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Rodrigues Martins D, Vandermeeren M, Van Kolen K, Brepoels E, Borgers M, Wintmolders C, Delay C, Bottelbergs A, Mercken M, Theunis C. Development and Characterization of Mouse-Specific Anti-Tau Monoclonal Antibodies: Relevance for Analysis of Murine Tau in Cerebrospinal Fluid. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 93:151-167. [PMID: 36970909 DOI: 10.3233/jad-221266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clearance of tau seeds by immunization with tau antibodies is currently evaluated as therapeutic strategy to block the spreading of tau pathology in Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies. Preclinical evaluation of passive immunotherapy is performed in different cellular culture systems and in wild-type and human tau transgenic mouse models. Depending on the preclinical model used, tau seeds or induced aggregates can either be of mouse, human or mixed origin. OBJECTIVE We aimed to develop human and mouse tau-specific antibodies to discriminate between the endogenous tau and the introduced form in preclinical models. METHODS Using hybridoma technology, we developed human and mouse tau-specific antibodies that were then used to develop several assays to specifically detect mouse tau. RESULTS Four antibodies, mTau3, mTau5, mTau8, and mTau9, with a high degree of specificity for mouse tau were identified. Additionally, their potential application in highly sensitive immunoassays to measure tau in mouse brain homogenate and cerebrospinal fluid is illustrated, as well as their application for specific endogenous mouse tau aggregation detection. CONCLUSION The antibodies reported here can be very important tools to better interpret the results obtained from different model systems as well as to study the role of endogenous tau in tau aggregation and pathology observed in the diverse mouse models available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Rodrigues Martins
- Neuroscience Department, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Marc Vandermeeren
- Neuroscience Department, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Kristof Van Kolen
- Neuroscience Department, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Eddy Brepoels
- Biologics Research, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Marianne Borgers
- Neuroscience Department, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Cindy Wintmolders
- Neuroscience Department, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Delay
- Neuroscience Department, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Astrid Bottelbergs
- Neuroscience Department, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Marc Mercken
- Neuroscience Department, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Clara Theunis
- Neuroscience Department, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
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2
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Kaeser SA, Häsler LM, Lambert M, Bergmann C, Bottelbergs A, Theunis C, Mercken M, Jucker M. CSF p-tau increase in response to Aβ-type and Danish-type cerebral amyloidosis and in the absence of neurofibrillary tangles. Acta Neuropathol 2022; 143:287-290. [PMID: 34961894 PMCID: PMC8742811 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-021-02400-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan A Kaeser
- Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
- DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Lisa M Häsler
- Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marius Lambert
- Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Carina Bergmann
- Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Astrid Bottelbergs
- Neuroscience Department, Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Clara Theunis
- Neuroscience Department, Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Marc Mercken
- Neuroscience Department, Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Mathias Jucker
- Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
- DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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3
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Triana-Baltzer G, Van Kolen K, Theunis C, Moughadam S, Slemmon R, Mercken M, Galpern W, Sun H, Kolb H. Development and Validation of a High Sensitivity Assay for Measuring p217 + tau in Cerebrospinal Fluid. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 77:1417-1430. [PMID: 32831201 PMCID: PMC7683057 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background: Early and accurate detection and staging is critical to managing Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and supporting clinical trials. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers for amyloid-β peptides, tau species, and various neurodegenerative and inflammatory analytes are leading the way in this regard, yet there is room for improved sensitivity and specificity. In particular tau is known to be present in many different fragments, conformations, and post-translationally modified forms. While the exact tau species that might best reflect AD pathology is unknown, a growing body of evidence suggests that forms with high levels of phosphorylation in the mid-region may be especially enriched in AD. Objective: Develop an assay for measuring p217tau in CSF. Methods: Here we describe the development and validation of a novel sELISA for measuring CSF tau species containing phosphorylation at threonines 212 & 217, aka p217 + tau, using the PT3 antibody. Results: While the analyte is present at extremely low levels the assay is sufficiently sensitive and specific to quantitate p217 + tau with excellent precision, accuracy, and dilution linearity, allowing good differentiation between diagnostic subgroups. The p217 + tau measurements appear to track AD pathology better than the commonly used p181tau epitope, suggesting superior diagnostic and staging performance. Finally, the assay can also be configured to differentiate antibody-bound versus antibody-free tau, and therefore can be used to measure target engagement by p217 + tau-targeting immunotherapeutics. Conclusion: The assay for measuring p217 + tau described here is highly sensitive, accurate, precise, dilution linear, and shows good potential for identifying and staging AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristof Van Kolen
- Neuroscience Department, Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Clara Theunis
- Neuroscience Department, Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Setareh Moughadam
- Neuroscience Biomarkers, Janssen Research & Development, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Randy Slemmon
- Neuroscience Biomarkers, Janssen Research & Development, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Marc Mercken
- Neuroscience Department, Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Wendy Galpern
- Neuroscience Experimental Medicine, Janssen Research & Development, Titusville, NJ, USA
| | - Hong Sun
- Neuroscience Clinical Development, Janssen Research & Development, Titusville, NJ, USA
| | - Hartmuth Kolb
- Neuroscience Biomarkers, Janssen Research & Development, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Bijttebier S, Theunis C, Jahouh F, Martins DR, Verhemeldonck M, Grauwen K, Dillen L, Mercken M. Development of immunoprecipitation - two-dimensional liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry methodology as biomarker read-out to quantify phosphorylated tau in cerebrospinal fluid from Alzheimer disease patients. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1651:462299. [PMID: 34107398 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain, one of the histopathological hallmarks is the neurofibrillary tangles consisting of aggregated and hyperphosphorylated tau. Currently many tau binding antibodies are under development to target the extracellular species responsible for the spreading of the disease in the brain. As such, an in-house developed antibody JNJ-63733657 with picomolar affinity towards tau phosphorylated at both T212 and T217 (further named p217+tau) was recently tested in phase I clinical trial NCT03375697. Following multiple dose administration in healthy subjects and subjects with AD, there were dose dependant reductions in free p217+tau fragments in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) following antibody administration, as measured with a novel single molecule ELISA assay (Simoa PT3 x PT82 assay), demonstrating epitope engagement of the therapeutic antibody [Galpern, Haeverans, Janssens, Triana-Baltzer, Kolb, Li, Nandy, Mercken, Van Kolen, Sun, Van Nueten, 2020]. Total p217+tau levels also were reduced in CSF as measured with the Simoa PT3 x PT82 assay. In this study we developed an orthogonal immunoprecipitation - liquid chromatography - triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (IP-LC-TQMS) assay to verify the observed reductions in total p217+ tau levels. In this assay, an excess of JNJ-63733657 is added to the clinical CSF to ensure all p217+tau is bound by the antibody instead of having a pool of bound and unbound antigen and to immunoprecipitate all p217+tau, which is followed by on-bead digestion with trypsin to release surrogate peptides. Tryptic peptides with missed cleavages were monitored when phosphorylation occurred close to the cleavage site as this induced miscleavages. Compared with acidified mobile phases typically used for peptide analysis, reversed phase LC with mobile phase at basic pH resulted in sharper peaks and improved selectivity and sensitivity for the target peptides. With this setup a diphospho-tau tryptic peptide SRTPSLPTPPTREPK*2 could be measured with pT217 accounting for at least one of the phospho-sites. This is the first time that the presence of a diphopsho-tau peptide is reported to be present in human CSF. A two-dimensional LC-TQMS method was developed to remove matrix interferences. Selective trapping of diphospho-peptides via a metal oxide chromatography mechanism was achieved in a first dimension with a conventional reversed phase stationary phase and acidified mobile phase. Subsequent elution at basic pH enabled detection of low picomolar p217+tau levels in human CSF (lower limit of quantification: 2 pM), resulting in an approximate 5-fold increase in sensitivity. This enabled the quantification of total p217+tau in CSF leading to the confirmation that in addition to reductions in free p217+tau levels total p217+tau levels were also reduced following administration of the tau mAb JNJ-63733657, correlating with the previous measurement with the PT3 x PT82 Simoa assay. An orthogonal sample clean-up using offline TiO2/ZrO2 combined with 1DLC-TQMS was developed to confirm the presence of mono-ptau (pT217) tryptic peptides in CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clara Theunis
- R&D Neurosciences, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Turnhoutseweg 30, Beerse, Belgium.
| | - Farid Jahouh
- DMPK, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Turnhoutseweg 30, Beerse, Belgium.
| | | | | | - Karolien Grauwen
- R&D Neurosciences, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Turnhoutseweg 30, Beerse, Belgium.
| | - Lieve Dillen
- DMPK, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Turnhoutseweg 30, Beerse, Belgium.
| | - Marc Mercken
- R&D Neurosciences, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Turnhoutseweg 30, Beerse, Belgium.
