1
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Silberstein JL, Du J, Chan KW, Frank JA, Mathews II, Kim YB, You J, Lu Q, Liu J, Philips EA, Liu P, Rao E, Fernandez D, Rodriguez GE, Kong XP, Wang J, Cochran JR. Structural insights reveal interplay between LAG-3 homodimerization, ligand binding, and function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2310866121. [PMID: 38483996 PMCID: PMC10962948 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2310866121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3) is an inhibitory receptor expressed on activated T cells and an emerging immunotherapy target. Domain 1 (D1) of LAG-3, which has been purported to directly interact with major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) and fibrinogen-like protein 1 (FGL1), has been the major focus for the development of therapeutic antibodies that inhibit LAG-3 receptor-ligand interactions and restore T cell function. Here, we present a high-resolution structure of glycosylated mouse LAG-3 ectodomain, identifying that cis-homodimerization, mediated through a network of hydrophobic residues within domain 2 (D2), is critically required for LAG-3 function. Additionally, we found a previously unidentified key protein-glycan interaction in the dimer interface that affects the spatial orientation of the neighboring D1 domain. Mutation of LAG-3 D2 residues reduced dimer formation, dramatically abolished LAG-3 binding to both MHCII and FGL1 ligands, and consequentially inhibited the role of LAG-3 in suppressing T cell responses. Intriguingly, we showed that antibodies directed against D1, D2, and D3 domains are all capable of blocking LAG-3 dimer formation and MHCII and FGL-1 ligand binding, suggesting a potential allosteric model of LAG-3 function tightly regulated by dimerization. Furthermore, our work reveals unique epitopes, in addition to D1, that can be targeted for immunotherapy of cancer and other human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L. Silberstein
- Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Jasper Du
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY10016
| | - Kun-Wei Chan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY10016
| | - Jessica A. Frank
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Irimpan I. Mathews
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, Menlo Park, CA94025
| | - Yong Bin Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Jia You
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY10016
| | - Qiao Lu
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY10016
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY10016
| | - Elliot A. Philips
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY10016
| | - Phillip Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
- Program in Biophysics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Eric Rao
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY10016
| | - Daniel Fernandez
- Macromolecular Structure Knowledge Center, Stanford Sarafan ChEM-H Institute, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Grayson E. Rodriguez
- Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Xiang-Peng Kong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY10016
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY10016
- The Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY10016
| | - Jennifer R. Cochran
- Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
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2
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Subramaniam S, Akay M, Anastasio MA, Bailey V, Boas D, Bonato P, Chilkoti A, Cochran JR, Colvin V, Desai TA, Duncan JS, Epstein FH, Fraley S, Giachelli C, Grande-Allen KJ, Green J, Guo XE, Hilton IB, Humphrey JD, Johnson CR, Karniadakis G, King MR, Kirsch RF, Kumar S, Laurencin CT, Li S, Lieber RL, Lovell N, Mali P, Margulies SS, Meaney DF, Ogle B, Palsson B, A. Peppas N, Perreault EJ, Rabbitt R, Setton LA, Shea LD, Shroff SG, Shung K, Tolias AS, van der Meulen MC, Varghese S, Vunjak-Novakovic G, White JA, Winslow R, Zhang J, Zhang K, Zukoski C, Miller MI. Grand Challenges at the Interface of Engineering and Medicine. IEEE Open J Eng Med Biol 2024; 5:1-13. [PMID: 38415197 PMCID: PMC10896418 DOI: 10.1109/ojemb.2024.3351717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades Biomedical Engineering has emerged as a major discipline that bridges societal needs of human health care with the development of novel technologies. Every medical institution is now equipped at varying degrees of sophistication with the ability to monitor human health in both non-invasive and invasive modes. The multiple scales at which human physiology can be interrogated provide a profound perspective on health and disease. We are at the nexus of creating "avatars" (herein defined as an extension of "digital twins") of human patho/physiology to serve as paradigms for interrogation and potential intervention. Motivated by the emergence of these new capabilities, the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, the Departments of Biomedical Engineering at Johns Hopkins University and Bioengineering at University of California at San Diego sponsored an interdisciplinary workshop to define the grand challenges that face biomedical engineering and the mechanisms to address these challenges. The Workshop identified five grand challenges with cross-cutting themes and provided a roadmap for new technologies, identified new training needs, and defined the types of interdisciplinary teams needed for addressing these challenges. The themes presented in this paper include: 1) accumedicine through creation of avatars of cells, tissues, organs and whole human; 2) development of smart and responsive devices for human function augmentation; 3) exocortical technologies to understand brain function and treat neuropathologies; 4) the development of approaches to harness the human immune system for health and wellness; and 5) new strategies to engineer genomes and cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shankar Subramaniam
- Joan and Irwin Jacobs Endowed Chair in Bioengineering and Systems Biology, Distinguished Professor of Bioengineering, Computer Science & Engineering, Cellular & Molecular Medicine, and NanoengineeringUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCA92093-0412USA
| | - Metin Akay
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical SchoolSpaulding Rehabilitation HospitalCharlestownMA02129USA
- Founding Chair of the Biomedical Engineering Department and John S. Dunn Professor of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of HoustonHoustonTX77204-5060USA
- Donald Biggar Willett Professor in Engineering and Head of the Department of BioengineeringUrbanaIL61801USA
- Senior PartnerArtis VenturesSan FranciscoCA94111USA
| | - Mark A. Anastasio
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical SchoolSpaulding Rehabilitation HospitalCharlestownMA02129USA
| | - Vasudev Bailey
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical SchoolSpaulding Rehabilitation HospitalCharlestownMA02129USA
| | - David Boas
- Professor of Biomedical Engineering and Director of Neurophotonics CenterBoston University College of EngineeringBostonMA02215USA
| | - Paolo Bonato
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical SchoolSpaulding Rehabilitation HospitalCharlestownMA02129USA
| | - Ashutosh Chilkoti
- Alan L. Kaganov Professor of Biomedical Engineering and Chair of the Department of Biomedical EngineeringDuke UniversityDurhamNC27708USA
| | - Jennifer R. Cochran
- Senior Associate Vice Provost for Research and Addie and Al Macovski Professor of Bioengineering, Shriram CenterStanford University Schools of Medicine and EngineeringStanfordCA94305USA
| | - Vicki Colvin
- Vernon K Krieble Professor of Chemistry and Professor of EngineeringBrown UniversityProvidenceRI02912USA
| | - Tejal A. Desai
- Sorensen Family Dean of Engineering and Professor of EngineeringBrown UniversityProvidenceRI02912USA
| | - James S. Duncan
- Ebenezer K. Hunt Professor and Chair of Biomedical Engineering, Professor of Radiology & Biomedical ImagingYale UniversityNew HavenCT06520USA
| | - Frederick H. Epstein
- Mac Wade Professor of Biomedical Engineering and Professor of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Associate Dean for ResearchSchool of Engineering and Applied ScienceCharlottesvilleVA22904USA
| | - Stephanie Fraley
- Associate Professor of BioengineeringUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCA92093-0412USA
| | - Cecilia Giachelli
- Steven R. and Connie R. Rogel Endowed Professor for Cardiovascular Innovation in BioengineeringAssociate Vice Provost for ResearchSeattleWA98195USA
| | - K. Jane Grande-Allen
- Isabel C. Cameron Professor of Bioengineering, Department of BioengineeringRice UniversityHoustonTX77005USA
| | - Jordan Green
- Biomedical Engineering and Vice Chair for Research and TranslationDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringBaltimoreMD21218USA
| | - X. Edward Guo
- Professor of Biomedical Engineering and Department ChairNew YorkNY10027USA
| | - Isaac B. Hilton
- Assistant Professor of Bioengineering and BioSciencesRice UniversityHoustonTX77005USA
- Department of BioengineeringBioscience Research CollaborativeHoustonTX77030USA
| | - Jay D. Humphrey
- John C. Malone Professor of Biomedical EngineeringYale UniversityNew HavenCT06511USA
| | - Chris R Johnson
- Distinguished Professor of Computer Science, Research Professor of BioengineeringUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUT84112-9205USA
| | - George Karniadakis
- The Charles Pitts Robinson and John Palmer Barstow Professor of Applied Mathematics and EngineeringBrown UniversityProvidenceRI02912USA
| | - Michael R. King
- J. Lawrence Wilson Professor of Engineering, Chair, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Professor of Biomedical Engineering, Professor of Radiology and Radiological Sciences5824 Stevenson CenterNashvilleTN351631-1631USA
| | - Robert F. Kirsch
- Allen H. and Constance T. Ford Professor and Chair of Biomedical EngineeringCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOH44106USA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringClevelandOH4410USA
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- California Institute for Quantitative BiosciencesUC BerkeleyBerkeleyCA94720USA
| | - Cato T. Laurencin
- University Professor and Albert and Wilda Van Dusen Distinguished Endowed Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery, CEO, The Cato T. Laurencin Institute for Regenerative EngineeringUconnFarmingtonCT06030-3711USA
| | - Song Li
- Department of BioengineeringUCLA Samueli School of EngineeringLos AngelesCA90095USA
| | - Richard L. Lieber
- Chief Scientific Officer and Senior Vice President, Shirley Ryan Ability Lab, Professor of Physiology and Biomedical EngineeringNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIL60208USAUSA
| | - Nigel Lovell
- Graduate School of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - Prashant Mali
- Professor of BioengineeringUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCA92093-0412USA
| | - Susan S. Margulies
- Wallace H. Coulter Chair and Professor of Biomedical EngineeringGeorgia Institute of Technology and Emory UniversityAtlantaGA30332USA
| | - David F. Meaney
- Professor and Senior Associate DeanPenn EngineeringPhiladelphiaPA19104-6391USA
| | - Brenda Ogle
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Director, Stem Cell InstituteUniversity of Minnesota-Twin CitiesMinneapolisMN55455USA
| | - Bernhard Palsson
- Y.C. Fung Endowed Professor in Bioengineering, Professor of PediatricsUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCA92093-0412USA
| | - Nicholas A. Peppas
- Cockrell Family Regents Chair in Engineering, Director, Institute of Biomaterials, Drug Delivery and Regenerative Medicine, Professor, McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Surgery and Perioperative Care, Dell Medical School, and Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of PharmacyThe University of Texas at AustinAustinTX78712-1801USA
| | - Eric J. Perreault
- Vice President for Research, Professor of Biomedical Engineering, Professor of Physical Medicine and RehabilitationNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIL60208USA
| | - Rick Rabbitt
- Professor of Biomedical Engineering, Neuroscience ProgramSal Lake CityUT84112USA
| | - Lori A. Setton
- Department Chair, Lucy & Stanley Lopata Distinguished Professor of Biomedical EngineeringWashington University in St. Louis, McKelvey School of EngineeringSt. LouisMO63130USA
| | - Lonnie D. Shea
- Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
| | - Sanjeev G. Shroff
- Distinguished Professor of and Gerald E. McGinnis Chair in Bioengineering, Professor of Medicine, Swanson School of EngineeringUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPA15261USA
| | - Kirk Shung
- Professor Emeritus of Biomedical Engineering, Alfred E. Mann Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA90089USA
| | | | | | - Shyni Varghese
- Professor of Biomedical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science and OrthopaedicsDuke UniversityDurhamNC27710USA
| | - Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic
- University and Mikati Foundation Professor of Biomedical Engineering and Medical SciencesColumbia UniversityNew YorkNY10027USA
| | - John A. White
- Professor and Chair Department of Biomedical EngineeringBoston UniversityBostonMA02215USA
| | - Raimond Winslow
- Director of Life Science and Medical Research; Professor of BioengineeringNortheastern UniversityPortlandME04101USA
| | - Jianyi Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, T. Michael and Gillian Goodrich Endowed Chair of Engineering Leadership, Professor of Medicine, of Engineering, School of Medicine, School of EngineeringUAB | The University of Alabama at BirminghamU.K.
