51
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The role of chromatin repressive marks in cognition and disease: A focus on the repressive complex GLP/G9a. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2015; 124:88-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2015.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Lardenoije R, Iatrou A, Kenis G, Kompotis K, Steinbusch HWM, Mastroeni D, Coleman P, Lemere CA, Hof PR, van den Hove DLA, Rutten BPF. The epigenetics of aging and neurodegeneration. Prog Neurobiol 2015; 131:21-64. [PMID: 26072273 PMCID: PMC6477921 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetics is a quickly growing field encompassing mechanisms regulating gene expression that do not involve changes in the genotype. Epigenetics is of increasing relevance to neuroscience, with epigenetic mechanisms being implicated in brain development and neuronal differentiation, as well as in more dynamic processes related to cognition. Epigenetic regulation covers multiple levels of gene expression; from direct modifications of the DNA and histone tails, regulating the level of transcription, to interactions with messenger RNAs, regulating the level of translation. Importantly, epigenetic dysregulation currently garners much attention as a pivotal player in aging and age-related neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease, where it may mediate interactions between genetic and environmental risk factors, or directly interact with disease-specific pathological factors. We review current knowledge about the major epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation and DNA demethylation, chromatin remodeling and non-coding RNAs, as well as the involvement of these mechanisms in normal aging and in the pathophysiology of the most common neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, we examine the current state of epigenetics-based therapeutic strategies for these diseases, which either aim to restore the epigenetic homeostasis or skew it to a favorable direction to counter disease pathology. Finally, methodological challenges of epigenetic investigations and future perspectives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Lardenoije
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Artemis Iatrou
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gunter Kenis
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Konstantinos Kompotis
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Genopode Building, 1015 Lausanne-Dorigny, Switzerland
| | - Harry W M Steinbusch
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Diego Mastroeni
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; L.J. Roberts Alzheimer's Disease Center, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 W. Santa Fe Drive, Sun City, AZ 85351, USA
| | - Paul Coleman
- L.J. Roberts Alzheimer's Disease Center, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 W. Santa Fe Drive, Sun City, AZ 85351, USA
| | - Cynthia A Lemere
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Patrick R Hof
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Daniel L A van den Hove
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Translational Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Fuechsleinstrasse 15, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Bart P F Rutten
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Millan MJ. The epigenetic dimension of Alzheimer's disease: causal, consequence, or curiosity? DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2015. [PMID: 25364287 PMCID: PMC4214179 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2014.16.3/mmillan] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Early-onset, familial Alzheimer's disease (AD) is rare and may be attributed to disease-causinq mutations. By contrast, late onset, sporadic (non-Mendelian) AD is far more prevalent and reflects the interaction of multiple genetic and environmental risk factors, together with the disruption of epigenetic mechanisms controlling gene expression. Accordingly, abnormal patterns of histone acetylation and methylation, as well as anomalies in global and promoter-specific DNA methylation, have been documented in AD patients, together with a deregulation of noncoding RNA. In transgenic mouse models for AD, epigenetic dysfunction is likewise apparent in cerebral tissue, and it has been directly linked to cognitive and behavioral deficits in functional studies. Importantly, epigenetic deregulation interfaces with core pathophysiological processes underlying AD: excess production of Aβ42, aberrant post-translational modification of tau, deficient neurotoxic protein clearance, axonal-synaptic dysfunction, mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis, and cell cycle re-entry. Reciprocally, DNA methylation, histone marks and the levels of diverse species of microRNA are modulated by Aβ42, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. In conclusion, epigenetic mechanisms are broadly deregulated in AD mainly upstream, but also downstream, of key pathophysiological processes. While some epigenetic shifts oppose the evolution of AD, most appear to drive its progression. Epigenetic changes are of irrefutable importance for AD, but they await further elucidation from the perspectives of pathogenesis, biomarkers and potential treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Millan
- Pole of Innovation in Neuropsychiatry, Institut de Recherche Servier, Croissy-sur-Seine, France
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54
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Song F, Han G, Bai Z, Peng X, Wang J, Lei H. Alzheimer's Disease: Genomics and Beyond. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2015; 121:1-24. [PMID: 26315760 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a major form of senile dementia. Despite the critical roles of Aβ and tau in AD pathology, drugs targeting Aβ or tau have so far reached limited success. The advent of genomic technologies has made it possible to gain a more complete picture regarding the molecular network underlying the disease progression which may lead to discoveries of novel treatment targets. In this review, we will discuss recent progresses in AD research focusing on genome, transcriptome, epigenome, and related subjects. Advancements have been made in the finding of novel genetic risk factors, new hypothesis for disease mechanism, candidate biomarkers for early diagnosis, and potential drug targets. As an integration effort, we have curated relevant data in a database named AlzBase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuhai Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Guangchun Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhouxian Bai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xing Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jiajia Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Hongxing Lei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China; Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, PR China.
