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Ali Ezadyar S, Kumbhar AS, Kumbhar AA, Khan A. Binuclear ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes: DNA cleavage and mitochondria mediated apoptosis induction. Polyhedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2012.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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53
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Salassa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
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54
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Approaching tumour therapy beyond platinum drugs: status of the art and perspectives of ruthenium drug candidates. J Inorg Biochem 2011; 106:90-9. [PMID: 22112845 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2011.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 430] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Revised: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The study of metal complexes for the treatment of cancer diseases has resulted in the identification of some unique properties of ruthenium-based compounds. Among these inorganic-based agents, two of them, namely the ruthenium(III) drugs NAMI-A and KP1019 have undertaken with some success the clinical evaluations of phase I and preliminary phase II trials in patients. Here we highlight the strategies that have led to the discovery of metal-based (NAMI-A and KP1019) and of organometallic (RM175, RAPTA-T, RDC11 and DW1/2) ruthenium-based complexes, and we report their main biological/pharmacological characteristics and expectations for further development.
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Krstić M, Sovilj SP, Grgurić-Šipka S, Evans IR, Borozan S, Santibanez JF. Synthesis, structural and spectroscopic characterization, in vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo activity as free radical scavengers of chlorido(p-cymene) complexes of ruthenium(II) containing N-alkylphenothiazines. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:4168-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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56
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Kisova A, Zerzankova L, Habtemariam A, Sadler PJ, Brabec V, Kasparkova J. Differences in the cellular response and signaling pathways between cisplatin and monodentate organometallic Ru(II) antitumor complexes containing a terphenyl ligand. Mol Pharm 2011; 8:949-57. [PMID: 21480648 DOI: 10.1021/mp200105d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The new monofunctional Ru(II)-arene complex [(η⁶-arene)Ru(II)(en)Cl]+, where en = 1,2-diaminoethane and the arene is para-terphenyl (complex 1) exhibits promising cytotoxic effects in human tumor cells including those resistant to conventional cisplatin (J. Med. Chem.2008, 51, 5310). The present study is focused on the cellular pharmacology of 1 to elucidate more deeply the mechanisms underlying its antitumor effects. We have identified several cellular mechanisms induced by 1 in human ovarian carcinoma cells, including inhibition of DNA synthesis, overexpression and activation of p53, expression of proapoptotic proteins p21(WAF1) and Bax, G₀/G₁ arrest, and nuclear fragmentation as a result of apoptotic, and, to a much lower extent, also necrotic processes. Thus, 1 inhibits growth of the cancer cells through induction of apoptotic cell death and G₀/G₁ cell cycle arrest. Further investigations have shown that 1 induces apoptosis by regulating the expression of Bcl-2 family proteins. There were significant differences in cellular responses to the treatment with 1 and with conventional cisplatin, particularly in the kinetics and the extent of these responses. In addition, the distinct p53 activation profile of 1 compared with cisplatin provides an explanation for the activity of this ruthenium drug against cisplatin-resistant cells. Hence complex 1 may provide an alternative therapy in patients with acquired cisplatin resistance, particularly with respect to its very low mutagenicity and different mode of action compared to platinum antitumor drugs in clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kisova
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , v.v.i., Kralovopolska 135, CZ-61265 Brno, Czech Republic
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57
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Pisani MJ, Fromm PD, Mulyana Y, Clarke RJ, Körner H, Heimann K, Collins JG, Keene FR. Mechanism of cytotoxicity and cellular uptake of lipophilic inert dinuclear polypyridylruthenium(II) complexes. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:848-58. [PMID: 21472992 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation, uptake mechanism, cytotoxicity, cellular localisation of-and mode of cell death induced by-dinuclear ruthenium(II) complexes ΔΔ/ΛΛ-[{Ru(phen)(2) }(2) {μ-bb(n) }](4+) (Rubb(n)), where phen is 1,10-phenanthroline, bb(n) is bis[4(4'-methyl-2,2'-bipyridyl)]-1,n-alkane (n=2, 5, 7, 10, 12 or 16), and the corresponding mononuclear complexes containing the bb(n) ligands, were studied in L1210 murine leukaemia cells. Cytotoxicity increased with linker chain length, and the ΔΔ-Rubb(16) complex displayed the highest cytotoxicity of the series, with an IC(50) value of 5 μM, similar to that of carboplatin in the L1210 murine leukaemia cell line. Confocal microscopy and flow cytometry studies indicated that the complexes accumulate in the mitochondria of L1210 cells, with the magnitude of cellular uptake and accumulation increasing with linking chain length in the bb(n) bridge of the metal complex. ΔΔ-Rubb(16) entered the L1210 cells by passive diffusion (with a minor contribution from protein-mediated active transport), inducing cell death via apoptosis. Additionally, metal-complex uptake in leukaemia cells was approximately 16-times that observed in healthy B cells highlighting that the bb(n) series of complexes may have potential as selective anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle J Pisani
- School of Physical, Environmental and Mathematical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Australian Defence Force Academy, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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58