| | - Kun Zhang
- Chair/Professor of BioengineeringUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCA92093-0412USA
| | - Charles Zukoski
- Shelly and Ofer Nemirovsky Provost's Chair and Professor of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and Biomedical Engineering, Alfred E. Mann Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA90089USA
| | - Michael I. Miller
- Bessie Darling Massey Professor and Director, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Co-Director, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery InstituteJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine and Whiting School of EngineeringBaltimoreMD21218USA
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3
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McIntosh BJ, Hartmann GG, Yamada-Hunter SA, Liu P, Williams CF, Sage J, Cochran JR. An engineered interleukin-11 decoy cytokine inhibits receptor signaling and proliferation in lung adenocarcinoma. Bioeng Transl Med 2023; 8:e10573. [PMID: 38023717 PMCID: PMC10658506 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytokine interleukin (IL)-11 has been shown to play a role in promoting fibrosis and cancer, including lung adenocarcinoma, garnering interest as an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. We used combinatorial methods to engineer an IL-11 variant that binds with higher affinity to the IL-11 receptor and stimulates enhanced receptor-mediated cell signaling. Introduction of two additional point mutations ablates IL-11 ligand/receptor association with the gp130 coreceptor signaling complex, resulting in a high-affinity receptor antagonist. Unlike wild-type IL-11, this engineered variant potently blocks IL-11-mediated cell signaling and slows tumor growth in a mouse model of lung cancer. Our approach highlights a strategy where native ligands can be engineered and exploited to create potent receptor antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sean A Yamada-Hunter
- Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford California USA
| | - Phillip Liu
- Biophysics Program Stanford University Stanford California USA
| | | | - Julien Sage
- Department of Pediatrics Stanford University Stanford California USA
- Department of Genetics Stanford University Stanford California USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute Stanford University Stanford California USA
| | - Jennifer R Cochran
- Cancer Biology Program Stanford University Stanford California USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute Stanford University Stanford California USA
- Department of Bioengineering Stanford University Stanford California USA
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4
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Roy A, Shi L, Chang A, Dong X, Fernandez A, Kraft JC, Li J, Le VQ, Winegar RV, Cherf GM, Slocum D, Poulson PD, Casper GE, Vallecillo-Zúniga ML, Valdoz JC, Miranda MC, Bai H, Kipnis Y, Olshefsky A, Priya T, Carter L, Ravichandran R, Chow CM, Johnson MR, Cheng S, Smith M, Overed-Sayer C, Finch DK, Lowe D, Bera AK, Matute-Bello G, Birkland TP, DiMaio F, Raghu G, Cochran JR, Stewart LJ, Campbell MG, Van Ry PM, Springer T, Baker D. De novo design of highly selective miniprotein inhibitors of integrins αvβ6 and αvβ8. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5660. [PMID: 37704610 PMCID: PMC10500007 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41272-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp)-binding integrins αvβ6 and αvβ8 are clinically validated cancer and fibrosis targets of considerable therapeutic importance. Compounds that can discriminate between homologous αvβ6 and αvβ8 and other RGD integrins, stabilize specific conformational states, and have high thermal stability could have considerable therapeutic utility. Existing small molecule and antibody inhibitors do not have all these properties, and hence new approaches are needed. Here we describe a generalized method for computationally designing RGD-containing miniproteins selective for a single RGD integrin heterodimer and conformational state. We design hyperstable, selective αvβ6 and αvβ8 inhibitors that bind with picomolar affinity. CryoEM structures of the designed inhibitor-integrin complexes are very close to the computational design models, and show that the inhibitors stabilize specific conformational states of the αvβ6 and the αvβ8 integrins. In a lung fibrosis mouse model, the αvβ6 inhibitor potently reduced fibrotic burden and improved overall lung mechanics, demonstrating the therapeutic potential of de novo designed integrin binding proteins with high selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindya Roy
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Encodia Inc, 5785 Oberlin Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Ashley Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Xianchi Dong
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, and Departments of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Engineering Research Center of Protein and Peptide Medicine, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Andres Fernandez
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - John C Kraft
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Jing Li
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, and Departments of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Viet Q Le
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, and Departments of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rebecca Viazzo Winegar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Gerald Maxwell Cherf
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Denali Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dean Slocum
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, and Departments of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - P Daniel Poulson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Garrett E Casper
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | | | - Jonard Corpuz Valdoz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Marcos C Miranda
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hua Bai
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Yakov Kipnis
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Audrey Olshefsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Tanu Priya
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Lauren Carter
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Rashmi Ravichandran
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Cameron M Chow
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Max R Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Suna Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - McKaela Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Catherine Overed-Sayer
- Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
- Bioscience COPD/IPF, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Donna K Finch
- Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
- Alchemab Therapeutics Ltd, Cambridge, UK
| | - David Lowe
- Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
- Evox Therapeutics Limited, Oxford Science Park, Medawar Centre, East Building, Robert Robinson Avenue, Oxford, OX4 4HG, England
| | - Asim K Bera
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Gustavo Matute-Bello
- Center for Lung Biology, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Timothy P Birkland
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Frank DiMaio
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Ganesh Raghu
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Dept of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jennifer R Cochran
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Lance J Stewart
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Melody G Campbell
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
| | - Pam M Van Ry
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA.
| | - Timothy Springer
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, and Departments of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - David Baker
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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5
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Roy A, Shi L, Chang A, Dong X, Fernandez A, Kraft JC, Li J, Le VQ, Winegar RV, Cherf GM, Slocum D, Daniel Poulson P, Casper GE, Vallecillo-Zúniga ML, Valdoz JC, Miranda MC, Bai H, Kipnis Y, Olshefsky A, Priya T, Carter L, Ravichandran R, Chow CM, Johnson MR, Cheng S, Smith M, Overed-Sayer C, Finch DK, Lowe D, Bera AK, Matute-Bello G, Birkland TP, DiMaio F, Raghu G, Cochran JR, Stewart LJ, Campbell MG, Van Ry PM, Springer T, Baker D. De novo design of highly selective miniprotein inhibitors of integrins αvβ6 and αvβ8. bioRxiv 2023:2023.06.12.544624. [PMID: 37398153 PMCID: PMC10312613 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.12.544624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
The RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp)-binding integrins αvβ6 and αvβ8 are clinically validated cancer and fibrosis targets of considerable therapeutic importance. Compounds that can discriminate between the two closely related integrin proteins and other RGD integrins, stabilize specific conformational states, and have sufficient stability enabling tissue restricted administration could have considerable therapeutic utility. Existing small molecules and antibody inhibitors do not have all of these properties, and hence there is a need for new approaches. Here we describe a method for computationally designing hyperstable RGD-containing miniproteins that are highly selective for a single RGD integrin heterodimer and conformational state, and use this strategy to design inhibitors of αvβ6 and αvβ8 with high selectivity. The αvβ6 and αvβ8 inhibitors have picomolar affinities for their targets, and >1000-fold selectivity over other RGD integrins. CryoEM structures are within 0.6-0.7Å root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) to the computational design models; the designed αvβ6 inhibitor and native ligand stabilize the open conformation in contrast to the therapeutic anti-αvβ6 antibody BG00011 that stabilizes the bent-closed conformation and caused on-target toxicity in patients with lung fibrosis, and the αvβ8 inhibitor maintains the constitutively fixed extended-closed αvβ8 conformation. In a mouse model of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis, the αvβ6 inhibitor potently reduced fibrotic burden and improved overall lung mechanics when delivered via oropharyngeal administration mimicking inhalation, demonstrating the therapeutic potential of de novo designed integrin binding proteins with high selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindya Roy
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Current Address: Encodia Inc, 5785 Oberlin Drive, San Diego, CA 92121
| | - Ashley Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Xianchi Dong
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children’s Hospital Boston, and Departments of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
- Current address: State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Engineering Research Center of Protein and Peptide Medicine,Ministry of Education
| | - Andres Fernandez
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - John C. Kraft
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jing Li
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children’s Hospital Boston, and Departments of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Viet Q. Le
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children’s Hospital Boston, and Departments of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Rebecca Viazzo Winegar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Gerald Maxwell Cherf
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305
- Current Address: Denali Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dean Slocum
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - P. Daniel Poulson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Garrett E. Casper
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | | | - Jonard Corpuz Valdoz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Marcos C. Miranda
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Current Address: Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hua Bai
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Yakov Kipnis
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Audrey Olshefsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Tanu Priya
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Current Address: Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Lauren Carter
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Rashmi Ravichandran
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Cameron M. Chow
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Max R. Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Suna Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - McKaela Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Catherine Overed-Sayer
- Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Current Address: Bioscience COPD/IPF, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Donna K. Finch
- Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Current Address: Alchemab Therapeutics Ltd, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David Lowe
- Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Current Address: Evox Therapeutics Limited, Oxford Science Park, Medawar Centre, East Building, Robert Robinson Avenue, Oxford, OX4 4HG
| | - Asim K. Bera
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Gustavo Matute-Bello
- Center for Lung Biology, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Washington
| | - Timothy P Birkland
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Frank DiMaio
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ganesh Raghu
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Lance J. Stewart
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Melody G. Campbell
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Pam M. Van Ry
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Timothy Springer
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children’s Hospital Boston, and Departments of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - David Baker
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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6
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Hollander MJ, Malaker SA, Riley NM, Perez I, Abney NM, Gray MA, Maxson JE, Cochran JR, Bertozzi CR. Mutational screens highlight glycosylation as a modulator of colony-stimulating factor 3 receptor (CSF3R) activity. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104755. [PMID: 37116708 PMCID: PMC10245049 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The colony-stimulating factor 3 receptor (CSF3R) controls the growth of neutrophils, the most abundant type of white blood cell. In healthy neutrophils, signaling is dependent on CSF3R binding to its ligand, CSF3. A single amino acid mutation in CSF3R, T618I, instead allows for constitutive, ligand-independent cell growth and leads to a rare type of cancer called chronic neutrophilic leukemia. However, the disease mechanism is not well understood. Here, we investigated why this threonine to isoleucine substitution is the predominant mutation in chronic neutrophilic leukemia and how it leads to uncontrolled neutrophil growth. Using protein domain mapping, we demonstrated that the single CSF3R domain containing residue 618 is sufficient for ligand-independent activity. We then applied an unbiased mutational screening strategy focused on this domain and found that activating mutations are enriched at sites normally occupied by asparagine, threonine, and serine residues-the three amino acids which are commonly glycosylated. We confirmed glycosylation at multiple CSF3R residues by mass spectrometry, including the presence of GalNAc and Gal-GalNAc glycans at WT threonine 618. Using the same approach applied to other cell surface receptors, we identified an activating mutation, S489F, in the interleukin-31 receptor alpha chain. Combined, these results suggest a role for glycosylated hotspot residues in regulating receptor signaling, mutation of which can lead to ligand-independent, uncontrolled activity and human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Hollander
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA; Department of Chemistry and Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Stacy A Malaker
- Department of Chemistry and Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Nicholas M Riley
- Department of Chemistry and Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Idalia Perez
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Nayla M Abney
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Melissa A Gray
- Department of Chemistry and Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Julia E Maxson
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Jennifer R Cochran
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
| | - Carolyn R Bertozzi
- Department of Chemistry and Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford, California, USA.