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55
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Lu X, Wang L, Yu C, Yu D, Yu G. Histone Acetylation Modifiers in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:226. [PMID: 26136662 PMCID: PMC4468862 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is becoming more evident that histone acetylation, as one of the epigenetic modifications or markers, plays a key role in the etiology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Histone acetylases and histone deacetylases (HDACs) are the well-known covalent enzymes that modify the reversible acetylation of lysine residues in histone amino-terminal domains. In AD, however, the roles of these enzymes are controversial. Some recent studies indicate that HDAC inhibitors are neuroprotective by regulating memory and synaptic dysfunctions in cellular and animal models of AD; while on the other hand, increase of histone acetylation have been implicated in AD pathology. In this review, we focus on the recent advances on the roles of histone acetylation covalent enzymes in AD and discuss how targeting these enzymes can ultimately lead to therapeutic approaches for treating AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Lu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Biotherapy and Hemato-oncology, Chongqing Cancer Institute , Chongqing , China
| | - Caijia Yu
- The Commonwealth Medical College , Scranton, PA , USA
| | - Daohai Yu
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Temple Clinical Research Institute, Temple University School of Medicine , Philadelphia, PA , USA
| | - Gang Yu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China
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Cacabelos R. Epigenomic networking in drug development: from pathogenic mechanisms to pharmacogenomics. Drug Dev Res 2015; 75:348-65. [PMID: 25195579 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Different epigenetic alterations (DNA methylation, histone modifications, chromatin remodeling, noncoding RNA dysregulation) are associated with the phenotypic expression of complex disorders in which genomic, epigenomic, proteomic, and metabolomic changes, in conjunction with environmental factors, are involved. As epigenetic modifications are reversible and can be potentially targeted by pharmacological and dietary interventions, a series of epigenetic drugs have been developed, including DNA methyltransferase inhibitors (nucleoside analogs, small molecules, bioproducts, antisense oligonucleotides, miRNAs), histone deacetylase inhibitors (short-chain fatty acids, hydroxamic acids, cyclic peptides, benzamides, ketones, sirtuin inhibitors, sirtuin activators), histone acetyltransferase modulators, histone methyltransferase inhibitors, histone demethylase inhibitors, and noncoding RNAs (miRNAs), with potential effects against myelodysplastic syndromes, different types of cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders. Pharmacogenetic and pharmacoepigenetic studies are required for the proper evaluation of efficacy and safety issues in clinical trials with epigenetic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Cacabelos
- Genomic Medicine, Camilo José Cela University, Madrid, 28692, Spain; EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science and Genomic Medicine, Corunna, 15165, Spain
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Yang G, Song Y, Zhou X, Deng Y, Liu T, Weng G, Yu D, Pan S. DNA methyltransferase 3, a target of microRNA-29c, contributes to neuronal proliferation by regulating the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:1435-42. [PMID: 25815896 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of dementia in the aged population, presents an increasing clinical challenge in terms of diagnosis and treatment. Neurodegeneration is one of the hallmarks of AD, which consequently induces cognitive impairment. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a neuroprotective factor, has been implicated in neuronal survival and proliferation. The epigenetic mechanism of BDNF methylation may be responsible for the reduced expression of BDNF in patients with AD. DNA methyltransferase may contribute to the methylation of BDNF, which is involved in neuroprotection in AD. In addition, epigenetic modifications, including a combination of microRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) and DNA methylation, have been suggested as regulatory mechanisms in the control of neuronal survival. In the present study, the expression of miR-29c was determined in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with AD and of healthy control individuals. A marked decrease in the expression of miR-29c was observed in the AD group compared with the normal control group, accompanied by a decreased in the expression of BDNF. Additionally, a significant increase in the expression of DNA methyltransferase 3 (DNMT3) was observed in the CSF from the patients with AD. Correlation analysis revealed that the expression of miR-29c was positively correlated with BDNF and negatively correlated with DNMT3 protein in the CSF of patients with AD. In addition, the regulatory association between miR-29c, DNMT3 and BDNF were also examined in vitro. It was demonstrated that miR-29c directly targeted DNMT3 and contributed to neuronal proliferation by regulating the expression of BDNF, at least partially, through enhancing the activity of the tyrosine receptor kinase B/extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathway. In conclusion, the present study suggested that miR-29c may be a promising potential therapeutic target in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoshuai Yang
