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Tsesmetzis N, Paulin CBJ, Rudd SG, Herold N. Nucleobase and Nucleoside Analogues: Resistance and Re-Sensitisation at the Level of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Metabolism. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10070240. [PMID: 30041457 PMCID: PMC6071274 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10070240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimetabolites, in particular nucleobase and nucleoside analogues, are cytotoxic drugs that, starting from the small field of paediatric oncology, in combination with other chemotherapeutics, have revolutionised clinical oncology and transformed cancer into a curable disease. However, even though combination chemotherapy, together with radiation, surgery and immunotherapy, can nowadays cure almost all types of cancer, we still fail to achieve this for a substantial proportion of patients. The understanding of differences in metabolism, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and tumour biology between patients that can be cured and patients that cannot, builds the scientific basis for rational therapy improvements. Here, we summarise current knowledge of how tumour-specific and patient-specific factors can dictate resistance to nucleobase/nucleoside analogues, and which strategies of re-sensitisation exist. We revisit well-established hurdles to treatment efficacy, like the blood-brain barrier and reduced deoxycytidine kinase activity, but will also discuss the role of novel resistance factors, such as SAMHD1. A comprehensive appreciation of the complex mechanisms that underpin the failure of chemotherapy will hopefully inform future strategies of personalised medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Tsesmetzis
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Cynthia B J Paulin
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Sean G Rudd
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Nikolas Herold
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
- Paediatric Oncology, Theme of Children's and Women's Health, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Russell J, Pillarsetty N, Kramer RM, Romesser PB, Desai P, Haimovitz-Friedman A, Lowery MA, Humm JL. In Vitro and In Vivo Comparison of Gemcitabine and the Gemcitabine Analog 1-(2'-deoxy-2'-fluoroarabinofuranosyl) Cytosine (FAC) in Human Orthotopic and Genetically Modified Mouse Pancreatic Cancer Models. Mol Imaging Biol 2018; 19:885-892. [PMID: 28349292 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-017-1078-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although gemcitabine is a mainstay of pancreatic cancer therapy, it is only moderately effective, and it would be desirable to measure drug uptake in patients. 1-(2'-deoxy-2'-fluoroarabinofuranosyl) cytosine (FAC), is an analog of gemcitabine, and when labeled with F-18, it may be a potential surrogate PET tracer for the drug. PROCEDURES [18F]FAC was synthesized to a radiochemical purity of >96 %. The human tumor lines AsPC1, BxPC3, Capan-1, Panc1, and MiaPaca2 were grown orthotopically in nude mice. KPC mice that conditionally express oncogenic K-ras and p53 mutations in pancreatic tissue were also used. The intra-tumoral distributions of [14C]gemcitabine and [18F]FAC were mapped with autoradiography. The inter-tumor correlation between [14C]gemcitabine and [18F]FAC was established in the orthotopic tumors. Expression of the equilibrative and concentrative nucleoside transporters (ENT, CNT) in vitro was detected by western blotting. Drug uptake was characterized in vitro using [3H]gemcitabine and the effect of transporter inhibition on gemcitabine and FAC uptake was investigated. The relative affinity of cells for gemcitabine and FAC was tested in competition assays. The cell lines differed in sensitivity to transport inhibitors and in competition studies. There was a good in vivo correlation between the total uptake of [18F]FAC and [14C]gemcitabine, measured across all orthotopic tumors. Using the KPC and BxPC3 models, we found that [14C]gemcitabine and [18F]FAC were largely co-localized. CONCLUSIONS In the lines examined here, [18F]FAC uptake correlates well with gemcitabine in vivo, supporting the notion that [18F]FAC can serve as a PET radiotracer surrogate to determine the uptake and distribution of gemcitabine within pancreatic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Russell
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | | | - Robin M Kramer
- Research Animal Resource Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Paul B Romesser
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pooja Desai
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Maeve A Lowery
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - John L Humm
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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53
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Duan X, Gan Q, Song X, Fang S, Zhang X, Ruan Q, Zhang J. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 99m
Tc-oxo and 99m
Tc-tricarbonyl complexes with C3′-functionalized thymidine dithiocarbamate for tumor imaging. Appl Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.4424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojiang Duan
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry; Beijing Normal University; Beijing 100875 China
| | - Qianqian Gan
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry; Beijing Normal University; Beijing 100875 China
| | - Xiaoqing Song
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry; Beijing Normal University; Beijing 100875 China
| | - Si'an Fang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry; Beijing Normal University; Beijing 100875 China
| | - Xuran Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry; Beijing Normal University; Beijing 100875 China
- Department of Isotopes; China Institute of Atomic Energy; P. O. Box 2108 Beijing 102413 China
| | - Qing Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry; Beijing Normal University; Beijing 100875 China
| | - Junbo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry; Beijing Normal University; Beijing 100875 China
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54
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Gorzkiewicz M, Buczkowski A, Appelhans D, Voit B, Pułaski Ł, Pałecz B, Klajnert-Maculewicz B. Poly(propyleneimine) glycodendrimers non-covalently bind ATP in a pH- and salt-dependent manner - model studies for adenosine analogue drug delivery. Int J Pharm 2018; 544:83-90. [PMID: 29653214 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine analogue drugs (such as fludarabine or cladribine) require transporter-mediated uptake into cells and subsequent phosphorylation for anticancer activity. Therefore, application of nanocarrier systems for direct delivery of active triphosphate forms has been proposed. Here, we applied isothermal titration calorimetry and zeta potential titration to determine the stoichiometry and thermodynamic parameters of interactions between 4th generation poly(propyleneimine) dendrimers (unmodified or sugar-modified for increased biocompatibility) and ATP as a model adenosine nucleotide. We showed that glycodendrimers have the ability to efficiently interact with nucleoside triphosphates and to form stable complexes via electrostatic interactions between the ionized phosphate and amino groups on the nucleotide and the dendrimer, respectively. The complexation process is spontaneous, enthalpy-driven and depends on buffer composition (strongest interactions in organic buffer) and pH (more binding sites in acidic pH). These properties allow us to consider maltose-modified dendrimers as especially promising carriers for adenosine analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Gorzkiewicz
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska St., 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Adam Buczkowski
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, 165 Pomorska St., 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Dietmar Appelhans
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Brigitte Voit
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Łukasz Pułaski
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska St., 90-236 Lodz, Poland; Laboratory of Transcriptional Regulation, Institute of Medical Biology PAS, 106 Lodowa St., 93-232 Lodz, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Pałecz
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, 165 Pomorska St., 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Barbara Klajnert-Maculewicz
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska St., 90-236 Lodz, Poland; Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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55
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Duan X, Zhang X, Gan Q, Fang S, Ruan Q, Song X, Zhang J. Novel 99mTc-labelled complexes with thymidine isocyanide: radiosynthesis and evaluation as potential tumor imaging tracers. MEDCHEMCOMM 2018; 9:705-712. [PMID: 30108961 PMCID: PMC6071732 DOI: 10.1039/c7md00635g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A novel thymidine isocyanide (CN-TdR) functionalized at the N3 position of thymidine was synthesized and then radiolabelled with 99mTc(i) and [99mTc(i)(CO)3]+ cores to produce [99mTc(CN-TdR)6]+ and [99mTc(CO)3(CN-TdR)3]+, respectively. Both of them were prepared with high radiochemical purity and were stable over 6 h in saline at ambient temperature and in serum at 37 °C. The partition coefficient results demonstrated that they were hydrophilic. The cell internalization studies showed that their uptake might be mediated by nucleoside transporters. Biodistribution of these complexes in mice bearing the S180 tumor showed that they accumulated in the tumor with high uptake and cleared rapidly from blood and muscles, producing high tumor/blood and tumor/muscle ratios. Between them, [99mTc(CN-TdR)6]+ exhibited advantages concerning a higher tumor uptake, tumor/blood ratio and tumor/muscle ratio at 60 min post-injection. Single photon emission computed tomography imaging studies showed that there was a clear accumulation in tumor sites, suggesting that [99mTc(CN-TdR)6]+ could be a promising candidate for tumor imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojiang Duan
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals , Ministry of Education , College of Chemistry , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , P.R. China .
| | - Xuran Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals , Ministry of Education , College of Chemistry , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , P.R. China .
- Department of Isotopes , China Institute of Atomic Energy , P. O. Box 2108 , Beijing 102413 , P.R. China
| | - Qianqian Gan
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals , Ministry of Education , College of Chemistry , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , P.R. China .
| | - Si'an Fang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals , Ministry of Education , College of Chemistry , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , P.R. China .
| | - Qing Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals , Ministry of Education , College of Chemistry , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , P.R. China .
| | - Xiaoqing Song
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals , Ministry of Education , College of Chemistry , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , P.R. China .
| | - Junbo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals , Ministry of Education , College of Chemistry , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , P.R. China .
