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Kim SH, Jeong JH, Lee SH, Kim SW, Park TG. LHRH Receptor-Mediated Delivery of siRNA Using Polyelectrolyte Complex Micelles Self-Assembled from siRNA-PEG-LHRH Conjugate and PEI. Bioconjug Chem 2008; 19:2156-62. [DOI: 10.1021/bc800249n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sun Hwa Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, South Korea, Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, and College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, South Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, South Korea, Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, and College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, South Korea
| | - Soo Hyeon Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, South Korea, Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, and College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, South Korea
| | - Sung Wan Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, South Korea, Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, and College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, South Korea
| | - Tae Gwan Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, South Korea, Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, and College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, South Korea
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52
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Ghonaim HM, Li S, Blagbrough IS. Very long chain N4, N9 -diacyl spermines: non-viral lipopolyamine vectors for efficient plasmid DNA and siRNA delivery. Pharm Res 2008; 26:19-31. [PMID: 18781381 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-008-9705-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2008] [Accepted: 08/06/2008] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the effect of increasing the chain length over C-18 and varying the oxidation level in synthesized N4, N9-diacyl spermines on DNA and siRNA formulation, and then to compare their transfection efficiency in cell lines METHODS The five novel very long chain N4, N9-diacyl polyamines: N4, N9-[diarachidoyl, diarachidonoyl, dieicosenoyl, dierucoyl and dinervonoyl]-1,12-diamino-4,9-diazadodecane were synthesized. The abilities of these novel compounds to condense DNA and to form nanoparticles were studied using ethidium bromide fluorescence quenching and nanoparticle characterization techniques. Transfection efficiency was studied in FEK4 primary skin cells and in an immortalized cancer cell line (HtTA), and compared with the non-liposomal transfection formulation Lipogen, N4, N9-dioleoyl-1,12-diamino-4,9-diazadodecane. Also, the abilities of these compounds to condense siRNA and to form nanoparticles were studied using a RiboGreen intercalation assay and their abilities to deliver siRNA into cells were studied in FEK4 and HtTA cells using fluorescein-labelled Label IT(R) RNAi Delivery Control, a sequenced 21-mer from Mirus. RESULTS We show efficient pEGFP and siRNA formulation and delivery to primary skin and cancer cell lines. CONCLUSIONS Adding two C20 or C22 chains, both mono-cis-unsaturated, N4, N9-dieicosenoyl spermine and N4, N9-dierucoyl spermine, gave efficient siRNA delivery vectors, even in the presence of serum, comparable to TransIT-TKO and with excellent cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan M Ghonaim
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
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53
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Alam MR, Dixit V, Kang H, Li ZB, Chen X, Trejo J, Fisher M, Juliano RL. Intracellular delivery of an anionic antisense oligonucleotide via receptor-mediated endocytosis. Nucleic Acids Res 2008; 36:2764-76. [PMID: 18367474 PMCID: PMC2377441 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkn115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe the synthesis and characterization of a 5' conjugate between a 2'-O-Me phosphorothioate antisense oligonucleotide and a bivalent RGD (arginine-glycine-aspartic acid) peptide that is a high-affinity ligand for the alphavbeta3 integrin. We used alphavbeta3-positive melanoma cells transfected with a reporter comprised of the firefly luciferase gene interrupted by an abnormally spliced intron. Intranuclear delivery of a specific antisense oligonucleotide (termed 623) corrects splicing and allows luciferase expression in these cells. The RGD-623 conjugate or a cationic lipid-623 complex produced significant increases in luciferase expression, while 'free' 623 did not. However, the kinetics of luciferase expression was distinct; the RGD-623 conjugate produced a gradual increase followed by a gradual decline, while the cationic lipid-623 complex caused a rapid increase followed by a monotonic decline. The subcellular distribution of the oligonucleotide delivered using cationic lipids included both cytoplasmic vesicles and the nucleus, while the RGD-623 conjugate was primarily found in cytoplasmic vesicles that partially co-localized with a marker for caveolae. Both the cellular uptake and the biological effect of the RGD-623 conjugate were blocked by excess RGD peptide. These observations suggest that the bivalent RGD peptide-oligonucleotide conjugate enters cells via a process of receptor-mediated endocytosis mediated by the alphavbeta3 integrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Rowshon Alam
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill NC 27599, USA
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54