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Triana-Baltzer G, Moughadam S, Slemmon R, Van Kolen K, Theunis C, Mercken M, Kolb HC. Development and validation of a high-sensitivity assay for measuring p217+tau in plasma. Alzheimers Dement (Amst) 2021; 13:e12204. [PMID: 34095436 PMCID: PMC8158165 DOI: 10.1002/dad2.12204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) based on amyloid beta (A), pathologic tau (T), and neurodegeneration (N) biomarkers in peripheral fluids promises to accelerate clinical trials and intercept disease earlier. Methods Qualification of a Simoa plasma p217+tau assay was performed, followed by clinical utility evaluation in a cohort of 227 subjects with broad A and T spectrum. Results The p217+tau plasma assay was accurate, precise, dilution linear, and highly sensitive. All measured samples were within linear range of the assay, presented higher concentration in AD versus healthy controls (P < .0001), and plasma and cerebrospinal fluid levels correlated (r2 = 0.35). The plasma p217+tau results were predictive of central T and A status (area under the curve = 0.90 and 0.90, respectively) with low false +/– rates. Discussion The assay described here exhibits good technical performance and shows potential as a highly accurate peripheral biomarker for A or T status in AD and cognitively normal subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Setareh Moughadam
- Neuroscience Biomarkers Janssen Research & Development La Jolla California USA
| | - Randy Slemmon
- Neuroscience Biomarkers Janssen Research & Development La Jolla California USA
| | - Kristof Van Kolen
- Neuroscience Department Janssen Research & Development Beerse Belgium
| | - Clara Theunis
- Neuroscience Department Janssen Research & Development Beerse Belgium
| | - Marc Mercken
- Neuroscience Department Janssen Research & Development Beerse Belgium
| | - Hartmuth C Kolb
- Neuroscience Biomarkers Janssen Research & Development La Jolla California USA
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6
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Janssens J, Hermans B, Vandermeeren M, Barale-Thomas E, Borgers M, Willems R, Meulders G, Wintmolders C, Van den Bulck D, Bottelbergs A, Ver Donck L, Larsen P, Moechars D, Edwards W, Mercken M, Van Broeck B. Passive immunotherapy with a novel antibody against 3pE-modified Aβ demonstrates potential for enhanced efficacy and favorable safety in combination with BACE inhibitor treatment in plaque-depositing mice. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 154:105365. [PMID: 33848635 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The imbalance between production and clearance of amyloid β (Aβ) peptides and their resulting accumulation in the brain is an early and crucial step in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Therefore, Aβ is strongly positioned as a promising and extensively validated therapeutic target for AD. Investigational disease-modifying approaches aiming at reducing cerebral Aβ concentrations include prevention of de novo production of Aβ through inhibition of β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), and clearance of Aβ deposits via passive Aβ immunotherapy. We have developed a novel, high affinity antibody against Aβ peptides bearing a pyroglutamate residue at amino acid position 3 (3pE), an Aβ species abundantly present in plaque deposits in AD brains. Here, we describe the preclinical characterization of this antibody, and demonstrate a significant reduction in amyloid burden in the absence of microhemorrhages in different mouse models with established plaque deposition. Moreover, we combined antibody treatment with chronic BACE1 inhibitor treatment and demonstrate significant clearance of pre-existing amyloid deposits in transgenic mouse brain, without induction of microhemorrhages and other histopathological findings. Together, these data confirm significant potential for the 3pE-specific antibody to be developed as a passive immunotherapy approach that balances efficacy and safety. Moreover, our studies suggest further enhanced treatment efficacy and favorable safety after combination of the 3pE-specific antibody with BACE1 inhibitor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Janssens
- Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research & Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Bart Hermans
- Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research & Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Marc Vandermeeren
- Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research & Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Erio Barale-Thomas
- Non-Clinical Science, Janssen Research & Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Marianne Borgers
- Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research & Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Roland Willems
- Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research & Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Greet Meulders
- Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research & Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Cindy Wintmolders
- Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research & Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Dries Van den Bulck
- Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research & Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Astrid Bottelbergs
- Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research & Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Luc Ver Donck
- Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research & Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Peter Larsen
- Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research & Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Dieder Moechars
- Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research & Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Marc Mercken
- Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research & Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Bianca Van Broeck
- Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research & Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium.
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7
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Szaruga M, Munteanu B, Lismont S, Veugelen S, Horré K, Mercken M, Saido TC, Ryan NS, De Vos T, Savvides SN, Gallardo R, Schymkowitz J, Rousseau F, Fox NC, Hopf C, De Strooper B, Chávez-Gutiérrez L. Alzheimer's-causing mutations shift Aβ length by destabilizing γ-secretase-Aβn interactions. Cell 2021; 184:2257-2258. [PMID: 33861967 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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8
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Dinkel F, Trujillo-Rodriguez D, Villegas A, Streffer J, Mercken M, Lopera F, Glatzel M, Sepulveda-Falla D. Decreased Deposition of Beta-Amyloid 1-38 and Increased Deposition of Beta-Amyloid 1-42 in Brain Tissue of Presenilin-1 E280A Familial Alzheimer's Disease Patients. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:220. [PMID: 32848702 PMCID: PMC7399638 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Familial Alzheimer's Disease (FAD) caused by Presenilin-1 (PS1) mutations is characterized by early onset, cognitive impairment, and dementia. Impaired gamma secretase function favors production of longer beta-amyloid species in PS1 FAD. The PS1 E280A mutation is the largest FAD kindred under study. Here, we studied beta-amyloid deposits in PS1 E280A FAD brains in comparison to sporadic Alzheimer's disease (SAD). We analyzed cortices and cerebellum from 10 FAD and 10 SAD brains using immunohistochemistry to determine total beta-amyloid, hyperphosphorylated tau (pTau), and specific beta-amyloid peptides 1-38, 1-40, 1-42, and 1-43. Additionally, we studied beta-amyloid subspecies by ELISA, and vessel pathology was detected with beta-amyloid 1-42 and truncated pyroglutamylated beta-amyloid antibodies. There were no significant differences in total beta-amyloid signal between SAD and FAD. Beta-amyloid 1-38 and 1-43 loads were increased, and 1-42 loads were decreased in frontal cortices of SAD when compared to FAD. Beta-amyloid species assessment by ELISA resembled our findings by immunohistochemical analysis. Differences in beta-amyloid 1-38 and 1-42 levels between SAD and FAD were evidenced by using beta-amyloid length-specific antibodies, reflecting a gamma secretase-dependent shift in beta-amyloid processing in FAD cases. The use of beta-amyloid length-specific antibodies for postmortem assessment of beta-amyloid pathology can differentiate between SAD and PS1 FAD cases and it can be useful for identification of SAD cases potentially affected with gamma secretase dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Dinkel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf - UKE, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Andres Villegas
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Johannes Streffer
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Marc Mercken
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Francisco Lopera
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Markus Glatzel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf - UKE, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Diego Sepulveda-Falla
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf - UKE, Hamburg, Germany
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9
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van den Broeke EN, de Hemptinne P, Mercken M, Torta DM, Lambert J, Mouraux A. Central sensitization of nociceptive pathways demonstrated by robot-controlled pinprick-evoked brain potentials. Clin Neurophysiol 2020; 131:2491-2498. [PMID: 32709556 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2020.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess the effect of central sensitization, induced by high frequency electrical stimulation of the skin (HFS), on pinprick-evoked brain potentials (PEPs) using robot-controlled mechanical pinprick stimulation and a stimulus evaluation task. METHODS In 16 healthy volunteers HFS was applied to the right volar forearm. Robot- controlled pinprick stimuli (64 mN) were applied before and 20 minutes after HFS to the skin surrounding the area onto which HFS was applied. During pinprick stimulation, the EEG was recorded and the quality of perception and perceived intensity of the pinprick stimuli was collected. RESULTS After HFS, the skin surrounding the site at which HFS was delivered showed increased mechanical pinprick sensitivity. Both the early-latency negative peak of PEPs and the later-latency peak were significantly increased after HFS. CONCLUSIONS This study shows increased PEPs after HFS when they are elicited by a robot-controlled mechanical pinprick stimulator and participants are engaged in a stimulus evaluation task during pinprick stimulation. SIGNIFICANCE This is the first study that shows a significant increase of both PEP peaks, and therefore, it provides a preferred setup for assessing the function of mechanical nociceptive pathways in the context of central sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- E N van den Broeke
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - P de Hemptinne
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Mercken
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - D M Torta
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Health Psychology Group, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - J Lambert
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - A Mouraux
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
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10
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Janelidze S, Stomrud E, Smith R, Palmqvist S, Mattsson N, Airey DC, Proctor NK, Chai X, Shcherbinin S, Sims JR, Triana-Baltzer G, Theunis C, Slemmon R, Mercken M, Kolb H, Dage JL, Hansson O. Cerebrospinal fluid p-tau217 performs better than p-tau181 as a biomarker of Alzheimer's disease. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1683. [PMID: 32246036 PMCID: PMC7125218 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15436-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) p-tau181 (tau phosphorylated at threonine 181) is an established biomarker of Alzheimer's disease (AD), reflecting abnormal tau metabolism in the brain. Here we investigate the performance of CSF p-tau217 as a biomarker of AD in comparison to p-tau181. In the Swedish BioFINDER cohort (n = 194), p-tau217 shows stronger correlations with the tau positron emission tomography (PET) tracer [18F]flortaucipir, and more accurately identifies individuals with abnormally increased [18F]flortaucipir retention. Furthermore, longitudinal increases in p-tau217 are higher compared to p-tau181 and better correlate with [18F]flortaucipir uptake. P-tau217 correlates better than p-tau181 with CSF and PET measures of neocortical amyloid-β burden and more accurately distinguishes AD dementia from non-AD neurodegenerative disorders. Higher correlations between p-tau217 and [18F]flortaucipir are corroborated in an independent EXPEDITION3 trial cohort (n = 32). The main results are validated using a different p-tau217 immunoassay. These findings suggest that p-tau217 might be more useful than p-tau181 in the diagnostic work up of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shorena Janelidze
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Lund University, Sölvegatan 18, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Erik Stomrud
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Lund University, Sölvegatan 18, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ruben Smith
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Lund University, Sölvegatan 18, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Neurology, Skåne University Hospital, Entrégatan 7, 222 42, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Palmqvist
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Lund University, Sölvegatan 18, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Neurology, Skåne University Hospital, Entrégatan 7, 222 42, Lund, Sweden
| | - Niklas Mattsson
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Lund University, Sölvegatan 18, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Neurology, Skåne University Hospital, Entrégatan 7, 222 42, Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Klinikgatan 32, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | - Xiyun Chai
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | | | - John R Sims
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Gallen Triana-Baltzer
- Neuroscience Biomarkers, Janssen Research & Development, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA, CA 92121, USA
| | - Clara Theunis
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Randy Slemmon
- Neuroscience Biomarkers, Janssen Research & Development, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA, CA 92121, USA
| | - Marc Mercken
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Hartmuth Kolb
- Neuroscience Biomarkers, Janssen Research & Development, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA, CA 92121, USA.
| | | | - Oskar Hansson
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Lund University, Sölvegatan 18, Lund, Sweden.
- Memory Clinic, Skåne University Hospital, Simrisbanvägen 14, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden.
