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Testone G, Condello E, Di Giacomo E, Nicolodi C, Caboni E, Rasori A, Bonghi C, Bruno L, Bitonti MB, Giannino D. The KNOTTED-like genes of peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) are differentially expressed during drupe growth and the class 1 KNOPE1 contributes to mesocarp development. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 237:69-79. [PMID: 26089153 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The Knotted-like transcription factors (KNOX) contribute to plant organ development. The expression patterns of peach KNOX genes showed that the class 1 members act precociously (S1-S2 stages) and differentially during drupe growth. Specifically, the transcription of KNOPE1 and 6 decreased from early (cell division) to late (cell expansion) S1 sub-stages, whilst that of STMlike1, 2, KNOPE2, 2.1 ceased at early S1. The KNOPE1 role in mesocarp was further addressed by studying the mRNA localization in the pulp cells and vascular net at early and late S1. The message signal was first diffuse in parenchymatous cells and then confined to hypodermal cell layers, showing that the gene down-tuning accompanied cell expansion. As for bundles, the mRNA mainly featured in the procambium/phloem of collateral open types and subsequently in the phloem side of complex structures (converging bundles, ducts). The KNOPE1 overexpression in Arabidopsis caused fruit shortening, decrease of mesocarp cell size, diminution of vascular lignification together with the repression of the major gibberellin synthesis genes AtGA20ox1 and AtGA3ox1. Negative correlation between the expression of KNOPE1 and PpGA3ox1 was observed in four cultivars at S1, suggesting that the KNOPE1 repression of PpGA3ox1 may regulate mesocarp differentiation by acting on gibberellin homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Testone
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), via Salaria km 29,300, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy.
| | - Emiliano Condello
- Fruit Tree Research Centre, Agriculture Research Council (CRA), Via di Fioranello 52, 00134 Rome, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Di Giacomo
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), via Salaria km 29,300, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy.
| | - Chiara Nicolodi
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), via Salaria km 29,300, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy.
| | - Emilia Caboni
- Fruit Tree Research Centre, Agriculture Research Council (CRA), Via di Fioranello 52, 00134 Rome, Italy.
| | - Angela Rasori
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animal and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università, 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy.
| | - Claudio Bonghi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animal and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università, 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy.
| | - Leonardo Bruno
- Department of Ecology, University of Calabria, Ponte Bucci, 87030 Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy.
| | - Maria Beatrice Bitonti
- Department of Ecology, University of Calabria, Ponte Bucci, 87030 Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy.
| | - Donato Giannino
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), via Salaria km 29,300, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy.
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Francoz E, Ranocha P, Burlat V, Dunand C. Arabidopsis seed mucilage secretory cells: regulation and dynamics. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 20:515-24. [PMID: 25998090 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Seeds from various angiosperm species produce polysaccharide mucilage facilitating germination and, therefore, conferring major evolutionary advantages. The seed epidermal mucilage secretory cells (MSCs) undergo numerous tightly controlled changes of their extracellular matrixes (ECMs) throughout seed development. Recently, major progress based on the model species Arabidopsis thaliana was published, including the identification of 54 genes necessary for mucilage synthesis and release. Here, we review these genes that constitute the so-called 'MSC toolbox', within which transcription factors and proteins related to polysaccharide production, secretion, modification, and stabilization are the most abundant and belong to complex regulatory networks. We also discuss how seed coat 'omics data-mining, comparative genomics, and operon-like gene cluster studies will provide means to identify new members of the MSC toolbox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Francoz
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, UMR 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP 42617, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France; CNRS, UMR 5546, BP 42617, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Philippe Ranocha
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, UMR 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP 42617, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France; CNRS, UMR 5546, BP 42617, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Vincent Burlat
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, UMR 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP 42617, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France; CNRS, UMR 5546, BP 42617, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France.
| | - Christophe Dunand
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, UMR 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP 42617, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France; CNRS, UMR 5546, BP 42617, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France.
