PCL/polydioxanone (PDO) and PDO. Placebo and drug loaded nerve guides were obtained by melt compression and melt extrusion. It was observed that melt compression and melt extrusion are feasible techniques to prepare the nerve guides. Based on the physicochemical characterization, all samples show absence of crystalline sabeluzole, indicating the formation of an amorphous dispersion. The in vitro release measurements show that the release of sabeluzole is complete, reproducible and can be controlled by the proper selection of the polymer. The release mechanism for all samples follows Fickian release behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geert Verreck
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Drug Evaluation, Turnhoutseweg 30 2340 Beerse, Belgium.
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Lewi P, Arnold E, Andries K, Bohets H, Borghys H, Clark A, Daeyaert F, Das K, de Béthune MP, de Jonge M, Heeres J, Koymans L, Leempoels J, Peeters J, Timmerman P, Van den Broeck W, Vanhoutte F, Van't Klooster G, Vinkers M, Volovik Y, Janssen PAJ. Correlations between Factors Determining the Pharmacokinetics and Antiviral Activity of HIV-1 Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors of the Diaryltriazine and Diarylpyrimidine Classes of Compounds. Drugs R D 2004; 5:245-57. [PMID: 15357624 DOI: 10.2165/00126839-200405050-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the important factors that determine the bioavailability and the antiviral activity of the diaryltriazine (DATA) and diarylpyrimidine (DAPY) non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) of HIV-1 in animal species and humans using cell-based assays, physicochemical and computed parameters. METHODS This naturalistic study included 15 parameters ranging from molecular mechanics calculations to phase I clinical trials. The calculated parameters were solvent-accessible surface area (SASA), polar surface area and Gibbs free energy of solvation. Physicochemical parameters comprised lipophilicity (octanol/water partition coefficient [cLogP]), ionisation constant (pKa), solubility and aggregate radius. Cell-based assays included human colonic adenocarcinoma cell (Caco-2) permeability (transepithelial transport), drug metabolism and antiviral activity (negative logarithm of the molar effective concentration inhibiting viral replication by 50% [pEC50]). Exposure was tested in rats, dogs and human volunteers. RESULTS Of the 15 parameters, eight correlated consistently among one another. Exposure (area under the plasma concentration-time curve [AUC]) in humans correlated positively with that in rats (r = 1.00), with transepithelial transport (r = 0.83), lipophilicity (r = 0.60), ionisability (r = 0.89), hydrodynamic radius of aggregates (r = 0.66) and with antiviral activity (r = 0.61). Exposure in humans was also seen to correlate negatively with SASA (r = -0.89). No consistent correlation was found between exposure in dogs and the eight parameters. Of the 14 DATA/DAPY molecules, 11 form aggregates with radii between 34 and 100 nm. CONCLUSIONS We observed correlations between exposure in humans with exposure in rats, transepithelial transport (Caco-2 cells), ionisability, lipophilicity, aggregate radius and SASA in the class of DATA/DAPY NNRTI compounds. The lipophilic DATA/DAPY compounds form aggregates. It can be assumed that absorption in the intestinal tract and endocytosis in infected cells of these lipophilic compounds are governed by the common phenomenon of aggregate formation. As the lymphatic system offers a pathway for intestinal uptake of aggregates, this may offer a therapeutic advantage in the treatment of HIV-1 infection. Although it was not the objective of the study, we found that the rat was a better in vivo model than the dog for the prediction of systemic exposure in this particular set of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Lewi
- Center for Molecular Design (CMD), Janssen Pharmaceutica, Vosselaar, Belgium.
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