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Biondi M, Ungaro F, Quaglia F, Netti PA. Controlled drug delivery in tissue engineering. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2008; 60:229-42. [PMID: 18031864 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2007.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2007] [Accepted: 08/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The concept of tissue and cell guidance is rapidly evolving as more information regarding the effect of the microenvironment on cellular function and tissue morphogenesis become available. These disclosures have lead to a tremendous advancement in the design of a new generation of multifunctional biomaterials able to mimic the molecular regulatory characteristics and the three-dimensional architecture of the native extracellular matrix. Micro- and nano-structured scaffolds able to sequester and deliver in a highly specific manner biomolecular moieties have already been proved to be effective in bone repairing, in guiding functional angiogenesis and in controlling stem cell differentiation. Although these platforms represent a first attempt to mimic the complex temporal and spatial microenvironment presented in vivo, an increased symbiosis of material engineering, drug delivery technology and cell and molecular biology may ultimately lead to biomaterials that encode the necessary signals to guide and control developmental process in tissue- and organ-specific differentiation and morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Biondi
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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55
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Mescalchin A, Detzer A, Wecke M, Overhoff M, Wünsche W, Sczakiel G. Cellular uptake and intracellular release are major obstacles to the therapeutic application of siRNA: novel options by phosphorothioate-stimulated delivery. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2007; 7:1531-8. [PMID: 17916045 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.7.10.1531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The cellular uptake of oligomeric nucleic acid-based tools and drugs including small-interfering RNA (siRNA) represents a major technical hurdle for the biologic effectiveness and therapeutic success in vivo. Subsequent to cellular delivery it is crucial to direct siRNA to the cellular location where it enters the RNA interference pathway. Here the authors summarise evidence that functionally active siRNA represents a minor fraction in the order of 1% of total siRNA inside a given target cell. Exploiting possibilities of steering intracellular release or trafficking of siRNA bears the potential of substantially increasing the biological activity of siRNA. The recently described phosphorothioate stimulated cellular delivery of siRNA makes use of the caveolar system ending in the Golgi apparatus, which contrasts all other known delivery systems. Therefore, it represents an attractive alternative to study whether promoted intracellular release is related to increased target suppression and, thus, increased phenotypic biologic effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Mescalchin
- Universität zu Lübeck, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein and Zentrum für medizinische Strukturbiologie ZMSB, Institut für Molekulare Medizin, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
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56
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Kostiainen MA, Szilvay GR, Lehtinen J, Smith DK, Linder MB, Urtti A, Ikkala O. Precisely defined protein-polymer conjugates: construction of synthetic DNA binding domains on proteins by using multivalent dendrons. ACS NANO 2007; 1:103-113. [PMID: 19206526 DOI: 10.1021/nn700053y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Nature has evolved proteins and enzymes to carry out a wide range of sophisticated tasks. Proteins modified with functional polymers possess many desirable physical and chemical properties and have applications in nanobiotechnology. Here we describe multivalent Newkome-type polyamine dendrons that function as synthetic DNA binding domains, which can be conjugated with proteins. These polyamine dendrons employ naturally occurring spermine surface groups to bind DNA with high affinity and are attached onto protein surfaces in a site-specific manner to yield well-defined one-to-one protein-polymer conjugates, where the number of dendrons and their attachment site on the protein surface are precisely known. This precise structure is achieved by using N-maleimido-core dendrons that selectively react via 1,4-conjugate addition with a single free thiol group on the protein surface--either Cys-34 of bovine serum albumin (BSA) or a genetically engineered cysteine mutant of Class II hydrophobin (HFBI). This reaction can be conducted in mild aqueous solutions (pH 7.2-7.4) and at ambient temperature, resulting in BSA- and HFBI-dendron conjugates. The protein-dendron conjugates constitute a specific biosynthetic diblock copolymer and bind DNA with high affinity, as shown by ethidium bromide displacement assay. Importantly, even the low-molecular-weight first-generation polyamine dendron (1 kDa) can bind a large BSA protein (66.4 kDa) to DNA with relatively good affinity. Preliminary gene transfection, cytotoxicity, and self-assembly studies establish the relevance of this methodology for in vitro applications, such as gene therapy and surface patterning. These results encourage further developments in protein-dendron block copolymer-like conjugates and will allow the advance of functional biomimetic nanoscale materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauri A Kostiainen
- Department of Engineering, Physics, and Mathematics and Center for New Materials, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O. Box 2200, 02015 HUT, Espoo, Finland.
