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Clerck FD, Beetens J, Courcelles DDCD, Freyne E, Janssen PAJ. R 68 070: Thromboxane A2 Synthetase Inhibition and Thromboxane A2/Prostaglandin Endoperoxide Receptor Blockade Combined in One Molecule - I. Biochemical Profile In Vitro. Thromb Haemost 2018. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1646523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
SummaryR 68 070 or (E)-5-[[[(3-pyridinyl)[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]- methylen]amino]oxy] pentanoic acid (Janssen Research Foundation, Belgium) combines specific thromboxane A2 (TXA2) synthetase inhibition with TXA2/prostaglandin endoperoxide receptor blockade in one molecule.In vitro, the compound specifically inhibits the production of TXB2 from [14C] arachidonic acid by washed human platelets (IC50 = 8.2 × 10-9 M) and by platelet microsomes (IC50 = 3.6 × 10-9 M), of MDA (IC50 = 1.91 × 10-8 M) and of TXB2 (IC50 = 1.47 × 10-8 M) by thrombin-coagulated human platelet-rich plasma (P.R.P.) and whole blood respectively and increases the levels of PGD2, PGE2, PGF2α and 6-keto-PGF1α. The activity of cyclo-oxygenase-, prostacyclin synthetase-, 5-, 12- and 15-lipoxygenase-enzymes are not affected. Additionally, R 68 070 inhibits human platelet aggregation in P.R.P. induced by U 46619 3 × 10-7 M to 2 × 10-6 M (IC50 = 2.08 × 10-6 M to 2.66 × 10-5 M), collagen 0.5 to 2 μg/ml (IC50 = 2.85 × 10-6 M to 4.81 × 10-5 M), arachidonic acid 7.5 × 10-4 M to 2 × 10- M (IC50 = 2.1 × 10-8 M to 3.3 × 10-8 M) and the U 46619 (1 × 10-7 M)-induced accumulation of [32P] phosphatidic acid (IC50 = 5.24 × 10-7 M) in washed human platelets. Collagen (0.75 μg/ml)-induced ATP release (IC50 = 4.1 × 10-6 M), ADP (1 to 2.5 × 10-6 M)-induced second wave aggregation (IC50 = 3.19 × 10-6 M) in P.R.P. as well as the collagen (1 μg/ml)-induced adhesion/aggregation reaction in human whole blood (IC50 = 1.02 × 10-5 M) are reduced as well by the compoun.Primary platelet reactions induced by serotonin, ADP, PAF, or A 23187, platelet adenylate cyclase- and cAMP phosphodiesterase-activity, and platelet inhibitory activities of PGD2, PGI2, PGE2, PGE1 are not modified by R 68 070.This biochemical profile is compatible with a dual mechanism of action of R 68 070, namely TXA2 synthetase inhibition at low concentrations, plus additionally TXA2/prostaglandin endoperoxide receptor blockade at higher concentrations
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Affiliation(s)
- F De Clerck
- The Department of Haematology, Janssen Research Foundation, Beerse, Belgium
| | - J Beetens
- The Department of Haematology, Janssen Research Foundation, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - E Freyne
- The Department of Chemistry, Janssen Research Foundation, Beerse, Belgium
| | - P A J Janssen
- The Department of Haematology, Janssen Research Foundation, Beerse, Belgium
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Clerck FD, Beetens J, Water AVD, Vercammen E, Janssen PAJ. R 68 070: Thromboxane A2 Synthetase Inhibition and Thromboxane A2/Prostaglandin Endoperoxide Receptor Blockade Combined in One Molecule - II. Pharmacological Effects In Vivo and Ex Vivo. Thromb Haemost 2018. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1646524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
SummaryR 68 070 or (E)-5-[[[(3-pyridinyl)[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]- methylen]amino]oxy] pentanoic acid (Janssen Research Foundation, Belgium), a newly developed compound, combining specific thromboxane A2 (TXA2) synthetase inhibition with TXA2/pros- taglandin endoperoxide receptor blockade in one molecule, is active in vivo in man and in experimental animals.In man (n = 5), a single oral 400-mg dose of R 68 070 produces deep and protracted inhibition of platelet TXA2 synthetase activity (≥90% for 48 h), increases serum levels of immuno- reactive 6-keto-PGF1α, reduces platelet aggregation in RR.R induced by U 46619, collagen (>70% for 8 h), arachidonic acid (>90% for 18 h) and prolongs template bleeding times significantly, without affecting plasma coagulation or fibrinolysis.In rats, R 68 070 (1.25 mg/kg orally, –2 h) singly prolongs tail bleeding times as much as a combination of TXA2 synthetase inhibition (dazoxiben 10 mg/kg) and TXA2/prostaglandin endoperoxide receptor blockade (BM 13177 40 mg/kg). In dogs, the compound reduces coronary thrombosis induced by electrical damage (1.25 mg/kg i. v.) and prevents the evolution of occlusion/ reperfusion-induced arrhythmias into ventricular fibrillation (2.5 mg/kg i.v.). R 68 070 thus may be an appropriate pharmacological tool to analyze the roles and interactions of agonistic (TXA2, prostaglandin endoperoxides) and antagonistic (PGD2, PGE2, PGI2) metabolites of arachidonic acid in experimental and human pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- F De Clerck