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Schobert R, Seibt S, Effenberger-Neidnicht K, Underhill C, Biersack B, Hammond GL. (Arene)Cl₂Ru(II) complexes with N-coordinated estrogen and androgen isonicotinates: interaction with sex hormone binding globulin and anticancer activity. Steroids 2011; 76:393-9. [PMID: 21184767 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2010.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Revised: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
(Arene)dichloridoruthenium(II) complexes with N-coordinated isonicotinates of androgens (6) and estrogens (9) were prepared and tested for affinity to the estrogen receptor (ERα) and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), as well as for cytotoxicity in cancer cells. None of the new complexes bound noticeably to the ER and most of them also bound less strongly to SHBG than the corresponding unmetallated steroids 7. In MTT assays the Ru(p-cymene) complexes 9 of 2-substituted estrones were equally or even more cytotoxic than the metal-free steroids against hormone-dependent (MCF-7 breast and KB-V1 cervix carcinomas) and hormone-independent (518A2 melanoma) cells. The addition of external SHBG to MTT assays lowered the cytotoxicities of the complexes 9 and distinctly more so those of some steroids 7, probably by the way of sequestration and reduction of the cellular uptake. In the absence of SHBG the estrogen complexes 9 were internalized by 518A2 melanoma cells and ruthenated their DNA as quantified by ICP-OES. They also ruthenated salmon sperm DNA but did not change the topology of plasmid DNA in EMSA experiments. In addition, the Ru(p-cymene) complex of 2-ethoxyestrone (9c) was shown to reduce the motility of 518A2 melanoma cells in a wound-healing assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Schobert
- Organic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse 30, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
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59
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Govender P, Renfrew AK, Clavel CM, Dyson PJ, Therrien B, Smith GS. Antiproliferative activity of chelating N,O- and N,N-ruthenium(ii) arene functionalised poly(propyleneimine) dendrimer scaffolds. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:1158-67. [DOI: 10.1039/c0dt00761g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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60
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Triantafillidi K, Karidi K, Novakova O, Malina J, Garoufis A. DNA binding selectivity of oligopyridine-ruthenium(ii)-lysine conjugate. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:472-83. [DOI: 10.1039/c0dt00554a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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61
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Qiu-Yun C, Dong-Fang Z, Juan H, Wen-Jie G, Jing G. Synthesis, anticancer activities, interaction with DNA and mitochondria of manganese complexes. J Inorg Biochem 2010; 104:1141-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2010.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Revised: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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62
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Nagababu P, Shilpa M, Latha JNL, Bhatnagar I, Srinivas PNBS, Kumar YP, Reddy KL, Satyanarayana S. Synthesis, characterization, DNA binding properties, fluorescence studies and toxic activity of cobalt(III) and ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes. J Fluoresc 2010; 21:563-72. [PMID: 20931268 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-010-0743-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The new ligand 4-(isopropylbenzaldehyde)imidazo[4,5-f ][1,10]phenanthroline (ippip) and its complexes [Ru(phen)(2)(ippip)](2+)(1),[Co(phen)(2)(ippip)](3+)(2),[Ru(bpy)(2)(ippip)](2+)(3),[Co(bpy)(2)(ippip)](3+)(4)(bpy=2,2-bipyridine) and (phen=1,10-phenanthroline) were synthesized and characterized by ES(+)-MS, (1)H and (13)C NMR. The DNA binding properties of the four complexes were investigated by different spectrophotometric methods and viscosity measurements. The results suggest that complexes bind to calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) through intercalation. When irradiated at 365 nm, the complexes promote the photocleavage of pBR322 DNA, and complex 1 cleaves DNA more effectively than 2, 3, 4 complexes under comparable experimental conditions. Furthermore, photocleavage studies reveal that singlet oxygen ((1)O(2)) plays a significant role in the photocleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penumaka Nagababu
- Department of Chemistry, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India PIN-500 007
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63
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McCrate A, Carlone M, Nielsen M, Swavey S. Anaerobic photocleavage of supercoiled DNA by a ruthenium(II) substituted fluorinated porphyrin. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2010.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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64
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Tamasi G, Casolaro M, Magnani A, Sega A, Chiasserini L, Messori L, Gabbiani C, Valiahdi SM, Jakupec MA, Keppler BK, Hursthouse MB, Cini R. New platinum-oxicam complexes as anti-cancer drugs. Synthesis, characterization, release studies from smart hydrogels, evaluation of reactivity with selected proteins and cytotoxic activity in vitro. J Inorg Biochem 2010; 104:799-814. [PMID: 20447694 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2010.