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Abstract
Arginase is an enzyme that metabolizes L-arginine to L-ornithine and urea. In addition to its fundamental role in the hepatic ornithine cycle, it also influences the immune systems in humans and mice. Arginase participates in many inflammatory disorders by decreasing the synthesis of nitric oxide and inducing fibrosis and tissue regeneration. L-arginine deficiency, which is modulated by myeloid cell arginase, suppresses T-cell immune response. This mechanism plays a fundamental role in inflammation-associated immunosuppression. Pathogens can synthesize their own arginase to elude immune reaction. Small-molecule arginase inhibitors are currently described as promising therapeutics for the treatment of several diseases, including allergic asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, cardiovascular diseases (atherosclerosis and hypertension), diseases associated with pathogens (e.g., Helicobacter pylori, Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Salmonella), cancer and induced or spontaneous immune disorders. This article summarizes recent patents in the area of arginase inhibitors and discusses their properties.
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52
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Denny PW, Steel PG. Yeast as a potential vehicle for neglected tropical disease drug discovery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 20:56-63. [PMID: 25121554 DOI: 10.1177/1087057114546552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput screening (HTS) efforts for neglected tropical disease (NTD) drug discovery have recently received increased attention because several initiatives have begun to attempt to reduce the deficit in new and clinically acceptable therapies for this spectrum of infectious diseases. HTS primarily uses two basic approaches, cell-based and in vitro target-directed screening. Both of these approaches have problems; for example, cell-based screening does not reveal the target or targets that are hit, whereas in vitro methodologies lack a cellular context. Furthermore, both can be technically challenging, expensive, and difficult to miniaturize for ultra-HTS [(u)HTS]. The application of yeast-based systems may overcome some of these problems and offer a cost-effective platform for target-directed screening within a eukaryotic cell context. Here, we review the advantages and limitations of the technologies that may be used in yeast cell-based, target-directed screening protocols, and we discuss how these are beginning to be used in NTD drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Denny
- Biophysical Sciences Institute, Department of Chemistry and School of Biological Sciences, University Science Laboratories, Durham, UK School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - P G Steel
- Biophysical Sciences Institute, Department of Chemistry and School of Biological Sciences, University Science Laboratories, Durham, UK
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53
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Medina-Enríquez MM, Alcántara-Farfán V, Aguilar-Faisal L, Trujillo-Ferrara JG, Rodríguez-Páez L, Vargas-Ramírez AL. N-ω-chloroacetyl-l-ornithine, a new competitive inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase, induces selective growth inhibition and cytotoxicity on human cancer cells versus normal cells. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2014; 30:345-53. [PMID: 24939101 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2014.926342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Many cancer cells have high expression of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and there is a concerted effort to seek new inhibitors of this enzyme. The aim of the study was to initially characterize the inhibition properties, then to evaluate the cytotoxicity/antiproliferative cell based activity of N-ω-chloroacetyl-l-ornithine (NCAO) on three human cancer cell lines. Results showed NCAO to be a reversible competitive ODC inhibitor (Ki = 59 µM) with cytotoxic and antiproliferative effects, which were concentration- and time-dependent. The EC50,72h of NCAO was 15.8, 17.5 and 10.1 µM for HeLa, MCF-7 and HepG2 cells, respectively. NCAO at 500 µM completely inhibited growth of all cancer cells at 48 h treatment, with almost no effect on normal cells. Putrescine reversed NCAO effects on MCF-7 and HeLa cells, indicating that this antiproliferative activity is due to ODC inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Marlene Medina-Enríquez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Prol. Carpio y Plan de Ayala , México, D.F.
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54
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Chhajer R, Ali N. Genetically modified organisms and visceral leishmaniasis. Front Immunol 2014; 5:213. [PMID: 24860575 PMCID: PMC4030198 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is the most effective method of preventing infectious diseases. Since the eradication of small pox in 1976, many other potentially life compromising if not threatening diseases have been dealt with subsequently. This event was a major leap not only in the scientific world already burdened with many diseases but also in the mindset of the common man who became more receptive to novel treatment options. Among the many protozoan diseases, the leishmaniases have emerged as one of the largest parasite killers of the world, second only to malaria. There are three types of leishmaniasis namely cutaneous (CL), mucocutaneous (ML), and visceral (VL), caused by a group of more than 20 species of Leishmania parasites. Visceral leishmaniasis, also known as kala-azar is the most severe form and almost fatal if untreated. Since the first attempts at leishmanization, we have killed parasite vaccines, subunit protein, or DNA vaccines, and now we have live recombinant carrier vaccines and live attenuated parasite vaccines under various stages of development. Although some research has shown promising results, many more potential genes need to be evaluated as live attenuated vaccine candidates. This mini-review attempts to summarize the success and failures of genetically modified organisms used in vaccination against some of major parasitic diseases for their application in leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudra Chhajer
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology , Kolkata , India
| | - Nahid Ali
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology , Kolkata , India
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55
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Singh AK, Roberts S, Ullman B, Madhubala R. A quantitative proteomic screen to identify potential drug resistance mechanism in α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) resistant Leishmania donovani. J Proteomics 2014; 102:44-59. [PMID: 24631822 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused by Leishmania donovani is a systemic protozoan disease that is fatal if left untreated. The promastigote form of L. donovani is sensitive to growth inhibition by dl-α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), an inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the first enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway. Exposure of a wild type (DI700) cell population to gradually increasing concentrations of DFMO resulted in the selection of a strain of Leishmania (DFMO-16), which was capable of proliferating in 16mM DFMO. To elucidate the molecular basis for this resistance, we undertook a comparative proteomic analysis of DFMO-resistant/sensitive parasites using isobaric tagging for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ/LC-MS/MS). Out of the 101 proteins identified in at least 2 of the 3 independent experiments, 82 proteins are 1.5- to 44.0-fold more abundant in DFMO-resistant strain (DFMO-16) while 19 are 2- to 5.0-fold less abundant as compared to the wild-type (DI700) parasites. Proteins with 2-fold or greater abundance in the DFMO-resistant strain include free radical detoxification, polyamine and trypanothione metabolic proteins, proteins involved in metabolism, intracellular survival and proteolysis, elongation factors, signaling molecules and mitochondrial transporters, and many with no annotated function. Differentially modulated proteins contribute to our understanding of molecular mechanism of DFMO-resistance and have the potential to act as biomarkers. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE This study will facilitate a deeper understanding of the phenomenon of acquired drug resistance and possible biomarkers in Leishmania against antiparasitic drug DFMO. Also it will provide information about the metabolic pathways modulated in resistant parasites as an adaptation mechanism to counter drugs. Studies like this are important to safeguard the efficacy of a limited repertoire of anti-parasitic drugs, and to lead the development of new drugs and drug combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Kumar Singh
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Buddy Ullman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, USA
| | - Rentala Madhubala
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
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56
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le Roux D, Burger PB, Niemand J, Grobler A, Urbán P, Fernàndez-Busquets X, Barker RH, Serrano AE, I Louw A, Birkholtz LM. Novel S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase inhibitors as potent antiproliferative agents against intraerythrocytic Plasmodium falciparum parasites. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2013; 4:28-36. [PMID: 24596666 PMCID: PMC3940083 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
