1
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Chen F, Romero-Canelón I, Habtemariam A, Song JI, Banerjee S, Clarkson GJ, Song L, Prokes I, Sadler PJ. Effect of cysteine thiols on the catalytic and anticancer activity of Ru(II) sulfonyl-ethylenediamine complexes. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:4447-4457. [PMID: 35226015 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03856g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have synthesized a series of novel substituted sulfonyl ethylenediamine (en) RuII arene complexes 1-8 of [(η6-arene)Ru(R1-SO2-EnBz)X], where the arene is benzene, HO(CH2)2O-phenyl or biphenyl (biph), X = Cl or I, and R1 is phenyl, 4-Me-phenyl, 4-NO2-phenyl or dansyl. The 'piano-stool' structure of complex 3, [(η6-biph)Ru(4-Me-phenyl-SO2-EnBz)I], was confirmed by X-ray crystallography. The values of their aqua adducts were determined to be high (9.1 to 9.7). Complexes 1-8 have antiproliferative activity against human A2780 ovarian, and A549 lung cancer cells with IC50 values ranging from 4.1 to >50 μM, although, remarkably, complex 7 [(η6-biph)Ru(phenyl-SO2-EnBz)Cl] was inactive towards A2780 cells, but as potent as the clinical drug cisplatin towards A549 cells. All these complexes also showed catalytic activity in transfer hydrogenation (TH) of NAD+ to NADH with sodium formate as hydride donor, with TOFs in the range of 2.5-9.7 h-1. The complexes reacted rapidly with the thiols glutathione (GSH) and N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), forming dinuclear bridged complexes [(η6-biph)2Ru2(GS)3]2- or [(η6-biph)2Ru2(NAC-H)3]2-, with the liberation of the diamine ligand which was detected by LC-MS. In addition, the switching on of fluorescence for complex 8 in aqueous solution confirmed release of the chelated DsEnBz ligand in reactions with these thiols. Reactions with GSH hampered the catalytic TH of NAD+ to NADH due to the decomposition of the complexes. Co-administration to cells of complex 2 [(η6-biph)Ru(4-Me-phenyl-SO2-EnBz)Cl] with L-buthionine sulfoximine (L-BSO), an inhibitor of GSH synthesis, partially restored the anticancer activity towards A2780 ovarian cancer cells. Complex 2 caused a concentration-dependent G1 phase cell cycle arrest, and induced a significant level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in A2780 human ovarian cancer cells. The amount of induced ROS decreased with increase in GSH concentration, perhaps due to the formation of the dinuclear Ru-SG complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK. .,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Isolda Romero-Canelón
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK. .,School of Pharmacy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Abraha Habtemariam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Ji-Inn Song
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Samya Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK. .,Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, UP-221005, India
| | - Guy J Clarkson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Lijiang Song
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Ivan Prokes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Peter J Sadler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
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2
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Needham RJ, Prokes I, Habtemariam A, Romero-Canelón I, Clarkson GJ, Sadler PJ. NMR studies of group 8 metallodrugs: 187Os-enriched organo-osmium half-sandwich anticancer complex. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:12970-12981. [PMID: 34581369 PMCID: PMC8477448 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02213j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of the organo-osmium anticancer complex [Os(η6-p-cym)(N,N-azpy-NMe2)Br]PF6 (1) containing natural abundance 187Os (1.96%), and isotopically-enriched (98%) [187Os]-1. Complex 1 and [187Os]-1 contain a π-bonded para-cymene (p-cym), a chelated 4-(2-pyridylazo)-N,N-dimethylaniline (azpy-NMe2), and a monodentate bromide as ligands. The X-ray crystal structure of 1 confirmed its half-sandwich 'piano-stool' configuration. Complex 1 is a member of a family of potent anticancer complexes, and exhibits sub-micromolar activity against A2780 human ovarian cancer cells (IC50 = 0.40 μM). Complex [187Os]-1 was analysed by high-resolution ESI-MS, 1D 1H and 13C NMR, and 2D 1H COSY, 13C-1H HMQC, and 1H-187Os HMBC NMR spectroscopy. Couplings of 1H and 13C nuclei from the azpy/p-cym ligands to 187Os were observed with J-couplings (1J to 4J) ranging between 0.6-8.0 Hz. The 187Os chemical shift of [187Os]-1 (-4671.3 ppm, determined by 2D 1H-187Os HMBC NMR) is discussed in relation to the range of values reported for related Os(II) arene and cyclopentadienyl complexes (-2000 to -5200 ppm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell J Needham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Ivan Prokes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Abraha Habtemariam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Isolda Romero-Canelón
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Guy J Clarkson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Peter J Sadler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
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3
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Xue X, Fu Y, He L, Salassa L, He LF, Hao YY, Koh MJ, Soulié C, Needham RJ, Habtemariam A, Garino C, Lomachenko KA, Su Z, Qian Y, Paterson MJ, Mao ZW, Liu HK, Sadler PJ. Photoactivated Osmium Arene Anticancer Complexes. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:17450-17461. [PMID: 34503331 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Half-sandwich Os-arene complexes exhibit promising anticancer activity, but their photochemistry has hardly been explored. To exploit the photocytotoxicity and photochemistry of Os-arenes, O,O-chelated complexes [Os(η6-p-cymene)(Curc)Cl] (OsCUR-1, Curc = curcumin) and [Os(η6-biphenyl)(Curc)Cl] (OsCUR-2), and N,N-chelated complexes [Os(η6-biphenyl)(dpq)I]PF6 (OsDPQ-2, dpq = pyrazino[2,3-f][1,10]phenanthroline) and [Os(η6-biphenyl)(bpy)I]PF6 (OsBPY-2, bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine), have been investigated. The Os-arene curcumin complexes showed remarkable photocytotoxicity toward a range of cancer cell lines (blue light IC50: 2.6-5.8 μM, photocytotoxicity index PI = 23-34), especially toward cisplatin-resistant cancer cells, but were nontoxic to normal cells. They localized mainly in mitochondria in the dark but translocated to the nucleus upon photoirradiation, generating DNA and mitochondrial damage, which might contribute toward overcoming cisplatin resistance. Mitochondrial damage, apoptosis, ROS generation, DNA damage, angiogenesis inhibition, and colony formation were observed when A549 lung cancer cells were treated with OsCUR-2. The photochemistry of these Os-arene complexes was investigated by a combination of NMR, HPLC-MS, high energy resolution fluorescence detected (HERFD), X-ray adsorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy, total fluorescence yield (TFY) XANES spectra, and theoretical computation. Selective photodissociation of the arene ligand and oxidation of Os(II) to Os(III) occurred under blue light or UVA excitation. This new approach to the design of novel Os-arene complexes as phototherapeutic agents suggests that the novel curcumin complex OsCUR-2, in particular, is a potential candidate for further development as a photosensitizer for anticancer photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuling Xue
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ying Fu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.,National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS/NIH), Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Liang He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Luca Salassa
- Donostia International Physics Center, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, Donostia 20018, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48011, Spain.,Kimika Fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, UPV/EHU, Donostia 20080, Spain
| | - Ling-Feng He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Hao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Madeleine J Koh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Clément Soulié
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, School of Engineering & Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland EH14 4AS, U.K
| | - Russell J Needham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | | | - Claudio Garino
- Department of Chemistry and NIS Interdepartmental Center, University of Turin, Turin I-10135, Italy
| | - Kirill A Lomachenko
- Department of Chemistry and NIS Interdepartmental Center, University of Turin, Turin I-10135, Italy.,European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 avenue des Martyrs, CS 40220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.,The Smart Materials Research Institute, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don 344090, Russia
| | - Zhi Su
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yong Qian
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Martin J Paterson
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, School of Engineering & Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland EH14 4AS, U.K
| | - Zong-Wan Mao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Hong-Ke Liu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Peter J Sadler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
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4
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Shaili E, Romero MJ, Salassa L, Woods JA, Butler JS, Romero-Canelón I, Clarkson G, Habtemariam A, Sadler PJ, Farrer NJ. Platinum(IV)-azido monocarboxylato complexes are photocytotoxic under irradiation with visible light. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:10593-10607. [PMID: 34278398 PMCID: PMC8335519 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01730f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Complexes trans,trans,trans-[Pt(N3)2(OH)(OCOR)(py)2] where py = pyridine and where OCOR = succinate (1); 4-oxo-4-propoxybutanoate (2) and N-methylisatoate (3) have been synthesized by derivation of trans,trans,trans-[Pt(OH)2(N3)2(py)2] (4) and characterised by NMR and EPR spectroscopy, ESI-MS and X-ray crystallography. Irradiation of 1-3 with green (517 nm) light initiated photoreduction to Pt(ii) and release of the axial ligands at a 3-fold faster rate than for 4. TD-DFT calculations showed dissociative transitions at longer wavelengths for 1 compared to 4. Complexes 1 and 2 showed greater photocytotoxicity than 4 when irradiated with 420 nm light (A2780 cell line IC50 values: 2.7 and 3.7 μM) and complex 2 was particularly active towards the cisplatin-resistant cell line A2780cis (IC50 3.7 μM). Unlike 4, complexes 1-3 were phototoxic under green light irradiation (517 nm), with minimal toxicity in the dark. A pKa(H2O) of 5.13 for the free carboxylate group was determined for 1, corresponding to an overall negative charge during biological experiments, which crucially, did not appear to impede cellular accumulation and photocytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evyenia Shaili
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Marίa J Romero