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11
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Petit D, Hitzenberger M, Lismont S, Zoltowska KM, Ryan NS, Mercken M, Bischoff F, Zacharias M, Chávez-Gutiérrez L. Extracellular interface between APP and Nicastrin regulates Aβ length and response to γ-secretase modulators. EMBO J 2019; 38:embj.2019101494. [PMID: 31109937 PMCID: PMC6576158 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019101494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
γ-Secretase complexes (GSECs) are multimeric membrane proteases involved in a variety of physiological processes and linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Presenilin (PSEN, catalytic subunit), Nicastrin (NCT), Presenilin Enhancer 2 (PEN-2), and Anterior Pharynx Defective 1 (APH1) are the essential subunits of GSECs. Mutations in PSEN and the Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) cause early-onset AD GSECs successively cut APP to generate amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides of various lengths. AD-causing mutations destabilize GSEC-APP/Aβn interactions and thus enhance the production of longer Aβs, which elicit neurotoxic events underlying pathogenesis. Here, we investigated the molecular strategies that anchor GSEC and APP/Aβn during the sequential proteolysis. Our studies reveal that a direct interaction between NCT ectodomain and APPC99 influences the stability of GSEC-Aβn assemblies and thereby modulates Aβ length. The data suggest a potential link between single-nucleotide variants in NCSTN and AD risk. Furthermore, our work indicates that an extracellular interface between the protease (NCT, PSEN) and the substrate (APP) represents the target for compounds (GSMs) modulating Aβ length. Our findings may guide future rationale-based drug discovery efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Petit
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Manuel Hitzenberger
- Physics Department, Theoretical Biophysics (T38), Technical University of Munich, München, Germany
| | - Sam Lismont
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katarzyna Marta Zoltowska
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Natalie S Ryan
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Marc Mercken
- Janssen Research & Development, Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium.,Janssen Research & Development, Neuroscience biology Turnhoutseweg, Beerse, Belgium
| | - François Bischoff
- Janssen Research & Development, Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Martin Zacharias
- Physics Department, Theoretical Biophysics (T38), Technical University of Munich, München, Germany
| | - Lucía Chávez-Gutiérrez
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium .,Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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12
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van Ameijde J, Crespo R, Janson R, Juraszek J, Siregar B, Verveen H, Sprengers I, Nahar T, Hoozemans JJ, Steinbacher S, Willems R, Delbroek L, Borgers M, Dockx K, Van Kolen K, Mercken M, Pascual G, Koudstaal W, Apetri A. Enhancement of therapeutic potential of a naturally occurring human antibody targeting a phosphorylated Ser 422 containing epitope on pathological tau. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2018; 6:59. [PMID: 30001207 PMCID: PMC6042391 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-018-0562-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregation of tau protein and spreading of tau aggregates are pivotal pathological processes in a range of neurological disorders. Accumulating evidence suggests that immunotherapy targeting tau may be a viable therapeutic strategy. We have previously described the isolation of antibody CBTAU-22.1 from the memory B-cell repertoire of healthy human donors. CBTAU-22.1 was shown to specifically bind a disease-associated phosphorylated epitope in the C-terminus of tau (Ser422) and to be able to inhibit the spreading of pathological tau aggregates from P301S spinal cord lysates in vitro, albeit with limited potency. Using a combination of rational design and random mutagenesis we have derived a variant antibody with improved affinity while maintaining the specificity of the parental antibody. This affinity improved antibody showed greatly enhanced potency in a cell-based immunodepletion assay using paired helical filaments (PHFs) derived from human Alzheimer’s disease (AD) brain tissue. Moreover, the affinity improved antibody limits the in vitro aggregation propensity of full length tau species specifically phosphorylated at position 422 produced by employing a native chemical ligation approach. Together, these results indicate that in addition to being able to inhibit the spreading of pathological tau aggregates, the matured antibody can potentially also interfere with the nucleation of tau which is believed to be the first step of the pathogenic process. Finally, the functionality in a P301L transgenic mice co-injection model highlights the therapeutic potential of human antibody dmCBTAU-22.1.
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13
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De Vijlder T, Fissers J, Van Broeck B, Wyffels L, Mercken M, Pemberton DJ. Mass spectrometric characterization of intact desferal-conjugated monoclonal antibodies for immuno-PET imaging. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2018; 32:1643-1650. [PMID: 29943865 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Immuno-PET imaging may prove to be a diagnostic and progression/intervention biomarker for Alzheimer's disease (AD) with improved sensitivity and specificity. Immuno-PET imaging is based on the coupling of an antibody with a chelator that captures a radioisotope thus serving as an in-vivo PET ligand. A robust and quality controlled process for linking the chelator to the-antibody is fundamental for the success of this approach. METHODS The structural integrities of two monoclonal antibodies (trastuzumab and JRF/AβN/25) and the quantity of desferal-based chelator attached following modification of the antibodies were assessed by online desalting and intact mass analysis. Enzymatic steps for the deglycosylation and removal of C-terminal lysine was performed sequentially and in a single tube to improve intact mass data. RESULTS Intact mass analysis demonstrated that inclusion of enzymatic processing was critical to correctly derive the quantity of chelator linked to the monoclonal antibodies. For trastuzumab, enzymatic cleaving of the glycans was sufficient, whilst additional removal of the C-terminal lysine was necessary for JRF/AβN/25 to ensure reproducible assessment of the relatively low amount of attached chelator. CONCLUSIONS An efficient intact mass analysis-based process was developed to reproducibly determine the integrity of monoclonal antibodies and the quantity of attached chelator. This technique could serve as an essential quality control approach for the development and production of immuno-PET tracers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas De Vijlder
- Pharmaceutical Development & Manufacturing Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Jens Fissers
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bianca Van Broeck
- Neuroscience Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Leonie Wyffels
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Marc Mercken
- Neuroscience Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Darrel J Pemberton
- Neuroscience Experimental Medicine, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
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14
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Apetri A, Crespo R, Juraszek J, Pascual G, Janson R, Zhu X, Zhang H, Keogh E, Holland T, Wadia J, Verveen H, Siregar B, Mrosek M, Taggenbrock R, Ameijde J, Inganäs H, van Winsen M, Koldijk MH, Zuijdgeest D, Borgers M, Dockx K, Stoop EJM, Yu W, Brinkman-van der Linden EC, Ummenthum K, van Kolen K, Mercken M, Steinbacher S, de Marco D, Hoozemans JJ, Wilson IA, Koudstaal W, Goudsmit J. A common antigenic motif recognized by naturally occurring human V H5-51/V L4-1 anti-tau antibodies with distinct functionalities. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2018; 6:43. [PMID: 29855358 PMCID: PMC5984341 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-018-0543-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Misfolding and aggregation of tau protein are closely associated with the onset and progression of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). By interrogating IgG+ memory B cells from asymptomatic donors with tau peptides, we have identified two somatically mutated VH5–51/VL4–1 antibodies. One of these, CBTAU-27.1, binds to the aggregation motif in the R3 repeat domain and blocks the aggregation of tau into paired helical filaments (PHFs) by sequestering monomeric tau. The other, CBTAU-28.1, binds to the N-terminal insert region and inhibits the spreading of tau seeds and mediates the uptake of tau aggregates into microglia by binding PHFs. Crystal structures revealed that the combination of VH5–51 and VL4–1 recognizes a common Pro-Xn-Lys motif driven by germline-encoded hotspot interactions while the specificity and thereby functionality of the antibodies are defined by the CDR3 regions. Affinity improvement led to improvement in functionality, identifying their epitopes as new targets for therapy and prevention of AD.
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15
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Timmers M, Barão S, Van Broeck B, Tesseur I, Slemmon J, De Waepenaert K, Bogert J, Shaw LM, Engelborghs S, Moechars D, Mercken M, Van Nueten L, Tritsmans L, de Strooper B, Streffer JR. BACE1 Dynamics Upon Inhibition with a BACE Inhibitor and Correlation to Downstream Alzheimer's Disease Markers in Elderly Healthy Participants. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 56:1437-1449. [PMID: 28157093 PMCID: PMC5325057 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The β-site amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) cleaving enzyme-1 (BACE1) is the rate limiting enzyme in the generation of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) from AβPP, one of the major pathways in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. Increased BACE1 levels and activity have been reported in the brain of patients with sporadic AD. Therefore, changes of BACE1 levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) have also been investigated as a possible biomarker of the disease. We analyzed BACE1 levels in CSF of elderly healthy participants before and after chronic treatment with a BACE inhibitor (BACEi) and evaluated the correlation between BACE1 levels and downstream AD markers. Overall, BACE1 CSF levels showed strong correlations to all downstream AD markers investigated. This is the first reported finding that shows BACE1 levels in CSF were well correlated to its end product Aβ1 - 42. As previously described, BACE1 levels were strongly correlated to total-tau and phosphorylated tau levels in CSF. Generally, chronic BACE inhibition did not influence BACE1 CSF protein levels. Follow-up studies including early-stage AD pathophysiology and prodromal AD patients will help to understand the importance of measuring BACE1 routinely in daily clinical practice and AD clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Timmers
- Janssen Research and Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Beerse, Belgium.,Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Soraia Barão
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB-Leuven, Belgium.,Center for Human Genetics, Universitaire ziekenhuizen and LIND, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bianca Van Broeck
- Janssen Research and Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Beerse, Belgium
| | - Ina Tesseur
- Janssen Research and Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Beerse, Belgium
| | - John Slemmon