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Yanmin Song
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Haikou People's Hospital, Haikou, Hainan 570208, P.R. China
| | - Yidong Deng
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Guohu Weng
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Dan Yu
- Department of Neurology, Haikou People's Hospital, Haikou, Hainan 570208, P.R. China
| | - Suyue Pan
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
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58
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Kyzar EJ, Pandey SC. Molecular mechanisms of synaptic remodeling in alcoholism. Neurosci Lett 2015; 601:11-9. [PMID: 25623036 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol use and alcohol addiction represent dysfunctional brain circuits resulting from neuroadaptive changes during protracted alcohol exposure and its withdrawal. Alcohol exerts a potent effect on synaptic plasticity and dendritic spine formation in specific brain regions, providing a neuroanatomical substrate for the pathophysiology of alcoholism. Epigenetics has recently emerged as a critical regulator of gene expression and synaptic plasticity-related events in the brain. Alcohol exposure and withdrawal induce changes in crucial epigenetic processes in the emotional brain circuitry (amygdala) that may be relevant to the negative affective state defined as the "dark side" of addiction. Here, we review the literature concerning synaptic plasticity and epigenetics, with a particular focus on molecular events related to dendritic remodeling during alcohol abuse and alcoholism. Targeting epigenetic processes that modulate synaptic plasticity may yield novel treatments for alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan J Kyzar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Subhash C Pandey
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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59
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M Rowbotham I, F Orsucci F, F Mansour M, R Chamberlain S, Y Raja H. Relevance of Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor Levels in Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. AIMS Neurosci 2015. [DOI: 10.3934/neuroscience.2015.4.280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Abstract
Over the past 30 years, lysine acetylation of histone and nonhistone proteins has become established as a key modulator of gene expression regulating numerous aspects of cell biology. Neuronal growth and plasticity are no exception; roles for lysine acetylation and deacetylation in brain function and dysfunction continue to be uncovered. Transcriptional programs coupling synaptic activity to changes in gene expression are critical to the plasticity mechanisms underlying higher brain functions. These transcriptional programs can be modulated by changes in histone acetylation, and in many cases, transcription factors and histone-modifying enzymes are recruited together to plasticity-associated genes. Lysine acetylation, catalyzed by lysine acetyltransferases (KATs), generally promotes cognitive performance, whereas the opposing process, catalyzed by histone lysine deacetylases (HDACs), appears to negatively regulate cognition in multiple brain regions. Consistently, mutation or deregulation of different KATs or HDACs contributes to neurological dysfunction and neurodegeneration. HDAC inhibitors have shown promise as a treatment to combat the cognitive decline associated with aging and neurodegenerative disease, as well as to ameliorate the symptoms of depression and posttraumatic stress disorder, among others. In this review, we discuss the evidence for the roles of HDACs in cognitive function as well as in neurological disorders and disease. In particular, we focus on HDAC2, which plays a central role in coupling lysine acetylation to synaptic plasticity and mediates many of the effects of HDAC inhibition in cognition and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Penney
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Li-Huei Tsai
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Chiu S, Woodbury-Fariña MA, Shad MU, Husni M, Copen J, Bureau Y, Cernovsky Z, Hou JJ, Raheb H, Terpstra K, Sanchez V, Hategan A, Kaushal M, Campbell R. The role of nutrient-based epigenetic changes in buffering against stress, aging, and Alzheimer's disease. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2014; 37:591-623. [PMID: 25455068 DOI: 10.1016/j.psc.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Converging evidence identifies stress-related disorders as putative risk factors for Alzheimer Disease (AD). This article reviews evidence on the complex interplay of stress, aging, and genes-epigenetics interactions. The recent classification of AD into preclinical, mild cognitive impairment, and AD offers a window for intervention to prevent, delay, or modify the course of AD. Evidence in support of the cognitive effects of epigenetics-diet, and nutraceuticals is reviewed. A proactive epigenetics diet and nutraceuticals program holds promise as potential buffer against the negative impact of aging and stress responses on cognition, and can optimize vascular, metabolic, and brain health in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Chiu
- Department of Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6G 4X8, Canada.