- The Department of Haematology, Janssen Research Foundation, Beerse, Belgium
| | - J Beetens
- The Department of Haematology, Janssen Research Foundation, Beerse, Belgium
| | - A Van de Water
- The Department of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Janssen Research Foundation, Beerse, Belgium
| | - E Vercammen
- The Department of Clinical Research, Janssen Research Foundation, Beerse, Belgium
| | - P A J Janssen
- The Department of Haematology, Janssen Research Foundation, Beerse, Belgium
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Clerk FD, Xhonneux B, Gorp LV, Beetens J, Janssen PAJ. S2-Serotonergic Receptor Inhibition (Ketanserin), Combined with Thromboxane A2/Prostaglandin Endoperoxide Receptor Blockade (BM 13.177): Enhanced Anti-Platelet Effect. Thromb Haemost 2018. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1661648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F De Clerk
- Laboratory of Haematology, Department of Life Sciences, Janssen Pharmaceutica Research Laboratories, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - B Xhonneux
- Laboratory of Haematology, Department of Life Sciences, Janssen Pharmaceutica Research Laboratories, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - L Van Gorp
- Laboratory of Haematology, Department of Life Sciences, Janssen Pharmaceutica Research Laboratories, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - J Beetens
- Laboratory of Haematology, Department of Life Sciences, Janssen Pharmaceutica Research Laboratories, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - P A J Janssen
- Laboratory of Haematology, Department of Life Sciences, Janssen Pharmaceutica Research Laboratories, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A J Janssen
- Pharmacology Department, Laboratoria Pharmaceutica Dr. C. Janssen Turnhout, Belgium
| | - Anton H Jageneau
- Pharmacology Department, Laboratoria Pharmaceutica Dr. C. Janssen Turnhout, Belgium
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Vanden Bossche H, Marichal P, Gorrens J, Bellens D, Verhoeven H, Coene MC, Lauwers W, Janssen PAJ. Interaction of azole derivatives with cytochrome P-450 isozymes in yeast, fungi, plants and mammalian cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ps.2780210406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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de Jonge MR, Koymans LMH, Vinkers HM, Daeyaert FFD, Heeres J, Lewi PJ, Janssen PAJ. Structure based activity prediction of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors. J Med Chem 2005; 48:2176-83. [PMID: 15771460 DOI: 10.1021/jm049534r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a fast and robust computational method for prediction of antiviral activity in automated de novo design of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors. This is a structure-based approach that uses a linear relation between activity and interaction energy with discrete orientation sampling and with localized interaction energy terms. The localization allows for the analysis of mutations of the protein target and for the separation of inhibition and a specific binding to the enzyme. We apply the method to the prediction of pIC(50) of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors. The model predicts the activity of an arbitrary compound with a q(2) of 0.681 and an average absolute error of 0.66 log value, and it is fast enough to be used in high-throughput computational applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc R de Jonge
- Center for Molecular Design, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Antwerpsesteenweg 37, B-2350 Vosselaar, Belgium