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK. and Departamento de Didácticas Aplicadas, Facultade de Formación do Profesorado, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Luca Salassa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK. and Donostia International Physics Center, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, Donostia, 20018, Spain and Polimero eta Material Aurreratuak: Fisika, Kimika eta Teknologia, Kimika Fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, Donostia, 20018, Spain and Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48011, Spain
| | - Julie A Woods
- Photobiology Unit, Department of Dermatology and Photobiology, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Jennifer S Butler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Isolda Romero-Canelón
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK. and School of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Sir Robert Aitken Institute for Medical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Guy Clarkson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Abraha Habtemariam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Peter J Sadler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Nicola J Farrer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK. and Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
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5
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Infante-Tadeo S, Rodríguez-Fanjul V, Habtemariam A, Pizarro AM. Osmium(ii) tethered half-sandwich complexes: pH-dependent aqueous speciation and transfer hydrogenation in cells. Chem Sci 2021; 12:9287-9297. [PMID: 34349898 PMCID: PMC8278929 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01939b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquation is often acknowledged as a necessary step for metallodrug activity inside the cell. Hemilabile ligands can be used for reversible metallodrug activation. We report a new family of osmium(ii) arene complexes of formula [Os(η6-C6H5(CH2)3OH)(XY)Cl]+/0 (1-13) bearing the hemilabile η6-bound arene 3-phenylpropanol, where XY is a neutral N,N or an anionic N,O- bidentate chelating ligand. Os-Cl bond cleavage in water leads to the formation of the hydroxido/aqua adduct, Os-OH(H). In spite of being considered inert, the hydroxido adduct unexpectedly triggers rapid tether ring formation by attachment of the pendant alcohol-oxygen to the osmium centre, resulting in the alkoxy tethered complex [Os(η6-arene-O-κ1)(XY)] n+. Complexes 1C-13C of formula [Os(η6:κ1-C6H5(CH2)3OH/O)(XY)]+ are fully characterised, including the X-ray structure of cation 3C. Tether-ring formation is reversible and pH dependent. Osmium complexes bearing picolinate N,O-chelates (9-12) catalyse the hydrogenation of pyruvate to lactate. Intracellular lactate production upon co-incubation of complex 11 (XY = 4-Me-picolinate) with formate has been quantified inside MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 breast cancer cells. The tether Os-arene complexes presented here can be exploited for the intracellular conversion of metabolites that are essential in the intricate metabolism of the cancer cell.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Abraha Habtemariam
- IMDEA Nanociencia Faraday 9 28049 Madrid Spain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Gibbet Hill Road Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Ana M Pizarro
- IMDEA Nanociencia Faraday 9 28049 Madrid Spain
- Unidad Asociada de Nanobiotecnología CNB-CSIC-IMDEA 28049 Madrid Spain
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Needham RJ, Bridgewater HE, Romero-Canelón I, Habtemariam A, Clarkson GJ, Sadler PJ. Structure-activity relationships for osmium(II) arene phenylazopyridine anticancer complexes functionalised with alkoxy and glycolic substituents. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 210:111154. [PMID: 32771772 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.111154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-four novel organometallic osmium(II) phenylazopyridine (AZPY) complexes have been synthesised and characterised; [Os(η6-arene)(5-RO-AZPY)X]Y, where arene = p-cym or bip, AZPY is functionalized with an alkoxyl (O-R, R = Me, Et, nPr, iPr, nBu) or glycolic (O-{CH2CH2O}nR*, n = 1-4, R* = H, Me, or Et) substituent on the pyridyl ring para to the azo-bond, X is a monodentate halido ligand (Cl, Br or I), and Y is a counter-anion (PF6-, CF3SO3- or IO3-). X-ray crystal structures of two complexes confirmed their 'half-sandwich' structures. Aqueous solubility depended on X, the AZPY substituents, arene, and Y. Iodido complexes are highly stable in water (X = I ⋙ Br > Cl), and exhibit the highest antiproliferative activity against A2780 (ovarian), MCF-7 (breast), SUNE1 (nasopharyngeal), and OE19 (oesophageal) cancer cells, some attaining nanomolar potency and good cancer-cell selectivity. Their activity and distinctive mechanism of action is discussed in relation to hydrophobicity (RP-HPLC capacity factor and Log Po/w), cellular accumulation, electrochemical reduction (activation of azo bond), cell cycle analysis, apoptosis and induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Two complexes show ca. 4× higher activity than cisplatin in the National Cancer Institute (NCI) 60-cell line five-dose screen. The COMPARE algorithm of their datasets reveals a strong correlation with one another, as well as anticancer agents olivomycin, phyllanthoside, bouvardin and gamitrinib, but only a weak correlation with cisplatin, indicative of a different mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell J Needham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Hannah E Bridgewater
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Isolda Romero-Canelón
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Abraha Habtemariam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Guy J Clarkson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Peter J Sadler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
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7
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Zhang WY, Banerjee S, Imberti C, Clarkson GJ, Wang Q, Zhong Q, Young LS, Romero-Canelón I, Zeng M, Habtemariam A, Sadler PJ. Strategies for conjugating iridium(III) anticancer complexes to targeting peptides via copper-free click chemistry. Inorganica Chim Acta 2020; 503:119396. [PMID: 33776131 PMCID: PMC7610455 DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2019.119396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and characterization of novel pentamethylcyclopentadienyl (Cp*) iridium(III) complexes [(Cp*)Ir(4-methyl-4'-carboxy-2,2'-bipyridine)Cl]PF6 (Ir-I), the product (Ir-II) from amide coupling of Ir-I to dibenzocyclooctyne-amine, and its conjugate (Ir-CP) with the cyclic nona-peptide c(CRWYDENAC). The familiar three-legged 'piano-stool' configuration for complex Ir-I was confirmed by its single crystal X-ray structure. Significantly, copper-free click strategy has been developed for site-specific conjugation of the parent complex Ir-I to the tumour targeting nona-cyclic peptide. The approach consisted of two steps: (i) the carboxylic acid group of the bipyridine ligand in complex Ir-I was first attached to an amine functionalized dibenzocyclooctyne group via amide formation to generate complex Ir-II; and (ii) the alkyne bond of dibenzocyclooctyne in complex Ir-II underwent a subsequent strain-promoted copper-free cycloaddition with the azide group of the modified peptide. Interestingly, while complex Ir-I was inactive towards A2780 human ovarian cancer cells, complex Ir-II exhibited moderate cytotoxic activity. Targeted complexes such as Ir-CP offer scope for enhanced activity and selectivity of this class of anticancer complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ying Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Samya Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Cinzia Imberti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Guy J. Clarkson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Qian Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | | | - Isolda Romero-Canelón
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- School of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Musheng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | | | - Peter J. Sadler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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8
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Carrasco AC, Rodríguez-Fanjul V, Habtemariam A, Pizarro AM. Structurally Strained Half-Sandwich Iridium(III) Complexes As Highly Potent Anticancer Agents. J Med Chem 2020; 63:4005-4021. [PMID: 32207946 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b02000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Six complexes of formula [Ir(η5:κ1-C5Me4CH2py)(C,N)]PF6, where C5Me4CH2py is 2-((2,3,4,5-tetramethylcyclopentadienyl)methyl)pyridine, and C,N is 2-phenylpyridine (1), 7,8-benzoquinoline (2), 1-phenylisoquinoline (3), 2-(p-tolyl)pyridine (4), 4-chloro-2-phenylquinoline (5), or 2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)pyridine (6), have been synthesized. The cyclopentadienyl ligand bears a tethered pyridine that binds to the metal center, resulting in an Ir(η5:κ1-C5Me4CH2pyN) tether-ring structure, as confirmed by the X-ray crystal structures of 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6. Nontether versions of 1 and 2 were synthesized to aid unambiguous correlation between structure and activity. While nontether complexes are highly potent toward MCF7 cancer cells (similar to cisplatin), complexes bearing the tether-ring structure, 1-6, are exceptionally more potent (1-2 orders of magnitude). Additionally, 1-6 disrupt mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and induce oxidative stress. Internalization studies strongly correlate intracellular accumulation and anticancer activity in tether and nontether complexes. We present a new class of organo-iridium drug candidates bearing a structural feature that results in a leap in anticancer potency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Abraha Habtemariam
- IMDEA Nanociencia, Faraday 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Ana M Pizarro
- IMDEA Nanociencia, Faraday 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Unidad Asociada de Nanobiotecnología CNB-CSIC-IMDEA, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Shi H, Romero-Canelón I, Hreusova M, Novakova O, Venkatesh V, Habtemariam A, Clarkson GJ, Song JI, Brabec V, Sadler PJ. Photoactivatable Cell-Selective Dinuclear trans-Diazidoplatinum(IV) Anticancer Prodrugs. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:14409-14420. [PMID: 30365308 PMCID: PMC6257630 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b02599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
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A series of dinuclear
octahedral PtIV complexes trans,trans,trans-[{Pt(N3)2(py)2(OH)(OC(O)CH2CH2C(O)NH)}2R] containing pyridine (py) and bridging
dicarboxylate [R = −CH2CH2– (1), trans-1,2-C6H10– (2), p-C6H4– (3), −CH2CH2CH2CH2– (4)] ligands have
been synthesized and characterized, including the X-ray crystal structures
of complexes 1·2MeOH and 4, the first
photoactivatable dinuclear PtIV complexes with azido ligands.
