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Wu G, Bazer FW, Johnson GA, Knabe DA, Burghardt RC, Spencer TE, Li XL, Wang JJ. Triennial Growth Symposium: important roles for L-glutamine in swine nutrition and production. J Anim Sci 2010; 89:2017-30. [PMID: 21169511 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-3614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
L-Glutamine (Gln) has traditionally not been considered a nutrient needed in diets for livestock species or even mentioned in classic animal nutrition textbooks. This is due to previous technical difficulties in Gln analysis and the unsubstantiated assumption that animals can synthesize sufficient amounts of Gln to meet their needs. Consequently, the current (1998) version of NRC does not recommend dietary Gln requirements for swine. This lack of knowledge about Gln nutrition has contributed to suboptimal efficiency of global pig production. Because of recent advances in research, Gln is now known to be an abundant AA in physiological fluids and proteins and a key regulator of gene expression. Additionally, Gln can regulate cell signaling via the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, extracellular signal-related kinase, Jun kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and nitric oxide. The exquisite integration of Gln-dependent regulatory networks has profound effects on cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, metabolism, homeostasis, survival, and function. As a result of translating basic research into practice, dietary supplementation with 1% Gln maintains gut health and prevents intestinal dysfunction in low-birth-weight or early-weaned piglets while increasing their growth performance and survival. In addition, supplementing 1% Gln to a corn- and soybean-meal-based diet between d 90 and 114 of gestation ameliorates fetal growth retardation in gilts and reduces preweaning mortality of piglets. Furthermore, dietary supplementation with 1% Gln enhances milk production by lactating sows. Thus, adequate amounts of dietary Gln, a major nutrient, are necessary to support the maximum growth, development, and production performance of swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Wu
- Department of Animal Science and of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, 77843, USA.
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Krause M, Rodrigues-Krause JDC. Extracellular heat shock proteins (eHSP70) in exercise: Possible targets outside the immune system and their role for neurodegenerative disorders treatment. Med Hypotheses 2010; 76:286-90. [PMID: 21071151 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2010.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2010] [Revised: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular heat shock protein 70kDa (iHSP70) is a universal marker of stress protein whose expression is induced by different cell stressors, such as heat, metabolite deprivation, redox imbalances and also during physical exercise. The activation of the iHSP70 is sine qua non for the promotion of tissue repair, since the expression of this chaperone confers cytoprotection and also exerts anti-inflammatory effects. On the other hand, exercise also induces the appearance of HSP70 in the extracellular medium (eHSP70) but, so far, the eHSP70 function has been mainly attributed to the activation of the immune system, seeming to perform an opposite function from the iHSP70. Since a moderate intensity exercise bout induces a general anti-inflammatory response even in the presence of an elevated eHSP70, this protein could carry out other functions rather than immune activation. Because exercise generates heat and metabolic challenges (especially on glucose metabolism) we suggests that the motoneurons, a very active (possibly one of the most stressed cells during exercise) and also very sensitive cells to heat and glucose metabolism imbalances, could be the major sites for the eHSP70 function. Due to the importance of the iHSP70 for repair and stress adaptation, this protein must be present in abundance on the site of stress and, because of its intrinsic inability response to stress [low heat shock factor 1 (HSF-1) activation] and the structure of the motoneurons (very long cells), the iHSP70, produced on the very far nucleus, is not appropriately transported through the axon to the axon terminal, were it is required. Then, during the exercise, the released eHSP70 can be internalized by the motoneurons and act as intracellular chaperons, protecting this cell against oxidative damage, protein denaturation and many others. Since a decreased iHSP70 expression capacity is associated with neurodegeneration diseases (such as Parkinson, polyglutamine, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's, Huntington's and many others), the understanding of the physiological function of the extracellular HSP70 could be helpful on the treatment of neurodegenerative and other neuronal diseases. Besides that, it could explain some of the beneficial effects of the pharmacological HSP70 activators and also the beneficial effects of the exercise among neuronal cells during neurodegenerative-inducing diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Krause
- Biomedical Research Group, Department of Science, Institute of Technology Tallaght, Dublin, Ireland.