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Gorzkiewicz M, Jatczak-Pawlik I, Studzian M, Pułaski Ł, Appelhans D, Voit B, Klajnert-Maculewicz B. Glycodendrimer Nanocarriers for Direct Delivery of Fludarabine Triphosphate to Leukemic Cells: Improved Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Fludarabine. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:531-543. [PMID: 29323872 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b01650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Fludarabine, a nucleoside analogue antimetabolite, has complicated pharmacokinetics requiring facilitated transmembrane transport and intracellular conversion to triphosphate nucleotide form (Ara-FATP), causing it to be susceptible to emergence of drug resistance. We are testing a promising strategy to improve its clinical efficacy by direct delivery of Ara-FATP utilizing a biocompatible glycodendrimer nanocarrier system. Here, we present results of a proof-of-concept experiment in several in vitro-cultured leukemic cell lines (CCRF, THP-1, U937) using noncovalent complexes of maltose-modified poly(propyleneimine) dendrimer and fludarabine triphosphate. We show that Ara-FATP has limited cytotoxic activity toward investigated cells relative to free nucleoside (Ara-FA), but complexation with the glycodendrimer (which does not otherwise influence cellular metabolism) drastically increases its toxicity. Moreover, we show that transport via hENT1 is a limiting step in Ara-FA toxicity, while complexation with dendrimer allows Ara-FATP to kill cells even in the presence of a hENT1 inhibitor. Thus, the use of glycodendrimers for drug delivery would allow us to circumvent naturally occurring drug resistance due to decreased transporter activity. Finally, we demonstrate that complex formation does not change the advantageous multifactorial intracellular pharmacodynamics of Ara-FATP, preserving its high capability to inhibit DNA and RNA synthesis and induce apoptosis via the intrinsic pathway. In comparison to other nucleoside analogue drugs, fludarabine is hereby demonstrated to be an optimal candidate for maltose glycodendrimer-mediated drug delivery in antileukemic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Łukasz Pułaski
- Laboratory of Transcriptional Regulation, Institute of Medical Biology PAS , 106 Lodowa Street, 93-232 Lodz, Poland
| | - Dietmar Appelhans
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Brigitte Voit
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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Parker WB, Sorscher EJ. Use of E. coli Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase in the Treatment of Solid Tumors. Curr Pharm Des 2017; 23:CPD-EPUB-86774. [PMID: 29119917 PMCID: PMC6224313 DOI: 10.2174/1381612823666171109101851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The selective expression of non-human genes in tumor tissue to activate non-toxic compounds (Gene Directed Prodrug Enzyme Therapy, GDEPT) is a novel strategy designed for killing tumor cells in patients with little or no systemic toxicity. Numerous non-human genes have been evaluated, but none have yet been successful in the clinic. METHODS Unlike human purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP), E. coli PNP accepts adenine containing nucleosides as substrates, and is therefore able to selectively activate non-toxic purine analogs in tumor tissue. Various in vitro and in vivo assays have been utilized to evaluate E. coli PNP as a potential activating enzyme. RESULTS We and others have demonstrated excellent in vitro and in vivo anti-tumor activity with various GDEPT strategies utilizing E. coli PNP to activate purine nucleoside analogs. A phase I clinical trial utilizing recombinant adenoviral vector for delivery of E. coli PNP to solid tumors followed by systemic administration of fludarabine phosphate (NCT01310179; IND# 14271) has recently been completed. In this trial, significant anti-tumor activity was demonstrated with negligible toxicity related to the therapy. The mechanism of cell kill (inhibition of RNA and protein synthesis) is distinct from all currently used anticancer drugs and all experimental compounds under development. The approach has demonstrated excellent ability to kill neighboring tumor cells that do not express E. coli PNP, is active against non-proliferating and proliferating tumors cells (as well as tumor stem cells, stroma), and is therefore very effective against solid tumors with a low growth fraction. CONCLUSION The unique attributes distinguish this approach from other GDEPT strategies and are precisely those required to mediate significant improvements in antitumor therapy.
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Xavier NM, Gonçalves-Pereira R, Jorda R, Řezníčková E, Kryštof V, Oliveira MC. Synthesis and antiproliferative evaluation of novel azido nucleosides and their phosphoramidate derivatives. PURE APPL CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2016-1218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:New xylofuranosyl and glucopyranosyl nucleoside phosphoramidates were synthesized as potential mimetics of nucleoside 5′-monophosphates. Their access involved N-glycosylation of uracil and 2-acetamido-6-chloropurine with 5′/6′-azido-1,2-di-O-acetyl glycosyl donors and subsequent Staudinger-phosphite reaction of the resulting azido nucleosides. The coupling of the purine derivative with the pyranosyl donor furnished N9- and N7-linked nucleosides in 1:1 ratio, whereas with the furanosyl donor, the N9-nucleoside was the major regioisomer formed. When using uracil, only 5′/6′-azido N1-linked nucleosides were obtained. The purine 5′/6′-azido nucleosides were converted into corresponding phosphoramidates in good yields. The antiproliferative effects of the nucleoside phosphoramidates and those of the azido counterparts on cancer cells were evaluated. While the nucleoside phosphoramidates did not show significant activities, the purine 5′/6′-azido nucleosides displayed potent effects against K562, MCF-7 and BT474 cell lines. The 5′-azidofuranosyl N9 and N7-linked purine nucleosides exhibited highest activity towards the chronic myeloid leukemia cell line (K562) with GI50 values of 13.6 and 9.7 μM, respectively. Among pyranosyl nucleosides, the N7-linked nucleoside was the most active compound with efficacy towards all cell lines assayed and a highest effect on K562 cells (GI50=6.8 μM). Cell cycle analysis of K562 and MCF-7 cells showed that the most active compounds cause G2/M arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno M. Xavier
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Ed. C8, 2/5º Piso, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rita Gonçalves-Pereira
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Ed. C8, 2/5º Piso, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Radek Jorda
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Řezníčková
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Kryštof
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - M. Conceição Oliveira
- Centro de Química Estrutural (CQE), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
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Tsume Y, Drelich AJ, Smith DE, Amidon GL. Potential Development of Tumor-Targeted Oral Anti-Cancer Prodrugs: Amino Acid and Dipeptide Monoester Prodrugs of Gemcitabine. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22081322. [PMID: 28796151 PMCID: PMC5826767 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22081322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the main obstacles for cancer therapies is to deliver medicines effectively to target sites. Since stroma cells are developed around tumors, chemotherapeutic agents have to go through stroma cells in order to reach tumors. As a method to improve drug delivery to the tumor site, a prodrug approach for gemcitabine was adopted. Amino acid and dipeptide monoester prodrugs of gemcitabine were synthesized and their chemical stability in buffers, resistance to thymidine phosphorylase and cytidine deaminase, antiproliferative activity, and uptake/permeability in HFF cells as a surrogate to stroma cells were determined and compared to their parent drug, gemcitabine. The activation of all gemcitabine prodrugs was faster in pancreatic cell homogenates than their hydrolysis in buffer, suggesting enzymatic action. All prodrugs exhibited great stability in HFF cell homogenate, enhanced resistance to glycosidic bond metabolism by thymidine phosphorylase, and deamination by cytidine deaminase compared to their parent drug. All gemcitabine prodrugs exhibited higher uptake in HFF cells and better permeability across HFF monolayers than gemcitabine, suggesting a better delivery to tumor sites. Cell antiproliferative assays in Panc-1 and Capan-2 pancreatic ductal cell lines indicated that the gemcitabine prodrugs were more potent than their parent drug gemcitabine. The transport and enzymatic profiles of gemcitabine prodrugs suggest their potential for delayed enzymatic bioconversion and enhanced resistance to metabolic enzymes, as well as for enhanced drug delivery to tumor sites, and cytotoxic activity in cancer cells. These attributes would facilitate the prolonged systemic circulation and improved therapeutic efficacy of gemcitabine prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Tsume
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1065, USA.
| | - Adam J Drelich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1065, USA.
| | - David E Smith
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1065, USA.
| | - Gordon L Amidon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1065, USA.
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Hong M. Biochemical studies on the structure-function relationship of major drug transporters in the ATP-binding cassette family and solute carrier family. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 116:3-20. [PMID: 27317853 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human drug transporters often play key roles in determining drug accumulation within cells. Their activities are often directly related to therapeutic efficacy, drug toxicity as well as drug-drug interactions. However, the progress for interpretation of their crystal structures is relatively slow. Hence, conventional biochemical studies together with computer modeling became useful manners to reveal essential structures of these membrane proteins. Over the years, quite a few structure-function relationship information had been obtained for members of the two major transporter families: the ATP-binding cassette family and the solute carrier family. Critical structural features of drug transporters include transmembrane domains, post-translational modification sites and domains for cell surface assembly and protein-protein interactions. Alterations at these important sites may affect protein stability, trafficking to the plasma membrane and/or ability of transporters to interact with substrates.
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Aoyama T, Kazama K, Miyagi Y, Murakawa M, Yamaoku K, Atsumi Y, Shiozawa M, Ueno M, Morimoto M, Oshima T, Yukawa N, Yoshikawa T, Rino Y, Masuda M, Morinaga S. Predictive role of human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 in patients with pancreatic cancer treated by curative resection and gemcitabine-only adjuvant chemotherapy. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:599-606. [PMID: 28693211 PMCID: PMC5494679 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The predictive roles of human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hENT-1) in patients who undergo curative resection and adjuvant chemotherapy with gemcitabine alone have not been established. The present study retrospectively analyzed the clinical data from 101 consecutive patients who underwent curative resection and who received gemcitabine adjuvant chemotherapy for the treatment of pancreatic cancer at Kanagawa Cancer Center (Yokohama, Japan) between 2005 and 2014. The associations between the hENT-1 status and the survival and clinicopathological features of the patients were investigated. Of the 101 patients, 60 patients (59.4%) had high levels of hENT-1 expression. A significant association was observed between hENT-1 status and sex; however, for all the other clinicopathological parameters, including tumor and node stages, no differences were observed between the high and low hENT-1 expression groups. The median follow-up period of the present study was 67.3 months. Between the high and low hENT-1 expression groups, there was a statistically significant difference in the 5-year overall survival (OS) rates following surgery (20.6 and 8.9%, respectively; P=0.019). In addition, a significant difference was observed in the recurrence-free survival (RFS) rates at 5 years following surgery (P=0.049). hENT-1 status was one of the important predictive factors for OS and RFS in patients with pancreatic cancer who underwent curative resection followed by adjuvant chemotherapy with gemcitabine. Adjuvant chemotherapy with gemcitabine alone may be insufficient, particularly in patients with certain relevant risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Aoyama
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa 241-8515, Japan
| | - Keisuke Kazama
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa 241-8515, Japan
| | - Yohei Miyagi
- Molecular Pathology and Genetics Division, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa 241-8515, Japan
| | - Masaaki Murakawa
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa 241-8515, Japan
| | - Koichiro Yamaoku
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa 241-8515, Japan
| | - Yosuke Atsumi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa 241-8515, Japan
| | - Manabu Shiozawa
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa 241-8515, Japan
| | - Makoto Ueno
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Oncology, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa 241-8515, Japan
| | - Manabu Morimoto
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Oncology, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa 241-8515, Japan
| | - Takashi Oshima
- Department of Surgery, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0027, Japan
| | - Norio Yukawa
- Department of Surgery, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0027, Japan
| | - Takaki Yoshikawa
- Department of Surgery, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0027, Japan
| | - Yasushi Rino
- Department of Surgery, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0027, Japan
| | - Munetaka Masuda
- Department of Surgery, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0027, Japan
| | - Soichiro Morinaga
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa 241-8515, Japan
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The SLC28 (CNT) and SLC29 (ENT) nucleoside transporter families: a 30-year collaborative odyssey. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 44:869-76. [PMID: 27284054 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Specialized nucleoside transporter (NT) proteins are required for passage of nucleosides and hydrophilic nucleoside analogues across biological membranes. Physiologic nucleosides serve as central salvage metabolites in nucleotide biosynthesis, and nucleoside analogues are used as chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of cancer and antiviral diseases. The nucleoside adenosine modulates numerous cellular events via purino-receptor cell signalling pathways. Human NTs are divided into two structurally unrelated protein families: the SLC28 concentrative nucleoside transporter (CNT) family and the SLC29 equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ENT) family. Human CNTs are inwardly directed Na(+)-dependent nucleoside transporters found predominantly in intestinal and renal epithelial and other specialized cell types. Human ENTs mediate bidirectional fluxes of purine and pyrimidine nucleosides down their concentration gradients and are ubiquitously found in most, possibly all, cell types. Both protein families are evolutionarily old: CNTs are present in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes; ENTs are widely distributed in mammalian, lower vertebrate and other eukaryote species. This mini-review describes a 30-year collaboration with Professor Stephen Baldwin to identify and understand the structures and functions of these physiologically and clinically important transport proteins.