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Lutova LA, Dodueva IE, Lebedeva MA, Tvorogova VE. Transcription factors in developmental genetics and the evolution of higher plants. RUSS J GENET+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795415030084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Voiniciuc C, Yang B, Schmidt MHW, Günl M, Usadel B. Starting to gel: how Arabidopsis seed coat epidermal cells produce specialized secondary cell walls. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:3452-73. [PMID: 25658798 PMCID: PMC4346907 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16023452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
For more than a decade, the Arabidopsis seed coat epidermis (SCE) has been used as a model system to study the synthesis, secretion and modification of cell wall polysaccharides, particularly pectin. Our detailed re-evaluation of available biochemical data highlights that Arabidopsis seed mucilage is more than just pectin. Typical secondary wall polymers such as xylans and heteromannans are also present in mucilage. Despite their low abundance, these components appear to play essential roles in controlling mucilage properties, and should be further investigated. We also provide a comprehensive community resource by re-assessing the mucilage phenotypes of almost 20 mutants using the same conditions. We conduct an in-depth functional evaluation of all the SCE genes described in the literature and propose a revised model for mucilage production. Further investigation of SCE cells will improve our understanding of plant cell walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cătălin Voiniciuc
- Institute for Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-2: Plant Sciences), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
- Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics (IBMG), RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Bo Yang
- Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics (IBMG), RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Maximilian Heinrich-Wilhelm Schmidt
- Institute for Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-2: Plant Sciences), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
- Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics (IBMG), RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Markus Günl
- Institute for Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-2: Plant Sciences), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Björn Usadel
- Institute for Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-2: Plant Sciences), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
- Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics (IBMG), RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
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Zhong R, Ye ZH. Complexity of the transcriptional network controlling secondary wall biosynthesis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 229:193-207. [PMID: 25443846 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Secondary walls in the form of wood and fibers are the most abundant biomass produced by vascular plants, and are important raw materials for many industrial uses. Understanding how secondary walls are constructed is of significance in basic plant biology and also has far-reaching implications in genetic engineering of plant biomass better suited for various end uses, such as biofuel production. Secondary walls are composed of three major biopolymers, i.e., cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin, the biosynthesis of which requires the coordinated transcriptional regulation of all their biosynthesis genes. Genomic and molecular studies have identified a number of transcription factors, whose expression is associated with secondary wall biosynthesis. We comprehensively review how these secondary wall-associated transcription factors function together to turn on the secondary wall biosynthetic program, which leads to secondary wall deposition in vascular plants. The transcriptional network regulating secondary wall biosynthesis employs a multi-leveled feed-forward loop regulatory structure, in which the top-level secondary wall NAC (NAM, ATAF1/2 and CUC2) master switches activate the second-level MYB master switches and they together induce the expression of downstream transcription factors and secondary wall biosynthesis genes. Secondary wall NAC master switches and secondary wall MYB master switches bind to and activate the SNBE (secondary wall NAC binding element) and SMRE (secondary wall MYB-responsive element) sites, respectively, in their target gene promoters. Further investigation of what and how developmental signals trigger the transcriptional network to regulate secondary wall biosynthesis and how different secondary wall-associated transcription factors function cooperatively in activating secondary wall biosynthetic pathways will lead to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the transcriptional control of secondary wall biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqin Zhong
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Zheng-Hua Ye
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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56