S-adenosyl-l-methionine decarboxylase (AdoMetDC) in the polyamine biosynthesis pathway has been identified as a suitable drug target in Plasmodium falciparum parasites, which causes the most lethal form of malaria. Derivatives of an irreversible inhibitor of this enzyme, 5'-{[(Z)-4-amino-2-butenyl]methylamino}-5'-deoxyadenosine (MDL73811), have been developed with improved pharmacokinetic profiles and activity against related parasites, Trypanosoma brucei. Here, these derivatives were assayed for inhibition of AdoMetDC from P. falciparum parasites and the methylated derivative, 8-methyl-5'-{[(Z)-4-aminobut-2-enyl]methylamino}-5'-deoxyadenosine (Genz-644131) was shown to be the most active. The in vitro efficacy of Genz-644131 was markedly increased by nanoencapsulation in immunoliposomes, which specifically targeted intraerythrocytic P. falciparum parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina le Roux
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Pieter B Burger
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Jandeli Niemand
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Anne Grobler
- DST/NWU Preclinical Drug Development Platform, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa
| | - Patricia Urbán
- Nanobioengineering Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, Barcelona E08028, Spain ; Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Rosselló 149-153, Barcelona E08036, Spain ; Biomolecular Interactions Team, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, Barcelona E08028, Spain
| | - Xavier Fernàndez-Busquets
- Nanobioengineering Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, Barcelona E08028, Spain ; Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Rosselló 149-153, Barcelona E08036, Spain ; Biomolecular Interactions Team, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, Barcelona E08028, Spain
| | - Robert H Barker
- Genzyme Corporation, 153 Second Avenue, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - Adelfa E Serrano
- University of Puerto Rico-School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, P.O. Box 365067, San Juan PR 00936-5067, Puerto Rico
| | - Abraham I Louw
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Lyn-Marie Birkholtz
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
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Singh N, Mishra BB, Bajpai S, Singh RK, Tiwari VK. Natural product based leads to fight against leishmaniasis. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 22:18-45. [PMID: 24355247 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The growing incidence of parasitic resistance against generic pentavalent antimonials, specifically for visceral disease in Indian subcontinent, is a serious issue in Leishmania control. Notwithstanding the two treatment alternatives, that is amphotericin B and miltefosine are being effectively used but their high cost and therapeutic complications limit their use in endemic areas. In the absence of a vaccine candidate, identification, and characterization of novel drugs and targets is a major requirement of leishmanial research. This review describes current drug regimens, putative drug targets, numerous natural products that have shown promising antileishmanial activity alongwith some key issues and strategies for future research to control leishmaniasis worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Singh
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Bhuwan B Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Surabhi Bajpai
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Rakesh K Singh
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
| | - Vinod K Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
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58
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Khomutov MA, Weisell J, Hyvönen M, Keinänen TA, Vepsäläinen J, Alhonen L, Khomutov AR, Kochetkov SN. Hydroxylamine derivatives for regulation of spermine and spermidine metabolism. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2013; 78:1431-46. [PMID: 24490733 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297913130051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The biogenic polyamines spermine, spermidine, and their precursor putrescine are present in micro-to-millimolar concentrations in all cell types and are vitally important for their normal growth. High intracellular content of spermine and spermidine determines the multiplicity of the cellular functions of the polyamines. Many of these functions are not well characterized at the molecular level, ensuring the ongoing development of this field of biochemistry. Tumor cells have elevated polyamine level if compared with normal cells, and this greatly stimulates the search for new opportunities to deplete the intracellular pool of spermine and spermidine resulting in decrease in cell growth and even cell death. O-Substituted hydroxylamines occupy their own place among chemical regulators of the activity of the enzymes of polyamine metabolism. Varying the structure of the alkyl substituent made it possible to obtain within one class of chemical compounds highly effective inhibitors and regulators of the activity of all the enzymes of putrescine, spermine and spermidine metabolism (with the exception of FAD-dependent spermine oxidase and acetylpolyamine oxidase), effectors of the polyamine transport system, and even actively transported in cells "proinhibitor" of ornithine decarboxylase. Some principles for the design of specific inhibitors of these enzymes as well as the peculiarities of cellular effects of corresponding O-substituted hydroxylamines are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Khomutov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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59
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dos Reis MBG, Manjolin LC, Maquiaveli CDC, Santos-Filho OA, da Silva ER. Inhibition of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis and rat arginases by green tea EGCG, (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin: a comparative structural analysis of enzyme-inhibitor interactions. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78387. [PMID: 24260115 PMCID: PMC3832641 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a dietary polyphenol (flavanol) from green tea, possesses leishmanicidal and antitrypanosomal activity. Mitochondrial damage was observed in Leishmania treated with EGCG, and it contributed to the lethal effect. However, the molecular target has not been defined. In this study, EGCG, (+)-catechin and (−)-epicatechin were tested against recombinant arginase from Leishmania amazonensis (ARG-L) and rat liver arginase (ARG-1). The compounds inhibit ARG-L and ARG-1 but are more active against the parasite enzyme. Enzyme kinetics reveal that EGCG is a mixed inhibitor of the ARG-L while (+)-catechin and (−)-epicatechin are competitive inhibitors. The most potent arginase inhibitor is (+)-catechin (IC50 = 0.8 µM) followed by (−)-epicatechin (IC50 = 1.8 µM), gallic acid (IC50 = 2.2 µM) and EGCG (IC50 = 3.8 µM). Docking analyses showed different modes of interaction of the compounds with the active sites of ARG-L and ARG-1. Due to the low IC50 values obtained for ARG-L, flavanols can be used as a supplement for leishmaniasis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Balduíno Goncalves dos Reis
- Programa de Iniciação Científica da Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Letícia Correa Manjolin
- Programa de Iniciação Científica da Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudia do Carmo Maquiaveli
- Programa de pós-graduação em Fisiologia, Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Osvaldo Andrade Santos-Filho
- Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular, Departamento de Síntese Orgânica, Farmanguinhos/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Edson Roberto da Silva
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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60
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Systemic overexpression of antizyme 1 in mouse reduces ornithine decarboxylase activity without major changes in tissue polyamine homeostasis. Transgenic Res 2013; 23:153-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s11248-013-9763-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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61
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Drug resistance in leishmaniasis: current drug-delivery systems and future perspectives. Future Med Chem 2013; 5:1877-88. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.13.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a complex of diseases with numerous clinical manifestations for instance harshness from skin lesions to severe disfigurement and chronic systemic infection in the liver and spleen. So far, the most classical leishmaniasis therapy, despite its documented toxicities, remains pentavalent antimonial compounds. The arvailable therapeutic modalities for leishmaniasis are overwhelmed with resistance to leishmaniasis therapy. Mechanisms of classical drug resistance are often related with the lower drug uptake, increased efflux, the faster drug metabolism, drug target modifications and over-expression of drug transporters. The high prevalence of leishmaniasis and the appearance of resistance to classical drugs reveal the demand to develop and explore novel, less toxic, low cost and more promising therapeutic modalities. The review describes the mechanisms of classical drug resistance and potential drug targets in Leishmania infection. Moreover, current drug-delivery systems and future perspectives towards Leishmaniasis treatment are also covered.