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The Adenosinergic System as a Therapeutic Target in the Vasculature: New Ligands and Challenges. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22050752. [PMID: 28481238 PMCID: PMC6154114 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22050752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine is an adenine base purine with actions as a modulator of neurotransmission, smooth muscle contraction, and immune response in several systems of the human body, including the cardiovascular system. In the vasculature, four P1-receptors or adenosine receptors—A1, A2A, A2B and A3—have been identified. Adenosine receptors are membrane G-protein receptors that trigger their actions through several signaling pathways and present differential affinity requirements. Adenosine is an endogenous ligand whose extracellular levels can reach concentrations high enough to activate the adenosine receptors. This nucleoside is a product of enzymatic breakdown of extra and intracellular adenine nucleotides and also of S-adenosylhomocysteine. Adenosine availability is also dependent on the activity of nucleoside transporters (NTs). The interplay between NTs and adenosine receptors’ activities are debated and a particular attention is given to the paramount importance of the disruption of this interplay in vascular pathophysiology, namely in hypertension., The integration of important functional aspects of individual adenosine receptor pharmacology (such as in vasoconstriction/vasodilation) and morphological features (within the three vascular layers) in vessels will be discussed, hopefully clarifying the importance of adenosine receptors/NTs for modulating peripheral mesenteric vascular resistance. In recent years, an increase interest in purine physiology/pharmacology has led to the development of new ligands for adenosine receptors. Some of them have been patented as having promising therapeutic activities and some have been chosen to undergo on clinical trials. Increased levels of endogenous adenosine near a specific subtype can lead to its activation, constituting an indirect receptor targeting approach either by inhibition of NT or, alternatively, by increasing the activity of enzymes responsible for ATP breakdown. These findings highlight the putative role of adenosinergic players as attractive therapeutic targets for cardiovascular pathologies, namely hypertension, heart failure or stroke. Nevertheless, several aspects are still to be explored, creating new challenges to be addressed in future studies, particularly the development of strategies able to circumvent the predicted side effects of these therapies.
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Gorzkiewicz M, Klajnert-Maculewicz B. Dendrimers as nanocarriers for nucleoside analogues. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2017; 114:43-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Visualizing multistep elevator-like transitions of a nucleoside transporter. Nature 2017; 545:66-70. [PMID: 28424521 PMCID: PMC5567992 DOI: 10.1038/nature22057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Membrane transporters move substrates across the membrane by alternating access of their binding sites between the opposite sides of the membrane. An emerging model of this process is the elevator mechanism, in which a substrate-binding transport domain moves a large distance across the membrane. This mechanism has been characterized by a transition between two states, but the conformational path that leads to the transition is not yet known, largely because the available structural information has been limited to the two end states. Here we present crystal structures of the inward-facing, intermediate, and outward-facing states of a concentrative nucleoside transporter from Neisseria wadsworthii. Notably, we determined the structures of multiple intermediate conformations, in which the transport domain is captured halfway through its elevator motion. Our structures present a trajectory of the conformational transition in the elevator model, revealing multiple intermediate steps and state-dependent conformational changes within the transport domain that are associated with the elevator-like motion.
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66
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Mulinta R, Yao SYM, Ng AML, Cass CE, Young JD. Substituted cysteine accessibility method (SCAM) analysis of the transport domain of human concentrative nucleoside transporter 3 (hCNT3) and other family members reveals features of structural and functional importance. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:9505-9522. [PMID: 28385889 PMCID: PMC5465479 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.743997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human SLC28 family of concentrative nucleoside transporter (CNT) proteins has three members: hCNT1, hCNT2, and hCNT3. Na+-coupled hCNT1 and hCNT2 transport pyrimidine and purine nucleosides, respectively, whereas hCNT3 transports both pyrimidine and purine nucleosides utilizing Na+ and/or H+ electrochemical gradients. Escherichia coli CNT family member NupC resembles hCNT1 in permeant selectivity but is H+-coupled. Using heterologous expression in Xenopus oocytes and the engineered cysteine-less hCNT3 protein hCNT3(C-), substituted cysteine accessibility method analysis with the membrane-impermeant thiol reactive reagent p-chloromercuribenzene sulfonate was performed on the transport domain (interfacial helix 2, hairpin 1, putative transmembrane domain (TM) 7, and TM8), as well as TM9 of the scaffold domain of the protein. This systematic scan of the entire C-terminal half of hCNT3(C-) together with parallel studies of the transport domain of wild-type hCNT1 and the corresponding TMs of cysteine-less NupC(C-) yielded results that validate the newly developed structural homology model of CNT membrane architecture for human CNTs, revealed extended conformationally mobile regions within transport-domain TMs, identified pore-lining residues of functional importance, and provided evidence of an emerging novel elevator-type mechanism of transporter function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ras Mulinta
- From the Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, Departments of Physiology and
| | - Sylvia Y M Yao
- From the Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, Departments of Physiology and
| | - Amy M L Ng
- From the Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, Departments of Physiology and
| | - Carol E Cass
- Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada and.,the Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - James D Young
- From the Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, Departments of Physiology and
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Kumar Deokar H, Barch HP, Buolamwini JK. Homology Modeling of Human Concentrative Nucleoside Transporters (hCNTs) and Validation by Virtual Screening and Experimental Testing to Identify Novel hCNT1 Inhibitors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 6. [PMID: 29167753 DOI: 10.4172/2169-0138.1000146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Objective The nucleoside transporter family is an emerging target for cancer, viral and cardiovascular diseases. Due to the difficulty in the expression, isolation and crystallization of membrane proteins, there is a lack of structural information on any of the mammalian and for that matter the human proteins. Thus the objective of this study was to build homology models for the three cloned concentrative nucleoside transporters hCNT1, hCNT2 and hCNT3 and validate them for screening towards the discovery of much needed inhibitors and probes. Methods The recently reported crystal structure of the Vibrio cholerae concentrative nucleoside transporter (vcCNT), has satisfactory similarity to the human CNT orthologues and was thus used as a template to build homology models of all three hCNTs. The Schrödinger modeling suite was used for the exercise. External validation of the homology models was carried out by docking a set of recently reported known hCNT1 nucleoside class inhibitors at the putative binding site using induced fit docking (IDF) methodology with the Glide docking program. Then, the hCNT1 homology model was subsequently used to conduct a virtual screening of a 360,000 compound library, and 172 compounds were obtained and biologically evaluated for hCNT 1, 2 and 3 inhibitory potency and selectivity. Results Good quality homology models were obtained for all three hCNTs as indicated by interrogation for various structural parameters and also external validated by docking of known inhibitors. The IDF docking results showed good correlations between IDF scores and inhibitory activities; particularly for hCNT1. From the top 0.1% of compounds ranked by virtual screening with the hCNT1 homology model, 172 compounds selected and tested for against hCNT1, hCNT2 and hCNT3, yielded 14 new inhibitors (hits) of (i.e., 8% success rate). The most active compound exhibited an IC50 of 9.05 μM, which shows a greater than 25-fold higher potency than phlorizin the standard CNT inhibitor (IC50 of 250 μM). Conclusion We successfully undertook homology modeling and validation for all human concentrative nucleoside transporters (hCNT 1, 2 and 3). The proof-of-concept that these models are promising for virtual screening to identify potent and selective inhibitors was also obtained using the hCNT1 model. Thus we identified a novel potent hCNT1 inhibitor that is more potent and more selective than the standard inhibitor phlorizin. The other hCNT1 hits also mostly exhibited selectivity. These homology models should be useful for virtual screening to identify novel hCNT inhibitors, as well as for optimization of hCNT inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant Kumar Deokar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 847 Monroe Avenue, Suite 327, Memphis, Tennessee, 38163, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, 60064, USA
| | - Hilaire Playa Barch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 847 Monroe Avenue, Suite 327, Memphis, Tennessee, 38163, USA
| | - John K Buolamwini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 847 Monroe Avenue, Suite 327, Memphis, Tennessee, 38163, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, 60064, USA
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68
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Wan L, Zhu H, Guan Y, Huang G. Nanocoating cellulose paper based microextraction combined with nanospray mass spectrometry for rapid and facile quantitation of ribonucleosides in human urine. Talanta 2017; 169:209-215. [PMID: 28411814 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.03.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and facile analytical method for quantification of ribonucleosides in human urine was developed by the combination of nanocoating cellulose paper based microextraction and nanoelectrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (nESI-MS/MS). Cellulose paper used for microextraction was modified by nano-precision deposition of uniform ultrathin zirconia gel film using a sol-gel process. Due to the large surface area of the cellulose paper and the strong affinity between zirconia and the cis-diol compounds, the target analytes were selectively extracted from the complex matrix. Thus, the detection sensitivity was greatly improved. Typically, the nanocoating cellulose paper was immersed into the diluted urine for selective extraction of target analytes, then the extracted analytes were subjected to nESI-MS/MS detection. The whole analytical procedure could be completed within 10min. The method was evaluated by the determination of ribonucleosides (adenosine, cytidine, uridine, guanosine) in urine sample. The signal intensities of the ribonuclesides extracted by the nanocoating cellulose paper were greatly enhanced by 136-459-folds compared with the one of the unmodified cellulose paper based microextraction. The limits of detection (LODs) and the limits of quantification (LOQs) of the four ribonucleosides were in the range of 0.0136-1.258μgL-1 and 0.0454-4.194μgL-1, respectively. The recoveries of the target nucleosides from spiked human urine were in the range of 75.64-103.49% with the relative standard deviations (RSDs) less than 9.36%. The results demonstrate the potential of the proposed method for rapid and facile determination of endogenous ribonucleosides in urine sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingzhong Wan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026, China
| | - Haijing Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yafeng Guan
- Department of Instrumentation and Analytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry of CAS, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Guangming Huang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026, China.