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Frenkel YV, Clark AD, Das K, Wang YH, Lewi PJ, Janssen PAJ, Arnold E. Concentration and pH dependent aggregation of hydrophobic drug molecules and relevance to oral bioavailability. J Med Chem 2005; 48:1974-83. [PMID: 15771441 DOI: 10.1021/jm049439i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have examined selected physicochemical properties of compounds from the diaryltriazine/diarylpyrimidine (DATA/DAPY) classes of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) and explored possible correlations with their bioavailability. In simple aqueous solutions designed to mimic the gastrointestinal (GI) environment of a fasting individual, all NNRTIs demonstrated formation of aggregates as detected by dynamic light scattering and electron microscopy. Under various conditions mimicking physiological transitions in the GI environment, aggregate size distributions were shown to depend on compound concentration and pH. NNRTIs with good absorption were capable of forming aggregates with hydrodynamic radii of </=100 nm at higher concentrations and over wide ranges of pH, while poorly absorbed inhibitors form aggregates with radii of >/=250 nm at concentrations above 0.01 mM, probably representing precipitate. We propose a model in which the uptake rate into systemic circulation depends on having hydrophobic drug aggregates of appropriate size available for absorption at different locations within the GI tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Volovik Frenkel
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, 679 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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Janssen PAJ, Lewi PJ, Arnold E, Daeyaert F, de Jonge M, Heeres J, Koymans L, Vinkers M, Guillemont J, Pasquier E, Kukla M, Ludovici D, Andries K, de Béthune MP, Pauwels R, Das K, Clark AD, Frenkel YV, Hughes SH, Medaer B, De Knaep F, Bohets H, De Clerck F, Lampo A, Williams P, Stoffels P. In search of a novel anti-HIV drug: multidisciplinary coordination in the discovery of 4-[[4-[[4-[(1E)-2-cyanoethenyl]-2,6-dimethylphenyl]amino]-2- pyrimidinyl]amino]benzonitrile (R278474, rilpivirine). J Med Chem 2005; 48:1901-9. [PMID: 15771434 DOI: 10.1021/jm040840e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ideally, an anti-HIV drug should (1) be highly active against wild-type and mutant HIV without allowing breakthrough; (2) have high oral bioavailability and long elimination half-life, allowing once-daily oral treatment at low doses; (3) have minimal adverse effects; and (4) be easy to synthesize and formulate. R278474, a new diarylpyrimidine (DAPY) non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), appears to meet these criteria and to be suitable for high compliance oral treatment of HIV-1 infection. The discovery of R278474 was the result of a coordinated multidisciplinary effort involving medicinal chemists, virologists, crystallographers, molecular modelers, toxicologists, analytical chemists, pharmacists, and many others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A J Janssen
- Center for Molecular Design, Janssen Pharmaceutica, B-2350 Vosselaar, Belgium
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Guillemont J, Pasquier E, Palandjian P, Vernier D, Gaurrand S, Lewi PJ, Heeres J, de Jonge MR, Koymans LMH, Daeyaert FFD, Vinkers MH, Arnold E, Das K, Pauwels R, Andries K, de Béthune MP, Bettens E, Hertogs K, Wigerinck P, Timmerman P, Janssen PAJ. Synthesis of Novel Diarylpyrimidine Analogues and Their Antiviral Activity against Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. J Med Chem 2005; 48:2072-9. [PMID: 15771449 DOI: 10.1021/jm040838n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports the synthesis and the antiviral properties of new diarylpyrimidine (DAPY) compounds as nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). The synthesis program around this new DAPY series was further optimized to produce compounds displaying improved activity against a panel of eight clinically relevant single and double mutant strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Guillemont
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Campus de Maigremont BP615, Val de Reuil, France.
