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Zheng Y, Bek MK, Prince NZ, Peralta Marzal LN, Garssen J, Perez Pardo P, Kraneveld AD. The Role of Bacterial-Derived Aromatic Amino Acids Metabolites Relevant in Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Comprehensive Review. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:738220. [PMID: 34744609 PMCID: PMC8568365 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.738220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the idea of the gut microbiota being involved in the pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) has attracted attention through numerous studies. Many of these studies report microbial dysregulation in the gut and feces of autistic patients and in ASD animal models. The host microbiota plays a large role in metabolism of ingested foods, and through the production of a range of metabolites it may be involved in neurodevelopmental disorders such as ASD. Two specific microbiota-derived host metabolites, p-cresol sulfate and 4-ethylphenyl sulfate, have been associated with ASD in both patients and animal models. These metabolites originate from bacterially produced p-cresol and 4-ethylphenol, respectively. p-Cresol and 4-ethylphenol are produced through aromatic amino acid fermentation by a range of commensal bacteria, most notably bacteria from the Clostridioides genus, which are among the dysregulated bacteria frequently detected in ASD patients. Once produced, these metabolites are suggested to enter the bloodstream, pass the blood–brain-barrier and affect microglial cells in the central nervous system, possibly affecting processes like neuroinflammation and microglial phagocytosis. This review describes the current knowledge of microbial dysbiosis in ASD and elaborates on the relevance and synthesis pathways of two specific ASD-associated metabolites that may form a link between the microbiota and the brain in autism. While the two discussed metabolites are promising candidates for biomarkers and (nutritional) intervention targets, more research into the role of these metabolites in ASD is required to causally connect these metabolites to ASD pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanpeng Zheng
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marie K Bek
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Naika Z Prince
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Lucia N Peralta Marzal
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Global Centre of Excellence Immunology, Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Paula Perez Pardo
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Aletta D Kraneveld
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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52
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Volkmar FR. Celebrating 40 years since DSM-III. J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 51:4251-4252. [PMID: 34618294 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-05262-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This special section celebrates the first official recognition of Autism as a diagnostic concept in 1980 in the third edition of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual. The articles in this special section note the many areas of significant progress made as well as areas that remain important topics for continued and future research. The official recognition of autism as a diagnostic concept has significantly advanced both clinical work and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred R Volkmar
- Yale University Child Study Center, PO Box 207900, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
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53
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Anderson A, Carr M. Applied Behaviour Analysis for Autism: Evidence, Issues, and Implementation Barriers. CURRENT DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40474-021-00237-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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54
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Bejnö H, Bölte S, Linder N, Långh U, Odom SL, Roll-Pettersson L. From Someone Who May Cause Trouble to Someone You Can Play With: Stakeholders' Perspectives on Preschool Program Quality for Autistic Children. J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 52:3890-3908. [PMID: 34499273 PMCID: PMC9349083 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-05268-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In Sweden, young autistic children typically attend community-based preschool programs, which may not be adapted to their needs. In the current study, stakeholders to autistic children receiving Early Intensive Behavioral Intervention were interviewed following a quasi-randomized study (#NCT03634761) aimed at improving the preschool program quality using the Swedish version of the Autism Program Environment Rating Scale (APERS). Stakeholders provided their perceptions and experiences concerning key factors for high quality preschool programs as well as well as their experiences of the abovementioned APERS study. Applying thematic analysis, stakeholder groups differed in what they emphasized, but all highlighted staff’s competence, children’s inclusion and participation, collaboration, and the learning environment as key program areas that had been positively influenced by the APERS-based intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hampus Bejnö
- Department of Special Education, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Sven Bölte
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Psychiatry Research, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
- Curtin Autism Research Group, Curtin School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- KIND, CAP Research Center, Gävlegatan 22 B, 11330, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nina Linder
- Department of Special Education, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Långh
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Psychiatry Research, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
- Autism Center for Young Children, Habilitation & Health, Stockholm County Council, 104 62, Stockholm, Sweden
- KIND, CAP Research Center, Gävlegatan 22 B, 11330, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Samuel L Odom
- Frank Porter Graham Child Development Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 8180, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-8180, USA
| | - Lise Roll-Pettersson
- Department of Special Education, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
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55
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Fombonne E, Coppola L, Mastel S, O'Roak BJ. Validation of Autism Diagnosis and Clinical Data in the SPARK Cohort. J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 52:3383-3398. [PMID: 34328611 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-05218-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The SPARK cohort was established to facilitate recruitment in studies of large numbers of participants with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Online registration requires participants to have received a lifetime professional diagnosis by health or school providers although diagnoses are not independently verified. This study was set to examine the validity of self- and caregiver-reported autism diagnoses. Electronic medical records (EMR) of 254 SPARK participants (77.6% male, age 10.7 years) were abstracted. Using two different methods, confirmation of ASD diagnosis in EMRs was obtained in 98.8% of cases. Core clinical features recorded in EMRs were typical of autism samples and showed very good agreement with SPARK cohort data, providing further evidence of the validity of clinical information in the SPARK database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Fombonne
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Mail code: GH254, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, USA.