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Gandra PG, Valente RH, Perales J, Pacheco AG, Macedo DV. Proteomic analysis of rat skeletal muscle submitted to one bout of incremental exercise. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2010; 22:207-16. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01235.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Molecular cloning and expression analysis of a cytosolic Hsp70 gene from Antarctic ice algae Chlamydomonas sp. ICE-L. Extremophiles 2010; 14:329-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s00792-010-0313-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Taylor L, Midgley AW, Chrismas B, Madden LA, Vince RV, McNaughton LR. Daily quadratic trend in basal monocyte expressed HSP72 in healthy human subjects. Amino Acids 2009; 38:1483-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-009-0360-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2009] [Accepted: 09/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Vince RV, Oliver K, Midgley AW, McNaughton LR, Madden LA. In vitro heat shock of human monocytes results in a proportional increase of inducible Hsp70 expression according to the basal content. Amino Acids 2009; 38:1423-8. [PMID: 19779802 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-009-0354-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2009] [Accepted: 09/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins play an important role as molecular chaperones of the cell. Inducible heat shock protein 70 is rapidly synthesised in response to numerous stressors and monocytes are sensitive to changes in core temperature resulting in a circadian variation of Hsp70 expression. Monocytes were isolated via density centrifugation from nine healthy male volunteers at 5 am, 1 pm and 9 pm, representing the nadir (5 am), peak (9 pm) and intermediate (1 pm) of Hsp70 expression in the 24-h cycle. Analysis of freshly isolated monocytes for Hsp70 expression confirmed Hsp70 levels at the three selected time points. Monocytes were subjected to in vitro heat shock at 40 degrees C (+/-0.1) for 90 min with a 90 min 37 degrees C (+/-0.1) exposure acting as a control. A significant increase in Hsp70 was observed at 5 am (p < 0.001) and 1 pm (p = 0.028) at 40 degrees C when compared to 37 degrees C but not at 9 pm (p = 0.19). A significant increase was also observed from the basal levels of Hsp70, measured on freshly isolated monocytes and the levels detected after heat shock at 40 degrees C at 5 am (p < 0.001) and 1 pm (p = 0.001), which was not observed at 9 pm (p = 0.15). Furthermore, a significant correlation was observed in the heat shock response at 40 degrees C and that obtained at 37 degrees C (p < 0.001). In conclusion, the heat shock response in monocytes is directly proportional to the amount of Hsp70 present in the cells and the stress response may be much higher at different times of the day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca V Vince
- Department of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, The University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
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Zhang K, Zhao T, Huang X, Liu ZH, Xiong L, Li MM, Wu LY, Zhao YQ, Zhu LL, Fan M. Preinduction of HSP70 promotes hypoxic tolerance and facilitates acclimatization to acute hypobaric hypoxia in mouse brain. Cell Stress Chaperones 2009; 14:407-15. [PMID: 19105051 PMCID: PMC2728275 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-008-0094-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2008] [Accepted: 11/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been shown that induction of HSP70 by administration of geranylgeranylacetone (GGA) leads to protection against ischemia/reperfusion injury. The present study was performed to determine the effect of GGA on the survival of mice and on brain damage under acute hypobaric hypoxia. The data showed that the mice injected with GGA survived significantly longer than control animals (survival time of 9.55 +/- 3.12 min, n = 16 vs. controls at 4.28 +/- 4.29 min, n = 15, P < 0.005). Accordingly, the cellular necrosis or degeneration of the hippocampus and the cortex induced by sublethal hypoxia for 6 h could be attenuated by preinjection with GGA, especially in the CA2 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus. In addition, the activity of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) of the hippocampus and the cortex was increased after exposure to sublethal hypoxia for 6 h but could be inhibited by the preinjection of GGA. Furthermore, the expression of HSP70 was significantly increased at 1 h after GGA injection. These results suggest that administration of GGA improved survival rate and prevented acute hypoxic damage to the brain and that the underlying mechanism involved induction of HSP70 and inhibition of NOS activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Zhang
- Department of Brain Protection and Plasticity, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850 China
| | - Tong Zhao
- Department of Brain Protection and Plasticity, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850 China
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of Brain Protection and Plasticity, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850 China
| | - Zhao-hui Liu
- Department of Brain Protection and Plasticity, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850 China
| | - Lei Xiong
- Department of Brain Protection and Plasticity, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850 China
| | - Ming-ming Li
- Department of Brain Protection and Plasticity, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850 China
| | - Li-ying Wu
- Department of Brain Protection and Plasticity, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850 China
| | - Yong-qi Zhao
- Department of Brain Protection and Plasticity, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850 China
| | - Ling-ling Zhu
- Department of Brain Protection and Plasticity, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850 China
| | - Ming Fan
- Department of Brain Protection and Plasticity, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850 China
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Paulsen G, Lauritzen F, Bayer ML, Kalhovde JM, Ugelstad I, Owe SG, Hallén J, Bergersen LH, Raastad T. Subcellular movement and expression of HSP27, alphaB-crystallin, and HSP70 after two bouts of eccentric exercise in humans. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2009; 107:570-82. [PMID: 19498098 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00209.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were to investigate the sarcomeric accumulation and expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs) after two bouts of maximal eccentric exercise. Twenty-four subjects performed two bouts of 70 maximal voluntary eccentric actions using the elbow flexors in one arm. The bouts were separated by 3 wk. The changes in concentric (60 degrees/s) and isometric (90 degrees) force-generating capacity were monitored for 9 days after each bout, and biopsies were taken 1 and 48 h and 4 and 7 days after bout 1 and 1 and 48 h after bout 2. The content of HSP27, alphaB-crystallin, HSP70, and desmin in the cytosolic and cytoskeleton/myofibrillar fractions of homogenized muscle samples was determined by immunoassays, and the cellular and subcellular localization of the HSPs in the myofibrillar structure was analyzed by conventional and confocal immunofluorescence microscopy and quantitative electron microscopy. The force-generating capacity was reduced by approximately 50% and did not recover completely during the 3 wk following bout 1. After bout 2, the subjects recovered within 4 days. The HSP levels increased in the cytosolic fraction after bout 1, especially HSP70 (approximately 300% 2-7 days after exercise). Increased levels of HSP27, alphaB-crystallin, and HSP70 were found in the cytoskeletal/myofibrillar fraction after both bouts, despite reduced damage after bout 2. At the ultrastructural level, HSP27 and alphaB-crystallin accumulated in Z-disks, in intermediate desmin-like structures (alphaB-crystallin), and in areas of myofibrillar disruption. In conclusion, HSP27 and alphaB-crystallin accumulated in myofibrillar structures, especially in the Z-disks and the intermediate structures (desmin). The function of the small HSPs is possibly to stabilize and protect the myofibrillar structures during and after unaccustomed eccentric exercise. The large amount of HSP27, alphaB-crystallin, and HSP70 in the cytoskeletal/myofibrillar fraction after a repeated bout of exercise suggests a protective role as part of the repeated-bout effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Paulsen
- Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Department of Anatomy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 4014 U.S., N-0806 Oslo, Norway.