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69
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Grixti JM, O'Hagan S, Day PJ, Kell DB. Enhancing Drug Efficacy and Therapeutic Index through Cheminformatics-Based Selection of Small Molecule Binary Weapons That Improve Transporter-Mediated Targeting: A Cytotoxicity System Based on Gemcitabine. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:155. [PMID: 28396636 PMCID: PMC5366350 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The transport of drug molecules is mainly determined by the distribution of influx and efflux transporters for which they are substrates. To enable tissue targeting, we sought to develop the idea that we might affect the transporter-mediated disposition of small-molecule drugs via the addition of a second small molecule that of itself had no inhibitory pharmacological effect but that influenced the expression of transporters for the primary drug. We refer to this as a “binary weapon” strategy. The experimental system tested the ability of a molecule that on its own had no cytotoxic effect to increase the toxicity of the nucleoside analog gemcitabine to Panc1 pancreatic cancer cells. An initial phenotypic screen of a 500-member polar drug (fragment) library yielded three “hits.” The structures of 20 of the other 2,000 members of this library suite had a Tanimoto similarity greater than 0.7 to those of the initial hits, and each was itself a hit (the cheminformatics thus providing for a massive enrichment). We chose the top six representatives for further study. They fell into three clusters whose members bore reasonable structural similarities to each other (two were in fact isomers), lending strength to the self-consistency of both our conceptual and experimental strategies. Existing literature had suggested that indole-3-carbinol might play a similar role to that of our fragments, but in our hands it was without effect; nor was it structurally similar to any of our hits. As there was no evidence that the fragments could affect toxicity directly, we looked for effects on transporter transcript levels. In our hands, only the ENT1-3 uptake and ABCC2,3,4,5, and 10 efflux transporters displayed measurable transcripts in Panc1 cultures, along with a ribonucleoside reductase RRM1 known to affect gemcitabine toxicity. Very strikingly, the addition of gemcitabine alone increased the expression of the transcript for ABCC2 (MRP2) by more than 12-fold, and that of RRM1 by more than fourfold, and each of the fragment “hits” served to reverse this. However, an inhibitor of ABCC2 was without significant effect, implying that RRM1 was possibly the more significant player. These effects were somewhat selective for Panc cells. It seems, therefore, that while the effects we measured were here mediated more by efflux than influx transporters, and potentially by other means, the binary weapon idea is hereby fully confirmed: it is indeed possible to find molecules that manipulate the expression of transporters that are involved in the bioactivity of a pharmaceutical drug. This opens up an entirely new area, that of chemical genomics-based drug targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine M Grixti
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of ManchesterManchester, UK; Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of ManchesterManchester, UK
| | - Steve O'Hagan
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of ManchesterManchester, UK; School of Chemistry, University of ManchesterManchester, UK; Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Speciality Chemicals, University of ManchesterManchester, UK
| | - Philip J Day
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of ManchesterManchester, UK; Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of ManchesterManchester, UK
| | - Douglas B Kell
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of ManchesterManchester, UK; School of Chemistry, University of ManchesterManchester, UK; Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Speciality Chemicals, University of ManchesterManchester, UK
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Zafar M, Naydenova Z, Coe IR. Extended exposure to substrate regulates the human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hENT1). NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2017; 35:631-642. [PMID: 27906634 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2016.1200074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hENT1) is a major route of entry of nucleosides and nucleoside analog drugs. The regulation of hENT1 is poorly understood in spite of its clinical importance as a drug transporter. Immunofluorescence microscopy and fluorescence-activated cell sorting suggested that cytidine pre-treatment (40 μM, 6 h) promotes hENT1 internalization in a way that does not affect either hENT1-mediated nucleoside uptake or gemcitabine-induced cytotoxicity. The Scatchard plot analyses of our NBTI binding data support previous speculations that hENT1 proteins exist as two sub-populations, and suggest that cytidine pre-treatment leads to the internalization of one population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maliha Zafar
- a Department of Chemistry and Biology , Ryerson University , Toronto , Canada
| | - Zlatina Naydenova
- a Department of Chemistry and Biology , Ryerson University , Toronto , Canada
| | - Imogen R Coe
- a Department of Chemistry and Biology , Ryerson University , Toronto , Canada
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Vasilyeva SV, Shtil AA, Petrova AS, Balakhnin SM, Achigecheva PY, Stetsenko DA, Silnikov VN. Conjugates of phosphorylated zalcitabine and lamivudine with SiO2 nanoparticles: Synthesis by CuAAC click chemistry and preliminary assessment of anti-HIV and antiproliferative activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:1696-1702. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Kolosenko I, Avnet S, Baldini N, Viklund J, De Milito A. Therapeutic implications of tumor interstitial acidification. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 43:119-133. [PMID: 28188829 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Interstitial acidification is a hallmark of solid tumor tissues resulting from the combination of different factors, including cellular buffering systems, defective tissue perfusion and high rates of cellular metabolism. Besides contributing to tumor pathogenesis and promoting tumor progression, tumor acidosis constitutes an important intrinsic and extrinsic mechanism modulating therapy sensitivity and drug resistance. In fact, pharmacological properties of anticancer drugs can be affected not only by tissue structure and organization but also by the distribution of the interstitial tumor pH. The acidic tumor environment is believed to create a chemical barrier that limits the effects and activity of many anticancer drugs. In this review article we will discuss the general protumorigenic effects of acidosis, the role of tumor acidosis in the modulation of therapeutic efficacy and potential strategies to overcome pH-dependent therapy-resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iryna Kolosenko
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sofia Avnet
- Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine Unit, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Nicola Baldini
- Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine Unit, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Angelo De Milito
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Shelton J, Lu X, Hollenbaugh JA, Cho JH, Amblard F, Schinazi RF. Metabolism, Biochemical Actions, and Chemical Synthesis of Anticancer Nucleosides, Nucleotides, and Base Analogs. Chem Rev 2016; 116:14379-14455. [PMID: 27960273 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside, nucleotide, and base analogs have been in the clinic for decades to treat both viral pathogens and neoplasms. More than 20% of patients on anticancer chemotherapy have been treated with one or more of these analogs. This review focuses on the chemical synthesis and biology of anticancer nucleoside, nucleotide, and base analogs that are FDA-approved and in clinical development since 2000. We highlight the cellular biology and clinical biology of analogs, drug resistance mechanisms, and compound specificity towards different cancer types. Furthermore, we explore analog syntheses as well as improved and scale-up syntheses. We conclude with a discussion on what might lie ahead for medicinal chemists, biologists, and physicians as they try to improve analog efficacy through prodrug strategies and drug combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadd Shelton
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , 1760 Haygood Drive, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Xiao Lu
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , 1760 Haygood Drive, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Joseph A Hollenbaugh
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , 1760 Haygood Drive, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Jong Hyun Cho
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , 1760 Haygood Drive, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Franck Amblard
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , 1760 Haygood Drive, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Raymond F Schinazi
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , 1760 Haygood Drive, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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Szulc A, Pulaski L, Appelhans D, Voit B, Klajnert-Maculewicz B. Sugar-modified poly(propylene imine) dendrimers as drug delivery agents for cytarabine to overcome drug resistance. Int J Pharm 2016; 513:572-583. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.09.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Sgarlata C, D’Urso L, Consiglio G, Grasso G, Satriano C, Forte G. pH sensitive functionalized graphene oxide as a carrier for delivering gemcitabine: A computational approach. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2016.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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N-linked glycosylation of N48 is required for equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1) function. Biosci Rep 2016; 36:BSR20160063. [PMID: 27480168 PMCID: PMC5006311 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20160063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Our study confirmed that Asn48 of hENT1 is the only N-glycosylated residue when expressed in HEK293 cells, and loss of the N-glycan resulted in less hENT1 at the plasma membrane, as well as a loss of function and protein–protein self-interaction. Human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hENT1) transports nucleosides and nucleoside analogue drugs across cellular membranes and is necessary for the uptake of many anti-cancer, anti-parasitic and anti-viral drugs. Previous work, and in silico prediction, suggest that hENT1 is glycosylated at Asn48 in the first extracellular loop of the protein and that glycosylation plays a role in correct localization and function of hENT1. Site-directed mutagenesis of wild-type (wt) hENT1 removed potential glycosylation sites. Constructs (wt 3xFLAG-hENT1, N48Q-3xFLAG-hENT1 or N288Q-3xFLAG-hENT2) were transiently transfected into HEK293 cells and cell lysates were treated with or without peptide–N-glycosidase F (PNGase-F), followed by immunoblotting analysis. Substitution of N48 prevents hENT1 glycosylation, confirming a single N-linked glycosylation site. N48Q-hENT1 protein is found at the plasma membrane in HEK293 cells but at lower levels compared with wt hENT1 based on S-(4-nitrobenzyl)-6-thioinosine (NBTI) binding analysis (wt 3xFLAG-ENT1 Bmax, 41.5±2.9 pmol/mg protein; N48Q-3xFLAG-ENT1 Bmax, 13.5±0.45 pmol/mg protein) and immunofluorescence microscopy. Although present at the membrane, chloroadenosine transport assays suggest that N48Q-hENT1 is non-functional (wt 3xFLAG-ENT1, 170.80±44.01 pmol/mg protein; N48Q-3xFLAG-ENT1, 57.91±17.06 pmol/mg protein; mock-transfected 74.31±19.65 pmol/mg protein). Co-immunoprecipitation analyses suggest that N48Q ENT1 is unable to interact with self or with wt hENT1. Based on these data we propose that glycosylation at N48 is critical for the localization, function and oligomerization of hENT1.