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Sánchez-Jiménez F, Ruiz-Pérez MV, Urdiales JL, Medina MA. Pharmacological potential of biogenic amine-polyamine interactions beyond neurotransmission. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 170:4-16. [PMID: 23347064 PMCID: PMC3764843 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Histamine, serotonin and dopamine are biogenic amines involved in intercellular communication with multiple effects on human pathophysiology. They are products of two highly homologous enzymes, histidine decarboxylase and l-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase, and transmit their signals through different receptors and signal transduction mechanisms. Polyamines derived from ornithine (putrescine, spermidine and spermine) are mainly involved in intracellular effects related to cell proliferation and death mechanisms. This review summarizes structural and functional evidence for interactions between components of all these amine metabolic and signalling networks (decarboxylases, transporters, oxidases, receptors etc.) at cellular and tissue levels, distinct from nervous and neuroendocrine systems, where the crosstalk among these amine-related components can also have important pathophysiological consequences. The discussion highlights aspects that could help to predict and discuss the effects of intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Sánchez-Jiménez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus de Teatinos, Universidad de Málaga, Spain.
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63
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Synthesis and evaluation of N⁸-acetylspermidine analogues as inhibitors of bacterial acetylpolyamine amidohydrolase. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:4530-40. [PMID: 23790721 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Polyamines are small essential polycations involved in many biological processes. Enzymes of polyamine metabolism have been extensively studied and are attractive drug targets. Nevertheless, the reversible acetylation of polyamines remains poorly understood. Although eukaryotic N(8)-acetylspermidine deacetylase activity has already been detected and studied, the specific enzyme responsible for this activity has not yet been identified. However, a zinc deacetylase from Mycoplana ramosa, acetylpolyamine amidohydrolase (APAH), has been reported to use various acetylpolyamines as substrates. The recently solved crystal structure of this polyamine deacetylase revealed the formation of an 'L'-shaped active site tunnel at the dimer interface, with ideal dimensions and electrostatic properties for accommodating narrow, flexible, cationic polyamine substrates. Here, we report the design, synthesis, and evaluation of N(8)-acetylspermidine analogues bearing different zinc binding groups as potential inhibitors of APAH. Most of the synthesized compounds exhibit modest potency, with IC₅₀ values in the mid-micromolar range, but compounds bearing hydroxamate or trifluoromethylketone zinc binding groups exhibit enhanced inhibitory potency in the mid-nanomolar range. These inhibitors will enable future explorations of acetylpolyamine function in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
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64
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Vanrell MC, Cueto JA, Barclay JJ, Carrillo C, Colombo MI, Gottlieb RA, Romano PS. Polyamine depletion inhibits the autophagic response modulating Trypanosoma cruzi infectivity. Autophagy 2013; 9:1080-93. [PMID: 23697944 DOI: 10.4161/auto.24709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a cell process that in normal conditions serves to recycle cytoplasmic components and aged or damaged organelles. The autophagic pathway has been implicated in many physiological and pathological situations, even during the course of infection by intracellular pathogens. Many compounds are currently used to positively or negatively modulate the autophagic response. Recently it was demonstrated that the polyamine spermidine is a physiological inducer of autophagy in eukaryotic cells. We have previously shown that the etiological agent of Chagas disease, the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, interacts with autophagic compartments during host cell invasion and that preactivation of autophagy significantly increases host cell colonization by this parasite. In the present report we have analyzed the effect of polyamine depletion on the autophagic response of the host cell and on T. cruzi infectivity. Our data showed that depleting intracellular polyamines by inhibiting the biosynthetic enzyme ornithine decarboxylase with difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) suppressed the induction of autophagy in response to starvation or rapamycin treatment in two cell lines. This effect was associated with a decrease in the levels of LC3 and ATG5, two proteins required for autophagosome formation. As a consequence of inhibiting host cell autophagy, DFMO impaired T. cruzi colonization, indicating that polyamines and autophagy facilitate parasite infection. Thus, our results point to DFMO as a novel autophagy inhibitor. While other autophagy inhibitors such as wortmannin and 3-methyladenine are nonspecific and potentially toxic, DFMO is an FDA-approved drug that may have value in limiting autophagy and the spread of the infection in Chagas disease and possibly other pathological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- María C Vanrell
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular; Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM); Universidad Nacional de Cuyo; CONICET; Mendoza, Argentina
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65
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Leal SM, Amado DF, Kouznetsov VV, Escobar P. In vitro antileishmanial, trypanocidal, and Mammalian cell activities of diverse n,n' -dihetaryl substituted diamines and related compounds. Sci Pharm 2013; 81:43-55. [PMID: 23641328 PMCID: PMC3617668 DOI: 10.3797/scipharm.1205-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The leishmaniasis and Chagas diseases constitute a serious public health problem worldwide with few and ineffective treatment options. The search for new antiparasitic candidates at the initial steps of drug discovery and development is still necessary. The synthesis of 22 de novo synthetized N,N′-dihetaryl-alkyldiamine derivatives and in vitro antiparasitic activity were evaluated for the first time against intracellular and extracellular forms of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum, L. (Viannia) panamensis, L. (Leishmania) amazonensis, and Trypanosoma cruzi. Additionally, the toxicity on mammalian cells was determined. Some of these substituted N,N′-diamines (25–35 % of the tested compounds) showed interesting results against free-living forms of parasites with activities at the inhibitory concentration (IC50) level of 1.96 to 28.83 μM for L. (L.) infantum promastigotes and IC50 of 0.02 to 5.31 μM for T. cruzi epimastigotes. No activity at the IC50 level on intracellular amastigotes of T. cruzi was observed. However, N1,N2-dibenzylethane-1,2-diamine 5a revealed an important activity against the intracellular amastigotes of L. infantum (IC50 25.42 μM ±0.33) and L. panamensis (IC50 58.20 μM ±3.23), while their analogue N1,N4-dibenzylbutane-1,4-diamine 5c resulted in activity only against L. panamensis (IC50 11.19 μM ±0.20) without toxicity on Vero and THP-1 mammalian cells. The active compounds against intracellular parasites with low toxicity in mammalian cells may be considered for future studies in experimental models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Leal
- Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales, CINTROP, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
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Trypanothione: A unique bis-glutathionyl derivative in trypanosomatids. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:3199-216. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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67
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Cruz EDM, da Silva ER, Maquiaveli CDC, Alves ESS, Lucon JF, dos Reis MBG, de Toledo CEM, Cruz FG, Vannier-Santos MA. Leishmanicidal activity of Cecropia pachystachya flavonoids: arginase inhibition and altered mitochondrial DNA arrangement. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2013; 89:71-77. [PMID: 23453911 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 01/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The plant Cecropia pachystachya Trécul is widely used in Brazilian ethnomedicine to treat hypertension, asthma, and diabetes. Arginase is an enzyme with levels that are elevated in these disorders, and it is central to Leishmania polyamine biosynthesis. The aims of this study were to evaluate antileishmanial activity and inhibition of the arginase enzyme by C. pachystachya extracts, and to study changes in cellular organization using electron microscopy. The ethanol extract of C. pachystachya was tested on Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis promastigote survival/proliferation and arginase activity in vitro. Qualitative ultrastructural analysis was also used to observe changes in cell organization. The major bioactive molecules of the ethanol extract were characterized using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS). The ethyl acetate fraction of the ethanol extract diminished promastigote axenic growth/survival, inhibited arginase activity, and altered a mitochondrial kinetoplast DNA (K-DNA) array. The bioactive compounds of C. pachystachya were characterized as glucoside flavonoids. Orientin (9) (luteolin-8-C-glucoside) was the main component of the methanol-soluble ethyl acetate fraction obtained from the ethanol extract and is an arginase inhibitor (IC50 15.9 μM). The ethyl acetate fraction was not cytotoxic to splenocytes at a concentration of 200 μg/mL. In conclusion, C. pachystachya contains bioactive compounds that reduce the growth of L. (L.) amazonensis promastigotes, altering mitochondrial K-DNA arrangement and inhibiting arginase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebenézer de Mello Cruz
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz, CPqGM-FIOCRUZ, Laboratório de Biologia Parasitária, Rua Waldemar Falcão 121, Candeal, CEP 40296-710 Salvador, BA, Brazil
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68
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The utility of yeast as a tool for cell-based, target-directed high-throughput screening. Parasitology 2013; 141:8-16. [PMID: 23611102 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182013000425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Many Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) have recently been subject of increased focus, particularly with relation to high-throughput screening (HTS) initiatives. These vital endeavours largely rely of two approaches, in vitro target-directed screening using biochemical assays or cell-based screening which takes no account of the target or targets being hit. Despite their successes both of these approaches have limitations; for example, the production of soluble protein and a lack of cellular context or the problems and expense of parasite cell culture. In addition, both can be challenging to miniaturize for ultra (u)HTS and expensive to utilize. Yeast-based systems offer a cost-effective approach to study and screen protein targets in a direct-directed manner within a eukaryotic cellular context. In this review, we examine the utility and limitations of yeast cell-based, target-directed screening. In particular we focus on the currently under-explored possibility of using such formats in uHTS screening campaigns for NTDs.