- Janssen Research and Development LLC, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Katja De Waepenaert
- Janssen Research and Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Leslie M Shaw
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sebastiaan Engelborghs
- Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, Hospital Network Antwerp (ZNA) Middelheim and Hoge Beuken, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dieder Moechars
- Janssen Research and Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Beerse, Belgium
| | - Marc Mercken
- Janssen Research and Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Beerse, Belgium
| | - Luc Van Nueten
- Janssen Research and Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Beerse, Belgium
| | - Luc Tritsmans
- Janssen Research and Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Beerse, Belgium
| | - Bart de Strooper
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB-Leuven, Belgium.,Center for Human Genetics, Universitaire ziekenhuizen and LIND, KU Leuven, Belgium.,Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK
| | - Johannes Rolf Streffer
- Janssen Research and Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Beerse, Belgium.,Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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16
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Borgers M, Dockx K, Van de Weyer I, Versweyveld S, De Waepenaert K, Vandermeeren M, Van Kolen K, Vanhoof G, Ebneth A, Mercken M. [P4–047]: ANTI‐TAU ANTIBODY PROFILING FOR PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION THERAPY: COMPARING SEEDS DERIVED FROM TRANSGENIC ANIMALS AND HUMAN BRAIN TISSUE. Alzheimers Dement 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2017.06.1911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Borgers
- Janssen Research & DevelopmentA division of Janssen PharmaceuticaBeerseBelgium
| | - Koen Dockx
- Discovery SciencesA division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NVBeerseBelgium
| | - Inez Van de Weyer
- Discovery SciencesA division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NVBeerseBelgium
| | - Sofie Versweyveld
- Janssen Research & DevelopmentA division of Janssen PharmaceuticaBeerseBelgium
| | | | - Marc Vandermeeren
- Janssen Research & DevelopmentA division of Janssen PharmaceuticaBeerseBelgium
| | - Kristof Van Kolen
- Janssen Research & DevelopmentA division of Janssen PharmaceuticaBeerseBelgium
| | - Greet Vanhoof
- Discovery SciencesA division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NVBeerseBelgium
| | - Andreas Ebneth
- Janssen Research & DevelopmentA division of Janssen PharmaceuticaBeerseBelgium
| | - Marc Mercken
- Janssen Research & DevelopmentA division of Janssen PharmaceuticaBeerseBelgium
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17
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Timmers M, Van Broeck B, Ramael S, Slemmon J, De Waepenaert K, Russu A, Bogert J, Stieltjes H, Shaw LM, Engelborghs S, Moechars D, Mercken M, Liu E, Sinha V, Kemp J, Van Nueten L, Tritsmans L, Streffer JR. Profiling the dynamics of CSF and plasma Aβ reduction after treatment with JNJ-54861911, a potent oral BACE inhibitor. Alzheimers Dement (N Y) 2016; 2:202-212. [PMID: 29067308 PMCID: PMC5651349 DOI: 10.1016/j.trci.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of a novel β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) inhibitor, JNJ-54861911, were assessed after single and multiple dosing in healthy participants. METHODS Two randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind studies were performed using single and multiple ascending JNJ-54861911 doses (up to 14 days) in young and elderly healthy participants. Regular blood samples and frequent CSF samples, up to 36 hours after last dose, were collected to assess the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (Aβ, sAPPα,β,total levels) profiles of JNJ-54861911. RESULTS JNJ-54861911 was well-tolerated, adverse events were uncommon and unrelated to JNJ-54861911. JNJ-54861911 showed dose-proportional CSF and plasma pharmacokinetic profiles. Plasma- and CSF-Aβ and CSF-sAPPβ were reduced in a dose-dependent manner. Aβ reductions (up to 95%) outlasted exposure to JNJ-54861911. APOE ε4 carrier status and baseline Aβ levels did not influence Aβ/sAPPβ reductions. CONCLUSION JNJ-54861911, a potent brain-penetrant BACE1 inhibitor, achieved high and stable Aβ reductions after single and multiple dosing in healthy participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Timmers
- Janssen Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Beerse, Belgium.,Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bianca Van Broeck
- Janssen Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - John Slemmon
- Janssen Research and Development LLC, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Katja De Waepenaert
- Janssen Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Beerse, Belgium
| | - Alberto Russu
- Janssen Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Hans Stieltjes
- Janssen Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Beerse, Belgium
| | - Leslie M Shaw
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sebastiaan Engelborghs
- Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, Hospital Network Antwerp (ZNA) Middelheim and Hoge Beuken, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dieder Moechars
- Janssen Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Beerse, Belgium
| | - Marc Mercken
- Janssen Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Beerse, Belgium
| | - Enchi Liu
- Janssen Research and Development LLC, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Vikash Sinha
- Janssen Research and Development LLC, Titusville, NJ, USA
| | - John Kemp
- Janssen Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Beerse, Belgium
| | - Luc Van Nueten
- Janssen Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Beerse, Belgium
| | - Luc Tritsmans
- Janssen Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Beerse, Belgium
| | - Johannes Rolf Streffer
- Janssen Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Beerse, Belgium.,Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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18
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Van Broeck B, Cascalho A, Meulders G, Van Glabbeek D, Dhuyvetter D, Borghys H, Mercken M. P2‐045: Effect of Bace Inhibitor Treatment on Full‐Length and N‐Truncated AB Species in Cellular and Canine Models. Alzheimers Dement 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2016.06.1249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Van Broeck B, Timmers M, Ramael S, Bogert J, Shaw LM, Mercken M, Slemmon J, Van Nueten L, Engelborghs S, Streffer JR. Impact of frequent cerebrospinal fluid sampling on Aβ levels: systematic approach to elucidate influencing factors. Alzheimers Res Ther 2016; 8:21. [PMID: 27206648 PMCID: PMC4875639 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-016-0184-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides are predictive biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease and are proposed as pharmacodynamic markers for amyloid-lowering therapies. However, frequent sampling results in fluctuating CSF Aβ levels that have a tendency to increase compared with baseline. The impact of sampling frequency, volume, catheterization procedure, and ibuprofen pretreatment on CSF Aβ levels using continuous sampling over 36 h was assessed. METHODS In this open-label biomarker study, healthy participants (n = 18; either sex, age 55-85 years) were randomized into one of three cohorts (n = 6/cohort; high-frequency sampling). In all cohorts except cohort 2 (sampling started 6 h post catheterization), sampling through lumbar catheterization started immediately post catheterization. Cohort 3 received ibuprofen (800 mg) before catheterization. Following interim data review, an additional cohort 4 (n = 6) with an optimized sampling scheme (low-frequency and lower volume) was included. CSF Aβ(1-37), Aβ(1-38), Aβ(1-40), and Aβ(1-42) levels were analyzed. RESULTS Increases and fluctuations in mean CSF Aβ levels occurred in cohorts 1-3 at times of high-frequency sampling. Some outliers were observed (cohorts 2 and 3) with an extreme pronunciation of this effect. Cohort 4 demonstrated minimal fluctuation of CSF Aβ both on a group and an individual level. Intersubject variability in CSF Aβ profiles over time was observed in all cohorts. CONCLUSIONS CSF Aβ level fluctuation upon catheterization primarily depends on the sampling frequency and volume, but not on the catheterization procedure or inflammatory reaction. An optimized low-frequency sampling protocol minimizes or eliminates fluctuation of CSF Aβ levels, which will improve the capability of accurately measuring the pharmacodynamic read-out for amyloid-lowering therapies. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01436188 . Registered 15 September 2011.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Van Broeck
- Janssen Research & Development, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Beerse, Belgium
| | - Maarten Timmers
- Janssen Research & Development, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Beerse, Belgium.,Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | | | - Leslie M Shaw
- University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marc Mercken
- Janssen Research & Development, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Beerse, Belgium
| | - John Slemmon
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Raritan, NJ, USA
| | - Luc Van Nueten
- Janssen Research & Development, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Beerse, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Engelborghs
- Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, Hospital Network Antwerp (ZNA) Middelheim and Hoge Beuken, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Johannes Rolf Streffer
- Janssen Research & Development, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Beerse, Belgium. .,Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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20
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Waldron AM, Fissers J, Van Eetveldt A, Van Broeck B, Mercken M, Pemberton DJ, Van Der Veken P, Augustyns K, Joossens J, Stroobants S, Dedeurwaerdere S, Wyffels L, Staelens S. In Vivo Amyloid-β Imaging in the APPPS1-21 Transgenic Mouse Model with a (89)Zr-Labeled Monoclonal Antibody. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:67. [PMID: 27064204 PMCID: PMC4815004 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The accumulation of amyloid-β is a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease and is a target for molecular imaging probes to aid in diagnosis and disease monitoring. This study evaluated the feasibility of using a radiolabeled monoclonal anti-amyloid-β antibody (JRF/AβN/25) to non-invasively assess amyloid-β burden in aged transgenic mice (APPPS1–21) with μPET imaging. Methods: We investigated the antibody JRF/AβN/25 that binds to full-length Aβ. JRF/AβN/25 was radiolabeled with a [89Zr]-desferal chelate and intravenously injected into 12–13 month aged APPPS1–21 mice and their wild-type (WT) controls. Mice underwent in vivo μPET imaging at 2, 4, and 7 days post injection and were sacrificed at the end of each time point to assess brain penetrance, plaque labeling, biodistribution, and tracer stability. To confirm imaging specificity we also evaluated brain uptake of a non-amyloid targeting [89Zr]-labeled antibody (trastuzumab) as a negative control, additionally we performed a competitive blocking study with non-radiolabeled Df-Bz-JRF/AβN/25 and finally we assessed the possible confounding effects of blood retention. Results: Voxel-wise analysis of μPET data demonstrated significant [89Zr]-Df-Bz-JRF/AβN/25 retention in APPPS1–21 mice at all time points investigated. With ex vivo measures of radioactivity, significantly higher retention of [89Zr]-Df-Bz-JRF/AβN/25 was found at 4 and 7 days pi in APPPS1–21 mice. Despite the observed genotypic differences, comparisons with immunohistochemistry revealed that in vivo plaque labeling was low. Furthermore, pre-treatment with Df-Bz-JRF/AβN/25 only partially blocked [89Zr]-Df-Bz-JRF/AβN/25 uptake indicative of a high contribution of non-specific binding. Conclusion: Amyloid plaques were detected in vivo with a radiolabeled monoclonal anti-amyloid antibody. The low brain penetrance of the antibody in addition to non-specific binding prevented an accurate estimation of plaque burden. However, it should be noted that [89Zr]-Df-Bz-JRF/AβN/25 nevertheless demonstrated in vivo binding and strategies to increase brain penetrance would likely achieve better results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Marie Waldron