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7
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Miller CL, Sagiv-Barfi I, Neuhöfer P, Czerwinski DK, Bertozzi CR, Cochran JR, Levy R. Targeted TLR9 Agonist Elicits Effective Antitumor Immunity against Spontaneously Arising Breast Tumors. J Immunol 2023:263843. [PMID: 37256255 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Spontaneous tumors that arise in genetically engineered mice recapitulate the natural tumor microenvironment and tumor-immune coevolution observed in human cancers, providing a more physiologically relevant preclinical model relative to implanted tumors. Similar to many cancer patients, oncogene-driven spontaneous tumors are often resistant to immunotherapy, and thus novel agents that can effectively promote antitumor immunity against these aggressive cancers show considerable promise for clinical translation, and their mechanistic assessment can broaden our understanding of tumor immunology. In this study, we performed extensive immune profiling experiments to investigate how tumor-targeted TLR9 stimulation remodels the microenvironment of spontaneously arising tumors during an effective antitumor immune response. To model the clinical scenario of multiple tumor sites, we used MMTV-PyMT transgenic mice, which spontaneously develop heterogeneous breast tumors throughout their 10 mammary glands. We found that i.v. administration of a tumor-targeting TLR9 agonist, referred to as PIP-CpG, induced a systemic T cell-mediated immune response that not only promoted regression of existing mammary tumors, but also elicited immune memory capable of delaying growth of independent newly arising tumors. Within the tumor microenvironment, PIP-CpG therapy initiated an inflammatory cascade that dramatically amplified chemokine and cytokine production, prompted robust infiltration and expansion of innate and adaptive immune cells, and led to diverse and unexpected changes in immune phenotypes. This study demonstrates that effective systemic treatment of an autochthonous multisite tumor model can be achieved using a tumor-targeted immunostimulant and provides immunological insights that will inform future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Idit Sagiv-Barfi
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Patrick Neuhöfer
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Debra K Czerwinski
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Carolyn R Bertozzi
- Department of Chemistry and Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Jennifer R Cochran
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Ronald Levy
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
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8
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Yamada-Hunter SA, Theruvath J, Radosevich MT, McIntosh BJ, Freitas KA, Martinez-Velez N, Sotillo E, Leruste A, Xu P, Desai MH, Sahaf B, Banuelos A, Wasserman SL, Weissman IL, Cochran JR, Mackall CL. Abstract 5741: Harnessing macrophages, while protecting T cells, enhances anti-tumor efficacy. Cancer Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-5741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR T) cells are synthetically engineered to target specific tumor antigens. CD47 is a ubiquitous receptor that serves as a “don’t eat me” signal by binding to SIRPɑ on macrophages and is often over-expressed by cancer cells. Despite individual promise of CAR T and anti-CD47 therapies, neither has demonstrated clear efficacy in treating solid tumors in the clinic and there is thus an urgent need to develop novel approaches that enhance the potency of these therapies. We interrogated the potential pairing of CAR T with anti-CD47 therapy to overcome tumor resistance mechanisms inherent to each therapy alone, by engaging non-redundant properties of two arms of the immune system. However, upon coadministration of anti-CD47 therapy and CAR T cells across multiple tumor models in vivo, we observed potent and consistent macrophage-mediated clearance of CAR-T cells via on-target, off-tumor binding of anti-CD47 therapies to CAR T cells. This anti-CD47 mediated CAR T cell depletion blunts the therapeutic benefits of treatment and renders the pairing of the current versions of the two agents impractical.To overcome this challenge, we used directed evolution and yeast surface display to engineer a novel variant of CD47 (eCD47) with selective binding, identifying mutations that resulted in loss of binding to the anti-CD47 antibody B6H12, while maintaining the CD47 “don’t eat me” function through binding to SIRPɑ, which is essential for T cell persistence in vivo. T cells engineered to express eCD47, but not native, wild-type CD47, were resistant to targeting by multiple anti-CD47 antibodies but maintained binding to SIRPɑ. These T cells were no longer susceptible to anti-CD47 mediated macrophage phagocytosis in vitro, nor were they depleted in vivo after B6H12 administration. We demonstrated a striking improvement in therapeutic efficacy upon treatment of multiple solid tumor models when anti-CD47 therapy was combined with CAR T cells expressing eCD47, compared to combination with CAR T cells expressing wild-type CD47. We interrogated a mechanistic basis for this improved efficacy in an osteosarcoma model through single-cell RNA-sequencing of isolated tumors. We discovered that CAR T treatment led to a large influx of unique populations of macrophages into the tumor, which were lost upon CAR T depletion after anti-CD47 treatment. These T cell recruited-macrophages were maintained after anti-CD47 treatment in the presence of CAR T cells expressing eCD47, harnessing macrophage mediated anti-tumor activity after combination treatment. Thus, for the first time, eCD47 allows for effective pairing of CAR T therapy and anti-CD47 therapy for cancer treatment, by sparing T cells from macrophage mediated depletion, and revealing impressive synergy when adoptive T cell therapy is combined with macrophage activation.
Citation Format: Sean A. Yamada-Hunter, Johanna Theruvath, Molly T. Radosevich, Brianna J. McIntosh, Katherine A. Freitas, Naiara Martinez-Velez, Elena Sotillo, Amaury Leruste, Peng Xu, Moksha H. Desai, Bita Sahaf, Allison Banuelos, Savannah L. Wasserman, Irving L. Weissman, Jennifer R. Cochran, Crystal L. Mackall. Harnessing macrophages, while protecting T cells, enhances anti-tumor efficacy. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 5741.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Elena Sotillo
- 1Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | | | - Peng Xu
- 1Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | | | - Bita Sahaf
- 1Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
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9
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Grosskopf AK, Labanieh L, Klysz DD, Roth GA, Xu P, Adebowale O, Gale EC, Jons CK, Klich JH, Yan J, Maikawa CL, Correa S, Ou BS, d’Aquino AI, Cochran JR, Chaudhuri O, Mackall CL, Appel EA. Delivery of CAR-T cells in a transient injectable stimulatory hydrogel niche improves treatment of solid tumors. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eabn8264. [PMID: 35394838 PMCID: PMC8993118 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn8264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) has proven to be highly effective in treating blood cancers, but traditional approaches to ACT are poorly effective in treating solid tumors observed clinically. Novel delivery methods for therapeutic cells have shown promise for treatment of solid tumors when compared with standard intravenous administration methods, but the few reported approaches leverage biomaterials that are complex to manufacture and have primarily demonstrated applicability following tumor resection or in immune-privileged tissues. Here, we engineer simple-to-implement injectable hydrogels for the controlled co-delivery of CAR-T cells and stimulatory cytokines that improve treatment of solid tumors. The unique architecture of this material simultaneously inhibits passive diffusion of entrapped cytokines and permits active motility of entrapped cells to enable long-term retention, viability, and activation of CAR-T cells. The generation of a transient inflammatory niche following administration affords sustained exposure of CAR-T cells, induces a tumor-reactive CAR-T phenotype, and improves efficacy of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail K. Grosskopf
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford
University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Louai Labanieh
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University,
Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Dorota D. Klysz
- Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer
Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305,
USA
| | - Gillie A. Roth
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University,
Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Peng Xu
- Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer
Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305,
USA
| | - Omokolade Adebowale
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford
University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Emily C. Gale
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University,
Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Carolyn K. Jons
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering,
Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - John H. Klich
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University,
Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jerry Yan
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University,
Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Caitlin L. Maikawa
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University,
Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Santiago Correa
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering,
Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ben S. Ou
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University,
Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Andrea I. d’Aquino
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering,
Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jennifer R. Cochran
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford
University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University,
Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ovijit Chaudhuri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford
University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Crystal L. Mackall
- Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer
Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305,
USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School
of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School
of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of
Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Eric A. Appel
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University,
Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering,
Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School
of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School
of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
94305, USA
- Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford
University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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10
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Miller CL, Sagiv-Barfi I, Neuhöfer P, Czerwinski DK, Artandi SE, Bertozzi CR, Levy R, Cochran JR. Systemic delivery of a targeted synthetic immunostimulant transforms the immune landscape for effective tumor regression. Cell Chem Biol 2022; 29:451-462.e8. [PMID: 34774126 PMCID: PMC9134376 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Promoting immune activation within the tumor microenvironment (TME) is a promising therapeutic strategy to reverse tumor immunosuppression and elicit anti-tumor immunity. To enable tumor-localized immunotherapy following intravenous administration, we chemically conjugated a polyspecific integrin-binding peptide (PIP) to an immunostimulant (Toll-like receptor 9 [TLR9] agonist: CpG) to generate a tumor-targeted immunomodulatory agent, referred to as PIP-CpG. We demonstrate that systemic delivery of PIP-CpG induces tumor regression and enhances therapeutic efficacy compared with untargeted CpG in aggressive murine breast and pancreatic cancer models. Furthermore, PIP-CpG transforms the immune-suppressive TME dominated by myeloid-derived suppressor cells into a lymphocyte-rich TME infiltrated with activated CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, and B cells. Finally, we show that T cells are required for therapeutic efficacy and that PIP-CpG treatment generates tumor-specific CD8+ T cells. These data demonstrate that conjugation to a synthetic tumor-targeted peptide can improve the efficacy of systemically administered immunostimulants and lead to durable anti-tumor immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlyn L Miller
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Idit Sagiv-Barfi
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Patrick Neuhöfer
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Debra K Czerwinski
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Steven E Artandi
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Carolyn R Bertozzi
- Department of Chemistry and Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ronald Levy
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jennifer R Cochran
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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11
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Theruvath J, Menard M, Smith BAH, Linde MH, Coles GL, Dalton GN, Wu W, Kiru L, Delaidelli A, Sotillo E, Silberstein JL, Geraghty AC, Banuelos A, Radosevich MT, Dhingra S, Heitzeneder S, Tousley A, Lattin J, Xu P, Huang J, Nasholm N, He A, Kuo TC, Sangalang ERB, Pons J, Barkal A, Brewer RE, Marjon KD, Vilches-Moure JG, Marshall PL, Fernandes R, Monje M, Cochran JR, Sorensen PH, Daldrup-Link HE, Weissman IL, Sage J, Majeti R, Bertozzi CR, Weiss WA, Mackall CL, Majzner RG. Anti-GD2 synergizes with CD47 blockade to mediate tumor eradication. Nat Med 2022; 28:333-344. [PMID: 35027753 PMCID: PMC9098186 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01625-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The disialoganglioside GD2 is overexpressed on several solid tumors, and monoclonal antibodies targeting GD2 have substantially improved outcomes for children with high-risk neuroblastoma. However, approximately 40% of patients with neuroblastoma still relapse, and anti-GD2 has not mediated significant clinical activity in any other GD2+ malignancy. Macrophages are important mediators of anti-tumor immunity, but tumors resist macrophage phagocytosis through expression of the checkpoint molecule CD47, a so-called 'Don't eat me' signal. In this study, we establish potent synergy for the combination of anti-GD2 and anti-CD47 in syngeneic and xenograft mouse models of neuroblastoma, where the combination eradicates tumors, as well as osteosarcoma and small-cell lung cancer, where the combination significantly reduces tumor burden and extends survival. This synergy is driven by two GD2-specific factors that reorient the balance of macrophage activity. Ligation of GD2 on tumor cells (a) causes upregulation of surface calreticulin, a pro-phagocytic 'Eat me' signal that primes cells for removal and (b) interrupts the interaction of GD2 with its newly identified ligand, the inhibitory immunoreceptor Siglec-7. This work credentials the combination of anti-GD2 and anti-CD47 for clinical translation and suggests that CD47 blockade will be most efficacious in combination with monoclonal antibodies that alter additional pro- and anti-phagocytic signals within the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Theruvath
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Marie Menard
- Departments of Neurology, Pediatrics, and Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin A H Smith
- ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Chemical & Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Miles H Linde
- Immunology Graduate Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Garry L Coles
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Wei Wu
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Louise Kiru
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Elena Sotillo
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - John L Silberstein
- Immunology Graduate Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University Schools of Engineering and Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Anna C Geraghty
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Allison Banuelos
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Shaurya Dhingra
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sabine Heitzeneder
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Aidan Tousley
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - John Lattin
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Peng Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nicole Nasholm
- Departments of Neurology, Pediatrics, and Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Andy He
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Amira Barkal
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Medical Scientist Training Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Rachel E Brewer
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kristopher D Marjon
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jose G Vilches-Moure
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Payton L Marshall
- Stanford Medical Scientist Training Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ricardo Fernandes
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Michelle Monje
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer R Cochran
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University Schools of Engineering and Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Heike E Daldrup-Link
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Irving L Weissman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Julien Sage
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ravindra Majeti
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Carolyn R Bertozzi
- ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Chemical & Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - William A Weiss
- Departments of Neurology, Pediatrics, and Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Crystal L Mackall
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Robbie G Majzner
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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12