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Madden LA, Laden G. Gas bubbles may not be the underlying cause of decompression illness – The at-depth endothelial dysfunction hypothesis. Med Hypotheses 2009; 72:389-92. [PMID: 19128890 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2008.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2008] [Revised: 11/05/2008] [Accepted: 11/07/2008] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leigh A Madden
- Postgraduate Medical Institute, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, UK.
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L-Glutamine or L-alanyl-L-glutamine prevents oxidant- or endotoxin-induced death of neonatal enterocytes. Amino Acids 2009; 37:131-42. [PMID: 19189199 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-009-0243-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that L-glutamine (Gln) or L-alanyl-L-glutamine (Ala-Gln) prevents oxidant- or endotoxin-induced death of neonatal enterocytes. Enterocytes of neonatal pigs rapidly hydrolyzed Ala-Gln and utilized Gln. To determine whether Gln or Ala-Gln has a cytoprotective effect, IPEC-1 cells were cultured for 24 h in Gln-free Dulbecco's modified Eagle's-F12 Ham medium containing 0, 0.5, 2.0 or 5.0 mM Gln or Ala-Gln, and 0, 0.5 mM H(2)O(2) or 30 ng/ml lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Without Gln or Ala-Gln, H(2)O(2)- or LPS-treated cells exhibited almost complete death. Gln or Ala-Gln at 0.5, 2 and 5 mM dose-dependently reduced H(2)O(2)- or LPS-induced cell death by 14, 54 and 95%, respectively, whereas D: -glutamine, alanine, glutamate, ornithine, proline, glucosamine or nucleosides had no effect. To evaluate the effectiveness of Gln or Ala-Gln in vivo, 7-day-old piglets received one-week oral administration of Gln or Ala-Gln (3.42 mmol/kg body weight) twice daily and then a single intraperitoneal injection of LPS (0.1 mg/kg body weight); piglets were euthanized in 24 and 48 h to analyze intestinal apoptotic proteins and morphology. Administration of Gln or Ala-Gln to LPS-challenged piglets increased Gln concentrations in small-intestinal lumen and plasma, reduced intestinal expression of Toll-like receptor-4, active caspase-3 and NFkB, ameliorated intestinal injury, decreased rectal temperature, and enhanced growth performance. These results demonstrate a protective effect of Gln or Ala-Gln against H(2)O(2)- or LPS-induced enterocyte death. The findings support addition of Gln or Ala-Gln to current Gln-free pediatric amino acid solutions to prevent intestinal oxidative injury and inflammatory disease in neonates.
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Variation in basal heat shock protein 70 is correlated to core temperature in human subjects. Amino Acids 2008; 37:279-84. [PMID: 18665435 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-008-0144-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2008] [Accepted: 06/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins are highly conserved proteins and play an important chaperone role in aiding the folding of nascent proteins within cells. The heat shock protein response to various stressors, both in vitro and in vivo, is well characterised. However, basal levels of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) have not previously been investigated. Monocyte-expressed Hsp70 was determined every 4 h, over a 24 h time period, in 17 healthy male subjects (177 +/- 6.4 cm, 75.7 +/- 10.9 kg, 19.8 +/- 4.3 years) within a temperature and activity controlled environment. Core temperature was measured at 5-min intervals during the 24 h period. Hsp70 showed significant diurnal variation (F = 7.4; p < 0.001), demonstrating peaks at 0900 and 2100 hours, and a nadir at 05.00. Core temperature followed a similar temporal trend (range = 35.96-38.10 degrees C) and was significantly correlated with Hsp70 expression (r(s) = 0.44; p < 0.001). These findings suggest a high responsiveness of Hsp70 expression in monocytes to slight variations in core temperature.
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