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Njai HF, Lewi PJ, Janssen CGM, Garcia S, Fransen K, Kestens L, Vanham G, Janssen PAJ. Pre-incubation of cell-free HIV-1 group M isolates with non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors blocks subsequent viral replication in co-cultures of dendritic cells and T cells. Antivir Ther 2005; 10:255-62. [PMID: 15865220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In order to study the inhibitory effect of various reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs) on cell-free HIV, we adapted a recently described in vitro system, based on co-cultures of dendritic cells and resting CD4 T cells, modelling early target cells during sexual transmission. The compounds tested included the second-generation non-nucleoside RTI (NNRTI) TMC-120 (R147681, dapivirine) and TMC-125 (R165335, travertine), as well as the reference nucleoside RTI AZT (zidovudine), the nucleotide RTI PMPA (tenofovir) and the NNRTI UC-781. The virus strains included the reference strain HIV-1Ba-L and six primary isolates, representative of the HIV-1 group M pandemic. They all display the non-syncytium-inducing and CCR5 receptor-using (NSI/R5) phenotype, important in transmission. Cell-free virus was immobilized on a poly-L-lysine (PLL)-treated microwell plate and incubated with compound for 1 h. Afterwards, the compound was thoroughly washed away; target cells were added and cultured for 2 weeks, followed by an extended culture with highly susceptible mitogen-activated T cells. Viral production in the cultures was measured on supernatant with HIV antigen ELISA. Negative results were confirmed by showing absence of proviral DNA in the cells. TMC-120 and TMC-125 inhibited replication of HIV-1Ba-L with average EC50 values of 38 nM and 117 nM, respectively, whereas the EC50 of UC-781 was 517 nM. Complete suppression of virus and provirus was observed at compound concentrations of 100, 300 and 1000 nM, respectively. Inhibition of all primary isolates followed the same pattern as HIV-1Ba-L. In contrast, pre-treating the virus with the nucleotide RTI PMPA and AZT failed to inhibit infection even at a concentration of 100000 nM. These data clearly suggest that NNRTIs inactivate RT enzymatic activity of different viral clades (predominant in the epidemic) and might be proposed for further testing as a sterilizing microbicide worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harr F Njai
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratories of Immunology and Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Heeres J, de Jonge MR, Koymans LMH, Daeyaert FFD, Vinkers M, Van Aken KJA, Arnold E, Das K, Kilonda A, Hoornaert GJ, Compernolle F, Cegla M, Azzam RA, Andries K, de Béthune MP, Azijn H, Pauwels R, Lewi PJ, Janssen PAJ. Design, Synthesis, and SAR of a Novel Pyrazinone Series with Non-Nucleoside HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitory Activity. J Med Chem 2004; 48:1910-8. [PMID: 15771435 DOI: 10.1021/jm040829e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel pyrazinones designed as non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) was synthesized and their anti-HIV structure-activity relationship (SAR) was studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Heeres
- Center for Molecular Design, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Antwerpsesteenweg 37, B-2350 Vosselaar, Belgium.