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Ko JH, Jeon HW, Kim WC, Kim JY, Han KH. The MYB46/MYB83-mediated transcriptional regulatory programme is a gatekeeper of secondary wall biosynthesis. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2014; 114:1099-107. [PMID: 24984711 PMCID: PMC4195559 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The secondary cell wall is a defining feature of xylem cells and allows them to resist both gravitational forces and the tension forces associated with the transpirational pull on their internal columns of water. Secondary walls also constitute the majority of plant biomass. Formation of secondary walls requires co-ordinated transcriptional regulation of the genes involved in the biosynthesis of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. This co-ordinated control appears to involve a multifaceted and multilayered transcriptional regulatory programme. SCOPE Transcription factor MYB46 (At5g12870) has been shown to function as a master regulator in secondary wall formation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Recent studies show that MYB46 not only regulates the transcription factors but also the biosynthesis genes for all of the three major components (i.e. cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) of secondary walls. This review considers our current understanding of the MYB46-mediated transcriptional regulatory network, including upstream regulators, downstream targets and negative regulators of MYB46. CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK MYB46 is a unique transcription factor in that it directly regulates the biosynthesis genes for all of the three major components of the secondary wall as well as the transcription factors in the biosynthesis pathway. As such, MYB46 may offer a useful means for pathway-specific manipulation of secondary wall biosynthesis. However, realization of this potential requires additional information on the 'MYB46-mediated transcriptional regulatory programme', such as downstream direct targets, upstream regulators and interacting partners of MYB46.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-H Ko
- Department of Plant and Environmental New Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Korea
| | - H-W Jeon
- Department of Plant and Environmental New Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Korea
| | - W-C Kim
- Department of Horticulture DOE-Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center
| | | | - K-H Han
- Department of Horticulture DOE-Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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57
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Gong SY, Huang GQ, Sun X, Qin LX, Li Y, Zhou L, Li XB. Cotton KNL1, encoding a class II KNOX transcription factor, is involved in regulation of fibre development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:4133-47. [PMID: 24831118 PMCID: PMC4112624 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the GhKNL1 (KNOTTED1-LIKE) gene, encoding a classical class II KNOX protein was identified in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). GhKNL1 was preferentially expressed in developing fibres at the stage of secondary cell wall (SCW) biosynthesis. GhKNL1 was localized in the cell nucleus, and could interact with GhOFP4, as well as AtOFP1, AtOFP4, and AtMYB75. However, GhKNL1 lacked transcriptional activation activity. Dominant repression of GhKNL1 affected fibre development of cotton. The expression levels of genes related to fibre elongation and SCW biosynthesis were altered in transgenic fibres of cotton. As a result, transgenic cotton plants produced aberrant, shrunken, and collapsed fibre cells. Length and cell-wall thickness of fibres of transgenic cotton plants were significantly reduced compared with the wild type. Furthermore, overexpression and dominant repression of GhKNL1 in Arabidopsis resulted in a reduction in interfascicular fibre cell-wall thickening of basal stems of transgenic plants. Complementation revealed that GhKNL1 rescued the defective phenotype of Arabidopsis knat7 mutant in some extent. These data suggest that GhKNL1, as a transcription factor, participates in regulating fibre development of cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Ying Gong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Geng-Qing Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Xiang Sun
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Li-Xia Qin
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Yang Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Xue-Bao Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
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Wang S, Li E, Porth I, Chen JG, Mansfield SD, Douglas CJ. Regulation of secondary cell wall biosynthesis by poplar R2R3 MYB transcription factor PtrMYB152 in Arabidopsis. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5054. [PMID: 24852237 PMCID: PMC4031478 DOI: 10.1038/srep05054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Poplar has 192 annotated R2R3 MYB genes, of which only three have been shown to play a role in the regulation of secondary cell wall formation. Here we report the characterization of PtrMYB152, a poplar homolog of the Arabidopsis R2R3 MYB transcription factor AtMYB43, in the regulation of secondary cell wall biosynthesis. The expression of PtrMYB152 in secondary xylem is about 18 times of that in phloem. When expressed in Arabidopsis under the control of either 35S or PtrCesA8 promoters, PtrMYB152 increased secondary cell wall thickness, which is likely caused by increased lignification. Accordingly, elevated expression of genes encoding sets of enzymes in secondary wall biosynthesis were observed in transgenic plants expressing PtrMYB152. Arabidopsis protoplast transfection assays suggested that PtrMYB152 functions as a transcriptional activator. Taken together, our results suggest that PtrMYB152 may be part of a regulatory network activating expression of discrete sets of secondary cell wall biosynthesis genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shucai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE & Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology of MOE, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Eryang Li
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Ilga Porth
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jin-Gui Chen
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Shawn D. Mansfield
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Carl J. Douglas