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D'Antonio EL, Ullman B, Roberts SC, Dixit UG, Wilson ME, Hai Y, Christianson DW. Crystal structure of arginase from Leishmania mexicana and implications for the inhibition of polyamine biosynthesis in parasitic infections. Arch Biochem Biophys 2013; 535:163-76. [PMID: 23583962 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2013.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Arginase from parasitic protozoa belonging to the genus Leishmania is a potential drug target for the treatment of leishmaniasis because this binuclear manganese metalloenzyme catalyzes the first committed step in the biosynthesis of polyamines that enable cell growth and survival. The high resolution X-ray crystal structures of the unliganded form of Leishmania mexicana arginase (LmARG) and four inhibitor complexes are now reported. These complexes include the reactive substrate analogue 2(S)-amino-6-boronohexanoic acid (ABH) and the hydroxylated substrate analogue nor-N(ω)-hydroxy-l-arginine (nor-NOHA), which are the most potent arginase inhibitors known to date. Comparisons of the LmARG structure with that of the archetypal arginase, human arginase I, reveal that all residues important for substrate binding and catalysis are strictly conserved. However, three regions of tertiary structure differ between the parasitic enzyme and the human enzyme corresponding to the G62 - S71, L161 - C172, and I219 - V230 segments of LmARG. Additionally, variations are observed in salt link interactions that stabilize trimer assembly in LmARG. We also report biological studies in which we demonstrate that localization of LmARG to the glycosome, a unique subcellular organelle peculiar to Leishmania and related parasites, is essential for robust pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward L D'Antonio
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
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70
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Gu X, Reid D, Higham DJ, Gilbert D. Mathematical modelling of polyamine metabolism in bloodstream-form Trypanosoma brucei: an application to drug target identification. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53734. [PMID: 23372667 PMCID: PMC3553166 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the first computational kinetic model of polyamine metabolism in bloodstream-form Trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent of human African trypanosomiasis. We systematically extracted the polyamine pathway from the complete metabolic network while still maintaining the predictive capability of the pathway. The kinetic model is constructed on the basis of information gleaned from the experimental biology literature and defined as a set of ordinary differential equations. We applied Michaelis-Menten kinetics featuring regulatory factors to describe enzymatic activities that are well defined. Uncharacterised enzyme kinetics were approximated and justified with available physiological properties of the system. Optimisation-based dynamic simulations were performed to train the model with experimental data and inconsistent predictions prompted an iterative procedure of model refinement. Good agreement between simulation results and measured data reported in various experimental conditions shows that the model has good applicability in spite of there being gaps in the required data. With this kinetic model, the relative importance of the individual pathway enzymes was assessed. We observed that, at low-to-moderate levels of inhibition, enzymes catalysing reactions of de novo AdoMet (MAT) and ornithine production (OrnPt) have more efficient inhibitory effect on total trypanothione content in comparison to other enzymes in the pathway. In our model, prozyme and TSHSyn (the production catalyst of total trypanothione) were also found to exhibit potent control on total trypanothione content but only when they were strongly inhibited. Different chemotherapeutic strategies against T. brucei were investigated using this model and interruption of polyamine synthesis via joint inhibition of MAT or OrnPt together with other polyamine enzymes was identified as an optimal therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Gu
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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71
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Structural insight into DFMO resistant ornithine decarboxylase from Entamoeba histolytica: an inkling to adaptive evolution. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53397. [PMID: 23326423 PMCID: PMC3543441 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Polyamine biosynthetic pathway is a validated therapeutic target for large number of infectious diseases including cancer, giardiasis and African sleeping sickness, etc. α-Difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), a potent drug used for the treatment of African sleeping sickness is an irreversible inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the first rate limiting enzyme of polyamine biosynthesis. The enzyme ODC of E. histolytica (EhODC) has been reported to exhibit resistance towards DFMO. Methodology/Principal Finding The basis for insensitivity towards DFMO was investigated by structural analysis of EhODC and conformational modifications at the active site. Here, we report cloning, purification and crystal structure determination of C-terminal truncated Entamoeba histolytica ornithine decarboxylase (EhODCΔ15). Structure was determined by molecular replacement method and refined to 2.8 Å resolution. The orthorhombic crystal exhibits P212121 symmetry with unit cell parameters a = 76.66, b = 119.28, c = 179.28 Å. Functional as well as evolutionary relations of EhODC with other ODC homologs were predicted on the basis of sequence analysis, phylogeny and structure. Conclusions/Significance We determined the tetrameric crystal structure of EhODCΔ15, which exists as a dimer in solution. Insensitivity towards DFMO is due to substitution of key substrate binding residues in active site pocket. Additionally, a few more substitutions similar to antizyme inhibitor (AZI), a non-functional homologue of ODCs, were identified in the active site. Here, we establish the fact that EhODC sequence has conserved PLP binding residues; in contrast few substrate binding residues are mutated similar to AZI. Further sequence analysis and structural studies revealed that EhODC may represent as an evolutionary bridge between active decarboxylase and inactive AZI.