The complexes are highly stable in the dark, but upon photoactivation
with blue light (420 nm), they release the bridging ligand and mononuclear
photoproducts. Upon irradiation with blue light (465 nm), they generate
azidyl and hydroxyl radicals, detected using a 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide electron paramagnetic resonance spin trap, accompanied
by the disappearance of the ligand-to-metal charge-transfer (N3 → Pt) band at ca. 300 nm. The dinuclear complexes
are photocytotoxic to human cancer cells (465 nm, 4.8 mW/cm2, 1 h), including A2780 human ovarian and esophageal OE19 cells with
IC50 values of 8.8–78.3 μM, whereas cisplatin
is inactive under these conditions. Complexes 1, 3, and 4 are notably more photoactive toward
cisplatin-resistant ovarian A2780cis compared to A2780 cells. Remarkably,
all of the complexes were relatively nontoxic toward normal cells
(MRC5 lung fibroblasts), with IC50 values >100 μM,
even after irradiation. The introduction of an aromatic bridging ligand
(3) significantly enhanced cellular uptake. The populations
in the stages of the cell cycle remained unchanged upon treatment
with complexes in the dark, while the population of the G2/M phase
increased upon irradiation, suggesting that DNA is a target for these
photoactivated dinuclear PtIV complexes. Liquid chromatography–mass
spectrometry data show that the photodecomposition pathway of the
dinuclear complexes results in the release of two molecules of mononuclear
platinum(II) species. As a consequence, DNA binding of the dinuclear
complexes after photoactivation in cell-free media is, in several
respects, qualitatively similar to that of the photoactivated mononuclear
complex FM-190. After photoactivation, they were 2-fold
more effective in quenching the fluorescence of EtBr bound to DNA,
forming DNA interstrand cross-links and unwinding DNA compared to
the photoactivated FM-190. Novel all-trans dinuclear
PtIV complexes bridged
by a dicarboxylate linker, highly stable in the dark, generate azidyl
and hydroxyl radicals upon irradiation with blue light. They are photocytotoxic
to human cancer cells, whereas cisplatin was inactive under these
conditions and more photoactive toward cisplatin-resistant ovarian
cancer cells compared to wild-type cells. Remarkably, the dinuclear
complexes were relatively nontoxic toward normal human cells. Cell
cycle and DNA binding experiments suggested that DNA is a target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huayun Shi
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , U.K
| | - Isolda Romero-Canelón
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , U.K.,School of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Sciences , University of Birmingham , Birmingham B15 2TT , U.K
| | - Monika Hreusova
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science , Palacky University , 17 listopadu 12 , Olomouc CZ-77146 , Czech Republic.,Institute of Biophysics , Czech Academy of Sciences , Kralovopolska 135 , Brno CZ-61265 , Czech Republic
| | - Olga Novakova
- Institute of Biophysics , Czech Academy of Sciences , Kralovopolska 135 , Brno CZ-61265 , Czech Republic
| | - V Venkatesh
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , U.K
| | - Abraha Habtemariam
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , U.K
| | - Guy J Clarkson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , U.K
| | - Ji-Inn Song
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , U.K
| | - Viktor Brabec
- Institute of Biophysics , Czech Academy of Sciences , Kralovopolska 135 , Brno CZ-61265 , Czech Republic
| | - Peter J Sadler
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , U.K
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10
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Chen F, Soldevila-Barreda JJ, Romero-Canelón I, Coverdale JPC, Song JI, Clarkson GJ, Kasparkova J, Habtemariam A, Brabec V, Wolny JA, Schünemann V, Sadler PJ. Effect of sulfonamidoethylenediamine substituents in Ru II arene anticancer catalysts on transfer hydrogenation of coenzyme NAD + by formate. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:7178-7189. [PMID: 29651471 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt00438b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A series of neutral pseudo-octahedral RuII sulfonamidoethylenediamine complexes [(η6-p-cym)Ru(N,N')Cl] where N,N' is N-(2-(R1,R2-amino)ethyl)-4-toluenesulfonamide (TsEn(R1,R2)) R1,R2 = Me,H (1); Me,Me (2); Et,H (3); benzyl,H (Bz, 4); 4-fluorobenzyl,H (4-F-Bz, 5) or naphthalen-2-ylmethyl,H (Naph, 6), were synthesised and characterised including the X-ray crystal structure of 3. These complexes catalyse the reduction of NAD+ regioselectively to 1,4-NADH by using formate as the hydride source. The catalytic efficiency depends markedly on the steric and electronic effects of the N-substitutent, with turnover frequencies (TOFs) increasing in the order: 1 < 2 < 3, 6 < 4, 5, achieving a TOF of 7.7 h-1 for 4 with a 95% yield of 1,4-NADH. The reduction rate was highest between pH* (deuterated solvent) 6 and 7.5 and improved with an increase in formate concentration (TOF of 18.8 h-1, 140 mM formate). The calculations suggested initial substitution of an aqua ligand by formate, followed by hydride transfer to RuII and then to NAD+, and indicated specific interactions between the aqua complex and both NAD+ and NADH, the former allowing a preorganisation involving interaction between the aqua ligand, formate anion and the pyridine ring of NAD+. The complexes exhibited antiproliferative activity towards A2780 human ovarian cancer cells with IC50 values ranging from 1 to 31 μM, the most potent complex, [(η6-p-cym)Ru(TsEn(Bz,H))Cl] (4, IC50 = 1.0 ± 0.1 μM), having a potency similar to the anticancer drug cisplatin. Co-administration with sodium formate (2 mM), increased the potency of all complexes towards A2780 cells by 20-36%, with the greatest effect seen for complex 6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
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11
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Martínez-Peña F, Infante-Tadeo S, Habtemariam A, Pizarro AM. Reversible pH-Responsive Behavior of Ruthenium(II) Arene Complexes with Tethered Carboxylate. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:5657-5668. [PMID: 29688005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Five complexes of formula [Ru(η6-C6H5CH2COOH)(XY)Cl]Cl/Na (XY = ethylenediamine (1), o-phenylenediamine (2), phenanthroline (3), and oxalato (4)) and [Ru(η6:κ1-C6H5CH2COO)(tmen)]Cl (tmen = N, N, N', N'-tetramethylethylenediamine, 5C) have been synthesized and fully characterized. Five new X-ray crystal structures ([Ru(η6-C6H5CH2COOH)(μ-Cl)Cl]2, 1, 3, 4, and 5C·PF6) have been determined, which are the first examples of ruthenium(II) structures with phenylacetic acid as arene ligand. Furthermore, 5C·PF6 is the first example of a five-membered tether ring with a Ru(η6:κ1-arene:O) bond. The tether ring in these complexes opens in acidic pH (<5) and closes reversibly in aqueous solution. The chlorido open-form undergoes aquation, and the aqua adduct can be observed (prior to ring closure) by NMR. The speciation has an attractive complexity in the pH range 0-12, showing interconversion of the three species (chlorido, aqua, and closed tether), dependent on the proton concentration and the nature of the XY chelating ligand. The closed tether version of 3, complex 3C, with σ-donor/π-acceptor phenanthroline as chelating ligand, opens up more readily (pH 4), while the tether ring in complex 5C hardly opens even at pH as low as 1. We have determined the p Ka of the pendant carboxylic group and that of the aqua adduct (ca. 3 and ca. 7, respectively), which can be finely tuned by the appropriate choice of XY. Complexes 1 and 2, which predominate in their inactive (closed-tether) form in intracellular conditions, show some cytotoxic activity (IC50 130 and 117 μM, respectively) in A2780 ovarian cancer cells. Complex 1 catalyzes the reduction through transfer hydrogenation of pyruvate to lactate and NAD+ to NADH in the presence of formate as H-source. Co-incubation with sodium formate decreases the IC50 value of 1 in A2780 cancer cells significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonia Infante-Tadeo
- IMDEA Nanociencia, Faraday 9 , Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco , Madrid 28049 , Spain
| | - Abraha Habtemariam
- IMDEA Nanociencia, Faraday 9 , Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco , Madrid 28049 , Spain
| | - Ana M Pizarro
- IMDEA Nanociencia, Faraday 9 , Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco , Madrid 28049 , Spain
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12
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Chen F, Romero-Canelón I, Soldevila-Barreda JJ, Song JI, Coverdale JPC, Clarkson GJ, Kasparkova J, Habtemariam A, Wills M, Brabec V, Sadler PJ. Transfer Hydrogenation and Antiproliferative Activity of Tethered Half-Sandwich Organoruthenium Catalysts. Organometallics 2018; 37:1555-1566. [PMID: 29887657 PMCID: PMC5989272 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
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We report the synthesis
and characterization of four neutral organometallic
tethered complexes, [Ru(η6-Ph(CH2)3-ethylenediamine-N-R)Cl], where R = methanesulfonyl
(Ms, 1), toluenesulfonyl (Ts, 2), 4-trifluoromethylbenzenesulfonyl
(Tf, 3), and 4-nitrobenzenesulfonyl (Nb, 4), including their X-ray crystal structures. These complexes exhibit
moderate antiproliferative activity toward human ovarian, lung, hepatocellular,
and breast cancer cell lines. Complex 2 in particular
exhibits a low cross-resistance with cisplatin. The complexes show
potent catalytic activity in the transfer hydrogenation of NAD+ to NADH with formate as hydride donor in aqueous solution
(310 K, pH 7). Substituents on the chelated ligand decreased the turnover
frequency in the order Nb > Tf > Ts > Ms. An enhancement
of antiproliferative
activity (up to 22%) was observed on coadministration with nontoxic
concentrations of sodium formate (0.5–2 mM). Complex 2 binds to nucleobase guanine (9-EtG), but DNA appears not
to be the target, as little binding to calf thymus DNA or bacterial
plasmid DNA was observed. In addition, complex 2 reacts
rapidly with glutathione (GSH), which might hamper transfer hydrogenation
reactions in cells. Complex 2 induced a dose-dependent
G1 cell cycle arrest after 24 h exposure in A2780 human
ovarian cancer cells while promoting an increase in reactive oxygen
species (ROS), which is likely to contribute to its antiproliferative
activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Isolda Romero-Canelón
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.,School of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | | | - Ji-Inn Song
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - James P C Coverdale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Guy J Clarkson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Jana Kasparkova
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Kralovopolska 135, CZ-61265 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Abraha Habtemariam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Martin Wills
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Viktor Brabec
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Kralovopolska 135, CZ-61265 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Peter J Sadler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
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13
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Gatti A, Habtemariam A, Romero-Canelón I, Song JI, Heer B, Clarkson GJ, Rogolino D, Sadler PJ, Carcelli M. Half-Sandwich Arene Ruthenium(II) and Osmium(II) Thiosemicarbazone Complexes: Solution Behavior and Antiproliferative Activity. Organometallics 2018; 37:891-899. [PMID: 29681675 PMCID: PMC5908187 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis, characterization, and antiproliferative activity of organo-osmium(II) and organo-ruthenium(II) half-sandwich complexes [(η6-p-cym)Os(L)Cl]Cl (1 and 2) and [(η6-p-cym)Ru(L)Cl]Cl (3 and 4), where L = N-(2-hydroxy)-3-methoxybenzylidenethiosemicarbazide (L1) or N-(2,3-dihydroxybenzylidene)-3-phenylthiosemicarbazide (L2), respectively. X-ray crystallography showed that all four complexes possess half-sandwich pseudo-octahedral "three-legged piano-stool" structures, with a neutral N,S-chelating thiosemicarbazone ligand and a terminal chloride occupying three coordination positions. In methanol, E/Z isomerization of the coordinated thiosemicarbazone ligand was observed, while in an aprotic solvent like acetone, partial dissociation of the ligand occurs, reaching complete displacement in a more coordinating solvent like DMSO. In general, the complexes exhibited good activity toward A2780 ovarian, A2780Cis cisplatin-resistant ovarian, A549 lung, HCT116 colon, and PC3 prostate cancer cells. In particular, ruthenium complex 3 does not present cross-resistance with the clinical drug cisplatin in the A2780 human ovarian cancer cell line. The complexes were more active than the free thiosemicarbazone ligands, especially in A549 and HCT116 cells with potency improvements of up to 20-fold between organic ligand L1 and ruthenium complex 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gatti
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale
and CIRCMSB (Consorzio Interuniversitario di Ricerca in Chimica dei
Metalli nei Sistemi Biologici), University
of Parma, Parco Area
delle Scienze 11/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Abraha Habtemariam
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Isolda Romero-Canelón
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Ji-Inn Song
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Bindy Heer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Guy J. Clarkson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Dominga Rogolino
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale
and CIRCMSB (Consorzio Interuniversitario di Ricerca in Chimica dei
Metalli nei Sistemi Biologici), University
of Parma, Parco Area
delle Scienze 11/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Peter J. Sadler
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Mauro Carcelli
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale
and CIRCMSB (Consorzio Interuniversitario di Ricerca in Chimica dei
Metalli nei Sistemi Biologici), University
of Parma, Parco Area
delle Scienze 11/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
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14
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Banerjee S, Soldevila-Barreda JJ, Wolny JA, Wootton CA, Habtemariam A, Romero-Canelón I, Chen F, Clarkson GJ, Prokes I, Song L, O'Connor PB, Schünemann V, Sadler PJ. New activation mechanism for half-sandwich organometallic anticancer complexes. Chem Sci 2018; 9:3177-3185. [PMID: 29732100 PMCID: PMC5916112 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc05058e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The Cp x C-H protons in certain organometallic RhIII half-sandwich anticancer complexes [(η5-Cp x )Rh(N,N')Cl]+, where Cp x = Cp*, phenyl or biphenyl-Me4Cp, and N,N' = bipyridine, dimethylbipyridine, or phenanthroline, can undergo rapid sequential deuteration of all 15 Cp* methyl protons in aqueous media at ambient temperature. DFT calculations suggest a mechanism involving abstraction of a Cp* proton by the Rh-hydroxido complex, followed by sequential H/D exchange, with the Cp* rings behaving like dynamic molecular 'twisters'. The calculations reveal the crucial role of pπ orbitals of N,N'-chelated ligands in stabilizing deprotonated Cp x ligands, and also the accessibility of RhI-fulvene intermediates. They also provide insight into why biologically-inactive complexes such as [(Cp*)RhIII(en)Cl]+ and [(Cp*)IrIII(bpy)Cl]+ do not have activated Cp* rings. The thiol tripeptide glutathione (γ-l-Glu-l-Cys-Gly, GSH) and the activated dienophile N-methylmaleimide, (NMM) did not undergo addition reactions with the proposed RhI-fulvene, although they were able to control the extent of Cp* deuteration. We readily trapped and characterized RhI-fulvene intermediates by Diels-Alder [4+2] cyclo-addition reactions with the natural biological dienes isoprene and conjugated (9Z,11E)-linoleic acid in aqueous media, including cell culture medium, the first report of a Diels-Alder reaction of a metal-bound fulvene in aqueous solution. These findings will introduce new concepts into the design of organometallic Cp* anticancer complexes with novel mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samya Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry CV4 7AL , UK .