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Wirz OF, Röltgen K, Stevens BA, Pandey S, Sahoo MK, Tolentino L, Verghese M, Nguyen K, Hunter M, Snow TT, Singh AR, Blish CA, Cochran JR, Zehnder JL, Nadeau KC, Pinsky BA, Pham TD, Boyd SD. Use of Outpatient-Derived COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma in COVID-19 Patients Before Seroconversion. Front Immunol 2021; 12:739037. [PMID: 34594341 PMCID: PMC8477649 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.739037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transfusion of COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) containing high titers of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies serves as therapy for COVID-19 patients. Transfusions early during disease course was found to be beneficial. Lessons from the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic could inform early responses to future pandemics and may continue to be relevant in lower resource settings. We sought to identify factors correlating to high antibody titers in convalescent plasma donors and understand the magnitude and pharmacokinetic time course of both transfused antibody titers and the endogenous antibody titers in transfused recipients. Methods Plasma samples were collected up to 174 days after convalescence from 93 CCP donors with mild disease, and from 16 COVID-19 patients before and after transfusion. Using ELISA, anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike RBD, S1, and N-protein antibodies, as well as capacity of antibodies to block ACE2 from binding to RBD was measured in an in vitro assay. As an estimate for viral load, viral RNA and N-protein plasma levels were assessed in COVID-19 patients. Results Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels and RBD-ACE2 blocking capacity were highest within the first 60 days after symptom resolution and markedly decreased after 120 days. Highest antibody titers were found in CCP donors that experienced fever. Effect of transfused CCP was detectable in COVID-19 patients who received high-titer CCP and had not seroconverted at the time of transfusion. Decrease in viral RNA was seen in two of these patients. Conclusion Our results suggest that high titer CCP should be collected within 60 days after recovery from donors with past fever. The much lower titers conferred by transfused antibodies compared to endogenous production in the patient underscore the importance of providing CCP prior to endogenous seroconversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver F. Wirz
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Katharina Röltgen
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Bryan A. Stevens
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Suchitra Pandey
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Stanford Blood Center, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Malaya K. Sahoo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | | | - Michelle Verghese
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Khoa Nguyen
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | | | - Theo Thomas Snow
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Abhay Raj Singh
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Catherine A. Blish
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jennifer R. Cochran
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - James L. Zehnder
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Kari C. Nadeau
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Benjamin A. Pinsky
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Tho D. Pham
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Stanford Blood Center, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Scott D. Boyd
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford, CA, United States
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13
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Marin BM, Porath KA, Jain S, Kim M, Conage-Pough JE, Oh JH, Miller CL, Talele S, Kitange GJ, Tian S, Burgenske DM, Mladek AC, Gupta SK, Decker PA, McMinn MH, Stopka SA, Regan MS, He L, Carlson BL, Bakken K, Burns TC, Parney IF, Giannini C, Agar NYR, Eckel-Passow JE, Cochran JR, Elmquist WF, Vaubel RA, White FM, Sarkaria JN. Heterogeneous delivery across the blood-brain barrier limits the efficacy of an EGFR-targeting antibody drug conjugate in glioblastoma. Neuro Oncol 2021; 23:2042-2053. [PMID: 34050676 PMCID: PMC8643472 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noab133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), such as depatuxizumab mafodotin (Depatux-M), is a promising therapeutic strategy for glioblastoma (GBM) but recent clinical trials did not demonstrate a survival benefit. Understanding the mechanisms of failure for this promising strategy is critically important. METHODS PDX models were employed to study efficacy of systemic vs intracranial delivery of Depatux-M. Immunofluorescence and MALDI-MSI were performed to detect drug levels in the brain. EGFR levels and compensatory pathways were studied using quantitative flow cytometry, Western blots, RNAseq, FISH, and phosphoproteomics. RESULTS Systemic delivery of Depatux-M was highly effective in nine of 10 EGFR-amplified heterotopic PDXs with survival extending beyond one year in eight PDXs. Acquired resistance in two PDXs (GBM12 and GBM46) was driven by suppression of EGFR expression or emergence of a novel short-variant of EGFR lacking the epitope for the Depatux-M antibody. In contrast to the profound benefit observed in heterotopic tumors, only two of seven intrinsically sensitive PDXs were responsive to Depatux-M as intracranial tumors. Poor efficacy in orthotopic PDXs was associated with limited and heterogeneous distribution of Depatux-M into tumor tissues, and artificial disruption of the BBB or bypass of the BBB by direct intracranial injection of Depatux-M into orthotopic tumors markedly enhanced the efficacy of drug treatment. CONCLUSIONS Despite profound intrinsic sensitivity to Depatux-M, limited drug delivery into brain tumor may have been a key contributor to lack of efficacy in recently failed clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca-Maria Marin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kendra A Porath
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sonia Jain
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Minjee Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jason E Conage-Pough
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA,David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA,Center for Precision Cancer Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ju-Hee Oh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Caitlyn L Miller
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Surabhi Talele
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Gaspar J Kitange
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Shulan Tian
- Department of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Ann C Mladek
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Shiv K Gupta
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Paul A Decker
- Department of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Madison H McMinn
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sylwia A Stopka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael S Regan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lihong He
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Brett L Carlson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Katrina Bakken
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Terence C Burns
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ian F Parney
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Caterina Giannini
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Nathalie Y R Agar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Jennifer R Cochran
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - William F Elmquist
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Rachael A Vaubel
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Forest M White
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA,David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA,Center for Precision Cancer Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jann N Sarkaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA,Corresponding Author: Jann N. Sarkaria, MD, Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA ()
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14
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Nambiar DK, Mehta N, Maddineni S, Cao H, Viswanathan V, Cheunkarndee T, Cochran JR, Le QT. Abstract PO-048: VISTA immune-checkpoint blunts radiotherapy induced anti-tumor immune response. Clin Cancer Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1158/1557-3265.radsci21-po-048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) is the primary treatment of many solid neoplasms including head and neck cancer (HNC). Itis well accepted that the tumoricidal effects of RT can be significantly influenced by the immune system. Induction of cell death by radiation can elicit an anti-tumor immune response; however, it could also promote pathways of immunosuppression, which in turn can stimulate local tumor recurrence and/or distant metastases. A mechanism by which RT or chemoradiation (CRT) contributes to immunosuppression is by expansion of myeloid derived suppressive cells (MDSCs). MDSCs are a heterogeneous population of immature myeloid cells, which undergo significant expansion during cancer development and progression. Although MDSCs have been linked to inferior prognosis and treatment failure, the mechanisms by which they contribute to treatment RT failure are not well understood. Through this study we investigated the role of VISTA (V-domain Ig Suppressor of T cell Activation) immune-checkpoint on MDSCs in regulating RT response in vivo. Using syngeneic mouse models of HNC (MOC2 [HPV-] & MEERL [HPV+]), we show that both single fraction/fractionated irradiation regimens significantly increase polymorphonuclear (PMN)-MDSCs in both the tumor and the blood post-RT. We see a similar increase in PMN-MDSCs in HNC patient blood samples (12/16) at mid treatment time point (3-4 weeks after starting RT). Further analyses of immune cells reveal a significant induction of the inhibitory immune-checkpoint VISTA on PMN-MDSCs post-RT. VISTA is a multifaceted negative checkpoint protein that is expressed on most hematopoietic cells, especially on myeloid lineage. VISTA is known to contribute to the overall T cell-suppressive function. We find that irradiation of bone marrow derived-MDSCs or patient PBMC derived PMN-MDSCs leads to upregulation of VISTA surface expression as early as 24 hours after RT. Additionally, the VISTAhi MDSCs have significantly elevated levels of the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10. We then seek to study the impact of inhibiting VISTA on RT induced immune response and tumor control in a HNC model. The combination of anti-VISTA antibody and fractionated RT (3Gy X 5) leads to a significant decrease in tumor volume compared to either RT alone or anti-VISTA antibody alone. Therapeutic blocking of VISTA checkpoint along with radiation also lead to a reduction in metastatic seeding in the lung in these mice compared to RT alone group. These findings are associated with a decrease of PMN-MDSCs in both tumor and the lungs and an increase in CD4+ T cells and dendritic cells in the tumor of the anti-VISTA antibody + RT group compared to RT alone group. These results underline the role of VISTA in compromising the anti-tumor effects of RT and suggest that targeting VISTA may enhance RT efficacy in HNC patients.
Citation Format: Dhanya K. Nambiar, Nishant Mehta, Sainiteesh Maddineni, Hongbin Cao, Vignesh Viswanathan, Tia Cheunkarndee, Jennifer R. Cochran, Quynh Thu Le. VISTA immune-checkpoint blunts radiotherapy induced anti-tumor immune response [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Special Conference on Radiation Science and Medicine; 2021 Mar 2-3. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2021;27(8_Suppl):Abstract nr PO-048.
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15
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Hunter SA, McIntosh BJ, Shi Y, Sperberg RAP, Funatogawa C, Labanieh L, Soon E, Wastyk HC, Mehta N, Carter C, Hunter T, Cochran JR. An engineered ligand trap inhibits leukemia inhibitory factor as pancreatic cancer treatment strategy. Commun Biol 2021; 4:452. [PMID: 33846527 PMCID: PMC8041770 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01928-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), a cytokine secreted by stromal myofibroblasts and tumor cells, has recently been highlighted to promote tumor progression in pancreatic and other cancers through KRAS-driven cell signaling. We engineered a high affinity soluble human LIF receptor (LIFR) decoy that sequesters human LIF and inhibits its signaling as a therapeutic strategy. This engineered 'ligand trap', fused to an antibody Fc-domain, has ~50-fold increased affinity (~20 pM) and improved LIF inhibition compared to wild-type LIFR-Fc, potently blocks LIF-mediated effects in pancreatic cancer cells, and slows the growth of pancreatic cancer xenograft tumors. These results, and the lack of apparent toxicity observed in animal models, further highlights ligand traps as a promising therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean A Hunter
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Brianna J McIntosh
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yu Shi
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Louai Labanieh
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Erin Soon
- Immunology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hannah C Wastyk
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nishant Mehta
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Catherine Carter
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Tony Hunter
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer R Cochran
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Immunology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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16
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Bell BN, Powell AE, Rodriguez C, Cochran JR, Kim PS. Neutralizing antibodies targeting the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain isolated from a naïve human antibody library. Protein Sci 2021; 30:716-727. [PMID: 33586288 PMCID: PMC7980507 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Infection with SARS‐CoV‐2 elicits robust antibody responses in some patients, with a majority of the response directed at the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike surface glycoprotein. Remarkably, many patient‐derived antibodies that potently inhibit viral infection harbor few to no mutations from the germline, suggesting that naïve antibody libraries are a viable means for discovery of novel SARS‐CoV‐2 neutralizing antibodies. Here, we used a yeast surface‐display library of human naïve antibodies to isolate and characterize three novel neutralizing antibodies that target the RBD: one that blocks interaction with angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the human receptor for SARS‐CoV‐2, and two that target other epitopes on the RBD. These three antibodies neutralized SARS‐CoV‐2 spike‐pseudotyped lentivirus with IC50 values as low as 60 ng/ml in vitro. Using a biolayer interferometry‐based binding competition assay, we determined that these antibodies have distinct but overlapping epitopes with antibodies elicited during natural COVID‐19 infection. Taken together, these analyses highlight how in vitro selection of naïve antibodies can mimic the humoral response in vivo, yielding neutralizing antibodies and various epitopes that can be effectively targeted on the SARS‐CoV‐2 RBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin N Bell
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Abigail E Powell
- Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Jennifer R Cochran
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Peter S Kim
- Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
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17
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Bhamidipati K, Silberstein JL, Chaichian Y, Baker MC, Lanz TV, Zia A, Rasheed YS, Cochran JR, Robinson WH. CD52 Is Elevated on B cells of SLE Patients and Regulates B Cell Function. Front Immunol 2021; 11:626820. [PMID: 33658999 PMCID: PMC7917337 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.626820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by B cell dysregulation and breaks in tolerance that lead to the production of pathogenic autoantibodies. We performed single-cell RNA sequencing of B cells from healthy donors and individuals with SLE which revealed upregulated CD52 expression in SLE patients. We further demonstrate that SLE patients exhibit significantly increased levels of B cell surface CD52 expression and plasma soluble CD52, and levels of soluble CD52 positively correlate with measures of lupus disease activity. Using CD52-deficient JeKo-1 cells, we show that cells lacking surface CD52 expression are hyperresponsive to B cell receptor (BCR) signaling, suggesting an inhibitory role for the surface-bound protein. In healthy donor B cells, antigen-specific BCR-activation initiated CD52 cleavage in a phospholipase C dependent manner, significantly reducing cell surface levels. Experiments with recombinant CD52-Fc showed that soluble CD52 inhibits BCR signaling in a manner partially-dependent on Siglec-10. Moreover, incubation of unstimulated B cells with CD52-Fc resulted in the reduction of surface immunoglobulin and CXCR5. Prolonged incubation of B cells with CD52 resulted in the expansion of IgD+IgMlo anergic B cells. In summary, our findings suggest that CD52 functions as a homeostatic protein on B cells, by inhibiting responses to BCR signaling. Further, our data demonstrate that CD52 is cleaved from the B cell surface upon antigen engagement, and can suppress B cell function in an autocrine and paracrine manner. We propose that increased expression of CD52 by B cells in SLE represents a homeostatic mechanism to suppress B cell hyperactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartik Bhamidipati
- Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, United States
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - John L. Silberstein
- Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Yashaar Chaichian
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Matthew C. Baker
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Tobias V. Lanz
- VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, United States
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Amin Zia
- VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, United States
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Yusuf S. Rasheed