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57
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Abstract
There is currently great interest in molecular therapies to treat various diseases, and this has prompted extensive efforts to achieve target-specific and controlled delivery of bioactive macromolecules (for example, proteins, antibodies, DNA and small interfering RNA) through the design of smart drug carriers. By contrast, the influence of the microenvironment in which the target cell resides and the effect it might have on the success of biomacromolecular therapies has been under-appreciated. The extracellular matrix (ECM) component of the cellular niche may be particularly important, as many diseases and injury disrupt the normal ECM architecture, the cell adhesion to ECM, and the subsequent cellular activities. This Review will discuss the importance of the ECM and the ECM-cell interactions on the cell response to bioactive macromolecules, and suggest how this information could lead to new criteria for the design of novel drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Joon Kong
- Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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58
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Gary DJ, Puri N, Won YY. Polymer-based siRNA delivery: Perspectives on the fundamental and phenomenological distinctions from polymer-based DNA delivery. J Control Release 2007; 121:64-73. [PMID: 17588702 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2007.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 388] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2007] [Accepted: 05/15/2007] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy holds tremendous promise in the treatment of many genetic and acquired diseases. The future of gene therapy in humans, however, is contingent upon the discovery of safe and effective carriers of genetic material. Polymers represent a class of materials that can be extensively modified to meet the needs of a particular gene delivery system. A variety of polymer formulations have been proposed in the literature as potential carriers, most of which facilitate gene delivery by encapsulating, and in some cases, condensing nucleic acids into nano-sized particles which can then be taken up by cells. Crucial to successful delivery of the gene to a cell is the polymer's ability to protect its contents from degradation in the extracellular environment. A well-designed carrier will also promote cellular uptake and intracellular release of the nucleic acid. In the past, a common approach to gene therapy has been to transfect cells with a polymer-encapsulated DNA plasmid designed to replace a defective gene in the target-cell genome. Within the last few years, however, RNA interference (RNAi) has emerged as a novel therapeutic pathway by which harmful genes can be "silenced" by delivering complementary short interfering RNA (siRNA) to target cells. siRNA delivery facilitated by polymers, although very promising, suffers from many of the same limitations as DNA delivery. This review will (1) highlight the similarities and differences between these two methods of gene therapy and (2) discuss how some of the remaining challenges in siRNA delivery facilitated by polymers can be addressed by applying knowledge from the longer-studied problem of DNA delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana J Gary
- School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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59
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Zhou X, Jiang Y, Lu L, Ding Q, Jiao Z, Zhou Y, Xin L, Chou KY. MHC class II transactivator represses human IL-4 gene transcription by interruption of promoter binding with CBP/p300, STAT6 and NFAT1 via histone hypoacetylation. Immunology 2007; 122:476-85. [PMID: 17645498 PMCID: PMC2266042 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02674.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to its property of enhancing major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II expression, the class II transactivator (CIITA) was recently demonstrated to be involved in T helper type 1/type 2 (Th1/Th2) differentiation by regulating interleukin-4 (IL-4) gene transcription. There was however, controversy regarding whether CIITA promotes or suppresses IL-4 expression in the experiments with transgenic mice. To clarify the discrepancy by using simpler experimental systems, human Jurkat T cells that express IL-4 but not interferon-gamma, even if stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate plus ionomycin, were used for CIITA transfection. Significant suppression of IL-4 gene expression was demonstrated. Simultaneously, histones H3 and H4 in the IL-4 promoter were hypoacetylated. The suppression could be totally reversed by the histone deacetylatase inhibitor trichostatin A. Furthermore, the IL-4 expression was determined in primarily established human Th1/Th2 cells to which CIITA small interference RNA (siRNA) had been introduced. A substantially increased level of IL-4 was recorded in the CIITA siRNA-transfected Th1 cells, which was in parallel with significantly enhanced acetylation in histone H3 of the IL-4 promoter. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis indicated that CIITA abrogated the binding of coactivator CBP/p300 and transcription factors STAT6/NFAT1 to IL-4 promoter in the CIITA-transfected cells. In conclusion, CIITA was active in the repression of transcription activation of human IL-4 gene in both the T-cell line and the primary human CD4 T cells by preventing transcription factors from binding to IL-4 promoter through histone hypoacetylation. Our data confirm a potential significant role of CIITA in controlling Th1/Th2 differentiation via modulation of IL-4 gene activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Zhou
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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60