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Das K, Clark AD, Lewi PJ, Heeres J, De Jonge MR, Koymans LMH, Vinkers HM, Daeyaert F, Ludovici DW, Kukla MJ, De Corte B, Kavash RW, Ho CY, Ye H, Lichtenstein MA, Andries K, Pauwels R, De Béthune MP, Boyer PL, Clark P, Hughes SH, Janssen PAJ, Arnold E. Roles of conformational and positional adaptability in structure-based design of TMC125-R165335 (etravirine) and related non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors that are highly potent and effective against wild-type and drug-resistant HIV-1 variants. J Med Chem 2004; 47:2550-60. [PMID: 15115397 DOI: 10.1021/jm030558s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 418] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Anti-AIDS drug candidate and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) TMC125-R165335 (etravirine) caused an initial drop in viral load similar to that observed with a five-drug combination in naïve patients and retains potency in patients infected with NNRTI-resistant HIV-1 variants. TMC125-R165335 and related anti-AIDS drug candidates can bind the enzyme RT in multiple conformations and thereby escape the effects of drug-resistance mutations. Structural studies showed that this inhibitor and other diarylpyrimidine (DAPY) analogues can adapt to changes in the NNRTI-binding pocket in several ways: (1). DAPY analogues can bind in at least two conformationally distinct modes; (2). within a given binding mode, torsional flexibility ("wiggling") of DAPY analogues permits access to numerous conformational variants; and (3). the compact design of the DAPY analogues permits significant repositioning and reorientation (translation and rotation) within the pocket ("jiggling"). Such adaptations appear to be critical for potency against wild-type and a wide range of drug-resistant mutant HIV-1 RTs. Exploitation of favorable components of inhibitor conformational flexibility (such as torsional flexibility about strategically located chemical bonds) can be a powerful drug design concept, especially for designing drugs that will be effective against rapidly mutating targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyan Das
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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Lewi PJ, de Jonge M, Daeyaert F, Koymans L, Vinkers M, Heeres J, Janssen PAJ, Arnold E, Das K, Clark AD, Hughes SH, Boyer PL, de Béthune MP, Pauwels R, Andries K, Kukla M, Ludovici D, De Corte B, Kavash R, Ho C, Lewis PJ. On the detection of multiple-binding modes of ligands to proteins, from biological, structural, and modeling data. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2004; 17:129-34. [PMID: 13677481 DOI: 10.1023/a:1025313705564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
There are several indications that a given compound or a set of related compounds can bind in different modes to a specific binding site of a protein. This is especially evident from X-ray crystallographic structures of ligand-protein complexes. The availability of multiple binding modes of a ligand in a binding site may present an advantage in drug design when simultaneously optimizing several criteria. In the case of the design of anti-HIV compounds we observed that the more active compounds that are also resilient against mutation of the non-nucleoside binding site of HIV1-reverse transcriptase make use of more binding modes than the less active and resilient compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Lewi
- Center for Molecular Design, J&JPRD, Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V, Vosselaar, Belgium.
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Lewi P, Arnold E, Andries K, Bohets H, Borghys H, Clark A, Daeyaert F, Das K, de Béthune MP, de Jonge M, Heeres J, Koymans L, Leempoels J, Peeters J, Timmerman P, Van den Broeck W, Vanhoutte F, Van't Klooster G, Vinkers M, Volovik Y, Janssen PAJ. Correlations between Factors Determining the Pharmacokinetics and Antiviral Activity of HIV-1 Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors of the Diaryltriazine and Diarylpyrimidine Classes of Compounds. Drugs R D 2004; 5:245-57. [PMID: 15357624 DOI: 10.2165/00126839-200405050-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the important factors that determine the bioavailability and the antiviral activity of the diaryltriazine (DATA) and diarylpyrimidine (DAPY) non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) of HIV-1 in animal species and humans using cell-based assays, physicochemical and computed parameters. METHODS This naturalistic study included 15 parameters ranging from molecular mechanics calculations to phase I clinical trials. The calculated parameters were solvent-accessible surface area (SASA), polar surface area and Gibbs free energy of solvation. Physicochemical parameters comprised lipophilicity (octanol/water partition coefficient [cLogP]), ionisation constant (pKa), solubility and aggregate radius. Cell-based assays included human colonic adenocarcinoma cell (Caco-2) permeability (transepithelial transport), drug metabolism