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Jennifer R. Cochran
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - William H. Robinson
- VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, United States
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
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18
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Longwell CK, Hanna S, Hartrampf N, Sperberg RAP, Huang PS, Pentelute BL, Cochran JR. Identification of N-Terminally Diversified GLP-1R Agonists Using Saturation Mutagenesis and Chemical Design. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:58-66. [PMID: 33307682 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) is a class B G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) and diabetes drug target expressed mainly in pancreatic β-cells that, when activated by its agonist glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) after a meal, stimulates insulin secretion and β-cell survival and proliferation. The N-terminal region of GLP-1 interacts with membrane-proximal residues of GLP-1R, stabilizing its active conformation to trigger intracellular signaling. The best-studied agonist peptides, GLP-1 and exendin-4, share sequence homology at their N-terminal region; however, modifications that can be tolerated here are not fully understood. In this work, a functional screen of GLP-1 variants with randomized N-terminal domains reveals new GLP-1R agonists and uncovers a pattern whereby a negative charge is preferred at the third position in various sequence contexts. We further tested this sequence-structure-activity principle by synthesizing peptide analogues where this position was mutated to both canonical and noncanonical amino acids. We discovered a highly active GLP-1 analogue in which the native glutamate residue three positions from the N-terminus was replaced with the sulfo-containing amino acid cysteic acid (GLP-1-CYA). The receptor binding and downstream signaling properties elicited by GLP-1-CYA were similar to the wild type GLP-1 peptide. Computational modeling identified a likely mode of interaction of the negatively charged side chain in GLP-1-CYA with an arginine on GLP-1R. This work highlights a strategy of combinatorial peptide screening coupled with chemical exploration that could be used to generate novel agonists for other receptors with peptide ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea K. Longwell
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Stephanie Hanna
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Nina Hartrampf
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - R. Andres Parra Sperberg
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Shriram Center, 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Po-Ssu Huang
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Shriram Center, 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Bradley L. Pentelute
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Jennifer R. Cochran
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Shriram Center, 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Shriram Center, 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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19
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Röltgen K, Powell AE, Wirz OF, Stevens BA, Hogan CA, Najeeb J, Hunter M, Wang H, Sahoo MK, Huang C, Yamamoto F, Manohar M, Manalac J, Otrelo-Cardoso AR, Pham TD, Rustagi A, Rogers AJ, Shah NH, Blish CA, Cochran JR, Jardetzky TS, Zehnder JL, Wang TT, Narasimhan B, Gombar S, Tibshirani R, Nadeau KC, Kim PS, Pinsky BA, Boyd SD. Defining the features and duration of antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection associated with disease severity and outcome. Sci Immunol 2020; 5:eabe0240. [PMID: 33288645 PMCID: PMC7857392 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abe0240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies, particularly those preventing viral spike receptor binding domain (RBD) interaction with host angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, can neutralize the virus. It is, however, unknown which features of the serological response may affect clinical outcomes of COVID-19 patients. We analyzed 983 longitudinal plasma samples from 79 hospitalized COVID-19 patients and 175 SARS-CoV-2-infected outpatients and asymptomatic individuals. Within this cohort, 25 patients died of their illness. Higher ratios of IgG antibodies targeting S1 or RBD domains of spike compared to nucleocapsid antigen were seen in outpatients who had mild illness versus severely ill patients. Plasma antibody increases correlated with decreases in viral RNAemia, but antibody responses in acute illness were insufficient to predict inpatient outcomes. Pseudovirus neutralization assays and a scalable ELISA measuring antibodies blocking RBD-ACE2 interaction were well correlated with patient IgG titers to RBD. Outpatient and asymptomatic individuals' SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, including IgG, progressively decreased during observation up to five months post-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Röltgen
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Abigail E Powell
- Stanford ChEM-H and Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Oliver F Wirz
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Bryan A Stevens
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Catherine A Hogan
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Javaria Najeeb
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | | | - Hannah Wang
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Malaya K Sahoo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - ChunHong Huang
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Fumiko Yamamoto
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Monali Manohar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Justin Manalac
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Tho D Pham
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Blood Center, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Arjun Rustagi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Angela J Rogers
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nigam H Shah
- Stanford Center for Biomedical Informatics Research, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Catherine A Blish
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - James L Zehnder
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Taia T Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Balasubramanian Narasimhan
- Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Saurabh Gombar
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Robert Tibshirani
- Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kari C Nadeau
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Peter S Kim
- Stanford ChEM-H and Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin A Pinsky
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Scott D Boyd
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford, CA, USA
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20
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Murty S, Labanieh L, Murty T, Gowrishankar G, Haywood T, Alam IS, Beinat C, Robinson E, Aalipour A, Klysz DD, Cochran JR, Majzner RG, Mackall CL, Gambhir SS. PET Reporter Gene Imaging and Ganciclovir-Mediated Ablation of Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells in Solid Tumors. Cancer Res 2020; 80:4731-4740. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-3579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Mehta N, Maddineni S, Kelly RL, Lee RB, Hunter SA, Silberstein JL, Parra Sperberg RA, Miller CL, Rabe A, Labanieh L, Cochran JR. An engineered antibody binds a distinct epitope and is a potent inhibitor of murine and human VISTA. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15171. [PMID: 32938950 PMCID: PMC7494997 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71519-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
V-domain immunoglobulin (Ig) suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA) is an immune checkpoint that maintains peripheral T cell quiescence and inhibits anti-tumor immune responses. VISTA functions by dampening the interaction between myeloid cells and T cells, orthogonal to PD-1 and other checkpoints of the tumor-T cell signaling axis. Here, we report the use of yeast surface display to engineer an anti-VISTA antibody that binds with high affinity to mouse, human, and cynomolgus monkey VISTA. Our anti-VISTA antibody (SG7) inhibits VISTA function and blocks purported interactions with both PSGL-1 and VSIG3 proteins. SG7 binds a unique epitope on the surface of VISTA, which partially overlaps with other clinically relevant antibodies. As a monotherapy, and to a greater extent as a combination with anti-PD1, SG7 slows tumor growth in multiple syngeneic mouse models. SG7 is a promising clinical candidate that can be tested in fully immunocompetent mouse models and its binding epitope can be used for future campaigns to develop species cross-reactive inhibitors of VISTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishant Mehta
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | | | | | - Robert B Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Sean A Hunter
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - John L Silberstein
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Immunology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | | | - Caitlyn L Miller
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Amanda Rabe
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Louai Labanieh
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jennifer R Cochran
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA. .,xCella Biosciences, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA. .,Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA. .,Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA. .,Immunology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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22
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Mehta N, Maddineni S, Mathews II, Andres Parra Sperberg R, Huang PS, Cochran JR. Structure and Functional Binding Epitope of V-domain Ig Suppressor of T Cell Activation. Cell Rep 2020; 28:2509-2516.e5. [PMID: 31484064 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.07.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
V-domain immunoglobulin (Ig) suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA) is an immune checkpoint protein that inhibits the T cell response against cancer. Similar to PD-1 and CTLA-4, a blockade of VISTA promotes tumor clearance by the immune system. Here, we report a 1.85 Å crystal structure of the elusive human VISTA extracellular domain, whose lack of homology necessitated a combinatorial MR-Rosetta approach for structure determination. We highlight features that make the VISTA immunoglobulin variable (IgV)-like fold unique among B7 family members, including two additional disulfide bonds and an extended loop region with an attached helix that we show forms a contiguous binding epitope for a clinically relevant anti-VISTA antibody. We propose an overlap of this antibody-binding region with the binding epitope for V-set and Ig domain containing 3 (VSIG3), a purported functional binding partner of VISTA. The structure and functional epitope presented here will help guide future drug development efforts against this important checkpoint target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishant Mehta
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Irimpan I Mathews
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | | | - Po-Ssu Huang
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Jennifer R Cochran
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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23
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Röltgen K, Wirz OF, Stevens BA, Powell AE, Hogan CA, Najeeb J, Hunter M, Sahoo MK, Huang C, Yamamoto F, Manalac J, Otrelo-Cardoso AR, Pham TD, Rustagi A, Rogers AJ, Shah NH, Blish CA, Cochran JR, Nadeau KC, Jardetzky TS, Zehnder JL, Wang TT, Kim PS, Gombar S, Tibshirani R, Pinsky BA, Boyd SD. SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Responses Correlate with Resolution of RNAemia But Are Short-Lived in Patients with Mild Illness. medRxiv 2020:2020.08.15.20175794. [PMID: 32839786 PMCID: PMC7444305 DOI: 10.1101/2020.08.15.20175794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies, particularly those preventing viral spike receptor binding domain (RBD) interaction with host angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, could offer protective immunity, and may affect clinical outcomes of COVID-19 patients. We analyzed 625 serial plasma samples from 40 hospitalized COVID-19 patients and 170 SARS-CoV-2-infected outpatients and asymptomatic individuals. Severely ill patients developed significantly higher SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody responses than outpatients and asymptomatic individuals. The development of plasma antibodies was correlated with decreases in viral RNAemia, consistent with potential humoral immune clearance of virus. Using a novel competition ELISA, we detected antibodies blocking RBD-ACE2 interactions in 68% of inpatients and 40% of outpatients tested. Cross-reactive antibodies recognizing SARS-CoV RBD were found almost exclusively in hospitalized patients. Outpatient and asymptomatic individuals' serological responses to SARS-CoV-2 decreased within 2 months, suggesting that humoral protection may be short-lived.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Röltgen
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Oliver F. Wirz
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Bryan A. Stevens
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Abigail E. Powell
- Stanford ChEM-H and Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Catherine A. Hogan
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Javaria Najeeb
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | | | - Malaya K. Sahoo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - ChunHong Huang
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Fumiko Yamamoto
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Justin Manalac
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Tho D. Pham
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Blood Center, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Arjun Rustagi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Angela J. Rogers
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nigam H. Shah
- Stanford Center for Biomedical Informatics Research, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Catherine A. Blish
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Kari C. Nadeau
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - James L. Zehnder
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Taia T. Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Peter S. Kim
- Stanford ChEM-H and Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Saurabh Gombar
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Robert Tibshirani
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin A. Pinsky
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Scott D. Boyd
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford, CA, USA
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24
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Su Y, Walker JR, Park Y, Smith TP, Liu LX, Hall MP, Labanieh L, Hurst R, Wang DC, Encell LP, Kim N, Zhang F, Kay MA, Casey KM, Majzner RG, Cochran JR, Mackall CL, Kirkland TA, Lin MZ. Novel NanoLuc substrates enable bright two-population bioluminescence imaging in animals. Nat Methods 2020; 17:852-860. [PMID: 32661427 PMCID: PMC10907227 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-020-0889-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sensitive detection of two biological events in vivo has long been a goal in bioluminescence imaging. Antares, a fusion of the luciferase NanoLuc to the orange fluorescent protein CyOFP, has emerged as a bright bioluminescent reporter with orthogonal substrate specificity to firefly luciferase (FLuc) and its derivatives such as AkaLuc. However, the brightness of Antares in mice is limited by the poor solubility and bioavailability of the NanoLuc substrate furimazine. Here, we report a new substrate, hydrofurimazine, whose enhanced aqueous solubility allows delivery of higher doses to mice. In the liver, Antares with hydrofurimazine exhibited similar brightness to AkaLuc with its substrate AkaLumine. Further chemical exploration generated a second substrate, fluorofurimazine, with even higher brightness in vivo. We used Antares with fluorofurimazine to track tumor size and AkaLuc with AkaLumine to visualize CAR-T cells within the same mice, demonstrating the ability to perform two-population imaging with these two luciferase systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichi Su
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Yunhee Park
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Lan Xiang Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Louai Labanieh
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - David C Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Namdoo Kim
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Kongju National University, Gongju, South Korea
| | - Feijie Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mark A Kay
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kerriann M Casey
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Robbie G Majzner
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Crystal L Mackall
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Michael Z Lin
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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25
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Steele AN, Paulsen MJ, Wang H, Stapleton LM, Lucian HJ, Eskandari A, Hironaka CE, Farry JM, Baker SW, Thakore AD, Jaatinen KJ, Tada Y, Hollander MJ, Williams KM, Seymour AJ, Totherow KP, Yu AC, Cochran JR, Appel EA, Woo YJ. Multi-phase catheter-injectable hydrogel enables dual-stage protein-engineered cytokine release to mitigate adverse left ventricular remodeling following myocardial infarction in a small animal model and a large animal model. Cytokine 2020; 127:154974. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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26