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Fang L, Tian R, Chen J, Wang S, Li X, Wang P, Zhang T. Transcriptomic analysis of fiber strength in upland cotton chromosome introgression lines carrying different Gossypium barbadense chromosomal segments. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94642. [PMID: 24762562 PMCID: PMC3998979 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Fiber strength is the key trait that determines fiber quality in cotton, and it is closely related to secondary cell wall synthesis. To understand the mechanism underlying fiber strength, we compared fiber transcriptomes from different G. barbadense chromosome introgression lines (CSILs) that had higher fiber strengths than their recipient, G. hirsutum acc. TM-1. A total of 18,288 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected between CSIL-35431 and CSIL-31010, two CSILs with stronger fiber and TM-1 during secondary cell wall synthesis. Functional classification and enrichment analysis revealed that these DEGs were enriched for secondary cell wall biogenesis, glucuronoxylan biosynthesis, cellulose biosynthesis, sugar-mediated signaling pathways, and fatty acid biosynthesis. Pathway analysis showed that these DEGs participated in starch and sucrose metabolism (328 genes), glycolysis/gluconeogenesis (122 genes), phenylpropanoid biosynthesis (101 genes), and oxidative phosphorylation (87 genes), etc. Moreover, the expression of MYB- and NAC-type transcription factor genes were also dramatically different between the CSILs and TM-1. Being different to those of CSIL-31134, CSIL-35431 and CSIL-31010, there were many genes for fatty acid degradation and biosynthesis, and also for carbohydrate metabolism that were down-regulated in CSIL-35368. Metabolic pathway analysis in the CSILs showed that different pathways were changed, and some changes at the same developmental stage in some pathways. Our results extended our understanding that carbonhydrate metabolic pathway and secondary cell wall biosynthesis can affect the fiber strength and suggested more genes and/or pathways be related to complex fiber strength formation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Fang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cotton Hybrid R & D Engineering Center (the Ministry of Education), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruiping Tian
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cotton Hybrid R & D Engineering Center (the Ministry of Education), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiedan Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cotton Hybrid R & D Engineering Center (the Ministry of Education), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sen Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cotton Hybrid R & D Engineering Center (the Ministry of Education), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinghe Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cotton Hybrid R & D Engineering Center (the Ministry of Education), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peng Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cotton Hybrid R & D Engineering Center (the Ministry of Education), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianzhen Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cotton Hybrid R & D Engineering Center (the Ministry of Education), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail:
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Zhang Q, Cheetamun R, Dhugga KS, Rafalski JA, Tingey SV, Shirley NJ, Taylor J, Hayes K, Beatty M, Bacic A, Burton RA, Fincher GB. Spatial gradients in cell wall composition and transcriptional profiles along elongating maize internodes. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:27. [PMID: 24423166 PMCID: PMC3927872 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-14-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The elongating maize internode represents a useful system for following development of cell walls in vegetative cells in the Poaceae family. Elongating internodes can be divided into four developmental zones, namely the basal intercalary meristem, above which are found the elongation, transition and maturation zones. Cells in the basal meristem and elongation zones contain mainly primary walls, while secondary cell wall deposition accelerates in the transition zone and predominates in the maturation zone. RESULTS The major wall components cellulose, lignin and glucuronoarabinoxylan (GAX) increased without any abrupt changes across the elongation, transition and maturation zones, although GAX appeared to increase more between the elongation and transition zones. Microarray analyses show that transcript abundance of key glycosyl transferase genes known to be involved in wall synthesis or re-modelling did not match the increases in cellulose, GAX and lignin. Rather, transcript levels of many of these genes were low in the meristematic and elongation zones, quickly increased to maximal levels in the transition zone and lower sections of the maturation zone, and generally decreased in the upper maturation zone sections. Genes with transcript profiles showing this pattern included secondary cell wall CesA genes, GT43 genes, some β-expansins, UDP-Xylose synthase and UDP-Glucose pyrophosphorylase, some xyloglucan endotransglycosylases/hydrolases, genes involved in monolignol biosynthesis, and NAM and MYB transcription factor genes. CONCLUSIONS The data indicated that the enzymic products of genes involved in cell wall synthesis and modification remain active right along the maturation zone of elongating maize internodes, despite the fact that corresponding transcript levels peak earlier, near or in the transition zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qisen Zhang
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, 5064 Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Roshan Cheetamun
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, 3010 Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kanwarpal S Dhugga