| | | | - Juliusz A Wolny
- Department of Physics , University of Kaiserslautern , Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 46 , 67663 Kaiserslautern , Germany
| | - Christopher A Wootton
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry CV4 7AL , UK .
| | - Abraha Habtemariam
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry CV4 7AL , UK .
| | - Isolda Romero-Canelón
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry CV4 7AL , UK .
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry CV4 7AL , UK .
| | - Guy J Clarkson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry CV4 7AL , UK .
| | - Ivan Prokes
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry CV4 7AL , UK .
| | - Lijiang Song
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry CV4 7AL , UK .
| | - Peter B O'Connor
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry CV4 7AL , UK .
| | - Volker Schünemann
- Department of Physics , University of Kaiserslautern , Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 46 , 67663 Kaiserslautern , Germany
| | - Peter J Sadler
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry CV4 7AL , UK .
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15
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Liu HK, Kostrhunova H, Habtemariam A, Kong Y, Deeth RJ, Brabec V, Sadler PJ. "Head-to-head" double-hamburger-like structure of di-ruthenated d(GpG) adducts of mono-functional Ru-arene anticancer complexes. Dalton Trans 2018; 45:18676-18688. [PMID: 27830851 DOI: 10.1039/c6dt03356c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Guanine bases in DNA are targets for some Ru-arene anticancer complexes. We have investigated the structure of the novel di-ruthenated d(GpG) adduct Ru2-GpG (where Ru = {(η6-biphenyl)-Ru(en)}2+ (1')) in aqueous solution. 2D NMR results indicate that there are two conformers, supported by modeling studies. The major conformer I is a novel double-hamburger-like structure with a "head-to-head" (HH) base arrangement involving hydrophobic interactions between neighboring arene rings, the first example of a HH d(GpG) adduct constructed by weak interactions. Hence there are significant differences compared to Pt-d(GpG) adducts formed by cisplatin. There is no obviously rigid bending for the major conformer I. The minor conformer II of Ru2-GpG has a back-to-back structure, with two ruthenated guanine bases flipped away from each other. 19-23 base-pair oligodeoxyribonucleotides containing central TGGT sequences di-ruthenated by 1 show no directional bending, only slightly distorted di-ruthenated duplexes, consistent with the NMR data for conformer I. The structural differences and similarities of d(GpG) residues which are di-ruthenated or cross-linked by platination are discussed in the context of the biological activity of these metal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ke Liu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China.
| | - Hana Kostrhunova
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Kralovopolska 135, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Abraha Habtemariam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Yaqiong Kong
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China.
| | - Robert J Deeth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Viktor Brabec
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Kralovopolska 135, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Peter J Sadler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
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16
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Ruggiero E, Alonso-de Castro S, Habtemariam A, Salassa L. Upconverting nanoparticles for the near infrared photoactivation of transition metal complexes: new opportunities and challenges in medicinal inorganic photochemistry. Dalton Trans 2018; 45:13012-20. [PMID: 27482656 DOI: 10.1039/c6dt01428c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The article highlights the emergent use of upconverting nanoparticles as tools for the near infrared photoactivation of transition metal complexes, identifying opportunities and challenges of this approach in the context of medicinal inorganic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Ruggiero
- CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo de Miramón 182, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20009, Spain.
| | | | | | - Luca Salassa
- CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo de Miramón 182, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20009, Spain. and Kimika Fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea and Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), P.K. 1072, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20080, Spain and Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48011, Spain
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17
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Coverdale JPC, Romero-Canelón I, Sanchez-Cano C, Clarkson GJ, Habtemariam A, Wills M, Sadler PJ. Asymmetric transfer hydrogenation by synthetic catalysts in cancer cells. Nat Chem 2018; 10:347-354. [PMID: 29461524 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Catalytic anticancer metallodrugs active at low doses could minimize side-effects, introduce novel mechanisms of action that combat resistance and widen the spectrum of anticancer-drug activity. Here we use highly stable chiral half-sandwich organometallic Os(II) arene sulfonyl diamine complexes, [Os(arene)(TsDPEN)] (TsDPEN, N-(p-toluenesulfonyl)-1,2-diphenylethylenediamine), to achieve a highly enantioselective reduction of pyruvate, a key intermediate in metabolic pathways. Reduction is shown both in aqueous model systems and in human cancer cells, with non-toxic concentrations of sodium formate used as a hydride source. The catalytic mechanism generates selectivity towards ovarian cancer cells versus non-cancerous fibroblasts (both ovarian and lung), which are commonly used as models of healthy proliferating cells. The formate precursor N-formylmethionine was explored as an alternative to formate in PC3 prostate cancer cells, which are known to overexpress a deformylase enzyme. Transfer-hydrogenation catalysts that generate reductive stress in cancer cells offer a new approach to cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Guy J Clarkson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | | | - Martin Wills
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Peter J Sadler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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18
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Larnaudie SC, Brendel JC, Romero-Canelón I, Sanchez-Cano C, Catrouillet S, Sanchis J, Coverdale JPC, Song JI, Habtemariam A, Sadler PJ, Jolliffe KA, Perrier S. Cyclic Peptide-Polymer Nanotubes as Efficient and Highly Potent Drug Delivery Systems for Organometallic Anticancer Complexes. Biomacromolecules 2017; 19:239-247. [PMID: 29156128 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b01491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Functional drug carrier systems have potential for increasing solubility and potency of drugs while reducing side effects. Complex polymeric materials, particularly anisotropic structures, are especially attractive due to their long circulation times. Here, we have conjugated cyclic peptides to the biocompatible polymer poly(2-hydroxypropyl methacrylamide) (pHPMA). The resulting conjugates were functionalized with organoiridium anticancer complexes. Small angle neutron scattering and static light scattering confirmed their self-assembly and elongated cylindrical shape. Drug-loaded nanotubes exhibited more potent antiproliferative activity toward human cancer cells than either free drug or the drug-loaded polymers, while the nanotubes themselves were nontoxic. Cellular accumulation studies revealed that the increased potency of the conjugate appears to be related to a more efficient mode of action rather than a higher cellular accumulation of iridium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie C Larnaudie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Johannes C Brendel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Isolda Romero-Canelón
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Carlos Sanchez-Cano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvain Catrouillet
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier , Place E Bataillon CC1702, 34095 Montpellier cedex 05, France
| | - Joaquin Sanchis
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - James P C Coverdale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Ji-Inn Song
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Abraha Habtemariam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J Sadler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Katrina A Jolliffe
- The University of Sydney, School of Chemistry , Building F11, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Sébastien Perrier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.,Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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19
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Venkatesh V, Berrocal-Martin R, Wedge CJ, Romero-Canelón I, Sanchez-Cano C, Song JI, Coverdale JPC, Zhang P, Clarkson GJ, Habtemariam A, Magennis SW, Deeth RJ, Sadler PJ. Mitochondria-targeted spin-labelled luminescent iridium anticancer complexes. Chem Sci 2017; 8:8271-8278. [PMID: 29568475 PMCID: PMC5857930 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc03216a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria generate energy but malfunction in many cancer cells, hence targeting mitochondrial metabolism is a promising approach for cancer therapy. Here we have designed cyclometallated iridium(iii) complexes, containing one TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl) spin label [C43H43N6O2Ir1·PF6]˙ (Ir-TEMPO1) and two TEMPO spin labels [C52H58N8O4Ir1·PF6]˙ (Ir-TEMPO2). Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy revealed spin-spin interactions between the TEMPO units in Ir-TEMPO2. Both Ir-TEMPO1 and Ir-TEMPO2 showed bright luminescence with long lifetimes (ca. 35-160 ns); while Ir-TEMPO1 displayed monoexponential decay kinetics, the biexponential decays measured for Ir-TEMPO2 indicated the presence of more than one energetically-accessible conformation. This observation was further supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The antiproliferative activity of Ir-TEMPO2 towards a range of cancer cells was much greater than that of Ir-TEMPO1, and also the antioxidant activity of Ir-TEMPO2 is much higher against A2780 ovarian cancer cells when compared with Ir-TEMPO1. Most notably Ir-TEMPO2 was particularly potent towards PC3 human prostate cancer cells (IC50 = 0.53 μM), being ca. 8× more active than the clinical drug cisplatin, and ca. 15× more selective towards cancer cells versus normal cells. Confocal microscopy showed that both Ir-TEMPO1 and Ir-TEMPO2 localise in the mitochondria of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Venkatesh
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , UK .
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry , Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore-560012 , India
| | | | - Christopher J Wedge
- Department of Chemical Sciences , University of Huddersfield , Huddersfield HD1 3DH , UK .
| | - Isolda Romero-Canelón
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , UK .