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp, University of AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium; Translational Neurosciences, University of AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium
| | - Jens Fissers
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp, University of AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium; Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, University of AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Bianca Van Broeck
- Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research and Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV Beerse, Belgium
| | - Marc Mercken
- Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research and Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV Beerse, Belgium
| | - Darrel J Pemberton
- Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research and Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Koen Augustyns
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Antwerp Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jurgen Joossens
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Antwerp Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | | | - Leonie Wyffels
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp, University of AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium; Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium
| | - Steven Staelens
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp, University of Antwerp Antwerp, Belgium
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21
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Malia TJ, Teplyakov A, Ernst R, Wu SJ, Lacy ER, Liu X, Vandermeeren M, Mercken M, Luo J, Sweet RW, Gilliland GL. Epitope mapping and structural basis for the recognition of phosphorylated tau by the anti-tau antibody AT8. Proteins 2016; 84:427-34. [PMID: 26800003 PMCID: PMC5067699 DOI: 10.1002/prot.24988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Microtubule‐associated protein tau becomes abnormally phosphorylated in Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies and forms aggregates of paired helical filaments (PHF‐tau). AT8 is a PHF‐tau‐specific monoclonal antibody that is a commonly used marker of neuropathology because of its recognition of abnormally phosphorylated tau. Previous reports described the AT8 epitope to include pS202/pT205. Our studies support and extend previous findings by also identifying pS208 as part of the binding epitope. We characterized the phosphoepitope of AT8 through both peptide binding studies and costructures with phosphopeptides. From the cocrystal structure of AT8 Fab with the diphosphorylated (pS202/pT205) peptide, it appeared that an additional phosphorylation at S208 would also be accommodated by AT8. Phosphopeptide binding studies showed that AT8 bound to the triply phosphorylated tau peptide (pS202/pT205/pS208) 30‐fold stronger than to the pS202/pT205 peptide, supporting the role of pS208 in AT8 recognition. We also show that the binding kinetics of the triply phosphorylated peptide pS202/pT205/pS208 was remarkably similar to that of PHF‐tau. The costructure of AT8 Fab with a pS202/pT205/pS208 peptide shows that the interaction interface involves all six CDRs and tau residues 202–209. All three phosphorylation sites are recognized by AT8, with pT205 acting as the anchor. Crystallization of the Fab/peptide complex under acidic conditions shows that CDR‐L2 is prone to unfolding and precludes peptide binding, and may suggest a general instability in the antibody. Proteins 2016; 84:427–434. © 2016 The Authors. Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Malia
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania, 19477
| | - Alexey Teplyakov
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania, 19477
| | - Robin Ernst
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania, 19477
| | - Sheng-Jiun Wu
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania, 19477
| | - Eilyn R Lacy
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania, 19477
| | - Xuesong Liu
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania, 19477
| | - Marc Vandermeeren
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania, 19477
| | - Marc Mercken
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania, 19477
| | - Jinquan Luo
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania, 19477
| | - Raymond W Sweet
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania, 19477
| | - Gary L Gilliland
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania, 19477
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22
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Struyfs H, Van Broeck B, Timmers M, Fransen E, Sleegers K, Van Broeckhoven C, De Deyn PP, Streffer JR, Mercken M, Engelborghs S. Diagnostic Accuracy of Cerebrospinal Fluid Amyloid-β Isoforms for Early and Differential Dementia Diagnosis. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 45:813-22. [PMID: 25633670 DOI: 10.3233/jad-141986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overlapping cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers (CSF) levels between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and non-AD patients decrease differential diagnostic accuracy of the AD core CSF biomarkers. Amyloid-β (Aβ) isoforms might improve the AD versus non-AD differential diagnosis. OBJECTIVE To determine the added diagnostic value of Aβ isoforms, Aβ(1-37), Aβ(1-38), and Aβ(1-40), as compared to the AD CSF biomarkers Aβ(1-42), T-tau, and P-tau(181P). METHODS CSF from patients with dementia due to AD (n = 50), non-AD dementias (n = 50), mild cognitive impairment due to AD (n = 50) and non-demented controls (n = 50) was analyzed with a prototype multiplex assay using MSD detection technology. The non-AD group consisted of frontotemporal dementia (FTD; n = 17), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB; n = 17), and vascular dementia (n = 16). RESULTS Aβ(1-37) and Aβ(1-38) increased accuracy to differentiate AD from FTD or DLB. Aβ(1-37), Aβ(1-38), and Aβ(1-40) levels correlated with Mini-Mental State Examination scores and disease duration in dementia due to AD. The Aβ(1-42)/Aβ(1-40) ratio improved diagnostic performance of Aβ(1-42) in most differential diagnostic situations. Aβ(1-42) levels were lower in APOE ε4 carriers compared to non-carriers. CONCLUSIONS Aβ isoforms help to differentiate AD from FTD and DLB. Aβ isoforms increase diagnostic performance of Aβ(1-42). In contrast to Aβ1-42, Aβ isoforms seem to be correlated with disease severity in AD. Adding the Aβ isoforms to the current biomarker panel could enhance diagnostic accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Struyfs
- Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), and Biobank, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bianca Van Broeck
- Janssen Research and Development, Neuroscience Discovery, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Maarten Timmers
- Janssen Research and Development, Experimental Medicine Neuroscience, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Erik Fransen
- StatUa Center for Statistics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kristel Sleegers
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christine Van Broeckhoven
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Peter P De Deyn
- Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), and Biobank, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, Hospital Network Antwerp (ZNA) Middelheim and Hoge Beuken, Antwerp, Belgium Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Research Center, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes R Streffer
- Janssen Research and Development, Experimental Medicine Neuroscience, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Marc Mercken
- Janssen Research and Development, Neuroscience Discovery, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Engelborghs
- Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), and Biobank, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, Hospital Network Antwerp (ZNA) Middelheim and Hoge Beuken, Antwerp, Belgium
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23
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Sjödin S, Andersson KKA, Mercken M, Zetterberg H, Borghys H, Blennow K, Portelius E. APLP1 as a cerebrospinal fluid biomarker for γ-secretase modulator treatment. Alzheimers Res Ther 2015; 7:77. [PMID: 26689589 PMCID: PMC4687145 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-015-0160-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's disease brains are characterized by extracellular plaques containing the aggregated amyloid β42 (Aβ42) peptide and intraneuronal tangles containing hyperphosphorylated tau. Aβ42 is produced by sequential processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β-secretase followed by γ-secretase. Substantial efforts have been put into developing pharmaceuticals preventing the production or increasing the clearance of Aβ42. However, treatments inhibiting γ-secretase have proven disappointing due to off-target effects. To circumvent these effects, γ-secretase modulators (GSMs) have been developed, which rather than inhibiting γ-secretase shift its preference into producing less aggregation-prone shorter Aβ peptides. Belonging to the same family of proteins as APP, amyloid-like protein 1 (APLP1) is also a substrate for γ-secretase. Herein we investigated whether the GSM E2012 affects APLP1 processing in the central nervous system by measuring APLP1 peptide levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) before and after E2012 treatment in dogs. METHODS An in-house monoclonal APLP1 antibody, AP1, was produced and utilized for immunopurification of APLP1 from human and dog CSF in a hybrid immuno-affinity mass spectrometric method. Seven dogs received a single dose of 20 or 80 mg/kg of E2012 in a randomized cross-over design and CSF was collected prior to and 4, 8 and 24 hours after dosing. RESULTS We have identified 14 CSF APLP1 peptides in humans and 12 CSF APLP1 peptides in dogs. Of these, seven were reproducibly detectable in dogs who received E2012. We found a dose-dependent relative increase of the CSF peptides APLP1β17, 1β18 and 1β28 accompanied with a decrease of 1β25 and 1β27 in response to E2012 treatment. All peptides reverted to baseline over the time of sample collection. CONCLUSION We show an in vivo effect of the GSM E2012 on the processing of APLP1 which is measurable in CSF. These data suggest that APLP1 peptides may be used as biomarkers to monitor drug effects of GSMs on γ-secretase processing in clinical trials. However, this requires further investigation in larger cohorts, including studies in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Sjödin
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, S-431 80, Sweden.
| | - Kerstin K A Andersson
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, S-431 80, Sweden.
| | - Marc Mercken
- Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium.
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, S-431 80, Sweden. .,UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.
| | | | - Kaj Blennow
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, S-431 80, Sweden.
| | - Erik Portelius
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, S-431 80, Sweden.