and antiviral activity (negative logarithm of the molar effective concentration inhibiting viral replication by 50% [pEC50]). Exposure was tested in rats, dogs and human volunteers. RESULTS Of the 15 parameters, eight correlated consistently among one another. Exposure (area under the plasma concentration-time curve [AUC]) in humans correlated positively with that in rats (r = 1.00), with transepithelial transport (r = 0.83), lipophilicity (r = 0.60), ionisability (r = 0.89), hydrodynamic radius of aggregates (r = 0.66) and with antiviral activity (r = 0.61). Exposure in humans was also seen to correlate negatively with SASA (r = -0.89). No consistent correlation was found between exposure in dogs and the eight parameters. Of the 14 DATA/DAPY molecules, 11 form aggregates with radii between 34 and 100 nm. CONCLUSIONS We observed correlations between exposure in humans with exposure in rats, transepithelial transport (Caco-2 cells), ionisability, lipophilicity, aggregate radius and SASA in the class of DATA/DAPY NNRTI compounds. The lipophilic DATA/DAPY compounds form aggregates. It can be assumed that absorption in the intestinal tract and endocytosis in infected cells of these lipophilic compounds are governed by the common phenomenon of aggregate formation. As the lymphatic system offers a pathway for intestinal uptake of aggregates, this may offer a therapeutic advantage in the treatment of HIV-1 infection. Although it was not the objective of the study, we found that the rat was a better in vivo model than the dog for the prediction of systemic exposure in this particular set of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Lewi
- Center for Molecular Design (CMD), Janssen Pharmaceutica, Vosselaar, Belgium.
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Daeyaert F, de Jonge M, Heeres J, Koymans L, Lewi P, Vinkers MH, Janssen PAJ. A pharmacophore docking algorithm and its application to the cross-docking of 18 HIV-NNRTI's in their binding pockets. Proteins 2003; 54:526-33. [PMID: 14748000 DOI: 10.1002/prot.10599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The docking of small molecules into the binding site of a target protein is an important but difficult step in structure-based drug design. The performance of a docking algorithm is usually evaluated by re-docking ligands into their native binding sites. We have explored the cross-docking of 18 HIV-NNRTIs (non-nucleoside inhibitors of HIV reverse transcriptase) of which the ligand-protein structure has been determined: each of the 18 ligands was docked into each of the 18 binding sites. The docking algorithms studied are an energy-based simulated annealing algorithm and a novel pharmacophore docking algorithm. It turns out that the energy-based docking of the ligands into non-native pockets is far less successful than the docking into their native pockets. The results can be improved by using explicit pharmacophore information, and by docking a ligand into a panel of protein structures and selecting the ligand-protein combination with the lowest interaction energy as the final result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frits Daeyaert
- Center for Molecular Design, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Antwerpsesteenweg 37, 2350 Vosselaar, Belgium.
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Vinkers HM, de Jonge MR, Daeyaert ED, Heeres J, Koymans LMH, van Lenthe JH, Lewi PJ, Timmerman H, Janssen PAJ. Inhibition and substrate recognition – a computational approach applied to HIV protease. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2003; 17:567-81. [PMID: 14713189 DOI: 10.1023/b:jcam.0000005748.19093.e8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a computational approach in which an inhibitor's strength is determined from its interaction energy with a limited set of amino acid residues of the inhibited protein. We applied this method to HIV protease. The method uses a consensus structure built from X-ray crystallographic data. All inhibitors are docked into the consensus structure. Given that not every ligand-protein interaction causes inhibition, we implemented a genetic algorithm to determine the relevant set of residues. The algorithm optimizes the q2 between the sum of interaction energies and the observed inhibition constants. The best possible predictive model resulting has a q2 of 0.63. External validation by examining the predictivity for compounds not used in derivation of the model leads to a prediction accuracy between 0.9 and 1.5 log10 unit. Out of 198 residues in the whole protein, the best internally predictive model defines a subset of 20 residues and the best externally predictive model one of 9 residues. These residues are distributed over the subsites of the enzyme. This approach provides insight in which interactions are important for inhibiting HIV protease and it allows for quantitative prediction of inhibitor strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Vinkers
- Center for Molecular Design, Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Antwerpsesteenweg 37, B-2350 Vosselaar, Belgium.
