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Peng X, Yang L, Ma Y, Li Y, Li H. Focus on the morphogenesis, fate and the role in tumor progression of multivesicular bodies. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:122. [PMID: 32771015 PMCID: PMC7414566 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00619-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multivesicular bodies (MVBs) are endosome organelles that are gradually attracting research attention. Initially, MVBs were considered as important components of the endosomal-lysosomal degradation pathway. In recent years, with an increase in extracellular vesicle (EV) research, the biogenesis, fate, and pathological effects of MVBs have been increasingly studied. However, the mechanisms by which MVBs are sorted to the lysosome and plasma membrane remain unclear. In addition, whether the trafficking of MVBs can determine whether exosomes are released from cells, the factors are involved in cargo loading and regulating the fate of MVBs, and the roles that MVBs play in the development of disease are unknown. Consequently, this review focuses on the mechanism of MVB biogenesis, intraluminal vesicle formation, sorting of different cargoes, and regulation of their fate. We also discuss the mechanisms of emerging amphisome-dependent secretion and degradation. In addition, we highlight the contributions of MVBs to the heterogeneity of EVs, and their important roles in cancer. Thus, we attempt to unravel the various functions of MVBs in the cell and their multiple roles in tumor progression. Video Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqiang Peng
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Liang Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Yingbo Ma
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Hangyu Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China.
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Gonzalez-Avila G, Sommer B, García-Hernández AA, Ramos C. Matrix Metalloproteinases' Role in Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1245:97-131. [PMID: 32266655 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-40146-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells evolve in the tumor microenvironment (TME) by the acquisition of characteristics that allow them to initiate their passage through a series of events that constitute the metastatic cascade. For this purpose, tumor cells maintain a crosstalk with TME non-neoplastic cells transforming them into their allies. "Corrupted" cells such as cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), and tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs) as well as neoplastic cells express and secrete matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Moreover, TME metabolic conditions such as hypoxia and acidification induce MMPs' synthesis in both cancer and stromal cells. MMPs' participation in TME consists in promoting events, for example, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), apoptosis resistance, angiogenesis, and lymphangiogenesis. MMPs also facilitate tumor cell migration through the basement membrane (BM) and extracellular matrix (ECM). The aim of the present chapter is to discuss MMPs' contribution to the evolution of cancer cells, their cellular origin, and their influence in the main processes that take place in the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Gonzalez-Avila
- Laboratorio de Oncología Biomédica, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosío Villegas", Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Bettina Sommer
- Departamento de Investigación en Hiperreactividad Bronquial, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosío Villegas", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - A Armando García-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Oncología Biomédica, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosío Villegas", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos Ramos
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular, Departamento de Fibrosis Pulmonar, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosío Villegas", Mexico City, Mexico
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Spatio-temporal modeling and live-cell imaging of proteolysis in the 4D microenvironment of breast cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2020; 38:445-454. [PMID: 31605250 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-019-09810-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cells grown in three dimensions (3D) within natural extracellular matrices or synthetic scaffolds more closely recapitulate the phenotype of those cells within tissues in regard to normal developmental and pathobiological processes. This includes degradation of the surrounding stroma as the cells migrate and invade through the matrices. As 3D cultures of tumor cells predict efficacy of, and resistance to, a wide variety of cancer therapies, we employed tissue-engineering approaches to establish 3D pathomimetic avatars of human breast cancer cells alone and in the context of both their cellular and pathochemical microenvironments. We have shown that we can localize and quantify key parameters of malignant progression by live-cell imaging of the 3D avatars over time (4D). One surrogate for changes in malignant progression is matrix degradation, which can be localized and quantified by our live-cell proteolysis assay. This assay is predictive of changes in spatio-temporal and dynamic interactions among the co-cultured cells and changes in viability, proliferation, and malignant phenotype. Furthermore, our live-cell proteolysis assay measures the effect of small-molecule inhibitors of proteases and kinases, neutralizing or blocking antibodies to cytokines and photodynamic therapy on malignant progression. We suggest that 3D/4D pathomimetic avatars in combination with our live-cell proteolysis assays will be a useful preclinical screening platform for cancer therapies. Our ultimate goal is to develop 3D/4D avatars from an individual patient's cancer in which we can screen "personalized medicine" therapies using changes in proteolytic activity to quantify therapeutic efficacy.