- School of Pharmacy , University of Birmingham , Edgbaston B15 2TT , UK
| | | | - Ji-Inn Song
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , UK .
| | | | - Pingyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , UK .
| | - Guy J Clarkson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , UK .
| | - Abraha Habtemariam
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , UK .
| | - Steven W Magennis
- School of Chemistry , WestCHEM , University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8QQ , UK .
| | - Robert J Deeth
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , UK .
| | - Peter J Sadler
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , UK .
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20
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Needham R, Habtemariam A, Barry NPE, Clarkson G, Sadler PJ. Halide Control of N,N-Coordination versus N,C-Cyclometalation and Stereospecific Phenyl Ring Deuteration of Osmium(II) p-Cymene Phenylazobenzothiazole Complexes. Organometallics 2017; 36:4367-4375. [PMID: 29249848 PMCID: PMC5726741 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of halido Os(II) p-cymene complexes bearing bidentate chelating phenylazobenzothiazole (AZBTZ) ligands. Unlike the analogous phenylazopyridine (AZPY) complexes, AZBTZ-NMe2 is capable of both N,N-coordination to Os(II) and cyclometalation to form N,C-coordinated species. N,C-Coordination occurs via an azo nitrogen and an ortho carbon on the aniline ring, as identified by 1H NMR and X-ray crystallography of [Os(p-cym)(N,N-AZBTZ-NMe2)Cl]PF6 (1a), [Os(p-cym)(N,N-AZBTZ-NMe2)Br]PF6 (2a), [Os(p-cym)(N,C-AZBTZ-NMe2)Br] (2b), and [Os(p-cym)(N,C-AZBTZ-NMe2)I] (3b). The N,C-coordinated species is more stable and is not readily converted to the N,N-coordinated complex. Analysis of the crystal structures suggests that their formation is influenced by steric interactions between the p-cym and AZBTZ-NMe2 ligands: in particular, larger monodentate halide ligands favor N,C-coordination. The complexes [Os(p-cym)(N,N-Me2-AZBTZ-NH2)Cl]PF6 (4) and [Os(p-cym)(N,N-Me2-AZBTZ-NH2)I]PF6 (5) were synthesized with methyl groups blocking the ortho positions on the aniline ring, forcing an N,N-coordination geometry. 1H NMR NOE experiments confirmed hindered rotation of the arene ligand and steric crowding around the metal center. Complex 2b exhibited unexpected behavior under acidic conditions, involving regiospecific deuteration of the aniline ring at the meta position, as observed by 1H NMR and high-resolution ESI-MS. Deuterium exchange occurs only under acidic conditions, suggesting an associative mechanism. The calculated partial charges on 2b show that the meta carbon is significantly more negatively charged, which may account for the regiospecificity of deuterium exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell
J. Needham
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Abraha Habtemariam
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Nicolas P. E. Barry
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
- School
of Chemistry and Biosciences, University
of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, U.K.
| | - Guy Clarkson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Peter J. Sadler
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
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21
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Zhang P, Chiu CKC, Huang H, Lam YPY, Habtemariam A, Malcomson T, Paterson MJ, Clarkson GJ, O'Connor PB, Chao H, Sadler PJ. Organoiridium Photosensitizers Induce Specific Oxidative Attack on Proteins within Cancer Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:14898-14902. [PMID: 29047228 PMCID: PMC5698709 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201709082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Strongly luminescent iridium(III) complexes, [Ir(C,N)2 (S,S)]+ (1) and [Ir(C,N)2 (O,O)] (2), containing C,N (phenylquinoline), O,O (diketonate), or S,S (dithione) chelating ligands, have been characterized by X-ray crystallography and DFT calculations. Their long phosphorescence lifetimes in living cancer cells give rise to high quantum yields for the generation of 1 O2 , with large 2-photon absorption cross-sections. 2 is nontoxic to cells, but potently cytotoxic to cancer cells upon brief irradiation with low doses of visible light, and potent at sub-micromolar doses towards 3D multicellular tumor spheroids with 2-photon red light. Photoactivation causes oxidative damage to specific histidine residues in the key proteins in aldose reductase and heat-shock protein-70 within living cancer cells. The oxidative stress induced by iridium photosensitizers during photoactivation can increase the levels of enzymes involved in the glycolytic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingyu Zhang
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WarwickCoventryCV4 7ALUK
- College of Chemistry and Environmental EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060P. R. China
| | | | - Huaiyi Huang
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WarwickCoventryCV4 7ALUK
- School of ChemistrySun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou510275P. R. China
| | - Yuko P. Y. Lam
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WarwickCoventryCV4 7ALUK
| | | | - Thomas Malcomson
- Institute of Chemical SciencesHeriot-Watt UniversityEdinburghEH4 4ASUK
| | | | - Guy J. Clarkson
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WarwickCoventryCV4 7ALUK
| | | | - Hui Chao
- School of ChemistrySun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou510275P. R. China
| | - Peter J. Sadler
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WarwickCoventryCV4 7ALUK
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22
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Zhang P, Chiu CKC, Huang H, Lam YPY, Habtemariam A, Malcomson T, Paterson MJ, Clarkson GJ, O'Connor PB, Chao H, Sadler PJ. Inside Cover: Organoiridium Photosensitizers Induce Specific Oxidative Attack on Proteins within Cancer Cells (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 47/2017). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201710973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pingyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry; University of Warwick; Coventry CV4 7AL UK
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering; Shenzhen University; Shenzhen 518060 P. R. China
| | | | - Huaiyi Huang
- Department of Chemistry; University of Warwick; Coventry CV4 7AL UK
- School of Chemistry; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou 510275 P. R. China
| | - Yuko P. Y. Lam
- Department of Chemistry; University of Warwick; Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | | | - Thomas Malcomson
- Institute of Chemical Sciences; Heriot-Watt University; Edinburgh EH4 4AS UK
| | - Martin J. Paterson
- Institute of Chemical Sciences; Heriot-Watt University; Edinburgh EH4 4AS UK
| | - Guy J. Clarkson
- Department of Chemistry; University of Warwick; Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | | | - Hui Chao
- School of Chemistry; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou 510275 P. R. China
| | - Peter J. Sadler
- Department of Chemistry; University of Warwick; Coventry CV4 7AL UK
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23
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Zhang P, Chiu CKC, Huang H, Lam YPY, Habtemariam A, Malcomson T, Paterson MJ, Clarkson GJ, O'Connor PB, Chao H, Sadler PJ. Innentitelbild: Organoiridium Photosensitizers Induce Specific Oxidative Attack on Proteins within Cancer Cells (Angew. Chem. 47/2017). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201710973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pingyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry; University of Warwick; Coventry CV4 7AL UK
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering; Shenzhen University; Shenzhen 518060 P. R. China
| | | | - Huaiyi Huang
- Department of Chemistry; University of Warwick; Coventry CV4 7AL UK
- School of Chemistry; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou 510275 P. R. China
| | - Yuko P. Y. Lam
- Department of Chemistry; University of Warwick; Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | | | - Thomas Malcomson
- Institute of Chemical Sciences; Heriot-Watt University; Edinburgh EH4 4AS UK
| | - Martin J. Paterson
- Institute of Chemical Sciences; Heriot-Watt University; Edinburgh EH4 4AS UK
| | - Guy J. Clarkson
- Department of Chemistry; University of Warwick; Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | | | - Hui Chao
- School of Chemistry; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou 510275 P. R. China
| | - Peter J. Sadler
- Department of Chemistry; University of Warwick; Coventry CV4 7AL UK
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24
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Zhang P, Chiu CKC, Huang H, Lam YPY, Habtemariam A, Malcomson T, Paterson MJ, Clarkson GJ, O'Connor PB, Chao H, Sadler PJ. Organoiridium Photosensitizers Induce Specific Oxidative Attack on Proteins within Cancer Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201709082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pingyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry; University of Warwick; Coventry CV4 7AL UK
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering; Shenzhen University; Shenzhen 518060 P. R. China
| | | | - Huaiyi Huang
- Department of Chemistry; University of Warwick; Coventry CV4 7AL UK
- School of Chemistry; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou 510275 P. R. China
| | - Yuko P. Y. Lam
- Department of Chemistry; University of Warwick; Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | | | - Thomas Malcomson
- Institute of Chemical Sciences; Heriot-Watt University; Edinburgh EH4 4AS UK
| | - Martin J. Paterson
- Institute of Chemical Sciences; Heriot-Watt University; Edinburgh EH4 4AS UK
| | - Guy J. Clarkson
- Department of Chemistry; University of Warwick; Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | | | - Hui Chao
- School of Chemistry; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou 510275 P. R. China
| | - Peter J. Sadler
- Department of Chemistry; University of Warwick; Coventry CV4 7AL UK
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25
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Betanzos-Lara S, Habtemariam A, Sadler PJ. Transfer Hydrogenation Reactions of Photoactivatable N,N’-Chelated Ruthenium(II) Arene Complexes. J MEX CHEM SOC 2017. [DOI: 10.29356/jmcs.v57i3.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We show that the reaction of Ru<sup>II</sup> arene chlorido complexes of the type [(η<sup>6</sup>-arene)Ru(N,N’)Cl]<sup>+</sup> arene = p-cymene (pcym), hexamethylbenzene (hmb), indane (ind), <em>N,N’</em> = bipyrimidine (bpm) and 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) with excess sodium formate generates a very stable formate adduct through spontaneous hydrolysis of the Ru-Cl bond at 310 K and pH* = 7.0. The formate adducts are also produced when Ru<sup>II</sup> arene pyridine complexes of the type [(η<sup>6</sup>-arene)Ru(N,N’)(Py)]<sup>2+</sup> (where Py = pyridine), are irradiated with UVA (λ<sub>irr</sub> = 300-400 nm) or visible light (λ<sub>irr</sub> = 400-660 nm) under the same conditions. The Ru<sup>II</sup> arene formato adducts do not catalyse the reduction of acetone through transfer hydrogenation. However, all the complexes (except complex <strong>2</strong> which contains phen as the chelating ligand) can catalyse the regioselective reduction of NAD<sup>+</sup> in the presence of formate (25 mol equiv) in aqueous solution to form 1,4-NADH. The catalytic activity is dependent on the nature of the chelating ligand. Most interestingly, the regioselective reduction of NAD+ to 1,4-NADH can be also specifically triggered by photoactivating a RuII arene Py complex.