- Genetic Discovery Group, Crop Genetics Research and Development, Pioneer Hi-Bred International Inc. 7300 NW 62nd Avenue, 50131-1004 Johnston, IA, USA
| | - J Antoni Rafalski
- Genetic Discovery Group, DuPont Crop Genetics Research, DuPont Experimental Station, Building E353, 198803 Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Scott V Tingey
- Genetic Discovery Group, DuPont Crop Genetics Research, DuPont Experimental Station, Building E353, 198803 Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Neil J Shirley
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, 5064 Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jillian Taylor
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, 5064 Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kevin Hayes
- Genetic Discovery Group, Crop Genetics Research and Development, Pioneer Hi-Bred International Inc. 7300 NW 62nd Avenue, 50131-1004 Johnston, IA, USA
| | - Mary Beatty
- Genetic Discovery Group, Crop Genetics Research and Development, Pioneer Hi-Bred International Inc. 7300 NW 62nd Avenue, 50131-1004 Johnston, IA, USA
| | - Antony Bacic
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, 3010 Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rachel A Burton
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, 5064 Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Geoffrey B Fincher
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, 5064 Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Outchkourov NS, Carollo CA, Gomez-Roldan V, de Vos RCH, Bosch D, Hall RD, Beekwilder J. Control of anthocyanin and non-flavonoid compounds by anthocyanin-regulating MYB and bHLH transcription factors in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:519. [PMID: 25339964 PMCID: PMC4189325 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Coloration of plant organs such as fruit, leaves and flowers through anthocyanin production is governed by a combination of MYB and bHLH type transcription factors (TFs). In this study we introduced Rosea1 (ROS1, a MYB type) and Delila (DEL, a bHLH type), into Nicotiana benthamiana leaves by agroinfiltration. ROS1 and DEL form a pair of well-characterized TFs from Snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus), which specifically induce anthocyanin accumulation when expressed in tomato fruit. In N. benthamiana, robust induction of a single anthocyanin, delphinidin-3-rutinoside (D3R) was observed after expression of both ROS1 and DEL. Surprisingly in addition to D3R, a range of additional metabolites were also strongly and specifically up-regulated upon expression of ROS1 and DEL. Except for the D3R, these induced compounds were not derived from the flavonoid pathway. Most notable among these are nornicotine conjugates with butanoyl, hexanoyl, and octanoyl hydrophobic moieties, and phenylpropanoid-polyamine conjugates such as caffeoyl putrescine. The defensive properties of the induced molecules were addressed in bioassays using the tobacco specialist lepidopteran insect Manduca sexta. Our study showed that the effect of ROS1 and DEL expression in N. benthamiana leaves extends beyond the flavonoid pathway. Apparently the same transcription factor may regulate different secondary metabolite pathways in different plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay S. Outchkourov
- Business Unit Bioscience, Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research CentreWageningen, Netherlands
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research CentreWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Carlos A. Carollo
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo GrandeBrazil
| | - Victoria Gomez-Roldan
- Business Unit Bioscience, Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research CentreWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Ric C. H. de Vos
- Business Unit Bioscience, Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research CentreWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Dirk Bosch
- Business Unit Bioscience, Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research CentreWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Robert D. Hall
- Business Unit Bioscience, Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research CentreWageningen, Netherlands
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research CentreWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jules Beekwilder
- Business Unit Bioscience, Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research CentreWageningen, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Jules Beekwilder, Business Unit Bioscience, Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands e-mail:
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Burton RA, Fincher GB. Plant cell wall engineering: applications in biofuel production and improved human health. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2013; 26:79-84. [PMID: 24679262 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell walls consist largely of cellulose, non-cellulosic polysaccharides and lignin. Concerted attempts are underway to convert wall polysaccharides from crop plant residues into renewable transport fuels and other valuable products, and to exploit the dietary benefits of cereal grain wall polysaccharides in human health. Attempts to improve plant performance for these applications have involved the manipulation of the levels and structures of wall components. Some successes in altering non-cellulosic polysaccharides has been achieved, but it would appear that drastic changes in cellulose are more difficult to engineer. Nevertheless, future prospects for both genetically modified (GM) and non-GM technologies to modify plant cell wall composition and structure remain bright, and will undoubtedly find applications beyond the current focus on human health and biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Burton
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Geoffrey B Fincher
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia.