| | - Leigh Coppola
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Mail code: GH254, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Sarah Mastel
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Mail code: GH254, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Brian J O'Roak
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, USA
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56
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Bermudez-Martin P, Becker JAJ, Caramello N, Fernandez SP, Costa-Campos R, Canaguier J, Barbosa S, Martinez-Gili L, Myridakis A, Dumas ME, Bruneau A, Cherbuy C, Langella P, Callebert J, Launay JM, Chabry J, Barik J, Le Merrer J, Glaichenhaus N, Davidovic L. The microbial metabolite p-Cresol induces autistic-like behaviors in mice by remodeling the gut microbiota. MICROBIOME 2021; 9:157. [PMID: 34238386 PMCID: PMC8268286 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-021-01103-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are associated with dysregulation of the microbiota-gut-brain axis, changes in microbiota composition as well as in the fecal, serum, and urine levels of microbial metabolites. Yet a causal relationship between dysregulation of the microbiota-gut-brain axis and ASD remains to be demonstrated. Here, we hypothesized that the microbial metabolite p-Cresol, which is more abundant in ASD patients compared to neurotypical individuals, could induce ASD-like behavior in mice. RESULTS Mice exposed to p-Cresol for 4 weeks in drinking water presented social behavior deficits, stereotypies, and perseverative behaviors, but no changes in anxiety, locomotion, or cognition. Abnormal social behavior induced by p-Cresol was associated with decreased activity of central dopamine neurons involved in the social reward circuit. Further, p-Cresol induced changes in microbiota composition and social behavior deficits could be transferred from p-Cresol-treated mice to control mice by fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). We also showed that mice transplanted with the microbiota of p-Cresol-treated mice exhibited increased fecal p-Cresol excretion, compared to mice transplanted with the microbiota of control mice. In addition, we identified possible p-Cresol bacterial producers. Lastly, the microbiota of control mice rescued social interactions, dopamine neurons excitability, and fecal p-Cresol levels when transplanted to p-Cresol-treated mice. CONCLUSIONS The microbial metabolite p-Cresol induces selectively ASD core behavioral symptoms in mice. Social behavior deficits induced by p-Cresol are dependant on changes in microbiota composition. Our study paves the way for therapeutic interventions targeting the microbiota and p-Cresol production to treat patients with ASD. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Bermudez-Martin
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Côte d'Azur, 660 route des Lucioles, 06560, Valbonne, France
| | - Jérôme A J Becker
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, UMR0075 INRAE, UMR7247 CNRS, IFCE, Inserm, Université François Rabelais, 37380, Nouzilly, France
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, CNRS, Tours, 37200, France
| | - Nicolas Caramello
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Côte d'Azur, 660 route des Lucioles, 06560, Valbonne, France
- Current address: Structural Biology, Radiation Facility, European Synchrotron, Grenoble, France
| | - Sebastian P Fernandez
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Côte d'Azur, 660 route des Lucioles, 06560, Valbonne, France
| | - Renan Costa-Campos
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Côte d'Azur, 660 route des Lucioles, 06560, Valbonne, France
| | - Juliette Canaguier
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Côte d'Azur, 660 route des Lucioles, 06560, Valbonne, France
| | - Susana Barbosa
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Côte d'Azur, 660 route des Lucioles, 06560, Valbonne, France
| | - Laura Martinez-Gili
- Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Antonis Myridakis
- Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Marc-Emmanuel Dumas
- Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Genomic and Environmental Medicine, National Heart & Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, SW3 6KY, UK
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, CNRS UMR 8199, INSERM UMR 1283, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille University Hospital, University of Lille, 59045, Lille, France
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, 740 Doctor Penfield Avenue, Montréal, QC, H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Aurélia Bruneau
- AgroParisTech, INRAE, Institut Micalis, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Claire Cherbuy
- AgroParisTech, INRAE, Institut Micalis, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Philippe Langella
- AgroParisTech, INRAE, Institut Micalis, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Jacques Callebert
- UMR-S 942, INSERM, Department of Biochemistry, Lariboisière Hospital, Paris, France
- Centre for Biological Resources, BB-0033-00064, Lariboisière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marie Launay
- UMR-S 942, INSERM, Department of Biochemistry, Lariboisière Hospital, Paris, France
- Centre for Biological Resources, BB-0033-00064, Lariboisière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Joëlle Chabry
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Côte d'Azur, 660 route des Lucioles, 06560, Valbonne, France
| | - Jacques Barik
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Côte d'Azur, 660 route des Lucioles, 06560, Valbonne, France
| | - Julie Le Merrer
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, UMR0075 INRAE, UMR7247 CNRS, IFCE, Inserm, Université François Rabelais, 37380, Nouzilly, France
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, CNRS, Tours, 37200, France
| | - Nicolas Glaichenhaus
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Côte d'Azur, 660 route des Lucioles, 06560, Valbonne, France
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
| | - Laetitia Davidovic
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Côte d'Azur, 660 route des Lucioles, 06560, Valbonne, France.