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Kim JW, Marquez CP, Kostyrko K, Koehne AL, Marini K, Simpson DR, Lee AG, Leung SG, Sayles LC, Shrager J, Ferrer I, Paz-Ares L, Gephart MH, Vicent S, Cochran JR, Sweet-Cordero EA. Antitumor activity of an engineered decoy receptor targeting CLCF1-CNTFR signaling in lung adenocarcinoma. Nat Med 2019; 25:1783-1795. [PMID: 31700175 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-019-0612-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Proinflammatory cytokines in the tumor microenvironment can promote tumor growth, yet their value as therapeutic targets remains underexploited. We validated the functional significance of the cardiotrophin-like cytokine factor 1 (CLCF1)-ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor (CNTFR) signaling axis in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and generated a high-affinity soluble receptor (eCNTFR-Fc) that sequesters CLCF1, thereby inhibiting its oncogenic effects. eCNTFR-Fc inhibits tumor growth in multiple xenograft models and in an autochthonous, highly aggressive genetically engineered mouse model of LUAD, driven by activation of oncogenic Kras and loss of Trp53. Abrogation of CLCF1 through eCNTFR-Fc appears most effective in tumors driven by oncogenic KRAS. We observed a correlation between the effectiveness of eCNTFR-Fc and the presence of KRAS mutations that retain the intrinsic capacity to hydrolyze guanosine triphosphate, suggesting that the mechanism of action may be related to altered guanosine triphosphate loading. Overall, we nominate blockade of CLCF1-CNTFR signaling as a novel therapeutic opportunity for LUAD and potentially for other tumor types in which CLCF1 is present in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun W Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Cesar P Marquez
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kaja Kostyrko
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Amanda L Koehne
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kieren Marini
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David R Simpson
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alex G Lee
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Stanley G Leung
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Leanne C Sayles
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joseph Shrager
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Irene Ferrer
- H120-CNIO Lung Cancer Clinical Research Unit, i+12 Research Institute, Spanish National Cancer Research Center and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Paz-Ares
- H120-CNIO Lung Cancer Clinical Research Unit, i+12 Research Institute, Spanish National Cancer Research Center and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Silvestre Vicent
- Program in Solid Tumors and Biomarkers, Center for Applied Medical Research, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Physiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - E Alejandro Sweet-Cordero
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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27
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Van Agthoven JF, Shams H, Cochran FV, Alonso JL, Kintzing JR, Garakani K, Adair BD, Xiong JP, Mofrad MRK, Cochran JR, Arnaout MA. Structural Basis of the Differential Binding of Engineered Knottins to Integrins αVβ3 and α5β1. Structure 2019; 27:1443-1451.e6. [PMID: 31353240 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2019.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Targeting both integrins αVβ3 and α5β1 simultaneously appears to be more effective in cancer therapy than targeting each one alone. The structural requirements for bispecific binding of ligand to integrins have not been fully elucidated. RGD-containing knottin 2.5F binds selectively to αVβ3 and α5β1, whereas knottin 2.5D is αVβ3 specific. To elucidate the structural basis of this selectivity, we determined the structures of 2.5F and 2.5D as apo proteins and in complex with αVβ3, and compared their interactions with integrins using molecular dynamics simulations. These studies show that 2.5D engages αVβ3 by an induced fit, but conformational selection of a flexible RGD loop accounts for high-affinity selective binding of 2.5F to both integrins. The contrasting binding of the highly flexible low-affinity linear RGD peptides to multiple integrins suggests that a "Goldilocks zone" of conformational flexibility of the RGD loop in 2.5F underlies its selective binding promiscuity to integrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes F Van Agthoven
- Leukocyte Biology and Inflammation Program, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Structural Biology Program, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Division of Nephrology/Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Hengameh Shams
- Departments of Bioengineering and Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Frank V Cochran
- Departments of Bioengineering and Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - José L Alonso
- Leukocyte Biology and Inflammation Program, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Structural Biology Program, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Division of Nephrology/Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - James R Kintzing
- Departments of Bioengineering and Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kiavash Garakani
- Departments of Bioengineering and Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Brian D Adair
- Leukocyte Biology and Inflammation Program, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Structural Biology Program, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Division of Nephrology/Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Jian-Ping Xiong
- Leukocyte Biology and Inflammation Program, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Structural Biology Program, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Division of Nephrology/Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Mohammad R K Mofrad
- Departments of Bioengineering and Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jennifer R Cochran
- Departments of Bioengineering and Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - M Amin Arnaout
- Leukocyte Biology and Inflammation Program, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Structural Biology Program, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Division of Nephrology/Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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28
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Romei MG, Longwell CK, Cochran JR, Boxer SG. Photoactive Split Green Fluorescent Protein: Engineering a New Optogenetic and Imaging System. Biophys J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.11.990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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29
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Mitchell AC, Kannan D, Hunter SA, Parra Sperberg RA, Chang CH, Cochran JR. Engineering a potent inhibitor of matriptase from the natural hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor type-1 (HAI-1) protein. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:4969-4980. [PMID: 29386351 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.815142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated matriptase activity has been established as a key contributor to cancer progression through its activation of growth factors, including the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). Despite its critical role and prevalence in many human cancers, limitations to developing an effective matriptase inhibitor include weak binding affinity, poor selectivity, and short circulating half-life. We applied rational and combinatorial approaches to engineer a potent inhibitor based on the hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor type-1 (HAI-1), a natural matriptase inhibitor. The first Kunitz domain (KD1) of HAI-1 has been well established as a minimal matriptase-binding and inhibition domain, whereas the second Kunitz domain (KD2) is inactive and involved in negative regulation. Here, we replaced the inactive KD2 domain of HAI-1 with an engineered chimeric variant of KD2/KD1 domains and fused the resulting construct to an antibody Fc domain to increase valency and circulating serum half-life. The final protein variant contains four stoichiometric binding sites that we showed were needed to effectively inhibit matriptase with a Ki of 70 ± 5 pm, an increase of 120-fold compared with the natural HAI-1 inhibitor, to our knowledge making it one of the most potent matriptase inhibitors identified to date. Furthermore, the engineered inhibitor demonstrates a protease selectivity profile similar to that of wildtype KD1 but distinct from that of HAI-1. It also inhibits activation of the natural pro-HGF substrate and matriptase expressed on cancer cells with at least an order of magnitude greater efficacy than KD1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sean A Hunter
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | | | | | - Jennifer R Cochran
- From the Departments of Bioengineering and .,Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305.,Chemical Engineering and
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30
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Mitchell AC, Alford SC, Hunter SA, Kannan D, Sperberg RAP, Chang CH, Cochran JR. Development of a Protease Biosensor Based on a Dimerization-Dependent Red Fluorescent Protein. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:66-72. [PMID: 29125730 PMCID: PMC6453536 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulated activity of the protease matriptase is a key contributor to aggressive tumor growth, cancer metastasis, and osteoarthritis. Methods for the detection and quantification of matriptase activity and inhibition would be useful tools. To address this need, we developed a matriptase-sensitive protein biosensor based on a dimerization-dependent red fluorescent protein (ddRFP) reporter system. In this platform, two adjoining protein domains, connected by a protease-labile linker, produce fluorescence when assembled and are nonfluorescent when the linker is cleaved by matriptase. A panel of ddRFP-based matriptase biosensor designs was created that contained different linker lengths between the protein domains. These constructs were characterized for linker-specific cleavage, matriptase activity, and matriptase selectivity; a biosensor containing a RSKLRVGGH linker (termed B4) was expressed at high yields and displayed both high catalytic efficiency and matriptase specificity. This biosensor detects matriptase inhibition by soluble and yeast cell surface expressed inhibitor domains with up to a 5-fold dynamic range and also detects matriptase activity expressed by human cancer cell lines. In addition to matriptase, we highlight a strategy that can be used to create effective biosensors for quantifying activity and inhibition of other proteases of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron C. Mitchell
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Spencer C. Alford
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Sean A. Hunter
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Deepti Kannan
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | | | - Cheryl H. Chang
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jennifer R. Cochran
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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31
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32
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Abstract
Homochirality is a general feature of biological macromolecules, and Nature includes few examples of heterochiral proteins. Herein, we report on the design, chemical synthesis, and structural characterization of heterochiral proteins possessing loops of amino acids of chirality opposite to that of the rest of a protein scaffold. Using the protein Ecballium elaterium trypsin inhibitor II, we discover that selective β-alanine substitution favors the efficient folding of our heterochiral constructs. Solution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of one such heterochiral protein reveals a homogeneous global fold. Additionally, steered molecular dynamics simulation indicate β-alanine reduces the free energy required to fold the protein. We also find these heterochiral proteins to be more resistant to proteolysis than homochiral l-proteins. This work informs the design of heterochiral protein architectures containing stretches of both d- and l-amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surin K Mong
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Frank V Cochran
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University , 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Hongtao Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University , 62 Talbot Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Zachary Graziano
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University , 62 Talbot Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Yu-Shan Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University , 62 Talbot Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Jennifer R Cochran
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University , 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Bradley L Pentelute
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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33
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Steele AN, Cai L, Truong VN, Edwards BB, Goldstone AB, Eskandari A, Mitchell AC, Marquardt LM, Foster AA, Cochran JR, Heilshorn SC, Woo YJ. A novel protein-engineered hepatocyte growth factor analog released via a shear-thinning injectable hydrogel enhances post-infarction ventricular function. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 114:2379-2389. [PMID: 28574594 PMCID: PMC5947314 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, numerous growth factors and biomaterials have been explored for the treatment of myocardial infarction (MI). While pre-clinical studies have demonstrated promising results, clinical trials have been disappointing and inconsistent, likely due to poor translatability. In the present study, we investigate a potential myocardial regenerative therapy consisting of a protein-engineered dimeric fragment of hepatocyte growth factor (HGFdf) encapsulated in a shear-thinning, self-healing, bioengineered hydrogel (SHIELD). We hypothesized that SHIELD would facilitate targeted, sustained intramyocardial delivery of HGFdf thereby attenuating myocardial injury and post-infarction remodeling. Adult male Wistar rats (n = 45) underwent sham surgery or induction of MI followed by injection of phosphate buffered saline (PBS), 10 μg HGFdf alone, SHIELD alone, or SHIELD encapsulating 10 μg HGFdf. Ventricular function, infarct size, and angiogenic response were assessed 4 weeks post-infarction. Treatment with SHIELD + HGFdf significantly reduced infarct size and increased both ejection fraction and borderzone arteriole density compared to the controls. Thus, sustained delivery of HGFdf via SHIELD limits post-infarction adverse ventricular remodeling by increasing angiogenesis and reducing fibrosis. Encapsulation of HGFdf in SHIELD improves clinical translatability by enabling minimally-invasive delivery and subsequent retention and sustained administration of this novel, potent angiogenic protein analog. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 2379-2389. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda N. Steele
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Lei Cai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Vi N. Truong
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Bryan B. Edwards
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Andrew B. Goldstone
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Anahita Eskandari
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Aaron C. Mitchell
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Laura M. Marquardt
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Abbygail A. Foster
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | | | - Sarah C. Heilshorn
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Y. Joseph Woo
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
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34
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Hecht A, Glasgow J, Jaschke PR, Bawazer LA, Munson MS, Cochran JR, Endy D, Salit M. Measurements of translation initiation from all 64 codons in E. coli. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:3615-3626. [PMID: 28334756 PMCID: PMC5397182 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of translation underpins our capacity to engineer living systems. The canonical start codon (AUG) and a few near-cognates (GUG, UUG) are considered as the ‘start codons’ for translation initiation in Escherichia coli. Translation is typically not thought to initiate from the 61 remaining codons. Here, we quantified translation initiation of green fluorescent protein and nanoluciferase in E. coli from all 64 triplet codons and across a range of DNA copy number. We detected initiation of protein synthesis above measurement background for 47 codons. Translation from non-canonical start codons ranged from 0.007 to 3% relative to translation from AUG. Translation from 17 non-AUG codons exceeded the highest reported rates of non-cognate codon recognition. Translation initiation from non-canonical start codons may contribute to the synthesis of peptides in both natural and synthetic biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Hecht
- Joint Initiative for Metrology in Biology, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Genome-scale Measurements Group, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jeff Glasgow
- Joint Initiative for Metrology in Biology, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Genome-scale Measurements Group, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Paul R Jaschke
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Lukmaan A Bawazer
- Joint Initiative for Metrology in Biology, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Genome-scale Measurements Group, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Matthew S Munson
- Joint Initiative for Metrology in Biology, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Genome-scale Measurements Group, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jennifer R Cochran
- Joint Initiative for Metrology in Biology, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Drew Endy
- Joint Initiative for Metrology in Biology, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Marc Salit
- Joint Initiative for Metrology in Biology, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Genome-scale Measurements Group, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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35