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63
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Hussey SG, Mizrachi E, Creux NM, Myburg AA. Navigating the transcriptional roadmap regulating plant secondary cell wall deposition. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:325. [PMID: 24009617 PMCID: PMC3756741 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The current status of lignocellulosic biomass as an invaluable resource in industry, agriculture, and health has spurred increased interest in understanding the transcriptional regulation of secondary cell wall (SCW) biosynthesis. The last decade of research has revealed an extensive network of NAC, MYB and other families of transcription factors regulating Arabidopsis SCW biosynthesis, and numerous studies have explored SCW-related transcription factors in other dicots and monocots. Whilst the general structure of the Arabidopsis network has been a topic of several reviews, they have not comprehensively represented the detailed protein-DNA and protein-protein interactions described in the literature, and an understanding of network dynamics and functionality has not yet been achieved for SCW formation. Furthermore the methodologies employed in studies of SCW transcriptional regulation have not received much attention, especially in the case of non-model organisms. In this review, we have reconstructed the most exhaustive literature-based network representations to date of SCW transcriptional regulation in Arabidopsis. We include a manipulable Cytoscape representation of the Arabidopsis SCW transcriptional network to aid in future studies, along with a list of supporting literature for each documented interaction. Amongst other topics, we discuss the various components of the network, its evolutionary conservation in plants, putative modules and dynamic mechanisms that may influence network function, and the approaches that have been employed in network inference. Future research should aim to better understand network function and its response to dynamic perturbations, whilst the development and application of genome-wide approaches such as ChIP-seq and systems genetics are in progress for the study of SCW transcriptional regulation in non-model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alexander A. Myburg
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of PretoriaPretoria, South Africa
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64
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Schultz ER, Kelley KL, Paul AL, Ferl RJ. A method for preparing spaceflight RNAlater-fixed Arabidopsis thaliana (Brassicaceae) tissue for scanning electron microscopy. APPLICATIONS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2013; 1:apps1300034. [PMID: 25202579 PMCID: PMC4103452 DOI: 10.3732/apps.1300034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY In spaceflight experiments, tissues for morphologic study are fixed in 3% glutaraldehyde, while tissues for molecular study are fixed in RNAlater; thus, an experiment containing both study components requires multiple fixation strategies. The possibility of using RNAlater-fixed materials for standard SEM-based morphometric investigation was explored to expand the library of tissues available for analysis and maximize usage of samples returned from spaceflight, but these technologies have wide application to any situation where recovery of biological resources is limited. • METHODS AND RESULTS RNAlater-fixed samples were desalinated in distilled water, dehydrated through graded methanol, plunged into liquid ethane, and transferred to cryovials for freeze-substitution. Sample tissues were critical point dried, mounted, sputter-coated, and imaged. • CONCLUSIONS The protocol resulted in acceptable SEM images from RNAlater-fixed Arabidopsis thaliana tissue. The majority of the tissues remained intact, including general morphology and finer details such as root hairs and trichomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R. Schultz
- Program in Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology, Horticultural Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 USA
| | - Karen L. Kelley
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610 USA
| | - Anna-Lisa Paul
- Program in Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology, Horticultural Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 USA
| | - Robert J. Ferl
- Program in Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology, Horticultural Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 USA
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610 USA
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 USA
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65