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Zhang Z, Tian Y, Ye K. δ-secretase in neurodegenerative diseases: mechanisms, regulators and therapeutic opportunities. Transl Neurodegener 2020; 9:1. [PMID: 31911834 PMCID: PMC6943888 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-019-0179-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian asparagine endopeptidase (AEP) is a cysteine protease that cleaves its protein substrates on the C-terminal side of asparagine residues. Converging lines of evidence indicate that AEP may be involved in the pathogenesis of several neurological diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and frontotemporal dementia. AEP is activated in the aging brain, cleaves amyloid precursor protein (APP) and promotes the production of amyloid-β (Aβ). We renamed AEP to δ-secretase to emphasize its role in APP fragmentation and Aβ production. AEP also cleaves other substrates, such as tau, α-synuclein, SET, and TAR DNA-binding protein 43, generating neurotoxic fragments and disturbing their physiological functions. The activity of δ-secretase is tightly regulated at both the transcriptional and posttranslational levels. Here, we review the recent advances in the role of δ-secretase in neurodegenerative diseases, with a focus on its biochemical properties and the transcriptional and posttranslational regulation of its activity, and discuss the clinical implications of δ-secretase as a diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhentao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060 People’s Republic of China
| | - Keqiang Ye
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
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Jiang X, Liu Z, Yang Y, Li H, Qi X, Ren WX, Deng M, Lü M, Wu J, Liang S. A mitochondria-targeted two-photon fluorescent probe for sensing and imaging pH changes in living cells. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 224:117435. [PMID: 31400745 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.117435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A novel two-photon pH probe, 3-benzimidazole-7-hydroxycoumarin (BHC), was designed and synthesized based on the structures of hydroxycoumarin and benzimidazole. BHC showed good linearity in the pH ranges of 3.30-5.40 (pKa = 4.20) and 6.50-8.30 (pKa = 7.20) at a maximum emission wavelength of 480 nm. BHC in acidic and alkaline media could be distinguished by an obvious spectral shift of the maximum absorption wavelength from 390 nm to 420 nm. In addition, BHC was well localized to mitochondria and successfully applied to one-photon and two-photon imaging of pH changes in the mitochondria of HeLa cells. The findings presented herein suggest that BHC can serve as an excellent fluorescent probe for selectively sensing mitochondrial pH changes with remarkable photostability and low cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqin Jiang
- The Pharmacy School of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Zengjin Liu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Youzhe Yang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Hao Li
- The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyi Qi
- The Pharmacy School of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, China
| | - Wen Xiu Ren
- The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, China
| | - Mingming Deng
- The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Muhan Lü
- The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
| | - Jianming Wu
- The Pharmacy School of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
| | - Sicheng Liang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; The Pharmacy School of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, China.
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Bi X, Wang Y, Wang D, Liu L, Zhu W, Zhang J, Zha X. A mitochondrial-targetable dual functional near-infrared fluorescent probe to monitor pH and H2O2 in living cells and mice. RSC Adv 2020; 10:26874-26879. [PMID: 35515755 PMCID: PMC9055531 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra03905e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A lower pH level and high hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentration in mitochondria is closely associated with a variety of diseases including cancer and inflammation. Thus, determination of changes in the level of acidic pH and H2O2 is of great importance and could provide new insights into the key functions under both physiological and pathological conditions. Herein, we present a novel mitochondria-targetable probe NIR-pH-H2O2, as the first near infrared (NIR) fluorescent small molecule, to monitor changes of endogenous pH (pka = 6.17) and H2O2 with high sensitivity, good compatibility and low cytotoxicity. Futhermore, it was successfully employed to monitor pH and H2O2 in a mouse acute inflammation model. These results demonstrate that NIR-pH-H2O2 is a novel bifunctional mitochondrial-targeted NIR probe to sense acidic pH and H2O2in vitro and in vivo, indicating its huge potential for the diagnosis of pH and H2O2-related diseases. A lower pH level and high hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentration in mitochondria is closely associated with a variety of diseases including cancer and inflammation.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyuan Bi
- School of Engineering
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 211198
- China
| | - Yingying Wang
- School of Engineering
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 211198
- China
| | - Dandan Wang
- School of Engineering
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 211198
- China
| | - Liming Liu
- School of Engineering
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 211198
- China
| | - Wen Zhu
- School of Engineering
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 211198
- China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- School of Pharmacy
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 211198
- China
| | - Xiaoming Zha
- School of Engineering
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 211198
- China
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Yu M, Cui R, Huang Y, Luo Y, Qin S, Zhong M. Increased proton-sensing receptor GPR4 signalling promotes colorectal cancer progression by activating the hippo pathway. EBioMedicine 2019; 48:264-276. [PMID: 31530502 PMCID: PMC6838423 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the high incidences tumours and is ranked second in cancer-related mortality. Even though great progress has been made, there are no effective therapeutic strategies for late stage and metastatic CRC patients. Acidity is one characteristic of the tumour microenvironment. However, how cancer cells respond to this acidic environment surrounding them remains largely unknown, especially in colorectal cancer. Methods Proton sensor receptor expression was analysed in GEO and TCGA datasets. The expression of GPR4 in CRC specimens was confirmed by western blotting and immunohistochemistry (IHC). The role of GPR4 in CRC progression was analysed both in vitro and in vivo. Pharmacological intervention, immunofluorescence and gene set enrichment analyses were performed to reveal the underlying molecular mechanisms of GPR4. Findings We found that GPR4 was upregulated in CRC samples. In addition, its high expression correlated with late stage tumours and poor overall survival in patients. Furthermore, loss-of-function assays proved that GPR4 promoted CRC carcinogenesis and metastatic ability. Mechanistically, GPR4 was activated by extracellular protons in the tumour microenvironment and enhanced RhoA activation and F-actin rearrangement, leading to LATS activity inhibition, YAP1 nuclear translocation and oncogene transcription. Interpretation The expression of GPR4 is upregulated in colorectal cancer and is associated with shorter overall survival time in CRC patients. These findings reveal the novel roles of GPR4 in CRC progression and suggest GPR4 might be a new therapeutic target for CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhao Yu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Ran Cui
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Yizhou Huang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Yang Luo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Shaolan Qin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Ming Zhong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China.
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