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Thayaparan T, Petrovic RM, Achkova DY, Zabinski T, Davies DM, Klampatsa A, Parente-Pereira AC, Whilding LM, van der Stegen SJ, Woodman N, Sheaff M, Cochran JR, Spicer JF, Maher J. CAR T-cell immunotherapy of MET-expressing malignant mesothelioma. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1363137. [PMID: 29209570 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1363137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesothelioma is an incurable cancer for which effective therapies are required. Aberrant MET expression is prevalent in mesothelioma, although targeting using small molecule-based therapeutics has proven disappointing. Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) couple the HLA-independent binding of a cell surface target to the delivery of a tailored T-cell activating signal. Here, we evaluated the anti-tumor activity of MET re-targeted CAR T-cells against mesothelioma. Using immunohistochemistry, MET was detected in 67% of malignant pleural mesotheliomas, most frequently of epithelioid or biphasic subtype. The presence of MET did not influence patient survival. Candidate MET-specific CARs were engineered in which a CD28+CD3ζ endodomain was fused to one of 3 peptides derived from the N and K1 domains of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), which represents the minimum MET binding element present in this growth factor. Using an NIH3T3-based artificial antigen-presenting cell system, we found that all 3 candidate CARs demonstrated high specificity for MET. By contrast, these CARs did not mediate T-cell activation upon engagement of other HGF binding partners, namely CD44v6 or heparan sulfate proteoglycans, including Syndecan-1. NK1-targeted CARs demonstrated broadly similar in vitro potency, indicated by destruction of MET-expressing mesothelioma cell lines, accompanied by cytokine release. In vivo anti-tumor activity was demonstrated following intraperitoneal delivery to mice with an established mesothelioma xenograft. Progressive tumor regression occurred without weight loss or other clinical indicators of toxicity. These data confirm the frequent expression of MET in malignant pleural mesothelioma and demonstrate that this can be targeted effectively and safely using a CAR T-cell immunotherapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thivyan Thayaparan
- King's College London, Division of Cancer Studies, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Roseanna M Petrovic
- King's College London, Division of Cancer Studies, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Daniela Y Achkova
- King's College London, Division of Cancer Studies, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Tomasz Zabinski
- King's College London, Division of Cancer Studies, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - David M Davies
- King's College London, Division of Cancer Studies, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Astero Klampatsa
- King's College London, Division of Cancer Studies, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK.,Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ana C Parente-Pereira
- King's College London, Division of Cancer Studies, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Lynsey M Whilding
- King's College London, Division of Cancer Studies, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | | | - Natalie Woodman
- King's College London, Division of Cancer Studies, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Michael Sheaff
- Department of Histopathology, Barts Health NHS Trust, The Royal London Hospital, London E1 2ES, UK
| | - Jennifer R Cochran
- Department of Bioengineering and Chemical Engineering, Stanford Cancer Institute, 443 Via Ortega, Room 356, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - James F Spicer
- King's College London, Division of Cancer Studies, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK.,Department of Medical Oncology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - John Maher
- King's College London, Division of Cancer Studies, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK.,Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, UK.,Department of Immunology, Eastbourne Hospital, Kings Drive, Eastbourne, East Sussex, BN21 2UD, UK
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36
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Kwan BH, Zhu EF, Tzeng A, Sugito HR, Eltahir AA, Ma B, Delaney MK, Murphy PA, Kauke MJ, Angelini A, Momin N, Mehta NK, Maragh AM, Hynes RO, Dranoff G, Cochran JR, Wittrup KD. Integrin-targeted cancer immunotherapy elicits protective adaptive immune responses. J Exp Med 2017; 214:1679-1690. [PMID: 28473400 PMCID: PMC5460993 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20160831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrin targeting for cancer has primarily focused on antagonizing integrin function, which has been clinically ineffective to date. In this study, Kwan et al. repurpose integrins as a beacon for recruiting immune effector functions to bolster current cancer immunotherapy approaches. Certain RGD-binding integrins are required for cell adhesion, migration, and proliferation and are overexpressed in most tumors, making them attractive therapeutic targets. However, multiple integrin antagonist drug candidates have failed to show efficacy in cancer clinical trials. In this work, we instead exploit these integrins as a target for antibody Fc effector functions in the context of cancer immunotherapy. By combining administration of an engineered mouse serum albumin/IL-2 fusion with an Fc fusion to an integrin-binding peptide (2.5F-Fc), significant survival improvements are achieved in three syngeneic mouse tumor models, including complete responses with protective immunity. Functional integrin antagonism does not contribute significantly to efficacy; rather, this therapy recruits both an innate and adaptive immune response, as deficiencies in either arm result in reduced tumor control. Administration of this integrin-targeted immunotherapy together with an anti–PD-1 antibody further improves responses and predominantly results in cures. Overall, this well-tolerated therapy achieves tumor specificity by redirecting inflammation to a functional target fundamental to tumorigenic processes but expressed at significantly lower levels in healthy tissues, and it shows promise for translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron H Kwan
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139.,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Eric F Zhu
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Alice Tzeng
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139.,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Harun R Sugito
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139.,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Ahmed A Eltahir
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139.,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Botong Ma
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139.,Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Mary K Delaney
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139.,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Patrick A Murphy
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Monique J Kauke
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Alessandro Angelini
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Noor Momin
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139.,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Naveen K Mehta
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139.,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Alecia M Maragh
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139.,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Richard O Hynes
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Glenn Dranoff
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Jennifer R Cochran
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - K Dane Wittrup
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 .,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
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37
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Lim S, Glasgow JE, Filsinger Interrante M, Storm EM, Cochran JR. Dual display of proteins on the yeast cell surface simplifies quantification of binding interactions and enzymatic bioconjugation reactions. Biotechnol J 2017; 12. [PMID: 28299901 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201600696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Yeast surface display, a well-established technology for protein analysis and engineering, involves expressing a protein of interest as a genetic fusion to either the N- or C-terminus of the yeast Aga2p mating protein. Historically, yeast-displayed protein variants are flanked by peptide epitope tags that enable flow cytometric measurement of construct expression using fluorescent primary or secondary antibodies. Here, we built upon this technology to develop a new yeast display strategy that comprises fusion of two different proteins to Aga2p, one to the N-terminus and one to the C-terminus. This approach allows an antibody fragment, ligand, or receptor to be directly coupled to expression of a fluorescent protein readout, eliminating the need for antibody-staining of epitope tags to quantify yeast protein expression levels. We show that this system simplifies quantification of protein-protein binding interactions measured on the yeast cell surface. Moreover, we show that this system facilitates co-expression of a bioconjugation enzyme and its corresponding peptide substrate on the same Aga2p construct, enabling enzyme expression and catalytic activity to be measured on the surface of yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungwon Lim
- Dept. of Bioengineering, Schools of Engineering and Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jeff E Glasgow
- Dept. of Bioengineering, Schools of Engineering and Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,Joint Initiative for Metrology in Biology, Stanford, California, USA.,Genome-scale Measurements Group, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Maria Filsinger Interrante
- Dept. of Bioengineering, Schools of Engineering and Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Erica M Storm
- School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jennifer R Cochran
- Dept. of Bioengineering, Schools of Engineering and Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,Dept. of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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38
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Kapur S, Silverman AP, Ye AZ, Papo N, Jindal D, Blumenkranz MS, Cochran JR. Engineered ligand-based VEGFR antagonists with increased receptor binding affinity more effectively inhibit angiogenesis. Bioeng Transl Med 2017; 2:81-91. [PMID: 28516164 PMCID: PMC5412928 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathologic angiogenesis is mediated by the coordinated action of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) signaling axis, along with crosstalk contributed by other receptors, notably αvβ3 integrin. We build on earlier work demonstrating that point mutations can be introduced into the homodimeric VEGF ligand to convert it into an antagonist through disruption of binding to one copy of VEGFR2. This inhibitor has limited potency, however, due to loss of avidity effects from bivalent VEGFR2 binding. Here, we used yeast surface display to engineer a variant with VEGFR2 binding affinity approximately 40‐fold higher than the parental antagonist, and 14‐fold higher than the natural bivalent VEGF ligand. Increased VEGFR2 binding affinity correlated with the ability to more effectively inhibit VEGF‐mediated signaling, both in vitro and in vivo, as measured using VEGFR2 phosphorylation and Matrigel implantation assays. High affinity mutations found in this variant were then incorporated into a dual‐specific antagonist that we previously designed to simultaneously bind to and inhibit VEGFR2 and αvβ3 integrin. The resulting dual‐specific protein bound to human and murine endothelial cells with relative affinities of 120 ± 10 pM and 360 ± 50 pM, respectively, which is at least 30‐fold tighter than wild‐type VEGF (3.8 ± 0.5 nM). Finally, we demonstrated that this engineered high‐affinity dual‐specific protein could inhibit angiogenesis in a murine corneal neovascularization model. Taken together, these data indicate that protein engineering strategies can be combined to generate unique antiangiogenic candidates for further clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiven Kapur
- Dept. of Bioengineering Stanford University Stanford CA 94303
| | | | - Anne Z Ye
- Dept. of Bioengineering Stanford University Stanford CA 94303
| | - Niv Papo
- Dept. of Bioengineering Stanford University Stanford CA 94303
| | - Darren Jindal
- Dept. of Bioengineering Stanford University Stanford CA 94303
| | - Mark S Blumenkranz
- Dept. of Ophthalmology Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University Stanford CA 94303
| | - Jennifer R Cochran
- Dept. of Bioengineering Stanford University Stanford CA 94303.,Dept. of Chemical Engineering Stanford University Stanford CA 94303.,Stanford Cancer Institute Stanford University Stanford CA 94303
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39
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Lim S, Chen B, Kariolis MS, Dimov IK, Baer TM, Cochran JR. Engineering High Affinity Protein-Protein Interactions Using a High-Throughput Microcapillary Array Platform. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:336-341. [PMID: 27997117 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Affinity maturation of protein-protein interactions requires iterative rounds of protein library generation and high-throughput screening to identify variants that bind with increased affinity to a target of interest. We recently developed a multipurpose protein engineering platform, termed μSCALE (Microcapillary Single Cell Analysis and Laser Extraction). This technology enables high-throughput screening of libraries of millions of cell-expressing protein variants based on their binding properties or functional activity. Here, we demonstrate the first use of the μSCALE platform for affinity maturation of a protein-protein binding interaction. In this proof-of-concept study, we engineered an extracellular domain of the Axl receptor tyrosine kinase to bind tighter to its ligand Gas6. Within 2 weeks, two iterative rounds of library generation and screening resulted in engineered Axl variants with a 50-fold decrease in kinetic dissociation rate, highlighting the use of μSCALE as a new tool for directed evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungwon Lim
- Department
of Bioengineering, ‡Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative
Medicine, §Stanford Photonics Research Center, ∥Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Bob Chen
- Department
of Bioengineering, ‡Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative
Medicine, §Stanford Photonics Research Center, ∥Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Mihalis S. Kariolis
- Department
of Bioengineering, ‡Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative
Medicine, §Stanford Photonics Research Center, ∥Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Ivan K. Dimov
- Department
of Bioengineering, ‡Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative
Medicine, §Stanford Photonics Research Center, ∥Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Thomas M. Baer
- Department
of Bioengineering, ‡Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative
Medicine, §Stanford Photonics Research Center, ∥Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jennifer R. Cochran
- Department
of Bioengineering, ‡Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative
Medicine, §Stanford Photonics Research Center, ∥Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Kintzing JR, Filsinger Interrante MV, Cochran JR. Emerging Strategies for Developing Next-Generation Protein Therapeutics for Cancer Treatment. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2016; 37:993-1008. [PMID: 27836202 PMCID: PMC6238641 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Protein-based therapeutics have been revolutionizing the oncology space since they first appeared in the clinic two decades ago. Unlike traditional small-molecule chemotherapeutics, protein biologics promote active targeting of cancer cells by binding to cell-surface receptors and other markers specifically associated with or overexpressed on tumors versus healthy tissue. While the first approved cancer biologics were monoclonal antibodies, the burgeoning field of protein engineering is spawning research on an expanded range of protein formats and modifications that allow tuning of properties such as target-binding affinity, serum half-life, stability, and immunogenicity. In this review we highlight some of these strategies and provide examples of modified and engineered proteins under development as preclinical and clinical-stage drug candidates for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Kintzing
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Maria V Filsinger Interrante
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer R Cochran
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Kariolis MS, Miao YR, Diep A, Nash SE, Olcina MM, Jiang D, Jones DS, Kapur S, Mathews II, Koong AC, Rankin EB, Cochran JR, Giaccia AJ. Inhibition of the GAS6/AXL pathway augments the efficacy of chemotherapies. J Clin Invest 2016; 127:183-198. [PMID: 27893463 DOI: 10.1172/jci85610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The AXL receptor and its activating ligand, growth arrest-specific 6 (GAS6), are important drivers of metastasis and therapeutic resistance in human cancers. Given the critical roles that GAS6 and AXL play in refractory disease, this signaling axis represents an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. However, the strong picomolar binding affinity between GAS6 and AXL and the promiscuity of small molecule inhibitors represent important challenges faced by current anti-AXL therapeutics. Here, we have addressed these obstacles by engineering a second-generation, high-affinity AXL decoy receptor with an apparent affinity of 93 femtomolar to GAS6. Our decoy receptor, MYD1-72, profoundly inhibited disease progression in aggressive preclinical models of human cancers and induced cell killing in leukemia cells. When directly compared with the most advanced anti-AXL small molecules in the clinic, MYD1-72 achieved superior antitumor efficacy while displaying no toxicity. Moreover, we uncovered a relationship between AXL and the cellular response to DNA damage whereby abrogation of AXL signaling leads to accumulation of the DNA-damage markers γH2AX, 53BP1, and RAD51. MYD1-72 exploited this relationship, leading to improvements upon the therapeutic index of current standard-of-care chemotherapies in preclinical models of advanced pancreatic and ovarian cancer.