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Gea G, Kjell S, Jean-François H. Integrated -omics: a powerful approach to understanding the heterogeneous lignification of fibre crops. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:10958-78. [PMID: 23708098 PMCID: PMC3709712 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140610958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignin and cellulose represent the two main components of plant secondary walls and the most abundant polymers on Earth. Quantitatively one of the principal products of the phenylpropanoid pathway, lignin confers high mechanical strength and hydrophobicity to plant walls, thus enabling erect growth and high-pressure water transport in the vessels. Lignin is characterized by a high natural heterogeneity in its composition and abundance in plant secondary cell walls, even in the different tissues of the same plant. A typical example is the stem of fibre crops, which shows a lignified core enveloped by a cellulosic, lignin-poor cortex. Despite the great value of fibre crops for humanity, however, still little is known on the mechanisms controlling their cell wall biogenesis, and particularly, what regulates their spatially-defined lignification pattern. Given the chemical complexity and the heterogeneous composition of fibre crops' secondary walls, only the use of multidisciplinary approaches can convey an integrated picture and provide exhaustive information covering different levels of biological complexity. The present review highlights the importance of combining high throughput -omics approaches to get a complete understanding of the factors regulating the lignification heterogeneity typical of fibre crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guerriero Gea
- Department Environment and Agro-biotechnologies (EVA), Centre de Recherche Public-Gabriel Lippmann, 41, Rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg; E-Mails: (G.G.); (S.K.)
| | - Sergeant Kjell
- Department Environment and Agro-biotechnologies (EVA), Centre de Recherche Public-Gabriel Lippmann, 41, Rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg; E-Mails: (G.G.); (S.K.)
| | - Hausman Jean-François
- Department Environment and Agro-biotechnologies (EVA), Centre de Recherche Public-Gabriel Lippmann, 41, Rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg; E-Mails: (G.G.); (S.K.)
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66
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Voiniciuc C, Dean GH, Griffiths JS, Kirchsteiger K, Hwang YT, Gillett A, Dow G, Western TL, Estelle M, Haughn GW. Flying saucer1 is a transmembrane RING E3 ubiquitin ligase that regulates the degree of pectin methylesterification in Arabidopsis seed mucilage. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:944-59. [PMID: 23482858 PMCID: PMC3634698 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.107888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Pectins are complex polysaccharides that form the gel matrix of the primary cell wall and are abundant in the middle lamella that holds plant cells together. Their degree of methylesterification (DM) impacts wall strength and cell adhesion since unesterified pectin regions can cross-link via Ca(2+) ions to form stronger gels. Here, we characterize flying saucer1 (fly1), a novel Arabidopsis thaliana seed coat mutant, which displays primary wall detachment, reduced mucilage extrusion, and increased mucilage adherence. These defects appear to result from a lower DM in mucilage and are enhanced by the addition of Ca(2+) or completely rescued using alkaline Ca(2+) chelators. FLY1 encodes a transmembrane protein with a RING-H2 domain that has in vitro E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. FLY1 is orthologous to TRANSMEMBRANE UBIQUITIN LIGASE1, a Golgi-localized E3 ligase involved in the quality control of membrane proteins in yeast. However, FLY1-yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) fusions are localized in punctae that are predominantly distinct from the Golgi and the trans-Golgi network/early endosome in the seed coat epidermis. Wortmannin treatment, which induces the fusion of late endosomes in plants, resulted in enlarged FLY1-YFP bodies. We propose that FLY1 regulates the DM of pectin in mucilage, potentially by recycling pectin methylesterase enzymes in the endomembrane system of seed coat epidermal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cătălin Voiniciuc
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Gillian H. Dean
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jonathan S. Griffiths
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Kerstin Kirchsteiger
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Yeen Ting Hwang
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Alan Gillett
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Graham Dow
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Tamara L. Western
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Mark Estelle
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - George W. Haughn
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Address correspondence to
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