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24
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Slemmon JR, Shapiro A, Mercken M, Streffer J, Romano G, Andreasen N, Zetterberg H, Blennow K. Impact of cerebrospinal fluid matrix on the detection of Alzheimer's disease with Aβ42 and influence of disease on the total-Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio. J Neurochem 2015; 135:1049-58. [PMID: 26332787 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The 42-amino acid fragment of amyloid β (Aβ1-42) in cerebrospinal fluid has continued to be important for detecting cerebral β-amyloidosis in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, there are impediments to our ability to fully understand this measurement, including matrix interference and changes linked to apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 genotype. This study investigated matrix interference as a contributing factor for detecting AD in APOE ε4-negative patients by comparing total extractable Aβ1-42 to free Aβ1-42. It also examined the ratio of total Aβ1-42 to Aβ1-40, since changes relative to other Aβ peptides may provide a measurement of cerebral β-amyloidosis that is neutral to changes in APP metabolism. Total Aβ1-42 lost the diagnostic power for detecting AD, confirming a role for matrix in the diagnostic. However, when total Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 was examined, the separation between groups was reestablished. This result was confirmed in a second sample set of unknown APOE status. These results confirmed that matrix interference in some cerebrospinal fluid samples appears to contribute to identifying AD patients and this can be compensated by using a total extracted Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 ratio when matrix interference is small. It may be preferable to employ a total Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 measurement, since this could minimize variability because of matrix and compensate for across patient differences. Aβ1-42 measurement in CSF has provided an important tool for early detection of AD. However, it appears that most assays measure a free fraction of Aβ1-42. This study examined total extracted Aβ1-42, since this would provide a more accurate assessment of Aβ1-42 in AD CSF. Total Aβ1-42 measurements alone were not good for detecting AD but total Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 performed well.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Randall Slemmon
- Neurosciences Biomarkers, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, Raritan, New Jersey, USA
| | - Alice Shapiro
- Neurosciences Biomarkers, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, Raritan, New Jersey, USA
| | - Marc Mercken
- Neurosciences Discovery, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Johannes Streffer
- Experimental Medicine, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Gary Romano
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, New Jersey, USA
| | - Niels Andreasen
- Memory clinic, M51, Department of Geriatric Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, UK.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
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25
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Hick M, Herrmann U, Weyer SW, Mallm JP, Tschäpe JA, Borgers M, Mercken M, Roth FC, Draguhn A, Slomianka L, Wolfer DP, Korte M, Müller UC. Acute function of secreted amyloid precursor protein fragment APPsα in synaptic plasticity. Acta Neuropathol 2015; 129:21-37. [PMID: 25432317 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-014-1368-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The key role of APP in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease is well established. However, postnatal lethality of double knockout mice has so far precluded the analysis of the physiological functions of APP and the APLPs in the brain. Previously, APP family proteins have been implicated in synaptic adhesion, and analysis of the neuromuscular junction of constitutive APP/APLP2 mutant mice showed deficits in synaptic morphology and neuromuscular transmission. Here, we generated animals with a conditional APP/APLP2 double knockout (cDKO) in excitatory forebrain neurons using NexCre mice. Electrophysiological recordings of adult NexCre cDKOs indicated a strong synaptic phenotype with pronounced deficits in the induction and maintenance of hippocampal LTP and impairments in paired pulse facilitation, indicating a possible presynaptic deficit. These deficits were also reflected in impairments in nesting behavior and hippocampus-dependent learning and memory tasks, including deficits in Morris water maze and radial maze performance. Moreover, while no gross alterations of brain morphology were detectable in NexCre cDKO mice, quantitative analysis of adult hippocampal CA1 neurons revealed prominent reductions in total neurite length, dendritic branching, reduced spine density and reduced spine head volume. Strikingly, the impairment of LTP could be selectively rescued by acute application of exogenous recombinant APPsα, but not APPsβ, indicating a crucial role for APPsα to support synaptic plasticity of mature hippocampal synapses on a rapid time scale. Collectively, our analysis reveals an essential role of APP family proteins in excitatory principal neurons for mediating normal dendritic architecture, spine density and morphology, synaptic plasticity and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike Hick
- Department of Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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26
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Velter AI, Bischoff FP, Berthelot D, De Cleyn M, Oehlrich D, Jaroskova L, Macdonald G, Minne G, Pieters S, Rombouts F, Van Brandt S, Van Roosbroeck Y, Surkyn M, Trabanco AA, Tresadern G, Wu T, Borghys H, Mercken M, Masungi C, Gijsen H. Anilinotriazoles as potent gamma secretase modulators. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:5805-5813. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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27
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Peeraer E, Bottelbergs A, Van Kolen K, Stancu IC, Vasconcelos B, Mahieu M, Duytschaever H, Ver Donck L, Torremans A, Sluydts E, Van Acker N, Kemp JA, Mercken M, Brunden KR, Trojanowski JQ, Dewachter I, Lee VMY, Moechars D. Intracerebral injection of preformed synthetic tau fibrils initiates widespread tauopathy and neuronal loss in the brains of tau transgenic mice. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 73:83-95. [PMID: 25220759 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurofibrillary tangles composed of hyperphosphorylated fibrillized tau are found in numerous tauopathies including Alzheimer's disease. Increasing evidence suggests that tau pathology can be transmitted from cell-to-cell; however the mechanisms involved in the initiation of tau fibrillization and spreading of disease linked to progression of tau pathology are poorly understood. We show here that intracerebral injections of preformed synthetic tau fibrils into the hippocampus or frontal cortex of young tau transgenic mice expressing mutant human P301L tau induces tau hyperphosphorylation and aggregation around the site of injection, as well as a time-dependent propagation of tau pathology to interconnected brain areas distant from the injection site. Furthermore, we show that the tau pathology as a consequence of injection of tau preformed fibrils into the hippocampus induces selective loss of CA1 neurons. Together, our data confirm previous studies on the seeded induction and the spreading of tau pathology in a different tau transgenic mouse model and reveals neuronal loss associated with seeded tau pathology in tau transgenic mouse brain. These results further validate the utility of the tau seeding model in studying disease transmission, and provide a more complete in vivo tauopathy model with associated neurodegeneration which can be used to investigate the mechanisms involved in tau aggregation and spreading, as well as aid in the search for disease modifying treatments for Alzheimer's disease and related tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve Peeraer
- Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research and Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Astrid Bottelbergs
- Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research and Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Kristof Van Kolen
- Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research and Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Ilie-Cosmin Stancu
- UCLouvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Group of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, B-1200 Woluwe-Saint-Lambert, Belgium
| | - Bruno Vasconcelos
- UCLouvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Group of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, B-1200 Woluwe-Saint-Lambert, Belgium
| | - Michel Mahieu
- Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research and Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Hilde Duytschaever
- Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research and Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Luc Ver Donck
- Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research and Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - John A Kemp
- Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research and Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Marc Mercken
- Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research and Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Kurt R Brunden
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Institute on Aging, Department of Pathology and Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - John Q Trojanowski
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Institute on Aging, Department of Pathology and Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ilse Dewachter
- UCLouvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Group of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, B-1200 Woluwe-Saint-Lambert, Belgium
| | - Virginia M Y Lee
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Institute on Aging, Department of Pathology and Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Diederik Moechars
- Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research and Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium.
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28
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Marreiro A, Kolen K, Plasman K, Depuydt G, Peeraer E, Daneels G, Fierens K, Temmerman L, Vandermeeren M, Hermans B, De Deyn PP, Engelborghs S, Gevaert K, Moechars D, Mercken M. P3‐059: MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF TAU IN RODENT AND NON‐RODENT MODELS OF AD. Alzheimers Dement 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2014.05.1147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kim Plasman
- VIB Department of Medical Protein Research UGentGentBelgium
| | - Geert Depuydt
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Peter Paul De Deyn
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and behavior, Institute Born‐Bunge, University of AntwerpWilrijk (Antwerp)Belgium
| | | | - Kris Gevaert
- VIB Department of Medical Protein Research UGentGentBelgium
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29
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Broeck B, Meulders G, Nogueira S, Dhuyvetter D, Borghys H, Mercken M. P4‐216: COMPARISON OF PLASMA Aβ ASSAYS AS PHARMACODYNAMIC READ‐OUT FOR BACE1 INHIBITOR TREATMENT IN CANINES. Alzheimers Dement 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2014.05.1734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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30
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Broeck B, Struyfs H, Timmers M, Sleegers K, Broeckhoven C, De Deyn PP, Streffer JR, Mercken M, Engelborghs S. P1‐136: DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY OF CSF AMYLOID‐B ISOFORMS FOR EARLY AND DIFFERENTIAL DEMENTIA DIAGNOSIS. Alzheimers Dement 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2014.05.373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kristel Sleegers
- VIB and Institute Born‐Bunge, University of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
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31
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Borghys H, Jacobs T, Van Broeck B, Dillen L, Dhuyvetter D, Gijsen H, Mercken M. Comparison of two different methods for measurement of amyloid-β peptides in cerebrospinal fluid after BACE1 inhibition in a dog model. J Alzheimers Dis 2014; 38:39-48. [PMID: 23948925 DOI: 10.3233/jad-130599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Beta-secretase is the first cleavage enzyme of amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) in the amyloidogenic pathway, leading to the formation of the plaque forming Amyloid-β (Aβ)1-42 peptide. BACE (beta-site AβPP cleaving enzyme) 1 inhibition is therefore considered to be a promising disease modifying therapy for Alzheimer's disease. An early assessment of the in vivo activity of BACE inhibitors was done in dogs since AβPP processing is the same as in humans and this species easily enables longitudinal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sampling. Aβ changes in CSF compared to baseline are used to evaluate target engagement of the compounds. Levels of Aβ1-37, Aβ1-38, Aβ1-40, and Aβ1-42 in CSF are measured with immunoassay (Mesoscale electrochemiluminescence technology) and with an ultra high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Two experimental BACE inhibitors were evaluated. With the immunoassay, a dose dependent decrease is observed for all four Aβ peptides. Measurements with the UPLC-MS/MS are in line with the immunoassay for Aβ1-37, Aβ1-38, and Aβ1-40, however, for Aβ1-42, differences are sometimes observed when comparing to changes seen in the other peptides with UPLC-MS/MS and with immunoassay results. Generally lower concentrations are measured with immunoassay. The reason for these differences is still unknown. Aβ1-42 is more prone to form aggregates compared to the other peptides. One hypothesis could be that while the immunoassay only measures free Aβ, bound and aggregated Aβ peptides are at least partially dissolved with the UPLC-MS/MS method, since acetonitrile is added to the CSF samples. This increases variability in the concentration of Aβ peptide measured with UPLC-MS/MS, especially for Aβ1-42, potentially masking the compound effect on Aβ1-42 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman Borghys
- Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
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Tesseur I, Lo AC, Roberfroid A, Dietvorst S, Van Broeck B, Borgers M, Gijsen H, Moechars D, Mercken M, Kemp J, D'Hooge R, De Strooper B. Comment on "ApoE-directed therapeutics rapidly clear β-amyloid and reverse deficits in AD mouse models". Science 2013; 340:924-e. [PMID: 23704554 DOI: 10.1126/science.1233937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Cramer et al. (Reports, 23 March 2012, p. 1503; published online 9 February 2012) tested bexarotene as a potential β-amyloid-lowering drug for Alzheimer's disease (AD). We were not able to reproduce the described effects in several animal models. Drug formulation appears very critical. Our data call for extreme caution when considering this compound for use in AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Tesseur
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Leuven, Belgium
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33
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Brinkmalm G, Brinkmalm A, Bourgeois P, Persson R, Hansson O, Portelius E, Mercken M, Andreasson U, Parent S, Lipari F, Öhrfelt A, Bjerke M, Minthon L, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Nutu M. Soluble amyloid precursor protein α and β in CSF in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res 2013; 1513:117-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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34
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Tesseur I, Lo A, Roberfroid A, Dietvorst S, Van Broeck B, Borgers M, Gijsen H, Moechars D, Mercken M, Kemp J, D’Hooge R, De Strooper B. Bexarotene treatment does not clear β-Amyloid in an AD mouse model and Beagle dogs. Mol Neurodegener 2013. [PMCID: PMC3846861 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-8-s1-p40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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35
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Ulenkate HJ, Verhaagen J, Plantinga LC, Mercken M, Veldman H, Jennekens FG, Gispen WH, Oestreicher AB. Upregulation of B-50/GAP-43 in Schwann cells at denervated motor endplates and in motoneurons after rat facial nerve crush. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2012; 6:35-47. [PMID: 21551729 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-1993-6104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Crush or transection of peripheral nerves of the adult rat is accompanied by changes in protein expression, including the growth associated protein (GAP-43) B-50. Following peripheral nerve crush in rat enhanced B-50 immunoreactivity was observed in regenerating nerve fibres and in newly formed axon terminals. However, before reinnervation was apparent, an unexpected transient increase in B-50 immunoreactivity was observed at denervated motor endplates [J. Neurosci. 8 (1988) 1759]. This study was performed to clarify this observation. Four days following facial nerve crush B-50 immunoreactivity was detected by double immunofluorescence microscopy in Sl00-positive Schwann cells covering the denervated endplates. Using diluted polyclonal and monoclonal B-50 antibodies we found that B-50 immunoreactivity at the denervated motor endplates was strongly increased in comparison to innervated motor endplates in which B-50 immunoreactivity was hardly detectable. However, when a high concentration of B-50 antibodies was applied the normal innervated motor endplates were also B-50 immunoreactive. Muscle fibres did not display B-50 immunoreactivity. Northern blot analysis revealed elevated B-50 mRNA in denervated muscle and in degenerating nerve with respect to the controls. The B-50 mRNA levels in these non-neuronal tissues were very low compared to the intact and injured facial nucleus containing the neuronal cell bodies. Electron microscopy demonstrated that the B-50 protein was localized in the processes of Schwann cells covering axon terminals of intact and vacant motor endplates and in axon varicosities of sympathetic nerves. This study has confirmed that prior to reinnervation B-50 immunoreactivity is increased at denervated motor endplates and shows that B-50 is co-localized with S100 in Schwann cells. Therefore, upregulation of B-50 expression in Schwann cells may explain the early occurrence of B-50 immunoreactivity at the motor endplate.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Ulenkate
- Laboratory for Neuromuscular Diseases, University of Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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36
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Borghys H, Tuefferd M, Van Broeck B, Clessens E, Dillen L, Cools W, Vinken P, Straetemans R, De Ridder F, Gijsen H, Mercken M. A canine model to evaluate efficacy and safety of γ-secretase inhibitors and modulators. J Alzheimers Dis 2012; 28:809-22. [PMID: 22072214 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2011-111475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-secretase, a membrane bound protease which cleaves the transmembrane protein amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP), is a therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease. Gamma-secretase inhibitors (GSIs) and modulators (GSMs) are being investigated as potential disease-modifying agents. Preclinical in vivo models to monitor the activity on gamma-secretase are described in different species such as mouse, rat, and guinea pigs. All these models have their value in testing compounds with amyloid lowering properties, however, compound characteristics and pharmacokinetic properties, as well as other species characteristics such as limited sampling volumes of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), recommended the use of a larger, non-rodent animal species. For this purpose, a screening model in dogs was developed for testing GSIs and GSMs. We showed that GSIs and GSMs had a dose- and time-dependent effect on Aβ(37), Aβ(38), Aβ(40), and Aβ(42) in CSF. Changes in liver function were evidenced by a transient increase in bilirubin with the GSMs and incidental increases in alanine aminotransferase for GSMs as well as GSIs. Microarray analysis of liver biopsies enabled to elucidate potential mechanisms behind the liver function changes. The relevance of the liver findings should be further evaluated in chronic pre-clinical safety studies and in humans. Based on our data, we can conclude that the dog is a very appropriate species to assess efficacy and safety of compounds which have an effect on AβPP processing such as GSMs, GSIs, and BACE-inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman Borghys
- Janssen Research and Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium.