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Rodriguez-Ruiz V, Maksimenko A, Anand R, Monti S, Agostoni V, Couvreur P, Lampropoulou M, Yannakopoulou K, Gref R. Efficient "green" encapsulation of a highly hydrophilic anticancer drug in metal-organic framework nanoparticles. J Drug Target 2016; 23:759-67. [PMID: 26453171 DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2015.1073294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are coordination polymers of interest for biomedical applications. Of particular importance, nanoparticles made of iron(III) trimesate (MIL-100, MIL standing for Material Institut Lavoisier) (nanoMOFs) can be conveniently synthesised under mild and green conditions. They were shown to be biodegradable, biocompatible and efficient to encapsulate a variety of active molecules. We have addressed here the challenges to encapsulate a highly hydrophilic anticancer prodrug, phosphated gemcitabin (Gem-MP) known for its instability and inability to bypass cell membranes. MIL-100 nanoMOFs acted as efficient "nanosponges", soaking Gem-MP from its aqueous solution with almost perfect efficiency (>98%). Maximal loadings reached ∼30 wt% reflecting the strong interaction between the drug and the iron trimesate matrices. Neither degradation nor loss of crystalline structure was observed after the loading process. Storage of the loaded nanoMOFs in water did not result in drug release over three days. However, Gem-MP was released in media containing phosphates, as a consequence to particle degradation. Drug-loaded nanoMOFs were effective against pancreatic PANC-1 cells, in contrast to free drug and empty nanoMOFs. However, an efflux phenomenon could contribute to reduce the efficacy of the nanocarriers. Size optimization and surface modification of the nanoMOFs are expected to further improve these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrei Maksimenko
- a Institut Galien (UMR CNRS 8612), Université Paris-Sud , Châtenay-Malabry , France
| | - Resmi Anand
- b National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology , Ag. Paraskevi , Athens , Greece , and
| | - Sandra Monti
- c Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività-CNR , Bologna , Italy
| | - Valentina Agostoni
- a Institut Galien (UMR CNRS 8612), Université Paris-Sud , Châtenay-Malabry , France
| | - Patrick Couvreur
- a Institut Galien (UMR CNRS 8612), Université Paris-Sud , Châtenay-Malabry , France
| | - Maria Lampropoulou
- b National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology , Ag. Paraskevi , Athens , Greece , and
| | - Konstantina Yannakopoulou
- b National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology , Ag. Paraskevi , Athens , Greece , and
| | - Ruxandra Gref
- a Institut Galien (UMR CNRS 8612), Université Paris-Sud , Châtenay-Malabry , France
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Damaraju VL, Weber D, Kuzma M, Cass CE, Sawyer MB. Selective Inhibition of Human Equilibrative and Concentrative Nucleoside Transporters by BCR-ABL Kinase Inhibitors: IDENTIFICATION OF KEY hENT1 AMINO ACID RESIDUES FOR INTERACTION WITH BCR-ABL KINASE INHIBITORS. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:18809-17. [PMID: 27432881 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.741074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Human nucleoside transporters (hNTs) mediate cellular influx of anticancer nucleoside drugs, including cytarabine, cladribine, and fludarabine. BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) imatinib and dasatinib inhibit fludarabine and cytarabine uptake. We assessed interactions of bosutinib, dasatinib, imatinib, nilotinib, and ponatinib with recombinant hNTs (hENT1, 2; hCNT1, -2, and -3) produced individually in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae Nilotinib inhibited hENT1-mediated uridine transport most potently (IC50 value, 0.7 μm) followed by ponatinib > bosutinib > dasatinib > imatinib. Imatinib inhibited hCNT2 with an IC50 value of 2.3 μm Ponatinib inhibited all five hNTs with the greatest effect seen for hENT1 (IC50 value, 9 μm). TKIs inhibited [(3)H]uridine uptake in a competitive manner. Studies in yeast with mutants at two amino acid residues of hENT1 (L442I, L442T, M33A, M33A/L442I) previously shown to be involved in uridine and dipyridamole binding, suggested that BCR-ABL TKIs interacted with Met(33) (TM1) and Leu(442) (TM11) residues of hENT1. In cultured human CEM lymphoblastoid cells, which possess a single hNT type (hENT1), accumulation of [(3)H]cytarabine, [(3)H]cladribine, or [(3)H]fludarabine was reduced by each of the five TKIs, and also caused a reduction in cell surface expression of hENT1 protein. In conclusion, BCR-ABL TKIs variously inhibit five different hNTs, cause a decrease in cell surface hENT1 expression, and decrease uridine accumulation when presented together with uridine or when given before uridine. In experiments with mutant hENT1, we showed for the first time interaction of Met(33) (involved in dipyridamole binding) with BCR-ABL inhibitors and reduced interaction with M33A mutant hENT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijaya L Damaraju
- From the Department of Oncology, University of Alberta and Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Dwayne Weber
- From the Department of Oncology, University of Alberta and Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Michelle Kuzma
- From the Department of Oncology, University of Alberta and Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Carol E Cass
- From the Department of Oncology, University of Alberta and Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Michael B Sawyer
- From the Department of Oncology, University of Alberta and Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1Z2, Canada
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79
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Sun Y, Sun ZL. Transferrin-conjugated polymeric nanomedicine to enhance the anticancer efficacy of edelfosine in acute myeloid leukemia. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 83:51-57. [PMID: 27470549 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, transferrin (Tf)-conjugated polyethylene glycol (PEG)-poly-l-lysine (PLL)-poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) (PEG-PLL-PLGA)-based micellar formulations were successfully prepared for the delivery of edelfosine (EDS) in leukemia treatment. The micelles were nanosized and presented spherical shaped particles. Our in vitro data suggest that the nanoformulations maintain the biological activity of drugs for longer periods and lead to a continuous release of active drug. The enhanced cellular uptake of EDS-TM resulted in significantly higher cytotoxic effect in K562 leukemia cells. Cell cycle analysis further demonstrated the significantly higher G2/M phase arrest of cancer cells. Immunoblot analysis clearly revealed the potential of EDS-TM in inducing apoptosis of cancer cells which could improve the anticancer efficacy in leukemia. Importantly, EDS-M and EDS-TM significantly prolonged the circulation profile of EDS throughout until 24h, indicating the potential of targeted nanoparticulate delivery system. The prolonged blood circulation potential of micellar formulations might improve the therapeutic potential of drug by increasing its bioavailability in the serum. It would be worthwhile evaluating the effects of the EDS-loaded micelles on cancer cells in vivo for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun
- Nanchang University, The First Clinical Medical College, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Zhong-Liang Sun
- Nanchang University, The First Clinical Medical College, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China; Department of Hematology, Shandong Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Shandong, 272011, China.