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Revised: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of aqueous cis-[Pt(NH(3))(2)(H(2)O)(2)](NO(3))(2) with Na(+)HMEL(-) (H(2)MEL, meloxicam, 4-hydroxy-2-methyl-N-(5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)-2H-1,2-benzothiazine-3-carboxamide-1,1-dioxide), and Na(+)HISO(-) (H(2)ISO, isoxicam, 4-hydroxy-2-methyl-N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)-2H-1,2-benzothiazine-3-carboxamide-1,1-dioxide) at pH 7 produced micro-crystalline cis-[Pt(NH(3))(2)(N(1')-HMEL)(2)], 5 and cis-[Pt(NH(3))(2)(N(1')-HISO)(2)], 6. The X-ray diffraction structure of 5 shows two HMEL(-) anions donating through the thiazole nitrogen atoms and adopting a head-to-tail (HT) conformation. The (1)H NMR spectrum for 5 from DMSO-d(6) shows inertness of the complex up to at least 24h. Delivery studies for 5 and 6 from vinyl hydrogel based on L-phenylalanine (pH 6.5, 25 degrees C) show that concentrations of complexes ranging between 2.5 and 5 microM can be reached after a day. Compounds 5 and 6 show strong anti-proliferative effects on CH1 cells (ovarian carcinoma, human) in vitro, IC(50) values being 0.60 and 0.37 microM, respectively (0.16 microM for reference, cis-diamminodichloridoplatinum(II), cisplatin). ESI-MS measurements clearly documented that both 5 and 6 form adducts with the three model proteins ubiquitin (UBI), cytochrome c (CYT C) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), the HISO(-) complex being significantly more effective than the HMEL(-) one. Density functional methods help in finding rationale for the easiest dissociation of Pt-H(2)ISO/HISO bonds when compared to the Pt-N(1)(')-H(2)MEL/N(1)(')-HMEL linkages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Tamasi
- Department of Chemistry, Università di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
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Biersack B, Zoldakova M, Effenberger K, Schobert R. (Arene)Ru(II) complexes of epidermal growth factor receptor inhibiting tyrphostins with enhanced selectivity and cytotoxicity in cancer cells. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45:1972-5. [PMID: 20149940 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Revised: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ru(eta6-arene) complexes of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibiting tyrphostins 1a and 1b were prepared, characterized and tested for DNA interaction and bioactivity in four human tumor cell lines. The intrinsic cytotoxicity and cell line selectivity of o-hydroxyanisol 1a was greatly enhanced in its Ru(eta6-p-cymene) complex 2a and in its Ru(eta6-toluene) complex 3a. Complex 2a was particularly efficacious against multi-drug resistant EGFR(+) MCF-7/Topo breast carcinoma cells and also against mTOR-dependent EGFR(-) HL-60 leukemia cells. Complex 3a showed enhanced activity only against 518A2 melanoma cells and HL-60 cells, which are both known to express the mTOR protein. DNA was strongly metallated (ca. 1.7-2%) by all new Ru complexes without undergoing topological changes. Apparently, by complexation to Ru fragments tyrphostin derivatives can address additional biological targets in a manner instrumental to antitumoral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Biersack
- Organic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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66
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67
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Pisani MJ, Weber DK, Heimann K, Collins JG, Keene FR. Selective mitochondrial accumulation of cytotoxic dinuclear polypyridyl ruthenium(ii) complexes. Metallomics 2010; 2:393-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c004922k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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68
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Dibutyltin(IV) complexes containing arylazobenzoate ligands: chemistry, in vitro cytotoxic effects on human tumor cell lines and mode of interaction with some enzymes. Invest New Drugs 2009; 29:285-99. [PMID: 20012338 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-009-9360-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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69
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Abstract
Interest in Ru anticancer drugs has been growing rapidly since NAMI-A ((ImH(+))[Ru(III)Cl(4)(Im)(S-dmso)], where Im = imidazole and S-dmso = S-bound dimethylsulfoxide) or KP1019 ((IndH(+))[Ru(III)Cl(4)(Ind)(2)], where Ind = indazole) have successfully completed phase I clinical trials and an array of other Ru complexes have shown promise for future development. Herein, the recent literature is reviewed critically to ascertain likely mechanisms of action of Ru-based anticancer drugs, with the emphasis on their reactions with biological media. The most likely interactions of Ru complexes are with: (i) albumin and transferrin in blood plasma, the former serving as a Ru depot, and the latter possibly providing active transport of Ru into cells; (ii) collagens of the extracellular matrix and actins on the cell surface, which are likely to be involved in the specific anti-metastatic action of Ru complexes; (iii) regulatory enzymes within the cell membrane and/or in the cytoplasm; and (iv) DNA in the cell nucleus. Some types of Ru complexes can also promote the intracellular formation of free radical species, either through irradiation (photodynamic therapy), or through reactions with cellular reductants. The metabolic pathways involve competition among reduction, aquation, and hydrolysis in the extracellular medium; binding to transport proteins, the extracellular matrix, and cell-surface biomolecules; and diffusion into cells; with the extent to which individual drugs participate in various steps along these pathways being crucial factors in determining whether they are mainly anti-metastatic or cytotoxic. This diversity of modes of action of Ru anticancer drugs is also likely to enhance their anticancer activities and to reduce the potential for them to develop tumour resistance. New approaches to metabolic studies, such as X-ray absorption spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence microscopy, are required to provide further mechanistic insights, which could lead to the rational design of improved Ru anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviva Levina
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia
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70
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Triphenyltin(IV) 2-[(E)-2-(aryl)-1-diazenyl]benzoates as anticancer drugs: synthesis, structural characterization, in vitro cytotoxicity and study of its influence towards the mechanistic role of some key enzymes. Invest New Drugs 2009; 28:587-99. [DOI: 10.1007/s10637-009-9293-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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