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26
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Venkatesh V, Mishra NK, Romero-Canelón I, Vernooij RR, Shi H, Coverdale JPC, Habtemariam A, Verma S, Sadler PJ. Supramolecular Photoactivatable Anticancer Hydrogels. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:5656-5659. [PMID: 28414222 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A photoactivatable dopamine-conjugated platinum(IV) anticancer complex (Pt-DA) has been incorporated into G-quadruplex G4K+ borate hydrogels by using borate ester linkages (Pt-G4K+B hydrogel). These were characterized by 11B NMR, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, circular dichroism, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Microscopy investigations revealed the transformation of an extended fiber assembly into discrete flakes after incorporation of Pt-DA. Pt-DA showed photocytotoxicity against cisplatin-resistant A2780Cis human ovarian cancer cells (IC50 74 μM, blue light) with a photocytotoxic index <2, whereas Pt-G4K+B hydrogels exhibited more potent photocytotoxicity (IC50 3 μM, blue light) with a photocytotoxic index >5. Most notably, Pt-DA and Pt-G4K+B hydrogels show selective phototoxicity for cancer cells versus normal fibroblast cells (MRC5).
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Affiliation(s)
- V Venkatesh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Narendra Kumar Mishra
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Nanoscience and Soft Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur , Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Isolda Romero-Canelón
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Robbin R Vernooij
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Huayun Shi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - James P C Coverdale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Abraha Habtemariam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Sandeep Verma
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Nanoscience and Soft Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur , Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Peter J Sadler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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27
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Wang HY, Qian Y, Wang FX, Habtemariam A, Mao ZW, Sadler PJ, Liu HK. Ruthenium(II)-Arene Metallacycles: Crystal Structures, Interaction with DNA, and Cytotoxicity. Eur J Inorg Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201601226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yan Wang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials; College of Chemistry and Materials Science; Nanjing Normal University; 210046, Jiang Su Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Yong Qian
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials; College of Chemistry and Materials Science; Nanjing Normal University; 210046, Jiang Su Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Fang-Xin Wang
- School of Chemistry; Sun Yat-Sen University; 510275, Guang Dong Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Abraha Habtemariam
- Department of Chemistry; University of Warwick; Gibbet Hill Road CV4 7AL Coventry UK
| | - Zong-Wan Mao
- School of Chemistry; Sun Yat-Sen University; 510275, Guang Dong Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Peter J. Sadler
- Department of Chemistry; University of Warwick; Gibbet Hill Road CV4 7AL Coventry UK
| | - Hong-Ke Liu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials; College of Chemistry and Materials Science; Nanjing Normal University; 210046, Jiang Su Nanjing P. R. China
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28
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Needham RJ, Sanchez‐Cano C, Zhang X, Romero‐Canelón I, Habtemariam A, Cooper MS, Meszaros L, Clarkson GJ, Blower PJ, Sadler PJ. In-Cell Activation of Organo-Osmium(II) Anticancer Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:1017-1020. [PMID: 28000997 PMCID: PMC5412917 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201610290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The family of iodido OsII arene phenylazopyridine complexes [Os(η6 -p-cym)(5-R1 -pyridylazo-4-R2 -phenyl))I]+ (where p-cym=para-cymene) exhibit potent sub-micromolar antiproliferative activity towards human cancer cells and are active in vivo. Their chemical behavior is distinct from that of cisplatin: they do not readily hydrolyze, nor bind to DNA bases. We report here a mechanism by which they are activated in cancer cells, involving release of the I- ligand in the presence of glutathione (GSH). The X-ray crystal structures of two active complexes are reported, 1-I (R1 =OEt, R2 =H) and 2-I (R1 =H, R2 =NMe2 ). They were labelled with the radionuclide 131 I (β- /γ emitter, t1/2 8.02 d), and their activity in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells was studied. 1-[131 I] and 2-[131 I] exhibit good stability in both phosphate-buffered saline and blood serum. In contrast, once taken up by MCF-7 cells, the iodide ligand is rapidly pumped out. Intriguingly, GSH catalyzes their hydrolysis. The resulting hydroxido complexes can form thiolato and sulfenato adducts with GSH, and react with H2 O2 generating hydroxyl radicals. These findings shed new light on the mechanism of action of these organo-osmium complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xin Zhang
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WarwickCoventryCV4 7ALUK
| | | | | | - Margaret S. Cooper
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical EngineeringKing's College LondonSt. Thomas HospitalLondonSE1 7EHUK
| | - Levente Meszaros
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical EngineeringKing's College LondonSt. Thomas HospitalLondonSE1 7EHUK
| | - Guy J. Clarkson
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WarwickCoventryCV4 7ALUK
| | - Philip J. Blower
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical EngineeringKing's College LondonSt. Thomas HospitalLondonSE1 7EHUK
| | - Peter J. Sadler
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WarwickCoventryCV4 7ALUK
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29
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Smith NA, Zhang P, Greenough SE, Horbury MD, Clarkson GJ, McFeely D, Habtemariam A, Salassa L, Stavros VG, Dowson CG, Sadler PJ. Combatting AMR: photoactivatable ruthenium(ii)-isoniazid complex exhibits rapid selective antimycobacterial activity. Chem Sci 2017; 8:395-404. [PMID: 28451184 PMCID: PMC5365061 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc03028a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel photoactive ruthenium(ii) complex cis-[Ru(bpy)2(INH)2][PF6]2 (1·2PF6, INH = isoniazid) was designed to incorporate the anti-tuberculosis drug, isoniazid, that could be released from the Ru(ii) cage by photoactivation with visible light. In aqueous solution, 1 rapidly released two equivalents of isoniazid and formed the photoproduct cis-[Ru(bpy)2(H2O)2]2+ upon irradiation with 465 nm blue light. We screened for activity against bacteria containing the three major classes of cell envelope: Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis, Gram-negative Escherichia coli, and Mycobacterium smegmatis in vitro using blue and multi-colored LED multi-well arrays. Complex 1 is inactive in the dark, but when photoactivated is 5.5× more potent towards M. smegmatis compared to the clinical drug isoniazid alone. Complementary pump-probe spectroscopy measurements along with density functional theory calculations reveal that the mono-aqua product is formed in <500 ps, likely facilitated by a 3MC state. Importantly, complex 1 is highly selective in killing mycobacteria versus normal human cells, towards which it is relatively non-toxic. This work suggests that photoactivatable prodrugs such as 1 are potentially powerful new agents in combatting the global problem of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichola A Smith
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry CV4 7AL , UK .
| | - Pingyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry CV4 7AL , UK .
| | - Simon E Greenough
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry CV4 7AL , UK .
| | - Michael D Horbury
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry CV4 7AL , UK .
| | - Guy J Clarkson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry CV4 7AL , UK .
| | - Daniel McFeely
- School of Life Sciences , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry CV4 7AL , UK .
| | - Abraha Habtemariam
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry CV4 7AL , UK .
| | - Luca Salassa
- CIC biomaGUNE , Paseo de Miramón 182 , Donostia-San Sebastián , 20009 , Spain
- Kimika Fakultatea , Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea and Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) , P.K. 1072 , Donostia-San Sebastián , 20080 , Spain
- Ikerbasque , Basque Foundation for Science , Bilbao , 48011 , Spain
| | - Vasilios G Stavros
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry CV4 7AL , UK .
| | - Christopher G Dowson
- School of Life Sciences , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry CV4 7AL , UK .
| | - Peter J Sadler
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry CV4 7AL , UK .
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30
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Smith NA, Zhang P, Salassa L, Habtemariam A, Sadler PJ. Synthesis, characterisation and dynamic behavior of photoactive bipyridyl ruthenium(II)-nicotinamide complexes. Inorganica Chim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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31
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Needham RJ, Sanchez-Cano C, Zhang X, Romero-Canelón I, Habtemariam A, Cooper MS, Meszaros L, Clarkson GJ, Blower PJ, Sadler PJ. In-Cell Activation of Organo-Osmium(II) Anticancer Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201610290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry; University of Warwick; Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | | | | | - Margaret S. Cooper
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering; King's College London; St. Thomas Hospital London SE1 7EH UK
| | - Levente Meszaros
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering; King's College London; St. Thomas Hospital London SE1 7EH UK
| | - Guy J. Clarkson
- Department of Chemistry; University of Warwick; Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Philip J. Blower
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering; King's College London; St. Thomas Hospital London SE1 7EH UK
| | - Peter J. Sadler
- Department of Chemistry; University of Warwick; Coventry CV4 7AL UK
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32
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Ruggiero E, Garino C, Mareque-Rivas JC, Habtemariam A, Salassa L. Corrigendum: Upconverting Nanoparticles Prompt Remote Near-Infrared Photoactivation of Ru(II)-Arene Complexes. Chemistry 2016; 22:12963-4. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201603155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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33
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Fu Y, Romero MJ, Salassa L, Cheng X, Habtemariam A, Clarkson GJ, Prokes I, Rodger A, Costantini G, Sadler PJ. Inside Back Cover: Os 2
-Os 4
Switch Controls DNA Knotting and Anticancer Activity (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 31/2016). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201605030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Fu
- Department of Chemistry; University of Warwick; Coventry CV4 7AL UK
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology; Center for Cancer Research, NCI; Building 37, Room 5011 Bethesda MD 20892-4264 USA
| | - María J. Romero
- Department of Chemistry; University of Warwick; Coventry CV4 7AL UK
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica; Facultade de Química; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela; 15782 Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Luca Salassa
- Department of Chemistry; University of Warwick; Coventry CV4 7AL UK
- CIC biomaGUNE; Paseo de Miramón 182 20009 Donostia-San Sebastián Spain
| | - Xi Cheng
- Department of Chemistry; University of Warwick; Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | | | - Guy J. Clarkson
- Department of Chemistry; University of Warwick; Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Ivan Prokes
- Department of Chemistry; University of Warwick; Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Alison Rodger
- Department of Chemistry; University of Warwick; Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | | | - Peter J. Sadler
- Department of Chemistry; University of Warwick; Coventry CV4 7AL UK
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Fu Y, Romero MJ, Salassa L, Cheng X, Habtemariam A, Clarkson GJ, Prokes I, Rodger A, Costantini G, Sadler PJ. Innenrücktitelbild: Os 2
-Os 4
Switch Controls DNA Knotting and Anticancer Activity (Angew. Chem. 31/2016). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201605030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Fu
- Department of Chemistry; University of Warwick; Coventry CV4 7AL UK
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology; Center for Cancer Research, NCI; Building 37, Room 5011 Bethesda MD 20892-4264 USA
| | - María J. Romero
- Department of Chemistry; University of Warwick; Coventry CV4 7AL UK
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica; Facultade de Química; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela; 15782 Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Luca Salassa
- Department of Chemistry; University of Warwick; Coventry CV4 7AL UK
- CIC biomaGUNE; Paseo de Miramón 182 20009 Donostia-San Sebastián Spain
| | - Xi Cheng
- Department of Chemistry; University of Warwick; Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | | | - Guy J. Clarkson
- Department of Chemistry; University of Warwick; Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Ivan Prokes
- Department of Chemistry; University of Warwick; Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Alison Rodger
- Department of Chemistry; University of Warwick; Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | | | - Peter J. Sadler
- Department of Chemistry; University of Warwick; Coventry CV4 7AL UK