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80
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Cox N, Kintzing JR, Smith M, Grant GA, Cochran JR. Integrin-Targeting Knottin Peptide-Drug Conjugates Are Potent Inhibitors of Tumor Cell Proliferation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201603488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nick Cox
- Stanford ChEM-H Medicinal Chemistry Knowledge Center; Stanford University; Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - James R. Kintzing
- Department of Bioengineering; Stanford University; Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Mark Smith
- Stanford ChEM-H Medicinal Chemistry Knowledge Center; Stanford University; Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Gerald A. Grant
- Department of Neurosurgery; Stanford University; Stanford CA 94305 USA
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81
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Cox N, Kintzing JR, Smith M, Grant GA, Cochran JR. Integrin-Targeting Knottin Peptide-Drug Conjugates Are Potent Inhibitors of Tumor Cell Proliferation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:9894-7. [PMID: 27304709 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201603488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) offer increased efficacy and reduced toxicity compared to systemic chemotherapy. Less attention has been paid to peptide-drug delivery, which has the potential for increased tumor penetration and facile synthesis. We report a knottin peptide-drug conjugate (KDC) and demonstrate that it can selectively deliver gemcitabine to malignant cells expressing tumor-associated integrins. This KDC binds to tumor cells with low-nanomolar affinity, is internalized by an integrin-mediated process, releases its payload intracellularly, and is a highly potent inhibitor of brain, breast, ovarian, and pancreatic cancer cell lines. Notably, these features enable this KDC to bypass a gemcitabine-resistance mechanism found in pancreatic cancer cells. This work expands the therapeutic relevance of knottin peptides to include targeted drug delivery, and further motivates efforts to expand the drug-conjugate toolkit to include non-antibody protein scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Cox
- Stanford ChEM-H Medicinal Chemistry Knowledge Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - James R Kintzing
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Mark Smith
- Stanford ChEM-H Medicinal Chemistry Knowledge Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Gerald A Grant
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jennifer R Cochran
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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82
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Daumann M, Golfier P, Knüppel N, Hahn M, Möhlmann T. Botrytis cinerea can import and utilize nucleosides in salvage and catabolism and BcENT functions as high affinity nucleoside transporter. Fungal Biol 2016; 120:904-916. [PMID: 27521624 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide de novo synthesis is an essential pathway in nearly all organisms. Transport processes as well as salvage and catabolism of nucleotides and pathway intermediates are required to balance nucleotide pools. We have analysed the genome of the fungal plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea for genes involved in nucleotide metabolism and found a complete set of genes necessary for purine and pyrimidine uptake and salvage based on homology of the gene products to corresponding proteins from Aspergillus nidulans. Candidate genes required for a complete purine catabolic sequence were identified in addition. These analyses were complemented by growth tests showing functional transport and salvage activity for pyrimidines. Growth of B. cinerea mycelium in nitrogen free medium could be restored by addition of purines, indicating the presence of a functional purine catabolism, whereas pyrimidines did not support growth. Bcin07g05490 (BcENT) was identified as sole member of the equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ENT) family. The protein synthesized in Saccharomyces cerevisiae revealed high affinity transport of adenosine (KM = 6.81 μM) and uridine (KM=9.04 μM). Furthermore, a BcENT knockout mutant was generated and tested in a range of growth and infection assays. These results provide detailed insight in the use of externally supplied nucleobases and nucleosides by B. cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Daumann
- Pflanzenphysiologie, Fachbereich Biologie, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Philippe Golfier
- Pflanzenphysiologie, Fachbereich Biologie, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Nathalie Knüppel
- Phytopathologie, Fachbereich Biologie, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Matthias Hahn
- Phytopathologie, Fachbereich Biologie, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Torsten Möhlmann
- Pflanzenphysiologie, Fachbereich Biologie, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
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83
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Hughes SJ, Antoshchenko T, Chen Y, Lu H, Pizarro JC, Park HW. Probing the ATP Site of GRP78 with Nucleotide Triphosphate Analogs. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154862. [PMID: 27144892 PMCID: PMC4856263 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
GRP78, a member of the ER stress protein family, can relocate to the surface of cancer cells, playing key roles in promoting cell proliferation and metastasis. GRP78 consists of two major functional domains: the ATPase and protein/peptide-binding domains. The protein/peptide-binding domain of cell-surface GRP78 has served as a novel functional receptor for delivering cytotoxic agents (e.g., a apoptosis-inducing peptide or taxol) across the cell membrane. Here, we report our study on the ATPase domain of GRP78 (GRP78ATPase), whose potential as a transmembrane delivery system of cytotoxic agents (e.g., ATP-based nucleotide triphosphate analogs) remains unexploited. As the binding of ligands (ATP analogs) to a receptor (GRP78ATPase) is a pre-requisite for internalization, we determined the binding affinities and modes of GRP78ATPase for ADP, ATP and several ATP analogs using surface plasmon resonance and x-ray crystallography. The tested ATP analogs contain one of the following modifications: the nitrogen at the adenine ring 7-position to a carbon atom (7-deazaATP), the oxygen at the β-γ bridge position to a carbon atom (AMPPCP), or the removal of the 2'-OH group (2'-deoxyATP). We found that 7-deazaATP displays an affinity and a binding mode that resemble those of ATP regardless of magnesium ion (Mg++) concentration, suggesting that GRP78 is tolerant to modifications at the 7-position. By comparison, AMPPCP's binding affinity was lower than ATP and Mg++-dependent, as the removal of Mg++ nearly abolished binding to GRP78ATPase. The AMPPCP-Mg++ structure showed evidence for the critical role of Mg++ in AMPPCP binding affinity, suggesting that while GRP78 is sensitive to modifications at the β-γ bridge position, these can be tolerated in the presence of Mg++. Furthermore, 2'-deoxyATP's binding affinity was significantly lower than those for all other nucleotides tested, even in the presence of Mg++. The 2'-deoxyATP structure showed the conformation of the bound nucleotide flipped out of the active site, explaining the low affinity binding to GRP78 and suggesting that the 2'-OH group is essential for the high affinity binding to GRP78. Together, our results demonstrate that GRP78ATPase possesses nucleotide specificity more relaxed than previously anticipated and can tolerate certain modifications to the nucleobase 7-position and, to a lesser extent, the β-γ bridging atom, thereby providing a possible atomic mechanism underlying the transmembrane transport of the ATP analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J. Hughes
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Tetyana Antoshchenko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States of America
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States of America
| | - Hua Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States of America
| | - Juan C. Pizarro
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States of America
| | - Hee-Won Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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84
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Tatani K, Hiratochi M, Kikuchi N, Kuramochi Y, Watanabe S, Yamauchi Y, Itoh F, Isaji M, Shuto S. Identification of Adenine and Benzimidazole Nucleosides as Potent Human Concentrative Nucleoside Transporter 2 Inhibitors: Potential Treatment for Hyperuricemia and Gout. J Med Chem 2016; 59:3719-31. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Tatani
- Central
Research Laboratories, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 4365-1, Hotakakashiwabara, Azumino, Nagano 399-8304, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hiratochi
- Central
Research Laboratories, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 4365-1, Hotakakashiwabara, Azumino, Nagano 399-8304, Japan
| | - Norihiko Kikuchi
- Central
Research Laboratories, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 4365-1, Hotakakashiwabara, Azumino, Nagano 399-8304, Japan
| | - Yu Kuramochi
- Central
Research Laboratories, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 4365-1, Hotakakashiwabara, Azumino, Nagano 399-8304, Japan
| | - Shinjiro Watanabe
- Central
Research Laboratories, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 4365-1, Hotakakashiwabara, Azumino, Nagano 399-8304, Japan
| | - Yuji Yamauchi
- Central
Research Laboratories, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 4365-1, Hotakakashiwabara, Azumino, Nagano 399-8304, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Itoh
- Central
Research Laboratories, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 4365-1, Hotakakashiwabara, Azumino, Nagano 399-8304, Japan
| | - Masayuki Isaji
- Central
Research Laboratories, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 4365-1, Hotakakashiwabara, Azumino, Nagano 399-8304, Japan
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85
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Shahabadi N, Falsafi M, Mansouri K. Improving antiproliferative effect of the anticancer drug cytarabine on human promyelocytic leukemia cells by coating on Fe3O4@SiO2 nanoparticles. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 141:213-222. [PMID: 26852105 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, Fe3O4@SiO2-cytarabine magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were prepared via chemical coprecipitation reaction and coating silica on the surface of Fe3O4 MNPs by Stöber method via sol-gel process. The surface of Fe3O4@SiO2 MNPs was modified by an anticancer drug, cytarabine. The structural properties of the samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Zetasizer analyzer, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results indicated that the crystalline phase of iron oxide NPs was magnetite (Fe3O4) and the average sizes of Fe3O4@SiO2-cytarabine MNPs were about 23 nm. Also, the surface characterization of Fe3O4@SiO2-cytarabine MNPs by FT-IR showed that successful coating of Fe3O4 NPs with SiO2 and binding of cytarabine drug onto the surface of Fe3O4@SiO2 MNPs were through the hydroxyl groups of the drug. The in vitro cytotoxic activity of Fe3O4@SiO2-cytarabine MNPs was investigated against cancer cell line (HL60) in comparison with cytarabine using MTT colorimetric assay. The obtained results showed that the effect of Fe3O4@SiO2-cytarabine magnetic nanoparticles on the cell lines were about two orders of magnitude higher than that of cytarabine. Furthermore, in vitro DNA binding studies were investigated by UV-vis, circular dichroism, and fluorescence spectroscopy. The results for DNA binding illustrated that DNA aggregated on Fe3O4@SiO2-cytarabine MNPs via groove binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Shahabadi
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran; Medical Biology Research Center (MBRC), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Monireh Falsafi
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Kamran Mansouri
- Medical Biology Research Center (MBRC), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Technologies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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86
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Sobot D, Mura S, Couvreur P. How can nanomedicines overcome cellular-based anticancer drug resistance? J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:5078-5100. [DOI: 10.1039/c6tb00900j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses the mechanisms of anticancer drug resistance according to its cellular level of action and outlines the nanomedicine-based strategies adopted to overcome it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dunja Sobot
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud
- UMR 8612
- CNRS
- Univ. Paris-Sud
- Université Paris-Saclay
| | - Simona Mura
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud
- UMR 8612
- CNRS
- Univ. Paris-Sud
- Université Paris-Saclay
| | - Patrick Couvreur
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud
- UMR 8612
- CNRS
- Univ. Paris-Sud
- Université Paris-Saclay
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87
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88
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Choi JS, Berdis AJ. Visualizing nucleic acid metabolism using non-natural nucleosides and nucleotide analogs. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2015; 1864:165-76. [PMID: 26004088 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nucleosides and their corresponding mono-, di-, and triphosphates play important roles in maintaining cellular homeostasis. In addition, perturbations in this homeostasis can result in dysfunctional cellular processes that cause pathological conditions such as cancer and autoimmune diseases. This review article discusses contemporary research areas applying nucleoside analogs to probe the mechanistic details underlying the complexities of nucleoside metabolism at the molecular and cellular levels. The first area describes classic and contemporary approaches used to quantify the activity of nucleoside transporters, an important class of membrane proteins that mediate the influx and efflux of nucleosides and nucleobases. A focal point of this section is describing how biophotonic nucleosides are replacing conventional assays employing radiolabeled substrates to study the mechanism of these proteins. The second section describes approaches to understand the utilization of nucleoside triphosphates by cellular DNA polymerases during DNA synthesis. Emphasis here is placed on describing how novel nucleoside analogs such as 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine are being used to quantify DNA synthesis during normal replication as well as during the replication of damaged DNA. In both sections, seminal research articles relevant to these areas are described to highlight how these novel probes are improving our understanding of these biological processes. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Physiological Enzymology and Protein Functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Suk Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, 2351 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA; The Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Cleveland State University, 2351 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
| | - Anthony J Berdis
- Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, 2351 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA; The Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Cleveland State University, 2351 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, 11000 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Red5 Pharmaceuticals, LLC, 10000 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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89