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72
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Lizzi F, Veronesi G, Belluti F, Bergamini C, López-Sánchez A, Kaiser M, Brun R, Krauth-Siegel RL, Hall DG, Rivas L, Bolognesi ML. Conjugation of Quinones with Natural Polyamines: Toward an Expanded Antitrypanosomatid Profile. J Med Chem 2012; 55:10490-500. [DOI: 10.1021/jm301112z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Lizzi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnologies, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna,
Italy
| | - Giacomo Veronesi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnologies, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna,
Italy
| | - Federica Belluti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnologies, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna,
Italy
| | - Christian Bergamini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnologies, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna,
Italy
| | - Almudena López-Sánchez
- Physico-Chemical
Biology, Centro
de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcel Kaiser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Reto Brun
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - R. Luise Krauth-Siegel
- Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg University, Im, Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120
Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dennis G. Hall
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton,
Alberta, T6G 2G2,
Canada
| | - Luis Rivas
- Physico-Chemical
Biology, Centro
de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Laura Bolognesi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnologies, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna,
Italy
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73
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Developments in diagnosis and antileishmanial drugs. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2012; 2012:626838. [PMID: 23118748 PMCID: PMC3483814 DOI: 10.1155/2012/626838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis ranks the third in disease burden in disability-adjusted life years caused by neglected tropical diseases and is the second cause of parasite-related deaths after malaria; but for a variety of reasons, it is not receiving the attention that would be justified seeing its importance. Leishmaniasis is a diverse group of clinical syndromes caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania. It is estimated that 350 million people are at risk in 88 countries, with a global incidence of 1–1.5 million cases of cutaneous and 500,000 cases of visceral leishmaniasis. Improvements in diagnostic methods for early case detection and latest combitorial chemotherapeutic methods have given a new hope for combating this deadly disease. The cell biology of Leishmania and mammalian cells differs considerably and this distinctness extends to the biochemical level. This provides the promise that many of the parasite's proteins should be sufficiently different from hosts and can be successfully exploited as drug targets. This paper gives a brief overview of recent developments in the diagnosis and approaches in antileishmanial drug discovery and development.
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74
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Singh N, Kumar M, Singh RK. Leishmaniasis: current status of available drugs and new potential drug targets. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2012; 5:485-97. [PMID: 22575984 DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(12)60084-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The control of Leishmania infection relies primarily on chemotherapy till date. Resistance to pentavalent antimonials, which have been the recommended drugs to treat cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis, is now widespread in Indian subcontinents. New drug formulations like amphotericin B, its lipid formulations, and miltefosine have shown great efficacy to treat leishmaniasis but their high cost and therapeutic complications limit their usefulness. In addition, irregular and inappropriate uses of these second line drugs in endemic regions like state of Bihar, India threaten resistance development in the parasite. In context to the limited drug options and unavailability of either preventive or prophylactic candidates, there is a pressing need to develop true antileishmanial drugs to reduce the disease burden of this debilitating endemic disease. Notwithstanding significant progress of leishmanial research during last few decades, identification and characterization of novel drugs and drug targets are far from satisfactory. This review will initially describe current drug regimens and later will provide an overview on few important biochemical and enzymatic machineries that could be utilized as putative drug targets for generation of true antileishmanial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Singh
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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75
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Grover A, Katiyar SP, Jeyakanthan J, Dubey VK, Sundar D. Mechanistic insights into the dual inhibition strategy for checking Leishmaniasis. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2012; 30:474-87. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2012.682212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Grover
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi , Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Shashank Prakash Katiyar
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi , Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Jeyaraman Jeyakanthan
- Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University , Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, 630003, India
| | - Vikash Kumar Dubey
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Guwahati , Guwahati, 781039, India
| | - Durai Sundar
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi , Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
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76
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Grover A, Katiyar SP, Singh SK, Dubey VK, Sundar D. A leishmaniasis study: structure-based screening and molecular dynamics mechanistic analysis for discovering potent inhibitors of spermidine synthase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2012; 1824:1476-83. [PMID: 22684087 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2012.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Protozoa Leishmania donovani (Ld) is the main cause of the endemic disease leishmaniasis. Spermidine synthase (SS), an important enzyme in the synthetic pathway of polyamines in Ld, is an essential element for the survival of this protozoan. Targeting SS may provide an important aid for the development of drugs against Ld. However, absence of tertiary structure of spermidine synthase of Leishmania donovani (LSS) limits the possibilities of structure based drug designing. Presence of the same enzyme in the host itself further challenges the drug development process. We modeled the tertiary structure of LSS using homology modeling approach making use of homologous X-ray crystallographic structure of spermidine synthase of Trypanosoma cruzi (TSS) (2.5Å resolution). The modeled structure was stabilized using Molecular Dynamics simulations. Based on active site structural differences between LSS and human spermidine synthase (HSS), we screened a large dataset of compounds against modeled protein using Glide virtual screen docking and selected two best inhibitors based on their docking scores (-10.04 and -13.11 respectively) with LSS and having least/no binding with the human enzyme. Finally Molecular Dynamics simulations were used to assess the dynamic stability of the ligand bound structures and to elaborate on the binding modes. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Computational Methods for Protein Interaction and Structural Prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Grover
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
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77
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Chavali AK, Blazier AS, Tlaxca JL, Jensen PA, Pearson RD, Papin JA. Metabolic network analysis predicts efficacy of FDA-approved drugs targeting the causative agent of a neglected tropical disease. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2012; 6:27. [PMID: 22540944 PMCID: PMC3388006 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-6-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Systems biology holds promise as a new approach to drug target identification and drug discovery against neglected tropical diseases. Genome-scale metabolic reconstructions, assembled from annotated genomes and a vast array of bioinformatics/biochemical resources, provide a framework for the interrogation of human pathogens and serve as a platform for generation of future experimental hypotheses. In this article, with the application of selection criteria for both Leishmania major targets (e.g. in silico gene lethality) and drugs (e.g. toxicity), a method (MetDP) to rationally focus on a subset of low-toxic Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs is introduced. Results This metabolic network-driven approach identified 15 L. major genes as high-priority targets, 8 high-priority synthetic lethal targets, and 254 FDA-approved drugs. Results were compared to previous literature findings and existing high-throughput screens. Halofantrine, an antimalarial agent that was prioritized using MetDP, showed noticeable antileishmanial activity when experimentally evaluated in vitro against L. major promastigotes. Furthermore, synthetic lethality predictions also aided in the prediction of superadditive drug combinations. For proof-of-concept, double-drug combinations were evaluated in vitro against L. major and four combinations involving the drug disulfiram that showed superadditivity are presented. Conclusions A direct metabolic network-driven method that incorporates single gene essentiality and synthetic lethality predictions is proposed that generates a set of high-priority L. major targets, which are in turn associated with a select number of FDA-approved drugs that are candidate antileishmanials. Additionally, selection of high-priority double-drug combinations might provide for an attractive and alternative avenue for drug discovery against leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind K Chavali
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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78
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Mafra DG, da Silva PI, Galhardo CS, Nassar R, Daffre S, Sato MN, Borges MM. The spider acylpolyamine Mygalin is a potent modulator of innate immune responses. Cell Immunol 2012; 275:5-11. [PMID: 22541370 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Mygalin is an antibacterial molecule isolated from the hemocytes of the spider Acanthoscurria gomesiana. It was identified as bis-acylpolyamine spermidine. We evaluated the modulator effects of synthetic Mygalin in the innate immune response. We demonstrate that Mygalin induces IFN-γ synthesis by splenocytes increasing the nitrite secretion by splenocytes and macrophages. A specific inhibitor of iNOS abrogated Mygalin-induced nitrite production in macrophages independent of IFN-γ activation. In addition, Mygalin-activated macrophages produced TNF-α but not IL-1β, demonstrating that Mygalin does not act directly on the inflammasome. Furthermore, this compound did not affect spontaneous or Concanavalin A-induced proliferative responses by murine splenocytes and did not induce IL-5 or apoptosis of splenocytes or bone marrow-derived macrophages. These data provide evidence that Mygalin modulates the innate immune response by inducing IFN-γ and NO synthesis. The combined immune regulatory and antibacterial qualities of Mygalin should be explored as a strategy to enhance immune responses in infection.