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Vinkers HM, de Jonge MR, Daeyaert FFD, Heeres J, Koymans LMH, van Lenthe JH, Lewi PJ, Timmerman H, Van Aken K, Janssen PAJ. SYNOPSIS: SYNthesize and OPtimize System in Silico. J Med Chem 2003; 46:2765-73. [PMID: 12801239 DOI: 10.1021/jm030809x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We present a de novo design program called SYNOPSIS, that includes a synthesis route for each generated molecule. SYNOPSIS designs novel molecules by starting from a database of available molecules and simulating organic synthesis steps. This way of generating molecules imposes synthetic accessibility on the molecules. In addition to a starting database, a fitness function is needed that calculates the value of a desired property for an arbitrary molecule. The values obtained from this function guide the design process in optimizing the molecules toward an optimal value of the calculated property. Two applications are described. The first uses an electric dipole moment calculation to generate molecules possessing a strong dipole moment. The second makes use of the three-dimensional structure of a viral enzyme in order to generate high affinity ligands. Twenty eight compounds designed with the program resulted in 18 synthesized and tested compounds, 10 of which showed HIV inhibitory activity in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Maarten Vinkers
- Center for Molecular Design, Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Antwerpsesteenweg 37, B-2350 Vosselaar, Belgium.
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Leysen JE, Gommeren W, Janssen PFM, Janssen PAJ. Comparative study of central and peripheral histamine-H1 receptor binding in vitro and ex vivo of non-sedating antihistamines and of noberastine, a new agent. Drug Dev Res 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.430220207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Wauquier A, Fransen J, Melis W, Ashton D, Gillardin JM, Lewi PJ, Van Clemen G, Vaught J, Janssen PAJ. Loreclezole (R 72 063): An anticonvulsant chemically unrelated to prototype antiepileptic drugs. Drug Dev Res 1990. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.430190404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Meert TF, De Haes PLAJ, Vermote PCM, Janssen PAJ. Pharmacological validation of ritanserin and risperidone in the drug discrimination test procedure in the rat. Drug Dev Res 1990. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.430190403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Piot E, Verheyen W, van Belle H, Janssen PAJ. Human neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocytes and hamster adipocytes as cellular model systems for the study of ?-adrenergic effects. Drug Dev Res 1989. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.430160106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Van Nueten JM, Janssens WJ, Xhonneux R, Janssen PAJ. Interaction Between S2-Serotonergic and α1-Adrenergic Receptor Activities at Vascular Sites. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1988. [DOI: 10.1097/00005344-198800111-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Awouters F, Niemegeers CJE, Megens AAHP, Meert TF, Janssen PAJ. Pharmacological profile of ritanserin: A very specific central serotonin S2-antagonist. Drug Dev Res 1988. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.430150107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Van Nueten JM, Janssens WJ, Xhonneux R, Janssen PAJ. Interaction Between S2-Serotonergic and α1-Adrenergic Receptor Activities at Vascular Sites. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1988. [DOI: 10.1097/00005344-198811001-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Meert TF, Niemegeers CJE, Awouters F, Janssen PAJ. Partial and complete blockade of 5-hydroxytrytophan (5-HTP)-induced head twitches in the rat: A study of ritanserin (R 55 667), risperidone (R 64 766), and related compounds. Drug Dev Res 1988. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.430130406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Awouters F, Niemegeers CJE, Janssen PAJ. Interaction of astemizole and other drugs with passive cutaneous anaphylactic and histamine-, serotonin-, and compound 48/80-induced skin reactions in the rat: A Procedure to determine anti-allergic effectiveness. Drug Dev Res 1985. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.430050206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Awouters FHL, Niemegeers CJE, Janssen PAJ. A pharmacological analysis of the rat mast cell 5-HT gastric lesion test and the effects of ketanserin. Drug Dev Res 1985. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.430050403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Awouters F, Niemegeers CJE, Janssen PAJ. Inhibitors of mast cell-mediated shock in the rat: Relationship to histamine and serotonin antagonism. Drug Dev Res 1981. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.430010203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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