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Song JH, Cho KM, Kim HJ, Kim YK, Kim NY, Kim HJ, Lee TH, Hwang SY, Kim TS. Concentrative nucleoside transporter 3 as a prognostic indicator for favorable outcome of t(8;21)-positive acute myeloid leukemia patients after cytarabine-based chemotherapy. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:488-94. [PMID: 25955569 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.3959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Although acute myeloid leukemia (AML) exhibits diverse responses to chemotherapy, patients harboring the t(8;21) translocation are part of a favorable risk group. However, the reason why this subgroup is more responsive to cytarabine-based therapy has not been elucidated. In the present study, we analyzed expression levels of cytarabine metabolism-related genes in patients diagnosed with AML with or without t(8;21) and investigated their correlation with clinical outcomes after cytarabine-based therapy. Among the 8 genes studied, expression of the concentrative nucleoside transporter 3 (CNT3) gene was significantly higher in t(8;21)-positive patients compared to the others in the test population and the validation cohort (P<0.001 in Mann-Whitney U test; P<0.002 in Pearson's correlation analysis). Additionally, in both multivariate and univariate analyses, t(8;21)-positive patients categorized in a higher CNT3 expression tertile had longer disease-free survival [hazard ratio (HR), 0.117; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.025-0.557; P=0.008] and overall survival (HR, 0.062; 95% CI, 0.007-0.521; P=0.010) compared to t(8;21)-positive patients in a lower CNT3 expression tertile. Notably, these trends did not occur in t(8;21)-negative patients. Our results demonstrate that CNT3 expression is associated with overall favorable outcomes and is predictive of clinical outcomes in AML patients with t(8;21). This suggests that CNT3 expression can be used to optimize treatment strategies for AML patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Han Song
- Division of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Min Cho
- Division of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeoung-Joon Kim
- Genome Research Center for Hematopoietic Diseases, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeo-Kyeoung Kim
- Genome Research Center for Hematopoietic Diseases, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Republic of Korea
| | - Nan Young Kim
- Genome Research Center for Hematopoietic Diseases, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Je Kim
- Catholic Blood and Marrow Transplantation Center, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hyang Lee
- Catholic Blood and Marrow Transplantation Center, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Yong Hwang
- Division of Molecular and Life Science and GenoCheck Co., Ltd., Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Sung Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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90
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Hughes SJ, Cravetchi X, Vilas G, Hammond JR. Adenosine A1 receptor activation modulates human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hENT1) activity via PKC-mediated phosphorylation of serine-281. Cell Signal 2015; 27:1008-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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91
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Torgovnick A, Schumacher B. DNA repair mechanisms in cancer development and therapy. Front Genet 2015; 6:157. [PMID: 25954303 PMCID: PMC4407582 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA damage has been long recognized as causal factor for cancer development. When erroneous DNA repair leads to mutations or chromosomal aberrations affecting oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, cells undergo malignant transformation resulting in cancerous growth. Genetic defects can predispose to cancer: mutations in distinct DNA repair systems elevate the susceptibility to various cancer types. However, DNA damage not only comprises a root cause for cancer development but also continues to provide an important avenue for chemo- and radiotherapy. Since the beginning of cancer therapy, genotoxic agents that trigger DNA damage checkpoints have been applied to halt the growth and trigger the apoptotic demise of cancer cells. We provide an overview about the involvement of DNA repair systems in cancer prevention and the classes of genotoxins that are commonly used for the treatment of cancer. A better understanding of the roles and interactions of the highly complex DNA repair machineries will lead to important improvements in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Torgovnick
- Institute for Genome Stability in Ageing and Disease, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases Research Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Systems Biology of Ageing Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Björn Schumacher
- Institute for Genome Stability in Ageing and Disease, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases Research Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Systems Biology of Ageing Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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92
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Rosenthal EL, Chung TK, Parker WB, Allan PW, Clemons L, Lowman D, Hong J, Hunt FR, Richman J, Conry RM, Mannion K, Carroll WR, Nabell L, Sorscher EJ. Phase I dose-escalating trial of Escherichia coli purine nucleoside phosphorylase and fludarabine gene therapy for advanced solid tumors. Ann Oncol 2015; 26:1481-7. [PMID: 25899782 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdv196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of Escherichia coli purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) to activate fludarabine has demonstrated safety and antitumor activity during preclinical analysis and has been approved for clinical investigation. PATIENTS AND METHODS A first-in-human phase I clinical trial (NCT 01310179; IND 14271) was initiated to evaluate safety and efficacy of an intratumoral injection of adenoviral vector expressing E. coli PNP in combination with intravenous fludarabine for the treatment of solid tumors. The study was designed with escalating doses of fludarabine in the first three cohorts (15, 45, and 75 mg/m(2)) and escalating virus in the fourth (10(11)-10(12) viral particles, VP). RESULTS All 12 study subjects completed therapy without dose-limiting toxicity. Tumor size change from baseline to final measurement demonstrated a dose-dependent response, with 5 of 6 patients in cohorts 3 and 4 achieving significant tumor regression compared with 0 responsive subjects in cohorts 1 and 2. The overall adverse event rate was not dose-dependent. Most common adverse events included pain at the viral injection site (92%), drainage/itching/burning (50%), fatigue (50%), and fever/chills/influenza-like symptoms (42%). Analysis of serum confirmed the lack of systemic exposure to fluoroadenine. Antibody response to adenovirus was detected in two patients, suggesting that neutralizing immune response is not a barrier to efficacy. CONCLUSIONS This first-in-human clinical trial found that localized generation of fluoroadenine within tumor tissues using E. coli PNP and fludarabine is safe and effective. The pronounced effect on tumor volume after a single treatment cycle suggests that phase II studies are warranted. CLINICALTRIALSGOV IDENTIFIER NCT01310179.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Rosenthal
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham
| | - T K Chung
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham
| | | | - P W Allan
- Southern Research Institute, Birmingham
| | - L Clemons
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham
| | - D Lowman
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham
| | - J Hong
- Department of Cellular, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham
| | - F R Hunt
- PNP Therapeutics, Inc., Birmingham
| | - J Richman
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham
| | - R M Conry
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham
| | - K Mannion
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, USA
| | - W R Carroll
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham
| | - L Nabell
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham
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93
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Tatani K, Hiratochi M, Nonaka Y, Isaji M, Shuto S. Identification of 8-aminoadenosine derivatives as a new class of human concentrative nucleoside transporter 2 inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:244-8. [PMID: 25815140 DOI: 10.1021/ml500343r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purine-rich foods have long been suspected as a major cause of hyperuricemia. We hypothesized that inhibition of human concentrative nucleoside transporter 2 (hCNT2) would suppress increases in serum urate levels derived from dietary purines. To test this hypothesis, the development of potent hCNT2 inhibitors was required. By modifying adenosine, an hCNT2 substrate, we successfully identified 8-aminoadenosine derivatives as a new class of hCNT2 inhibitors. Compound 12 moderately inhibited hCNT2 (IC50 = 52 ± 3.8 μM), and subsequent structure-activity relationship studies led to the discovery of compound 48 (IC50 = 0.64 ± 0.19 μM). Here we describe significant findings about structural requirements of 8-aminoadenosine derivatives for exhibiting potent hCNT2 inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Tatani
- Central
Research Laboratories, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 4365-1, Kashiwabara,
Hotaka, Azumino, Nagano 399-8304, Japan
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Science and §Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hiratochi
- Central
Research Laboratories, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 4365-1, Kashiwabara,
Hotaka, Azumino, Nagano 399-8304, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Nonaka
- Central
Research Laboratories, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 4365-1, Kashiwabara,
Hotaka, Azumino, Nagano 399-8304, Japan
| | - Masayuki Isaji
- Central
Research Laboratories, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 4365-1, Kashiwabara,
Hotaka, Azumino, Nagano 399-8304, Japan
| | - Satoshi Shuto
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Science and §Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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94
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Choi JS, Maity A, Gray T, Berdis AJ. A metal-containing nucleoside that possesses both therapeutic and diagnostic activity against cancer. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:9714-26. [PMID: 25713072 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.620294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside transport is an essential process that helps maintain the hyperproliferative state of most cancer cells. As such, it represents an important target for developing diagnostic and therapeutic agents that can effectively detect and treat cancer, respectively. This report describes the development of a metal-containing nucleoside designated Ir(III)-PPY nucleoside that displays both therapeutic and diagnostic properties against the human epidermal carcinoma cell line KB3-1. The cytotoxic effects of Ir(III)-PPY nucleoside are both time- and dose-dependent. Flow cytometry analyses validate that the nucleoside analog causes apoptosis by blocking cell cycle progression at G2/M. Fluorescent microscopy studies show rapid accumulation in the cytoplasm within 4 h. However, more significant accumulation is observed in the nucleus and mitochondria after 24 h. This localization is consistent with the ability of the metal-containing nucleoside to influence cell cycle progression at G2/M. Mitochondrial depletion is also observed after longer incubations (Δt ∼48 h), and this effect may produce additional cytotoxic effects. siRNA knockdown experiments demonstrate that the nucleoside transporter, hENT1, plays a key role in the cellular entry of Ir(III)-PPY nucleoside. Collectively, these data provide evidence for the development of a metal-containing nucleoside that functions as a combined therapeutic and diagnostic agent against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Suk Choi
- From the Department of Chemistry and the Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio 44115 and
| | - Ayan Maity
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Thomas Gray
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Anthony J Berdis
- From the Department of Chemistry and the Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio 44115 and
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95
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Borland KM, AbdulSalam SF, Solivio MJ, Burke MP, Wolfkiel PR, Lawson SM, Stockman CA, Andersen JM, Smith S, Tolstolutskaya JN, Gurjar PN, Bercz AP, Merino EJ, Litosh VA. Base-modified thymidines capable of terminating DNA synthesis are novel bioactive compounds with activity in cancer cells. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:1869-81. [PMID: 25778768 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Current FDA-approved chemotherapeutic antimetabolites elicit severe side effects that warrant their improvement; therefore, we designed compounds with mechanisms of action focusing on inhibiting DNA replication rather than targeting multiple pathways. We previously discovered that 5-(α-substituted-2-nitrobenzyloxy)methyluridine-5'-triphosphates were exquisite DNA synthesis terminators; therefore, we synthesized a library of 35 thymidine analogs and evaluated their activity using an MTT cell viability assay of MCF7 breast cancer cells chosen for their vulnerability to these nucleoside derivatives. Compound 3a, having an α-tert-butyl-2-nitro-4-(phenyl)alkynylbenzyloxy group, showed an IC50 of 9±1μM. The compound is more selective for cancer cells than for fibroblast cells compared with 5-fluorouracil. Treatment of MCF7 cells with 3a elicits the DNA damage response as indicated by phosphorylation of γ-H2A. A primer extension assay of the 5'-triphosphate of 3a revealed that 3aTP is more likely to inhibit DNA polymerase than to lead to termination events upon incorporation into the DNA replication fork.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla M Borland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, 301 Clifton Ct. ML 0172, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, USA
| | - Safnas F AbdulSalam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, 301 Clifton Ct. ML 0172, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, USA
| | - Morwena J Solivio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, 301 Clifton Ct. ML 0172, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, USA
| | - Matthew P Burke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, 301 Clifton Ct. ML 0172, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, USA
| | - Patrick R Wolfkiel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, 301 Clifton Ct. ML 0172, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, USA
| | - Sean M Lawson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, 301 Clifton Ct. ML 0172, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, USA
| | - Courtney A Stockman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, 301 Clifton Ct. ML 0172, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, USA
| | - Joel M Andersen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, 301 Clifton Ct. ML 0172, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, USA
| | - Skyler Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, 301 Clifton Ct. ML 0172, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, USA
| | - Julia N Tolstolutskaya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, 301 Clifton Ct. ML 0172, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, USA
| | - Purujit N Gurjar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, 301 Clifton Ct. ML 0172, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, USA
| | - Aron P Bercz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, 301 Clifton Ct. ML 0172, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, USA
| | - Edward J Merino
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, 301 Clifton Ct. ML 0172, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, USA
| | - Vladislav A Litosh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, 301 Clifton Ct. ML 0172, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, USA.