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Fu Y, Romero MJ, Salassa L, Cheng X, Habtemariam A, Clarkson GJ, Prokes I, Rodger A, Costantini G, Sadler PJ. Os2 -Os4 Switch Controls DNA Knotting and Anticancer Activity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:8909-12. [PMID: 27240103 PMCID: PMC4982093 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201602995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dinuclear trihydroxido‐bridged osmium–arene complexes are inert and biologically inactive, but we show here that linking dihydroxido‐bridged OsII–arene fragments by a bridging di‐imine to form a metallacycle framework results in strong antiproliferative activity towards cancer cells and distinctive knotting of DNA. The shortened spacer length reduces biological activity and stability in solution towards decomposition to biologically inactive dimers. Significant differences in behavior toward plasmid DNA condensation are correlated with biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Fu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.,Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Building 37, Room 5011, Bethesda, MD, 20892-4264, USA
| | - María J Romero
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.,Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultade de Química, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Luca Salassa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.,CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo de Miramón 182, 20009, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Xi Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | | | - Guy J Clarkson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Ivan Prokes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Alison Rodger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | | | - Peter J Sadler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
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Fu Y, Romero MJ, Salassa L, Cheng X, Habtemariam A, Clarkson GJ, Prokes I, Rodger A, Costantini G, Sadler PJ. Os2-Os4Switch Controls DNA Knotting and Anticancer Activity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201602995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Fu
- Department of Chemistry; University of Warwick; Coventry CV4 7AL UK
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology; Center for Cancer Research, NCI; Building 37, Room 5011 Bethesda MD 20892-4264 USA
| | - María J. Romero
- Department of Chemistry; University of Warwick; Coventry CV4 7AL UK
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica; Facultade de Química; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela; 15782 Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Luca Salassa
- Department of Chemistry; University of Warwick; Coventry CV4 7AL UK
- CIC biomaGUNE; Paseo de Miramón 182 20009 Donostia-San Sebastián Spain
| | - Xi Cheng
- Department of Chemistry; University of Warwick; Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | | | - Guy J. Clarkson
- Department of Chemistry; University of Warwick; Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Ivan Prokes
- Department of Chemistry; University of Warwick; Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Alison Rodger
- Department of Chemistry; University of Warwick; Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | | | - Peter J. Sadler
- Department of Chemistry; University of Warwick; Coventry CV4 7AL UK
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37
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Štarha
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Inorganic
Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. listopadu
12, 77146 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U. K
| | - Abraha Habtemariam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U. K
| | - Isolda Romero-Canelón
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U. K
| | - Guy J. Clarkson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U. K
| | - Peter J. Sadler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U. K
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Ruggiero E, Garino C, Mareque-Rivas JC, Habtemariam A, Salassa L. Upconverting Nanoparticles Prompt Remote Near-Infrared Photoactivation of Ru(II)-Arene Complexes. Chemistry 2016; 22:2801-11. [PMID: 26785101 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and full characterisation (including X-ray diffraction studies and DFT calculations) of two new piano-stool Ru(II) -arene complexes, namely [(η(6) -p-cym)Ru(bpy)(m-CCH-Py)][(PF)6]2 (1) and [(η(6) -p-cym)Ru(bpm)(m-CCH-Py)][(PF)6]2 (2; p-cym=p-cymene, bpy=2,2'-bipyridine, bpm=2,2'-bipyrimidine, and m-CCH-Py=3-ethynylpyridine), is described and discussed. The reaction of the m-CCH-Py ligand of 1 and 2 with diethyl-3-azidopropyl phosphonate by Cu-catalysed click chemistry affords [(η(6) -p-cym)Ru(bpy)(P-Trz-Py)][(PF)6]2 (3) and [(η(6) -p-cym)Ru(bpm)(P-Trz-Py)][(PF)6]2 (4; P-Trz-Py=[3-(1-pyridin-3-yl-[1,2,3]triazol-4-yl)-propyl]phosphonic acid diethyl ester). Upon light excitation at λ=395 nm, complexes 1-4 photodissociate the monodentate pyridyl ligand and form the aqua adduct ions [(η(6) -p-cym)Ru(bpy)(H2O)](2+) and [(η(6) -p-cym)Ru(bpm)(H2O)](2+). Thulium -doped upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) are functionalised with 4, thus exploiting their surface affinity for the phosphonate group in the complex. The so-obtained nanosystem UCNP@4 undergoes near-infrared (NIR) photoactivation at λ=980 nm, thus producing the corresponding reactive aqua species that binds the DNA-model base guanosine 5'-monophosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Ruggiero
- CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo de Miramón182, 20009, Donostia-San Sebastián, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Claudio Garino
- Department of Chemistry and NIS Centre of Excellence, University of Turin, via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Juan C Mareque-Rivas
- CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo de Miramón182, 20009, Donostia-San Sebastián, Euskadi, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Abraha Habtemariam
- CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo de Miramón182, 20009, Donostia-San Sebastián, Euskadi, Spain. .,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011, Bilbao, Spain. .,Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Luca Salassa
- CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo de Miramón182, 20009, Donostia-San Sebastián, Euskadi, Spain. .,Kimika Fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea and Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) P.K., 1072, Donostia-San Sebastián, Euskadi, Spain.
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Venkatesh V, Wedge CJ, Romero-Canelón I, Habtemariam A, Sadler PJ. Spin-labelled photo-cytotoxic diazido platinum(iv) anticancer complex. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:13034-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt01382a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and characterisation of the nitroxide spin-labelled photoactivatable Pt(iv) prodrugtrans,trans,trans-[Pt(N3)2(OH)(OCOCH2CH2CONH-TEMPO)(Py)2] (Pt-TEMPO).
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Venkatesh
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Warwick
- Coventry CV4 7AL
- UK
| | | | | | | | - Peter J. Sadler
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Warwick
- Coventry CV4 7AL
- UK
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40
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Wang Y, Pitto-Barry A, Habtemariam A, Romero-Canelon I, Sadler PJ, Barry NPE. Nanoparticles of chitosan conjugated to organo-ruthenium complexes. Inorg Chem Front 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6qi00115g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of nanoparticles of conjugates of caffeic acid-modified chitosan with ruthenium arene complexes is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqing Wang
- Institute of Applied Chemistry and Environmental Engineering
- Yancheng Teachers University
- Yancheng City
- People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry
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Sriskandakumar T, Behyan S, Habtemariam A, Sadler PJ, Kennepohl P. Electrophilic Activation of Oxidized Sulfur Ligands and Implications for the Biological Activity of Ruthenium(II) Arene Anticancer Complexes. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:11574-80. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b02493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shirin Behyan
- The University of British Columbia, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Abraha Habtemariam
- University of Warwick, Department
of Chemistry, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J. Sadler
- University of Warwick, Department
of Chemistry, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre Kennepohl
- The University of British Columbia, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
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Soldevila-Barreda JJ, Habtemariam A, Romero-Canelón I, Sadler PJ. Half-sandwich rhodium(III) transfer hydrogenation catalysts: Reduction of NAD(+) and pyruvate, and antiproliferative activity. J Inorg Biochem 2015; 153:322-333. [PMID: 26601938 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Organometallic complexes have the potential to behave as catalytic drugs. We investigate here Rh(III) complexes of general formula [(Cp(x))Rh(N,N')(Cl)], where N,N' is ethylenediamine (en), 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy), 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) or N-(2-aminoethyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzenesulfonamide (TfEn), and Cp(x) is pentamethylcyclopentadienyl (Cp*), 1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetramethylcyclopentadienyl (Cp(xPh)) or 1-biphenyl-2,3,4,5-tetramethyl cyclopentadienyl (Cp(xPhPh)). These complexes can reduce NAD(+) to NADH using formate as a hydride source under biologically-relevant conditions. The catalytic activity decreased in the order of N,N-chelated ligand bpy > phen > en with Cp* as the η(5)-donor. The en complexes (1-3) became more active with extension to the Cp(X) ring, whereas the activity of the phen (7-9) and bpy (4-6) compounds decreased. [Cp*Rh(bpy)Cl](+) (4) showed the highest catalytic activity, with a TOF of 37.4±2h(-1). Fast hydrolysis of the chlorido complexes 1-10 was observed by (1)H NMR (<10min at 310K). The pKa* values for the aqua adducts were determined to be ca. 8-10. Complexes 1-9 also catalysed the reduction of pyruvate to lactate using formate as the hydride donor. The efficiency of the transfer hydrogenation reactions was highly dependent on the nature of the chelating ligand and the Cp(x) ring. Competition reactions between NAD(+) and pyruvate for reduction by formate catalysed by 4 showed a preference for reduction of NAD(+). The antiproliferative activity of complex 3 towards A2780 human ovarian cancer cells increased by up to 50% when administered in combination with non-toxic doses of formate, suggesting that transfer hydrogenation can induce reductive stress in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abraha Habtemariam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Isolda Romero-Canelón
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Peter J Sadler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
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Millett AJ, Habtemariam A, Romero-Canelón I, Clarkson GJ, Sadler PJ. Contrasting Anticancer Activity of Half-Sandwich Iridium(III) Complexes Bearing Functionally Diverse 2-Phenylpyridine Ligands. Organometallics 2015; 34:2683-2694. [PMID: 26146437 PMCID: PMC4482135 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.5b00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis, characterization, and antiproliferative activity of 15 iridium(III) half-sandwich complexes of the type [(η5-Cp*)Ir(2-(R'-phenyl)-R-pyridine)Cl] bearing either an electron-donating (-OH, -CH2OH, -CH3) or electron-withdrawing (-F, -CHO, -NO2) group at various positions on the 2-phenylpyridine (2-PhPy) chelating ligand giving rise to six sets of structural isomers. The X-ray crystal structures of [(η5-Cp*)Ir(2-(2'-fluorophenyl)pyridine)Cl] (1) and [(η5-Cp*)Ir(2-(4'-fluorophenyl)pyridine)Cl] (2) exhibit the expected "piano-stool" configuration. DFT calculations showed that substituents caused only localized effects on the electrostatic potential surface of the chelating 2-PhPy ligand of the complexes. Hydrolysis of all complexes is rapid, but readily reversed by addition of NaCl. The complexes show preferential binding to 9-ethylguanine over 9-methyladenine and are active catalysts for the oxidation of NADH to NAD+. Antiproliferative activity experiments in A2780 ovarian, MCF-7 breast, A549 lung, and HCT116 colon cancer cell lines showed IC50 values ranging from 1 to 89 μM, with the most potent complex, [(η5-Cp*)Ir(2-(2'-methylphenyl)pyridine)Cl] (13) (A2780 IC50 = 1.18 μM), being 10× more active than the parent, [(η5-Cp*)Ir(2-phenylpyridine)Cl], and 2× more active than [(η5-CpxPh)Ir(2-phenylpyridine)Cl]. Intriguingly, contrasting biological activities are observed between structural isomers despite exhibiting similar chemical reactivity. For pairs of structural isomers both the nature and position of the functional group can affect the hydrophobicity of the complex. An increase in hydrophobicity resulted in enhanced cellular-iridium accumulation in A2780 ovarian cells, which generally gave rise to an increase in potency. The structural isomers [(η5-Cp*)Ir(2-(4'-fluorophenyl)pyridine)Cl] (2) and [(η5-Cp*)Ir(2-phenyl-5-fluoropyridine)Cl] (4) preferentially localized in the cytosol > membrane and particulate > nucleus > cytoskeleton. This work highlights the strong dependence of biological behavior on the nature and position of the substituent on the chelating ligand and shows how this class of organometallic anticancer complexes can be fine-tuned to increase their potency without using extended cyclopentadienyl systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Millett
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Abraha Habtemariam
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Isolda Romero-Canelón
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Guy J. Clarkson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Peter J. Sadler
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K.