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37
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Zhou L, Barão S, Laga M, Bockstael K, Borgers M, Gijsen H, Annaert W, Moechars D, Mercken M, Gevaert K, De Strooper B. The neural cell adhesion molecules L1 and CHL1 are cleaved by BACE1 protease in vivo. J Biol Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.a112.377465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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38
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Peeraer E, Van Kolen K, Moechars D, Mercken M. P4‐342: Intracerebral injection of tau aggregates initiates widespread tauopathy in the transgenic mouse brain. Alzheimers Dement 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2013.08.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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39
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Portelius E, Rajendran L, Zetterberg H, Gustavsson M, Andreasson U, Olsson M, Brinkmalm G, Lundkvist J, Jacobson LH, Perrot L, Neumann U, Borghys H, Mercken M, Dhuyvetter D, Jeppsson F, Blennow K, Mattsson N. P2‐072: The performance of Aβ5‐X isoforms as novel pharmacodynamic markers of BACE1 inhibition. Alzheimers Dement 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2012.05.776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Maria Olsson
- Clinical Neurochemistry LaboratoryGothenburgSweden
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40
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Zhou L, Barão S, Laga M, Bockstael K, Borgers M, Gijsen H, Annaert W, Moechars D, Mercken M, Gevaert K, Gevaer K, De Strooper B. The neural cell adhesion molecules L1 and CHL1 are cleaved by BACE1 protease in vivo. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:25927-40. [PMID: 22692213 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.377465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The β-site amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme BACE1 is a prime drug target for Alzheimer disease. However, the function and the physiological substrates of BACE1 remain largely unknown. In this work, we took a quantitative proteomic approach to analyze the secretome of primary neurons after acute BACE1 inhibition, and we identified several novel substrate candidates for BACE1. Many of these molecules are involved in neuronal network formation in the developing nervous system. We selected the adhesion molecules L1 and CHL1, which are crucial for axonal guidance and maintenance of neural circuits, for further validation as BACE1 substrates. Using both genetic BACE1 knock-out and acute pharmacological BACE1 inhibition in mice and cell cultures, we show that L1 and CHL1 are cleaved by BACE1 under physiological conditions. The BACE1 cleavage sites at the membrane-proximal regions of L1 (between Tyr(1086) and Glu(1087)) and CHL1 (between Gln(1061) and Asp(1062)) were determined by mass spectrometry. This work provides molecular insights into the function and the pathways in which BACE1 is involved, and it will help to predict or interpret possible side effects of BACE1 inhibitor drugs in current clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujia Zhou
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, KULeuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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41
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Bischoff F, Berthelot D, De Cleyn M, Macdonald G, Minne G, Oehlrich D, Pieters S, Surkyn M, Trabanco AA, Tresadern G, Van Brandt S, Velter I, Zaja M, Borghys H, Masungi C, Mercken M, Gijsen HJM. Design and Synthesis of a Novel Series of Bicyclic Heterocycles As Potent γ-Secretase Modulators. J Med Chem 2012; 55:9089-106. [DOI: 10.1021/jm201710f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francois Bischoff
- Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Didier Berthelot
- Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Michel De Cleyn
- Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Gregor Macdonald
- Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Garrett Minne
- Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Daniel Oehlrich
- Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Serge Pieters
- Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Michel Surkyn
- Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Andrés A. Trabanco
- Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Gary Tresadern
- Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Sven Van Brandt
- Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Ingrid Velter
- Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Mirko Zaja
- Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Herman Borghys
- Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Chantal Masungi
- Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Marc Mercken
- Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Harrie J. M. Gijsen
- Janssen Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
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42
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Mattsson N, Rajendran L, Zetterberg H, Gustavsson M, Andreasson U, Olsson M, Brinkmalm G, Lundkvist J, Jacobson LH, Perrot L, Neumann U, Borghys H, Mercken M, Dhuyvetter D, Jeppsson F, Blennow K, Portelius E. BACE1 inhibition induces a specific cerebrospinal fluid β-amyloid pattern that identifies drug effects in the central nervous system. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31084. [PMID: 22328928 PMCID: PMC3273469 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACE1 is a key enzyme for amyloid-β (Aβ) production, and an attractive therapeutic target in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here we report that BACE1 inhibitors have distinct effects on neuronal Aβ metabolism, inducing a unique pattern of secreted Aβ peptides, analyzed in cell media from amyloid precursor protein (APP) transfected cells and in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from dogs by immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry, using several different BACE1 inhibitors. Besides the expected reductions in Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42, treatment also changed the relative levels of several other Aβ isoforms. In particular Aβ1-34 decreased, while Aβ5-40 increased, and these changes were more sensitive to BACE1 inhibition than the changes in Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42. The effects on Aβ5-40 indicate the presence of a BACE1 independent pathway of APP degradation. The described CSF Aβ pattern may be used as a pharmacodynamic fingerprint to detect biochemical effects of BACE1-therapies in clinical trials, which might accelerate development of novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Mattsson
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Lawrence Rajendran
- Systems and Cell Biology of Neurodegeneration, Division of Psychiatry Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Mikael Gustavsson
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Ulf Andreasson
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Maria Olsson
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Brinkmalm
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Johan Lundkvist
- Innovative Medicines, Central Nervous System and Pain iMed, Department of Neuroscience, AstraZeneca R&D, Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Laura H. Jacobson
- Neuroscience Discovery, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ludovic Perrot
- Neuroscience Discovery, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ulf Neumann
- Neuroscience Discovery, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Herman Borghys
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Marc Mercken
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Deborah Dhuyvetter
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Fredrik Jeppsson
- Innovative Medicines, Central Nervous System and Pain iMed, Department of Neuroscience, AstraZeneca R&D, Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Erik Portelius
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
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43
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Van Broeck B, Chen JM, Tréton G, Desmidt M, Hopf C, Ramsden N, Karran E, Mercken M, Rowley A. Chronic treatment with a novel γ-secretase modulator, JNJ-40418677, inhibits amyloid plaque formation in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 163:375-89. [PMID: 21232036 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01207.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE γ-Secretase modulators represent a promising therapeutic approach for Alzheimer's disease (AD) because they selectively decrease amyloid β 42 (Aβ42), a particularly neurotoxic Aβ species that accumulates in plaques in the brains of patients with AD. In the present study, we describe the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological properties of a potent novel γ-secretase modulator, 2-(S)-(3,5-bis(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)phenyl)-4-methylpentanoic acid (JNJ-40418677). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The potency and selectivity of JNJ-40418677 for Aβ reduction was investigated in human neuroblastoma cells, rat primary neurones and after treatment with single oral doses in non-transgenic mouse brains. To evaluate the effect of JNJ-40418677 on plaque formation, Tg2576 mice were treated from 6 until 13 months of age via the diet. KEY RESULTS JNJ-40418677 selectively reduced Aβ42 secretion in human neuroblastoma cells and rat primary neurones, but it did not inhibit Notch processing or formation of other amyloid precursor protein cleavage products. Oral treatment of non-transgenic mice with JNJ-40418677 resulted in an excellent brain penetration of the compound and a dose- and time-dependent decrease of brain Aβ42 levels. Chronic treatment of Tg2576 mice with JNJ-40418677 reduced brain Aβ levels, the area occupied by plaques and plaque number in a dose-dependent manner compared with transgenic vehicle-treated mice. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS JNJ-40418677 selectively decreased Aβ42 production, showed an excellent brain penetration after oral administration in mice and lowered brain Aβ burden in Tg2576 mice after chronic treatment. JNJ-40418677 therefore warrants further investigation as a potentially effective disease-modifying therapy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Van Broeck
- Neuroscience Department, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Beerse, Belgium
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44
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Van Broeck B, Mercken M, Villa F, Hutcheson D, Karran E, Barao A, Hermans B, Straetemans R, De Ridder F. P1‐121: Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics following γ‐secretase modulator and inhibitor treatment of Cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Alzheimers Dement 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2011.05.401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Van Broeck
- Janssen Research and Development, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NVBeerse
| | - Marc Mercken
- Janssen Research and Development, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NVBeerse
| | | | | | - Eric Karran
- Janssen Research and Development, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NVBeerse
| | - Ana Barao
- Janssen Research and Development, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NVBeerse
| | - Bart Hermans
- Janssen Research and Development, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NVBeerse
| | - Roel Straetemans