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42
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Kintzing JR, Cochran JR. Engineered knottin peptides as diagnostics, therapeutics, and drug delivery vehicles. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2016; 34:143-150. [PMID: 27642714 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitor cystine-knots, also known as knottins, are a structural family of ultra-stable peptides with diverse functions. Knottins and related backbone-cyclized peptides called cyclotides contain three disulfide bonds connected in a particular arrangement that endows these peptides with high thermal, proteolytic, and chemical stability. Knottins have gained interest as candidates for non-invasive molecular imaging and for drug development as they can possess the pharmacological properties of small molecules and the target affinity and selectively of protein biologics. Naturally occurring knottins are clinically approved for treating chronic pain and GI disorders. Combinatorial methods are being used to engineer knottins that can bind to other clinically relevant targets in cancer, and inflammatory and cardiac disease. This review details recent examples of engineered knottin peptides; their use as molecular imaging agents, therapeutics, and drug delivery vehicles; modifications that can be introduced to improve peptide folding and bioactivity; and future perspectives and challenges in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Kintzing
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, United States
| | - Jennifer R Cochran
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, United States; Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, United States.
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43
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Cox N, Kintzing JR, Smith M, Grant GA, Cochran JR. Inside Cover: Integrin-Targeting Knottin Peptide-Drug Conjugates Are Potent Inhibitors of Tumor Cell Proliferation (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 34/2016). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201605483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nick Cox
- Stanford ChEM-H Medicinal Chemistry Knowledge Center; Stanford University; Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - James R. Kintzing
- Department of Bioengineering; Stanford University; Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Mark Smith
- Stanford ChEM-H Medicinal Chemistry Knowledge Center; Stanford University; Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Gerald A. Grant
- Department of Neurosurgery; Stanford University; Stanford CA 94305 USA
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44
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Cox N, Kintzing JR, Smith M, Grant GA, Cochran JR. Innentitelbild: Integrin-Targeting Knottin Peptide-Drug Conjugates Are Potent Inhibitors of Tumor Cell Proliferation (Angew. Chem. 34/2016). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201605483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nick Cox
- Stanford ChEM-H Medicinal Chemistry Knowledge Center; Stanford University; Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - James R. Kintzing
- Department of Bioengineering; Stanford University; Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Mark Smith
- Stanford ChEM-H Medicinal Chemistry Knowledge Center; Stanford University; Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Gerald A. Grant
- Department of Neurosurgery; Stanford University; Stanford CA 94305 USA
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Abstract
Determining the equilibrium-binding affinity (Kd) of two interacting proteins is essential not only for the biochemical study of protein signaling and function but also for the engineering of improved protein and enzyme variants. One common technique for measuring protein-binding affinities uses flow cytometry to analyze ligand binding to proteins presented on the surface of a cell. However, cell-binding assays require specific considerations to accurately quantify the binding affinity of a protein-protein interaction. Here we will cover the basic assumptions in designing a cell-based binding assay, including the relevant equations and theory behind determining binding affinities. Further, two major considerations in measuring binding affinities-time to equilibrium and ligand depletion-will be discussed. As these conditions have the potential to greatly alter the Kd, methods through which to avoid or minimize them will be provided. We then outline detailed protocols for performing direct- and competitive-binding assays against proteins displayed on the surface of yeast or mammalian cells that can be used to derive accurate Kd values. Finally, a comparison of cell-based binding assays to other types of binding assays will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Hunter
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - J R Cochran
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.
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46
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Cox N, Kintzing JR, Smith M, Grant GA, Cochran JR. Integrin-Targeting Knottin Peptide-Drug Conjugates Are Potent Inhibitors of Tumor Cell Proliferation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201603488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nick Cox
- Stanford ChEM-H Medicinal Chemistry Knowledge Center; Stanford University; Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - James R. Kintzing
- Department of Bioengineering; Stanford University; Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Mark Smith
- Stanford ChEM-H Medicinal Chemistry Knowledge Center; Stanford University; Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Gerald A. Grant
- Department of Neurosurgery; Stanford University; Stanford CA 94305 USA
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47
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Cox N, Kintzing JR, Smith M, Grant GA, Cochran JR. Integrin-Targeting Knottin Peptide-Drug Conjugates Are Potent Inhibitors of Tumor Cell Proliferation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:9894-7. [PMID: 27304709 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201603488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) offer increased efficacy and reduced toxicity compared to systemic chemotherapy. Less attention has been paid to peptide-drug delivery, which has the potential for increased tumor penetration and facile synthesis. We report a knottin peptide-drug conjugate (KDC) and demonstrate that it can selectively deliver gemcitabine to malignant cells expressing tumor-associated integrins. This KDC binds to tumor cells with low-nanomolar affinity, is internalized by an integrin-mediated process, releases its payload intracellularly, and is a highly potent inhibitor of brain, breast, ovarian, and pancreatic cancer cell lines. Notably, these features enable this KDC to bypass a gemcitabine-resistance mechanism found in pancreatic cancer cells. This work expands the therapeutic relevance of knottin peptides to include targeted drug delivery, and further motivates efforts to expand the drug-conjugate toolkit to include non-antibody protein scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Cox
- Stanford ChEM-H Medicinal Chemistry Knowledge Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - James R Kintzing
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Mark Smith
- Stanford ChEM-H Medicinal Chemistry Knowledge Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Gerald A Grant
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jennifer R Cochran
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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Abstract
Chemoenzymatic modification of proteins is an attractive option to create highly specific conjugates for therapeutics, diagnostics, or materials under gentle biological conditions. However, these methods often suffer from expensive specialized substrates, bulky fusion tags, low yields, and extra purification steps to achieve the desired conjugate. Staphylococcus aureus sortase A and its engineered variants are used to attach oligoglycine derivatives to the C-terminus of proteins expressed with a minimal LPXTG tag. This strategy has been used extensively for bioconjugation in vitro and for protein-protein conjugation in living cells. Here we show that an enzyme variant recently engineered for higher activity on oligoglycine has promiscuous activity that allows proteins to be tagged using a diverse array of small, commercially available amines, including several bioorthogonal functional groups. This technique can also be carried out in living Escherichia coli, enabling simple, inexpensive production of chemically functionalized proteins with no additional purification steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff E Glasgow
- National Institute of Standards and Technology , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Marc L Salit
- National Institute of Standards and Technology , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jennifer R Cochran
- Departments of Bioengineering and Chemical Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
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49
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Currier NV, Ackerman SE, Kintzing JR, Chen R, Filsinger Interrante M, Steiner A, Sato AK, Cochran JR. Targeted Drug Delivery with an Integrin-Binding Knottin-Fc-MMAF Conjugate Produced by Cell-Free Protein Synthesis. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:1291-300. [PMID: 27197305 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) have generated significant interest as targeted therapeutics for cancer treatment, demonstrating improved clinical efficacy and safety compared with systemic chemotherapy. To extend this concept to other tumor-targeting proteins, we conjugated the tubulin inhibitor monomethyl-auristatin-F (MMAF) to 2.5F-Fc, a fusion protein composed of a human Fc domain and a cystine knot (knottin) miniprotein engineered to bind with high affinity to tumor-associated integrin receptors. The broad expression of integrins (including αvβ3, αvβ5, and α5β1) on tumor cells and their vasculature makes 2.5F-Fc an attractive tumor-targeting protein for drug delivery. We show that 2.5F-Fc can be expressed by cell-free protein synthesis, during which a non-natural amino acid was introduced into the Fc domain and subsequently used for site-specific conjugation of MMAF through a noncleavable linker. The resulting knottin-Fc-drug conjugate (KFDC), termed 2.5F-Fc-MMAF, had approximately 2 drugs attached per KFDC. 2.5F-Fc-MMAF inhibited proliferation in human glioblastoma (U87MG), ovarian (A2780), and breast (MB-468) cancer cells to a greater extent than 2.5F-Fc or MMAF alone or added in combination. As a single agent, 2.5F-Fc-MMAF was effective at inducing regression and prolonged survival in U87MG tumor xenograft models when administered at 10 mg/kg two times per week. In comparison, tumors treated with 2.5F-Fc or MMAF were nonresponsive, and treatment with a nontargeted control, CTRL-Fc-MMAF, showed a modest but not significant therapeutic effect. These studies provide proof-of-concept for further development of KFDCs as alternatives to ADCs for tumor targeting and drug delivery applications. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(6); 1291-300. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas V Currier
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Stanford Medical School, Stanford, California
| | | | - James R Kintzing
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Rishard Chen
- Sutro Biopharma, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | | | | | - Aaron K Sato
- Sutro Biopharma, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Jennifer R Cochran
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California. Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California.
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50
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Mitchell AC, Briquez PS, Hubbell JA, Cochran JR. Engineering growth factors for regenerative medicine applications. Acta Biomater 2016; 30:1-12. [PMID: 26555377 PMCID: PMC6067679 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Growth factors are important morphogenetic proteins that instruct cell behavior and guide tissue repair and renewal. Although their therapeutic potential holds great promise in regenerative medicine applications, translation of growth factors into clinical treatments has been hindered by limitations including poor protein stability, low recombinant expression yield, and suboptimal efficacy. This review highlights current tools, technologies, and approaches to design integrated and effective growth factor-based therapies for regenerative medicine applications. The first section describes rational and combinatorial protein engineering approaches that have been utilized to improve growth factor stability, expression yield, biodistribution, and serum half-life, or alter their cell trafficking behavior or receptor binding affinity. The second section highlights elegant biomaterial-based systems, inspired by the natural extracellular matrix milieu, that have been developed for effective spatial and temporal delivery of growth factors to cell surface receptors. Although appearing distinct, these two approaches are highly complementary and involve principles of molecular design and engineering to be considered in parallel when developing optimal materials for clinical applications. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Growth factors are promising therapeutic proteins that have the ability to modulate morphogenetic behaviors, including cell survival, proliferation, migration and differentiation. However, the translation of growth factors into clinical therapies has been hindered by properties such as poor protein stability, low recombinant expression yield, and non-physiological delivery, which lead to suboptimal efficacy and adverse side effects. To address these needs, researchers are employing clever molecular and material engineering and design strategies to both improve the intrinsic properties of growth factors and effectively control their delivery into tissue. This review highlights examples of interdisciplinary tools and technologies used to augment the therapeutic potential of growth factors for clinical applications in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron C Mitchell
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Priscilla S Briquez
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences and School of Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey A Hubbell
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences and School of Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland; Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA.
| | - Jennifer R Cochran
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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