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Habtemariam A, Garino C, Ruggiero E, Alonso-de Castro S, Mareque-Rivas JC, Salassa L. Photorelease of Pyridyl Esters in Organometallic Ru(II) Arene Complexes. Molecules 2015; 20:7276-91. [PMID: 25905605 PMCID: PMC6272714 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20047276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
New Ru(II) arene complexes of formula [(η6-p-cym)Ru(N-N)(X)]2+ (where p-cym = para-cymene, N-N = 2,2'-bipyrimidine (bpm) or 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) and X = m/p-COOMe-Py, 1-4) were synthesised and characterized, including the molecular structure of complexes [(η6-p-cym)Ru(bpy)(m-COOMe-Py)]2+ (3) and [(η6-p-cym)Ru(bpy) (p-COOMe-Py)]2+ (4) by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Complexes 1-4 are stable in the dark in aqueous solution over 48 h and photolysis studies indicate that they can photodissociate the monodentate m/p-COOMe-Py ligands selectively with yields lower than 1%. DFT and TD-DFT calculations (B3LYP/LanL2DZ/6-31G**) performed on singlet and triplet states pinpoint a low-energy triplet state as the reactive state responsible for the selective dissociation of the monodentate pyridyl ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraha Habtemariam
- CIC biomaGUNE, Donostia–San Sebastián 20009, Spain; E-Mails: (A.H.); (E.R.); (S.A.C.); (J.C.M.-R.)
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48011, Spain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Claudio Garino
- Department of Chemistry and NIS Centre of Excellence, University of Turin, Turin 10125, Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Emmanuel Ruggiero
- CIC biomaGUNE, Donostia–San Sebastián 20009, Spain; E-Mails: (A.H.); (E.R.); (S.A.C.); (J.C.M.-R.)
| | - Silvia Alonso-de Castro
- CIC biomaGUNE, Donostia–San Sebastián 20009, Spain; E-Mails: (A.H.); (E.R.); (S.A.C.); (J.C.M.-R.)
| | - Juan C. Mareque-Rivas
- CIC biomaGUNE, Donostia–San Sebastián 20009, Spain; E-Mails: (A.H.); (E.R.); (S.A.C.); (J.C.M.-R.)
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48011, Spain
| | - Luca Salassa
- CIC biomaGUNE, Donostia–San Sebastián 20009, Spain; E-Mails: (A.H.); (E.R.); (S.A.C.); (J.C.M.-R.)
- Kimika Fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea and Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia–San Sebastián 20080, Spain
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Liu Z, Romero-Canelón I, Habtemariam A, Clarkson GJ, Sadler PJ. Potent Half-Sandwich Iridium(III) Anticancer Complexes Containing C ∧N-Chelated and Pyridine Ligands. Organometallics 2014; 33:5324-5333. [PMID: 25328266 PMCID: PMC4195516 DOI: 10.1021/om500644f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and characterization of eight half-sandwich cyclopentadienyl IrIII pyridine complexes of the type [(η5-Cpxph)Ir(phpy)Z]PF6, in which Cpxph = C5Me4C6H5 (tetramethyl(phenyl)cyclopentadienyl), phpy = 2-phenylpyridine as C∧N-chelating ligand, and Z = pyridine (py) or a pyridine derivative. Three X-ray crystal structures have been determined. The monodentate py ligands blocked hydrolysis; however, antiproliferative studies showed that all the Ir compounds are highly active toward A2780, A549, and MCF-7 human cancer cells. In general the introduction of an electron-donating group (e.g., Me, NMe2) at specific positions on the pyridine ring resulted in increased antiproliferative activity, whereas electron-withdrawing groups (e.g., COMe, COOMe, CONEt2) decreased anticancer activity. Complex 5 displayed the highest anticancer activity, exhibiting submicromolar potency toward a range of cancer cell lines in the National Cancer Institute NCI-60 screen, ca. 5 times more potent than the clinical platinum(II) drug cisplatin. DNA binding appears not to be the major mechanism of action. Although complexes [(η5-Cpxph)Ir(phpy)(py)]+ (1) and [(η5-Cpxph)Ir(phpy)(4-NMe2-py)]+ (5) did not cause cell apoptosis or cell cycle arrest after 24 h drug exposure in A2780 human ovarian cancer cells at IC50 concentrations, they increased the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) dramatically and led to a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), which appears to contribute to the anticancer activity. This class of organometallic Ir complexes has unusual features worthy of further exploration in the design of novel anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isolda Romero-Canelón
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Abraha Habtemariam
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Guy J. Clarkson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Peter J. Sadler
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
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Wills RH, Habtemariam A, Lopez-Clavijo AF, Barrow MP, Sadler PJ, O'Connor PB. Insights into the binding sites of organometallic ruthenium anticancer compounds on peptides using ultra-high resolution mass spectrometry. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2014; 25:662-672. [PMID: 24488754 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-013-0819-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The binding sites of two ruthenium(II) organometallic complexes of the form [(η(6)-arene)Ru(N,N)Cl](+), where arene/N,N = biphenyl (bip)/bipyridine (bipy) for complex AH076, and biphenyl (bip)/o-phenylenediamine (o-pda) for complex AH078, on the peptides angiotensin and bombesin have been investigated using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) mass spectrometry. Fragmentation was performed using collisionally activated dissociation (CAD), with, in some cases, additional data being provided by electron capture dissociation (ECD). The primary binding sites were identified as methionine and histidine, with further coordination to phenylalanine, potentially through a π-stacking interaction, which has been observed here for the first time. This initial peptide study was expanded to investigate protein binding through reaction with insulin, on which the binding sites proposed are histidine, glutamic acid, and tyrosine. Further reaction of the ruthenium complexes with the oxidized B chain of insulin, in which two cysteine residues are oxidized to cysteine sulfonic acid (Cys-SO3H), and glutathione, which had been oxidized with hydrogen peroxide to convert the cysteine to cysteine sulfonic acid, provided further support for histidine and glutamic acid binding, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca H Wills
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
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Liu Z, Romero-Canelón I, Qamar B, Hearn JM, Habtemariam A, Barry NPE, Pizarro AM, Clarkson GJ, Sadler PJ. The Potent Oxidant Anticancer Activity of Organoiridium Catalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201311161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Liu Z, Romero-Canelón I, Qamar B, Hearn JM, Habtemariam A, Barry NPE, Pizarro AM, Clarkson GJ, Sadler PJ. The potent oxidant anticancer activity of organoiridium catalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:3941-6. [PMID: 24616129 PMCID: PMC4227564 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201311161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Platinum complexes are the most widely used anticancer drugs; however, new generations of agents are needed. The organoiridium(III) complex [(η5-Cpxbiph)Ir(phpy)(Cl)] (1-Cl), which contains π-bonded biphenyltetramethylcyclopentadienyl (Cpxbiph) and C∧N-chelated phenylpyridine (phpy) ligands, undergoes rapid hydrolysis of the chlorido ligand. In contrast, the pyridine complex [(η5-Cpxbiph)Ir(phpy)(py)]+ (1-py) aquates slowly, and is more potent (in nanomolar amounts) than both 1-Cl and cisplatin towards a wide range of cancer cells. The pyridine ligand protects 1-py from rapid reaction with intracellular glutathione. The high potency of 1-py correlates with its ability to increase substantially the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cancer cells. The unprecedented ability of these iridium complexes to generate H2O2 by catalytic hydride transfer from the coenzyme NADH to oxygen is demonstrated. Such organoiridium complexes are promising as a new generation of anticancer drugs for effective oxidant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL (UK)
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Ruggiero E, Habtemariam A, Yate L, Mareque-Rivas JC, Salassa L. Near infrared photolysis of a Ru polypyridyl complex by upconverting nanoparticles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:1715-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc47601d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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50
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Zhao Y, Farrer NJ, Li H, Butler JS, McQuitty RJ, Habtemariam A, Wang F, Sadler PJ. De novo generation of singlet oxygen and ammine ligands by photoactivation of a platinum anticancer complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:13633-7. [PMID: 24167018 PMCID: PMC4230391 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201307505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Worth the excitement: Highly reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are generated by photoactivation of the anticancer platinum(IV) complex trans,trans,trans-[Pt(N3 )2 (OH)2 (MA)(Py)] (MA=methylamine, Py=pyridine). Singlet oxygen is formed from the hydroxido ligands and not from dissolved oxygen, and ammine ligands are products from the conversion of azido ligands to nitrenes. Both processes can induce oxidation of guanine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick,CV4 7AL (United Kingdom)
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems,Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190 (P.R. China)
| | - Nicola J Farrer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick,CV4 7AL (United Kingdom)
| | - Huilin Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick,CV4 7AL (United Kingdom)
| | - Jennifer S Butler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick,CV4 7AL (United Kingdom)
| | - Ruth J McQuitty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick,CV4 7AL (United Kingdom)
| | | | - Fuyi Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems,Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190 (P.R. China)
| | - Peter J Sadler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick,CV4 7AL (United Kingdom)
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