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96
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Soares AS, Costa VM, Diniz C, Fresco P. Inosine strongly enhances proliferation of human C32 melanoma cells through PLC-PKC-MEK1/2-ERK1/2 and PI3K pathways. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2015; 116:25-36. [PMID: 24909096 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is the most deadly type of skin cancer. The lack of effective pharmacological approaches for this tumour can be related to the incomplete understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in melanoma cell proliferation. Adenosine has growth-promoting and growth inhibitory effects on tumour cells. We aimed to investigate effects of adenosine and its metabolic product, inosine, on human C32 melanoma cells and the signalling pathways involved. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) proliferation assays were used to evaluate adenosine, adenosine deaminase and inosine effects, in the absence or presence of adenosine receptor (AR), A3 AR and P2Y1 R antagonists and PLC, PKC, MEK1/2 and PI3K inhibitors. ERK1/2 levels were determined using an ELISA kit. Adenosine and inosine levels were quantified using an enzyme-coupled assay. Adenosine caused cell proliferation through AR activation. Adenosine deaminase increased inosine levels (nanomolar concentrations) on the extracellular space, in a time-dependent manner, inducing proliferation through A3 AR activation. Micromolar concentrations of inosine enhanced proliferation through A3 AR activation, causing an increase in ERK1/2 levels, and P2Y1 R activation via ENT-dependent mechanisms. We propose the simultaneous activation of PLC-PKC-MEK1/2-ERK1/2 and PI3K pathways as the main mechanism responsible for the proliferative effect elicited by inosine and its significant role in melanoma cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sofia Soares
- REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Farmacologia, Departamento de Ciências do Medicamento, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; MedInUP - Centro de Investigação Farmacológica e Inovação Medicamentosa, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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97
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Damaraju VL, Kuzma M, Mowles D, Cass CE, Sawyer MB. Interactions of Multitargeted Kinase Inhibitors and Nucleoside Drugs: Achilles Heel of Combination Therapy? Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 14:236-45. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-0337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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98
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Playa H, Lewis TA, Ting A, Suh BC, Muñoz B, Matuza R, Passer BJ, Schreiber SL, Buolamwini JK. Dilazep analogues for the study of equilibrative nucleoside transporters 1 and 2 (ENT1 and ENT2). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:5801-5804. [PMID: 25454272 PMCID: PMC5695681 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
As ENT inhibitors including dilazep have shown efficacy improving oHSV1 targeted oncolytic cancer therapy, a series of dilazep analogues was synthesized and biologically evaluated to examine both ENT1 and ENT2 inhibition. The central diamine core, alkyl chains, ester linkage and substituents on the phenyl ring were all varied. Compounds were screened against ENT1 and ENT2 using a radio-ligand cell-based assay. Dilazep and analogues with minor structural changes are potent and selective ENT1 inhibitors. No selective ENT2 inhibitors were found, although some analogues were more potent against ENT2 than the parent dilazep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilaire Playa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Ste 327 Johnson, 847, Monroe, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Timothy A Lewis
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Amal Ting
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Byung-Chul Suh
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Benito Muñoz
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Robert Matuza
- Neurosurgery Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Brent J Passer
- Neurosurgery Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Stuart L Schreiber
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - John K Buolamwini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Ste 327 Johnson, 847, Monroe, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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99
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Tavano F, Fontana A, Pellegrini F, Burbaci FP, Rappa F, Cappello F, Copetti M, Maiello E, Lombardi L, Graziano P, Vinciguerra M, di Mola FF, di Sebastiano P, Andriulli A, Pazienza V. Modeling interactions between Human Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporter-1 and other factors involved in the response to gemcitabine treatment to predict clinical outcomes in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma patients. J Transl Med 2014; 12:248. [PMID: 25199538 PMCID: PMC4172900 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-014-0248-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an extremely aggressive malignancy, characterized by largely unsatisfactory responses to the currently available therapeutic strategies. In this study we evaluated the expression of genes involved in gemcitabine uptake in a selected cohort of patients with PDAC, with well-defined clinical-pathological features. Methods mRNA levels of hENT1, CHOP, MRP1 and DCK were evaluated by means of qRT-PCR in matched pairs of tumor and adjacent normal tissue samples collected from PDAC patients treated with gemcitabine after surgical tumor resection. To detect possible interaction between gene expression levels and to identify subgroups of patients at different mortality/progression risk, the RECursive Partitioning and Amalgamation (RECPAM) method was used. Results RECPAM analysis showed that DCK and CHOP were most relevant variables for the identification of patients with different mortality risk, while hENT1 and CHOP were able to identify subgroups of patients with different disease progression risk. Conclusion: hENT1, CHOP, MRP1 and DCK appear correlated to PDAC, and this interaction might influence disease behavior.
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100
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Takenaka T, Harada N, Kuze J, Chiba M, Iwao T, Matsunaga T. Human small intestinal epithelial cells differentiated from adult intestinal stem cells as a novel system for predicting oral drug absorption in humans. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:1947-54. [PMID: 25200868 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.059493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult intestinal stem cells (ISCs) possess both a long-term proliferation ability and differentiation capability into enterocytes. As a novel in vitro system for the evaluation of drug absorption, we characterized a human small intestinal epithelial cell (HIEC) monolayer that differentiated from adult ISCs. Continuous proliferation/differentiation from ISCs consistently conferred the capability of maturation of enterocytes to HIECs over 25 passages. The morphologically matured HIEC monolayer consisted of polarized columnar epithelia with dense microvilli, tight junctions, and desmosomes 8 days after seeding onto culture inserts. Transepithelial electrical resistance across the monolayer was 9-fold lower in HIECs (98.9 Ω × cm(2)) than in Caco-2 cells (900 Ω × cm(2)), which indicated that the looseness of the tight junctions in the HIEC monolayer was similar to that in the human small intestine (approximately 40 Ω × cm(2)). No significant differences were observed in the overall gene expression patterns of the major drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters between the HIEC and Caco-2 cell monolayers. Furthermore, the functions of P-glycoprotein and breast cancer resistance protein in the HIEC monolayer were confirmed by the vectorial transport of marker substrates and their disappearance in the presence of specific inhibitors. The apparent drug permeability values of paracellularly transported compounds (fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran 4000, atenolol, and terbutaline) and nucleoside transporter substrates (didanosine, ribavirin, and doxifluridine) in the HIEC monolayer were markedly higher than those of Caco-2 cells, whereas transcellularly transported drugs (pindolol and midazolam) were equally well permeated. In conclusion, the HIEC monolayer can serve as a novel and superior alternative to the conventional Caco-2 cell monolayer for predicting oral absorption in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Takenaka
- Discovery Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories (T.T., J.K., M.C.), and Evaluation Research Laboratory (N.H.), Tsukuba Research Center, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; and Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan (T.I., T.M.)
| | - Naomoto Harada
- Discovery Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories (T.T., J.K., M.C.), and Evaluation Research Laboratory (N.H.), Tsukuba Research Center, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; and Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan (T.I., T.M.)
| | - Jiro Kuze
- Discovery Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories (T.T., J.K., M.C.), and Evaluation Research Laboratory (N.H.), Tsukuba Research Center, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; and Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan (T.I., T.M.)
| | - Masato Chiba
- Discovery Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories (T.T., J.K., M.C.), and Evaluation Research Laboratory (N.H.), Tsukuba Research Center, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; and Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan (T.I., T.M.)
| | - Takahiro Iwao
- Discovery Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories (T.T., J.K., M.C.), and Evaluation Research Laboratory (N.H.), Tsukuba Research Center, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; and Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan (T.I., T.M.)
| | - Tamihide Matsunaga
- Discovery Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories (T.T., J.K., M.C.), and Evaluation Research Laboratory (N.H.), Tsukuba Research Center, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; and Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan (T.I., T.M.).
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