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De Paula D, Bentley MVLB, Mahato RI. Hydrophobization and bioconjugation for enhanced siRNA delivery and targeting. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2007; 13:431-56. [PMID: 17329355 PMCID: PMC1831859 DOI: 10.1261/rna.459807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is an evolutionarily conserved process by which double-stranded small interfering RNA (siRNA) induces sequence-specific, post-transcriptional gene silencing. Unlike other mRNA targeting strategies, RNAi takes advantage of the physiological gene silencing machinery. The potential use of siRNA as therapeutic agents has attracted great attention as a novel approach for treating severe and chronic diseases. RNAi can be achieved by either delivery of chemically synthesized siRNAs or endogenous expression of small hairpin RNA, siRNA, and microRNA (miRNA). However, the relatively high dose of siRNA required for gene silencing limits its therapeutic applications. This review discusses several strategies to improve therapeutic efficacy as well as to abrogate off-target effects and immunostimulation caused by siRNAs. There is an in-depth discussion on various issues related to the (1) mechanisms of RNAi, (2) methods of siRNA production, (3) barriers to RNAi-based therapies, (4) biodistribution, (5) design of siRNA molecules, (6) chemical modification and bioconjugation, (7) complex formation with lipids and polymers, (8) encapsulation into lipid particles, and (9) target specificity for enhanced therapeutic effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel De Paula
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
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61
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Filpula D. Antibody engineering and modification technologies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 24:201-15. [PMID: 17466589 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioeng.2007.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2007] [Accepted: 03/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Antibody engineering has become a well-developed discipline, encompassing discovery methods, production strategies, and modification techniques that have brought forth clinically investigated and marketed therapeutics. The realization of the long-standing goal of production of fully human monoclonal antibodies has focused intensive research on the clinical employment of this potent drug category. However, antibodies are large macromolecules that pose numerous challenges in formulation, optimal pharmacokinetics, manufacturing, stability, and process development. While further improvements in discovery technologies, such as phage display, ribosome display, and transgenic animals continue to advance our capacity to rapidly screen and refine optimal binding molecules, antibody engineers have recently focused more of their efforts on improving protein production and stability, as well as engineering improved biological properties in the effector domains of monoclonal antibodies. A second long-standing goal of antibody engineering, the development of targeted drugs, has not been wholly realized, but this obvious application for antibodies is currently undergoing increasing exploration. Minimal binding proteins, such as Fab, scFv, and single variable domains are the preferred targeting elements for some investigational drugs, whereas non-immunoglobulin scaffold proteins have been explored as binding proteins in other designs. The necessity to utilize non-protein components in targeted drugs, such as polymers, linkers, and cytotoxics, has brought a convergence of the fields of bioconjugate chemistry and protein engineering in experimental antibody therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Filpula
- Enzon Pharmaceuticals, Piscataway, NJ 08854-3969, USA.
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62
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Heidel JD, Yu Z, Liu JYC, Rele SM, Liang Y, Zeidan RK, Kornbrust DJ, Davis ME. Administration in non-human primates of escalating intravenous doses of targeted nanoparticles containing ribonucleotide reductase subunit M2 siRNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:5715-21. [PMID: 17379663 PMCID: PMC1829492 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0701458104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The results of administering escalating, i.v. doses of targeted nanoparticles containing a siRNA targeting the M2 subunit of ribonucleotide reductase to non-human primates are reported. The nanoparticles consist of a synthetic delivery system that uses a linear, cyclodextrin-containing polycation, transferrin (Tf) protein targeting ligand, and siRNA. When administered to cynomolgus monkeys at doses of 3 and 9 mg siRNA/kg, the nanoparticles are well tolerated. At 27 mg siRNA/kg, elevated levels of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine are observed that are indicative of kidney toxicity. Mild elevations in alanine amino transferase and aspartate transaminase at this dose level indicate that the liver is also affected to some extent. Analysis of complement factors does not reveal any changes that are clearly attributable to dosing with the nanoparticle formulation. Detection of increased IL-6 levels in all animals at 27 mg siRNA/kg and increased IFN-gamma in one animal indicate that this high dose level produces a mild immune response. Overall, no clinical signs of toxicity clearly attributable to treatment are observed. The multiple administrations spanning a period of 17-18 days enable assessment of antibody formation against the human Tf component of the formulation. Low titers of anti-Tf antibodies are detected, but this response is not associated with any manifestations of a hypersensitivity reaction upon readministration of the targeted nanoparticle. Taken together, the data presented show that multiple, systemic doses of targeted nanoparticles containing nonchemically modified siRNA can safely be administered to non-human primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy D. Heidel
- *Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 210-41, Pasadena, CA 91125
- Calando Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2585 Nina Street, Pasadena, CA 91107; and
| | - Zhongping Yu
- Calando Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2585 Nina Street, Pasadena, CA 91107; and
| | | | - Shyam M. Rele
- Calando Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2585 Nina Street, Pasadena, CA 91107; and
| | - Yongchao Liang
- Calando Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2585 Nina Street, Pasadena, CA 91107; and
| | - Ryan K. Zeidan
- *Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 210-41, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | | | - Mark E. Davis
- *Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 210-41, Pasadena, CA 91125
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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