- Janssen Research and Development, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NVBeerse
| | - Filip De Ridder
- Janssen Research and Development, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NVBeerse
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45
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Mattsson N, Andreasson U, Persson S, Arai H, Batish SD, Bernardini S, Bocchio-Chiavetto L, Blankenstein MA, Carrillo MC, Chalbot S, Coart E, Chiasserini D, Cutler N, Dahlfors G, Duller S, Fagan AM, Forlenza O, Frisoni GB, Galasko D, Galimberti D, Hampel H, Handberg A, Heneka MT, Herskovits AZ, Herukka SK, Holtzman DM, Humpel C, Hyman BT, Iqbal K, Jucker M, Kaeser SA, Kaiser E, Kapaki E, Kidd D, Klivenyi P, Knudsen CS, Kummer MP, Lui J, Lladó A, Lewczuk P, Li QX, Martins R, Masters C, McAuliffe J, Mercken M, Moghekar A, Molinuevo JL, Montine TJ, Nowatzke W, O'Brien R, Otto M, Paraskevas GP, Parnetti L, Petersen RC, Prvulovic D, de Reus HPM, Rissman RA, Scarpini E, Stefani A, Soininen H, Schröder J, Shaw LM, Skinningsrud A, Skrogstad B, Spreer A, Talib L, Teunissen C, Trojanowski JQ, Tumani H, Umek RM, Van Broeck B, Vanderstichele H, Vecsei L, Verbeek MM, Windisch M, Zhang J, Zetterberg H, Blennow K. The Alzheimer's Association external quality control program for cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers. Alzheimers Dement 2011; 7:386-395.e6. [PMID: 21784349 PMCID: PMC3710290 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2011.05.2243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers amyloid β (Aβ)-42, total-tau (T-tau), and phosphorylated-tau (P-tau) demonstrate good diagnostic accuracy for Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, there are large variations in biomarker measurements between studies, and between and within laboratories. The Alzheimer's Association has initiated a global quality control program to estimate and monitor variability of measurements, quantify batch-to-batch assay variations, and identify sources of variability. In this article, we present the results from the first two rounds of the program. METHODS The program is open for laboratories using commercially available kits for Aβ, T-tau, or P-tau. CSF samples (aliquots of pooled CSF) are sent for analysis several times a year from the Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory at the Mölndal campus of the University of Gothenburg, Sweden. Each round consists of three quality control samples. RESULTS Forty laboratories participated. Twenty-six used INNOTEST enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits, 14 used Luminex xMAP with the INNO-BIA AlzBio3 kit (both measure Aβ-(1-42), P-tau(181P), and T-tau), and 5 used Meso Scale Discovery with the Aβ triplex (AβN-42, AβN-40, and AβN-38) or T-tau kits. The total coefficients of variation between the laboratories were 13% to 36%. Five laboratories analyzed the samples six times on different occasions. Within-laboratory precisions differed considerably between biomarkers within individual laboratories. CONCLUSIONS Measurements of CSF AD biomarkers show large between-laboratory variability, likely caused by factors related to analytical procedures and the analytical kits. Standardization of laboratory procedures and efforts by kit vendors to increase kit performance might lower variability, and will likely increase the usefulness of CSF AD biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Mattsson
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.
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46
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Mercken M, Hermans B, Van Broeck B, Gijsen H, Karran E. P2‐485: Evidence that gamma‐secretase inhibitors induce an incomplete processing phenotype in preclinical models. Alzheimers Dement 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2011.05.1356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bart Hermans
- Janssen Research and Developmenta division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NVBeerseBelgium
| | - Bianca Van Broeck
- Janssen Research and Developmenta division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NVBeerseBelgium
| | - Harry Gijsen
- Janssen Research and Developmenta division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NVBeerseBelgium
| | - Eric Karran
- Janssen Research and Developmenta division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NVBeerseBelgium
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47
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Barao A, Van Broeck B, Vandermeeren M, Clessens E, Borghys H, Karran E, Mercken M. P2‐445: Quantification of beta‐amyloid ï€ peptides in dog CSF following gamma‐secretase modulator and inhibitor treatment. Alzheimers Dement 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2011.05.1317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Barao
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV ‐ Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and DevelopmentBeerseBelgium
| | - Bianca Van Broeck
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV ‐ Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and DevelopmentBeerseBelgium
| | - Marc Vandermeeren
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV ‐ Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and DevelopmentBeerseBelgium
| | - Ellen Clessens
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV ‐ Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and DevelopmentBeerseBelgium
| | - Herman Borghys
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV ‐ Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and DevelopmentBeerseBelgium
| | - Eric Karran
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV ‐ Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and DevelopmentBeerseBelgium
| | - Marc Mercken
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV ‐ Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and DevelopmentBeerseBelgium
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Zhou L, Brouwers N, Benilova I, Vandersteen A, Mercken M, Van Laere K, Van Damme P, Demedts D, Van Leuven F, Sleegers K, Broersen K, Van Broeckhoven C, Vandenberghe R, De Strooper B. Amyloid precursor protein mutation E682K at the alternative β-secretase cleavage β'-site increases Aβ generation. EMBO Mol Med 2011; 3:291-302. [PMID: 21500352 PMCID: PMC3377078 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201100138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Revised: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACE1 cleaves the amyloid precursor protein (APP) at the β-cleavage site (Met671–Asp672) to initiate the generation of amyloid peptide Aβ. BACE1 is also known to cleave APP at a much less well-characterized β′-cleavage site (Tyr681–Glu682). We describe here the identification of a novel APP mutation E682K located at this β′-site in an early onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) case. Functional analysis revealed that this E682K mutation blocked the β′-site and shifted cleavage of APP to the β-site, causing increased Aβ production. This work demonstrates the functional importance of APP processing at the β′-site and shows how disruption of the balance between β- and β′-site cleavage may enhance the amyloidogenic processing and consequentially risk for AD. Increasing exon- and exome-based sequencing efforts will identify many more putative pathogenic mutations without conclusive segregation-based evidence in a single family. Our study shows how functional analysis of such mutations allows to determine the potential pathogenic nature of these mutations. We propose to classify the E682K mutation as probable pathogenic awaiting further independent confirmation of its association with AD in other patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujia Zhou
- Department for Developmental and Molecular Genetics, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
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Puzzo D, Privitera L, Fa' M, Staniszewski A, Hashimoto G, Aziz F, Sakurai M, Ribe EM, Troy CM, Mercken M, Jung SS, Palmeri A, Arancio O. Endogenous amyloid-β is necessary for hippocampal synaptic plasticity and memory. Ann Neurol 2011; 69:819-30. [PMID: 21472769 DOI: 10.1002/ana.22313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Revised: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to investigate the role of endogenous amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) in healthy brain. METHODS Long-term potentiation (LTP), a type of synaptic plasticity that is thought to be associated with learning and memory, was examined through extracellular field recordings from the CA1 region of hippocampal slices, whereas behavioral techniques were used to assess contextual fear memory and reference memory. Amyloid precursor protein (APP) expression was reduced through small interfering RNA (siRNA) technique. RESULTS We found that both antirodent Aβ antibody and siRNA against murine APP reduced LTP as well as contextual fear memory and reference memory. These effects were rescued by the addition of human Aβ₄₂, suggesting that endogenously produced Aβ is needed for normal LTP and memory. Furthermore, the effect of endogenous Aβ on plasticity and memory was likely due to regulation of transmitter release, activation of α7-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and Aβ₄₂ production. INTERPRETATION Endogenous Aβ₄₂ is a critical player in synaptic plasticity and memory within the normal central nervous system. This needs to be taken into consideration when designing therapies aiming at reducing Aβ levels to treat Alzheimer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Puzzo
- Department of Pathology, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Portelius E, Van Broeck B, Andreasson U, Gustavsson MK, Mercken M, Zetterberg H, Borghys H, Blennow K. Acute effect on the Aβ isoform pattern in CSF in response to γ-secretase modulator and inhibitor treatment in dogs. J Alzheimers Dis 2011; 21:1005-12. [PMID: 20634579 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2010-100573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) in the brain, which is reflected by low concentration of the Aβ(1-42) peptide in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The γ-secretase inhibitor LY450139 (semagacestat) lowers plasma Aβ(1-40) and Aβ(1-42) in a dose-dependent manner but has no clear effect on the CSF level of these isoforms. Less is known about the potent γ-secretase modulator E2012. Using targeted proteomics techniques, we recently identified several shorter Aβ isoforms in CSF, such as Aβ(1-16), which is produced by a novel pathway. In a Phase II clinical trial on AD patients, Aβ(1-14), Aβ(1-15) and Aβ(1-16) increased several-fold during γ-secretase inhibitor treatment. In the present study, 9 dogs were treated with a single dose of the γ-secretase modulator E2012, the γ-secretase inhibitor LY450139, or vehicle with a dosing interval of 1 week. The CSF Aβ isoform pattern was analyzed by immunoprecipitation combined with MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. We show here that Aβ(1-15) and Aβ(1-16) increase while Aβ(1-34) decreases in response to treatment with the γ-secretase inhibitor LY450139, which is in agreement with previous studies. The isoform Aβ(1-37) was significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner in response to treatment with E2012, while Aβ(1-39), Aβ(1-40) and A(1-42) decreased. The data presented suggests that the γ-secretase modulator E-2012 alters the cleavage site preference of γ-secretase. The increase in Aβ(1-37) may inhibit Aβ(1-42) oligomerization and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Portelius
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.
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