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.
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57
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Ketogenic Dietary Therapies in Patients with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Facts or Fads? A Scoping Review and a Proposal for a Shared Protocol. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13062057. [PMID: 34208488 PMCID: PMC8234312 DOI: 10.3390/nu13062057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with increasing incidence. An expanding body of literature is examining connections between ASD and dietary interventions. Existing reports suggest a beneficial effect of ketogenic dietary therapies (KDTs) in improving behavioral symptoms in ASD. In this context, the purpose of this scoping review was to identify and map available evidence in the literature about the feasibility and potential efficacy of KDTs in pediatric patients with ASD and to inform clinical practice in the field. Moreover, based on the resulting data from the literature review, we aimed to provide a shared protocol to develop a personalized KDT intervention in patients with ASD. A comprehensive and structured web-based literature search was performed using PubMed and Scopus and it yielded 203 records. Seven papers were finally selected and included in the review. Data were abstracted by independent coders. High variability was identified in study designs and dietary aspects emerged among selected studies. Results supported the effectiveness of KDTs in promoting behavioral improvements. Clinical recommendations on which patients may benefit most from KDTs implementation and difficulties in dietary adherence were discussed.
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58
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Conrad CE, Rimestad ML, Rohde JF, Petersen BH, Korfitsen CB, Tarp S, Cantio C, Lauritsen MB, Händel MN. Parent-Mediated Interventions for Children and Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:773604. [PMID: 34867556 PMCID: PMC8632873 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.773604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been increasing interest in parent-mediated interventions (PMIs) for children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to examine the effect of PMIs compared to no PMI for children with ASD aged 2-17 years. The primary outcome was adaptive functioning rated by a parent or clinician. The secondary outcomes were long-term adaptive functioning rated by the parents, adverse events, core symptoms of ASD, disruptive behavior, parental well-being, quality of life of the child rated by the parents and anxiety. The MEDLINE, PsycInfo, Embase, and CINAHL databases were searched in March 2020. The Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool was used to rate the individual studies, and the certainty in the evidence was evaluated using GRADE. We identified 30 relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs), including 1,934 participants. A clinically relevant effect of PMIs on parent-rated adaptive functioning was found with a low certainty of evidence [Standard mean difference (SMD): 0.28 (95% CI: -0.01, 0.57)] on Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (VABS), whereas no clinically relevant effect was seen for clinician-rated functional level, with a very low certainty of evidence [SMD on Clinical Global Impressions (CGI)-severity scale: SMD -0.45 [95% CI: -0.87, -0.03)]. PMIs may slightly improve clinician-rated autism core symptoms [SMD: -0.35 (95% CI: -0.71, 0.02)]. Additionally, no effect of PMIs on parent-rated core symptoms of ASD, parental well-being or adverse effects was identified, all with a low certainty of evidence. There was a moderate certainty of evidence for a clinically relevant effect on disruptive behavior [SMD: 0.55 (95% Cl: 0.36, 0.74)]. The certainty in the evidence was downgraded due to serious risk of bias, lack of blinding, and serious risk of imprecision due to few participants included in meta-analyses. The present findings suggest that clinicians may consider introducing PMIs to children with ASD, but more high-quality RCTs are needed because the effects are not well-established, and the results are likely to change with future studies. The protocol for the systematic review is registered at the Danish Health Authority website (www.sst.dk).
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Engberg Conrad
- Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | - Jeanett Friis Rohde
- The Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, The Capital Region, Frederiksberg, Denmark.,The Danish Health Authority, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Simon Tarp
- The Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, The Capital Region, Frederiksberg, Denmark.,The Danish Health Authority, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cathriona Cantio
- Institute of Psychology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services, Region of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Marlene Briciet Lauritsen
- Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Mina Nicole Händel
- The Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, The Capital Region, Frederiksberg, Denmark.,The Danish Health Authority, Copenhagen, Denmark
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