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79
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Synthesis of hydroxydiamines and triamines via reductive cleavage of N–N bond in substituted pyrazolidines. Amino Acids 2012; 43:1225-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1187-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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80
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The leishmanicidal flavonols quercetin and quercitrin target Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis arginase. Exp Parasitol 2012; 130:183-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2012.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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81
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Caminos AP, Panozzo-Zenere EA, Wilkinson SR, Tekwani BL, Labadie GR. Synthesis and antikinetoplastid activity of a series of N,N′-substituted diamines. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:1712-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.12.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2011] [Revised: 12/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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82
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Role of trypanosomatid's arginase in polyamine biosynthesis and pathogenesis. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2012; 181:85-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2011.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Revised: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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83
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Singh R, Spyrakis F, Cozzini P, Paiardini A, Pascarella S, Mozzarelli A. Chemogenomics of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate dependent enzymes. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2011; 28:183-94. [PMID: 22181815 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2011.643305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) dependent enzymes comprise a large family that plays key roles in amino acid metabolism and are acquiring an increasing interest as drug targets. For the identification of compounds inhibiting PLP-dependent enzymes, a chemogenomics-based approach has been adopted in this work. Chemogenomics exploits the information coded in sequences and three-dimensional structures to define pharmacophore models. The analysis was carried out on a dataset of 65 high-resolution PLP-dependent enzyme structures, including representative members of four-fold types. Evolutionarily conserved residues relevant to coenzyme or substrate binding were identified on the basis of sequence-structure comparisons. A dataset was obtained containing the information on conserved residues at substrate and coenzyme binding site for each representative PLP-dependent enzyme. By linking coenzyme and substrate pharmacophores, bifunctional pharmacophores were generated that will constitute the basis for future development of small inhibitors targeting specific PLP-dependent enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratna Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Laboratory of Molecular Modelling, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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84
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Šečkutė J, McCloskey DE, Thomas HJ, Secrist JA, Pegg AE, Ealick SE. Binding and inhibition of human spermidine synthase by decarboxylated S-adenosylhomocysteine. Protein Sci 2011; 20:1836-44. [PMID: 21898642 PMCID: PMC3267948 DOI: 10.1002/pro.717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Aminopropyltransferases are essential enzymes that form polyamines in eukaryotic and most prokaryotic cells. Spermidine synthase (SpdS) is one of the most well-studied enzymes in this biosynthetic pathway. The enzyme uses decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine and a short-chain polyamine (putrescine) to make a medium-chain polyamine (spermidine) and 5'-deoxy-5'-methylthioadenosine as a byproduct. Here, we report a new spermidine synthase inhibitor, decarboxylated S-adenosylhomocysteine (dcSAH). The inhibitor was synthesized, and dose-dependent inhibition of human, Thermatoga maritima, and Plasmodium falciparum spermidine synthases, as well as functionally homologous human spermine synthase, was determined. The human SpdS/dcSAH complex structure was determined by X-ray crystallography at 2.0 Å resolution and showed consistent active site positioning and coordination with previously known structures. Isothermal calorimetry binding assays confirmed inhibitor binding to human SpdS with K(d) of 1.1 ± 0.3 μM in the absence of putrescine and 3.2 ± 0.1 μM in the presence of putrescine. These results indicate a potential for further inhibitor development based on the dcSAH scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolita Šečkutė
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell UniversityIthaca, New York 14853
| | - Diane E McCloskey
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University College of MedicineHershey, Pennsylvania 17033,Department of Pharmacology, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University College of MedicineHershey, Pennsylvania 17033
| | | | | | - Anthony E Pegg
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University College of MedicineHershey, Pennsylvania 17033,Department of Pharmacology, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University College of MedicineHershey, Pennsylvania 17033
| | - Steven E Ealick
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell UniversityIthaca, New York 14853,*Correspondence to: Steven E. Ealick, 120 Baker Lab, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-1301. E-mail:
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85
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Otoguro K, Iwatsuki M, Ishiyama A, Namatame M, Nishihara-Tukashima A, Kiyohara H, Hashimoto T, Asakawa Y, Omura S, Yamada H. In vitro antitrypanosomal activity of plant terpenes against Trypanosoma brucei. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2011; 72:2024-2030. [PMID: 21843897 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
During the course of screening to discover antitrypanosomal compounds, 24 known plant terpenes (6 sesquiterpenes, 14 sesquiterpene lactones and 4 diterpenes) were evaluated for in vitro antitrypanosomal activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Among them, 22 terpenes exhibited antitrypanosomal activity. In particular, α-eudesmol, hinesol, nardosinone and 4-peroxy-1,2,4,5-tetrahydro-α-santonin all exhibited selective and potent antitrypanosomal activities in vitro. Detailed here in an in vitro antitrypanosomal properties and cytotoxicities of the 24 terpenes compared with two therapeutic antitrypanosomal drugs (eflornithine and suramin). This finding represents the first report of promising trypanocidal activity of these terpenes. Present results also provide some valuable insight with regard to structure-activity relationships and the possible mode of action of the compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Otoguro
- Research Center for Tropical Diseases, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan.
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86
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Kochetkov KA, Tavtorkin AN, Vorozhtsov NI, Sviridova LA, Moroz AM, Dorozhkova IR. A new approach to the synthesis of aliphatic triamines and diamino alcohols that are analogs of the anti-TB drug ethambutol. Russ Chem Bull 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-011-0109-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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87
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Abstract
New drugs are urgently needed for the treatment of tropical and subtropical parasitic diseases, such as African sleeping sickness, Chagas' disease, leishmaniasis and malaria. Enzymes in polyamine biosynthesis and thiol metabolism, as well as polyamine transporters, are potential drug targets within these organisms. In the present review, the current knowledge of unique properties of polyamine metabolism in these parasites is outlined. These properties include prozyme regulation of AdoMetDC (S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase) activity in trypanosomatids, co-expression of ODC (ornithine decarboxylase) and AdoMetDC activities in a single protein in plasmodia, and formation of trypanothione, a unique compound linking polyamine and thiol metabolism in trypanosomatids. Particularly interesting features within polyamine metabolism in these parasites are highlighted for their potential in selective therapeutic strategies.
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88
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Verlinden BK, Niemand J, Snyman J, Sharma SK, Beattie RJ, Woster PM, Birkholtz LM. Discovery of novel alkylated (bis)urea and (bis)thiourea polyamine analogues with potent antimalarial activities. J Med Chem 2011; 54:6624-33. [PMID: 21882831 DOI: 10.1021/jm200463z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A series of alkylated (bis)urea and (bis)thiourea polyamine analogues were synthesized and screened for antimalarial activity against chloroquine-sensitive and -resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. All analogues showed growth inhibitory activity against P. falciparum at less than 3 μM, with the majority having effective IC(50) values in the 100-650 nM range. Analogues arrested parasitic growth within 24 h of exposure due to a block in nuclear division and therefore asexual development. Moreover, this effect appears to be cytotoxic and highly selective to malaria parasites (>7000-fold lower IC(50) against P. falciparum) and is not reversible by the exogenous addition of polyamines. With this first report of potent antimalarial activity of polyamine analogues containing 3-7-3 or 3-6-3 carbon backbones and substituted terminal urea- or thiourea moieties, we propose that these compounds represent a structurally novel class of antimalarial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca K Verlinden
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, PO Box x20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
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89
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Chaturvedi R, de Sablet T, Coburn LA, Gobert AP, Wilson KT. Arginine and polyamines in Helicobacter pylori-induced immune dysregulation and gastric carcinogenesis. Amino Acids 2011; 42:627-40. [PMID: 21874531 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1038-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
L-arginine (L-Arg) is metabolized by nitric oxide synthase and arginase enzymes. The gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori causes peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer. We have shown that alterations in L-Arg availability and metabolism into polyamines contribute significantly to the dysregulation of the host immune response to this infection. Nitric oxide (NO) derived from inducible NO synthase (iNOS) can kill H. pylori. There are multiple mechanisms leading to failure of this process, including competition for L-Arg substrate by H. pylori arginase, and induction of host macrophage arginase II (Arg2) and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC). Generation of spermine by ODC inhibits iNOS translation and NO-mediated H. pylori killing. Expression of ODC is dependent on formation of a unique AP-1 complex, leading to upregulation of c-Myc as a transcriptional enhancer. Macrophage apoptosis is mediated by oxidation of spermine via the enzyme spermine oxidase (SMO) that generates hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), and thus oxidative stress-induced mitochondrial membrane polarization. Our studies have demonstrated that apoptosis occurs through a pERK → pc-Fos/c-Jun → c-Myc → ODC → SMO pathway. In gastric epithelial cells, activation of oxidative stress by H. pylori is dependent on SMO induction and results in both apoptosis and DNA damage, such that inhibition or knockdown of SMO markedly attenuates these events. In summary, L-Arg metabolism by the arginase-ODC pathway and the activation of SMO leads to H. pylori-induced DNA damage and immune dysregulation through polyamine-mediated oxidative stress and impairment of antimicrobial NO synthesis. Our studies indicate novel targets for therapeutic intervention in H. pylori-associated diseases, including gastritis, ulcer disease, and gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupesh Chaturvedi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 1030C MRBIV, 2215 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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90
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Mandal S, Khomutov MA, Simonian AR, Kochetkov SN, Madhubala R. Leishmania donovani: Structural insignt in the recognition of C-methylated analogues of spermidine as natural polyamines. Mol Biol 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s002689331104008x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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91
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Abstract
Yoka poxvirus was isolated almost four decades ago from a mosquito pool in the Central African Republic. Its classification as a poxvirus is based solely upon the morphology of virions visualized by electron microscopy. Here we describe sequencing of the Yoka poxvirus genome using a combination of Roche/454 and Illumina next-generation sequencing technologies. A single consensus contig of ∼175 kb in length that encodes 186 predicted genes was generated. Multiple methods were used to show that Yoka poxvirus is most closely related to viruses in the Orthopoxvirus genus, but it is clearly distinct from previously described poxviruses. Collectively, the phylogenetic and genomic sequence analyses suggest that Yoka poxvirus is the prototype member of a new genus in the family Poxviridae.
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92
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Shi C, Welsh PA, Sass-Kuhn S, Wang X, McCloskey DE, Pegg AE, Feith DJ. Characterization of transgenic mice with overexpression of spermidine synthase. Amino Acids 2011; 42:495-505. [PMID: 21809077 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1028-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A composite cytomegalovirus-immediate early gene enhancer/chicken β-actin promoter (CAG) was utilized to generate transgenic mice that overexpress human spermidine synthase (SpdS) to determine the impact of elevated spermidine synthase activity on murine development and physiology. CAG-SpdS mice were viable and fertile and tissue SpdS activity was increased up to ninefold. This increased SpdS activity did not result in a dramatic elevation of spermidine or spermine levels but did lead to a 1.5- to 2-fold reduction in tissue spermine:spermidine ratio in heart, muscle and liver tissues with the highest levels of SpdS activity. This new mouse model enabled simultaneous overexpression of SpdS and other polyamine biosynthetic enzymes by combining transgenic animals. The combined overexpression of both SpdS and spermine synthase (SpmS) in CAG-SpdS/CAG-SpmS bitransgenic mice did not impair viability or lead to overt developmental abnormalities but instead normalized the elevated tissue spermine:spermidine ratios of CAG-SpmS mice. The CAG-SpdS mice were bred to MHC-AdoMetDC mice with a >100-fold increase in cardiac S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (AdoMetDC) activity to determine if elevated dcAdoMet would facilitate greater spermidine accumulation in mice with SpdS overexpression. CAG-SpdS/MHC-AdoMetDC bitransgenic animals were produced at the expected frequency and exhibited cardiac polyamine levels comparable to MHC-AdoMetDC littermates. Taken together these results indicate that SpdS levels are not rate limiting in vivo for polyamine biosynthesis and are unlikely to exert significant regulatory effects on cellular polyamine content and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxu Shi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, PO Box 850, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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93
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Tissue-specific alternative splicing of spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase. Amino Acids 2011; 42:485-93. [PMID: 21809078 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1027-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The polyamines, spermidine and spermine, are abundant organic cations participating in many important cellular processes. We have previously shown that the rate-limiting enzyme of polyamine catabolism, spermidine/spermine N(1)-acetyltransferase (SSAT), has an alternative mRNA splice variant (SSATX) which undergoes degradation via nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) pathway, and that the intracellular polyamine level regulates the ratio of the SSATX and SSAT splice variants. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of SSATX level manipulation on SSAT activity in cell culture, and to examine the in vivo expression levels of SSATX and SSAT mRNA. Silencing SSATX expression with small interfering RNA led to increased SSAT activity. Furthermore, transfection of SSAT-deficient cells with mutated SSAT gene (which produced only trace amount of SSATX) yielded higher SSAT activity than transfection with natural SSAT gene (which produced both SSAT and SSATX). Blocking NMD in vivo by protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide resulted in accumulation of SSATX mRNA, and like in cell culture, the increase of SSATX mRNA was prevented by administration of polyamine analog N(1),N(11)-diethylnorspermine. Although SSATX/total SSAT mRNA ratio did not correlate with polyamine levels or SSAT activity between different tissues, increasing polyamine levels in a given tissue led to decreased SSATX/total SSAT mRNA ratio and vice versa. Taken together, the regulated unproductive splicing and translation of SSAT has a physiological relevance in modulating SSAT activity. However, in addition to polyamine level there seems to be additional factors regulating tissue-specific alternative splicing of SSAT.
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94
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Barclay JJ, Morosi LG, Vanrell MC, Trejo EC, Romano PS, Carrillo C. Trypanosoma cruzi Coexpressing Ornithine Decarboxylase and Green Fluorescence Proteins as a Tool to Study the Role of Polyamines in Chagas Disease Pathology. Enzyme Res 2011; 2011:657460. [PMID: 21687606 PMCID: PMC3112526 DOI: 10.4061/2011/657460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Revised: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyamines are essential for Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease. As T. cruzi behaves as a natural auxotrophic organism, it relies on host polyamines biosynthesis. In this paper we obtained a double-transfected T. cruzi parasite that expresses the green fluorescent protein (GFP) and a heterologous ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), used itself as a novel selectable marker. These autotrophic and fluorescent parasites were characterized; the ODC presented an apparent Km for ornithine of 0.51 ± 0.16 mM and an estimated Vmax value of 476.2 nmoles/h/mg of protein. These expressing ODC parasites showed higher metacyclogenesis capacity than the auxotrophic counterpart, supporting the idea that polyamines are engaged in this process. This double-transfected T. cruzi parasite results in a powerful tool—easy to follow by its fluorescence—to study the role of polyamines in Chagas disease pathology and in related processes such as parasite survival, invasion, proliferation, metacyclogenesis, and tissue spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremías José Barclay
- Fundación Instituto Leloir-(FIL-IIBBA-) CONICET and Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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95
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Zhang Z, Norris J, Schwartz C, Alexov E. In silico and in vitro investigations of the mutability of disease-causing missense mutation sites in spermine synthase. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20373. [PMID: 21647366 PMCID: PMC3103547 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Spermine synthase (SMS) is a key enzyme controlling the concentration of spermidine and spermine in the cell. The importance of SMS is manifested by the fact that single missense mutations were found to cause Snyder-Robinson Syndrome (SRS). At the same time, currently there are no non-synonymous single nucleoside polymorphisms, nsSNPs (harmless mutations), found in SMS, which may imply that the SMS does not tolerate amino acid substitutions, i.e. is not mutable. Methodology/Principal Findings To investigate the mutability of the SMS, we carried out in silico analysis and in vitro experiments of the effects of amino acid substitutions at the missense mutation sites (G56, V132 and I150) that have been shown to cause SRS. Our investigation showed that the mutation sites have different degree of mutability depending on their structural micro-environment and involvement in the function and structural integrity of the SMS. It was found that the I150 site does not tolerate any mutation, while V132, despite its key position at the interface of SMS dimer, is quite mutable. The G56 site is in the middle of the spectra, but still quite sensitive to charge residue replacement. Conclusions/Significance The performed analysis showed that mutability depends on the detail of the structural and functional factors and cannot be predicted based on conservation of wild type properties alone. Also, harmless nsSNPs can be expected to occur even at sites at which missense mutations were found to cause diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhang
- Computational Biophysics and Bioinformatics, Department of Physics, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Joy Norris
- J.C. Self Research Institute of Human Genetics, Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Charles Schwartz
- J.C. Self Research Institute of Human Genetics, Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, South Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Emil Alexov
- Computational Biophysics and Bioinformatics, Department of Physics, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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96
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Piñeyro MD, Parodi-Talice A, Portela M, Arias DG, Guerrero SA, Robello C. Molecular characterization and interactome analysis of Trypanosoma cruzi tryparedoxin 1. J Proteomics 2011; 74:1683-92. [PMID: 21539948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi tryparedoxin 1 (TcTXN1) is an oxidoreductase belonging to the thioredoxin superfamily, which mediates electron transfer between trypanothione and peroxiredoxins. In trypanosomes TXNs, and not thioredoxins, constitute the oxido-reductases of peroxiredoxins. Since, to date, there is no information concerning TcTXN1 substrates in T. cruzi, the aim of this work was to characterize TcTXN1 in two aspects: expression throughout T. cruzi life cycle and subcellular localization; and the study of TcTXN1 interacting-proteins. We demonstrate that TcTXN1 is a cytosolic and constitutively expressed protein in T. cruzi. In order to start to unravel the redox interactome of T. cruzi we designed an active site mutant protein lacking the resolving cysteine, and validated the complex formation in vitro between the mutated TcTXN1 and a known partner, the cytosolic peroxiredoxin. Through the expression of this mutant protein in parasites with an additional 6xHis-tag, heterodisulfide complexes were isolated by affinity chromatography and identified by 2-DE/MS. This allowed us to identify fifteen TcTXN1 proteins which are involved in two main processes: oxidative metabolism and protein synthesis and degradation. Our approach led us to the discovery of several putatively TcTXN1-interacting proteins thereby contributing to our understanding of the redox interactome of T. cruzi.
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97
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Wu F, Christen P, Gehring H. A novel approach to inhibit intracellular vitamin B6‐dependent enzymes: proof of principle with human and plasmodium ornithine decarboxylase and human histidine decarboxylase. FASEB J 2011; 25:2109-22. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-174383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems BiomedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | | | - Heinz Gehring
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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Sánchez-Moreno M, Sanz AM, Gómez-Contreras F, Navarro P, Marín C, Ramírez-Macias I, Rosales MJ, Olmo F, Garcia-Aranda I, Campayo L, Cano C, Arrebola F, Yunta MJR. In Vivo Trypanosomicidal Activity of Imidazole- or Pyrazole-Based Benzo[g]phthalazine Derivatives against Acute and Chronic Phases of Chagas Disease. J Med Chem 2011; 54:970-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jm101198k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Sánchez-Moreno
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Ana M. Sanz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Gómez-Contreras
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Navarro
- Instituto de Química Médica, Centro de Química Orgánica M. Lora-Tamayo, CSIC, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Clotilde Marín
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | | | - María Jose Rosales
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Olmo
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Isabel Garcia-Aranda
- Instituto de Química Médica, Centro de Química Orgánica M. Lora-Tamayo, CSIC, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucrecia Campayo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Cano
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Arrebola
- Departamento de Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Spain
| | - María J. R. Yunta
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
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99
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Willert EK, Kinch LN, Phillips MA. Identification and assay of allosteric regulators of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 720:219-235. [PMID: 21318877 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-034-8_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Polyamine biosynthesis is extensively regulated in cells by multiple mechanisms, including regulation of enzyme activity posttranslationally. The identified regulatory factors include both small molecules and regulatory proteins, and the mechanisms vary in different species across the evolutionary tree. Based on this diversity of mechanism, it is likely that regulatory factors of the pathway remain unidentified in many species. This article focuses on methods for identifying novel regulatory factors of polyamine biosynthesis as illustrated by the discovery of a novel protein activator of the key biosynthetic enzyme S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase in the protozoan trypanosomatid parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin K Willert
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
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100
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