| | - Michel A Woodbury-Fariña
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, 307 Calle Eleonor Roosevelt, San Juan, PR 00918-2720, USA
| | - Mujeeb U Shad
- Oregon Health & Science University, Department Psychiatry, 3181 South West Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA
| | - Mariwan Husni
- Northern Ontario Medical School/Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - John Copen
- Vancouver Island Health Authority, Department of Psychiatry, Victoria, BC, University of British Columbia-Victoria Medical Campus, Island Medical Program, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC V8N-1M5, Canada
| | - Yves Bureau
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6G 4X8, Canada
| | - Zack Cernovsky
- Certificate Professional Qualification (CPQ), Clinical Psychology, Association of State and Provincial Psychology Board (ASPB): USA and Canada
| | - J Jurui Hou
- Epigenetics Research Group, Lawson Health Research Institute, St Joseph Health Care, 268 Grosvenor Street, London, ON N6A 4V2, Canada
| | - Hana Raheb
- Epigenetics Research Group, Lawson Health Research Institute, St Joseph Health Care, 268 Grosvenor Street, London, ON N6A 4V2, Canada
| | - Kristen Terpstra
- Accelerated B.Sc.N. Nursing Program, Lawrence S. Bloomberg, Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Suite 130 Toronto, ON M5T 1P8, Canada
| | - Veronica Sanchez
- McGill University, Meakins-Christie Labs, 3626 St., Urbain Street, Montreal, QC H2X 2P2, Canada
| | - Ana Hategan
- Geriatric Psychiatry Division, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton /McMaster University Health Sciences, West 5th Campus 100 West 5th Hamilton, ON L8N 3K7, Canada
| | - Mike Kaushal
- Epigenetics Research Group, Lawson Health Research Institute, St Joseph Health Care, 268 Grosvenor Street, London, ON N6A 4V2, Canada
| | - Robbie Campbell
- Department of Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6G 4X8, Canada
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Millan MJ. The epigenetic dimension of Alzheimer's disease: causal, consequence, or curiosity? DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2014; 16:373-93. [PMID: 25364287 PMCID: PMC4214179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2024]
Abstract
Early-onset, familial Alzheimer's disease (AD) is rare and may be attributed to disease-causinq mutations. By contrast, late onset, sporadic (non-Mendelian) AD is far more prevalent and reflects the interaction of multiple genetic and environmental risk factors, together with the disruption of epigenetic mechanisms controlling gene expression. Accordingly, abnormal patterns of histone acetylation and methylation, as well as anomalies in global and promoter-specific DNA methylation, have been documented in AD patients, together with a deregulation of noncoding RNA. In transgenic mouse models for AD, epigenetic dysfunction is likewise apparent in cerebral tissue, and it has been directly linked to cognitive and behavioral deficits in functional studies. Importantly, epigenetic deregulation interfaces with core pathophysiological processes underlying AD: excess production of Aβ42, aberrant post-translational modification of tau, deficient neurotoxic protein clearance, axonal-synaptic dysfunction, mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis, and cell cycle re-entry. Reciprocally, DNA methylation, histone marks and the levels of diverse species of microRNA are modulated by Aβ42, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. In conclusion, epigenetic mechanisms are broadly deregulated in AD mainly upstream, but also downstream, of key pathophysiological processes. While some epigenetic shifts oppose the evolution of AD, most appear to drive its progression. Epigenetic changes are of irrefutable importance for AD, but they await further elucidation from the perspectives of pathogenesis, biomarkers and potential treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J. Millan
- Pole of Innovation in Neuropsychiatry, Institut de Recherche Servier, Croissy-sur-Seine, France
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63
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Ghosh D, Levault KR, Brewer GJ. Relative importance of redox buffers GSH and NAD(P)H in age-related neurodegeneration and Alzheimer disease-like mouse neurons. Aging Cell 2014; 13:631-40. [PMID: 24655393 PMCID: PMC4116450 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging, a major risk factor in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), is associated with an oxidative redox shift, decreased redox buffer protection, and increased free radical reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, probably linked to mitochondrial dysfunction. While NADH is the ultimate electron donor for many redox reactions, including oxidative phosphorylation, glutathione (GSH) is the major ROS detoxifying redox buffer in the cell. Here, we explored the relative importance of NADH and GSH to neurodegeneration in aging and AD neurons from nontransgenic and 3xTg-AD mice by inhibiting their synthesis to determine whether NADH can compensate for the GSH loss to maintain redox balance. Neurons stressed by either depleting NAD(P)H or GSH indicated that NADH redox control is upstream of GSH levels. Further, although depletion of NAD(P)H or GSH correlated linearly with neuron death, compared with GSH depletion, higher neurodegeneration was observed when NAD(P)H was extrapolated to zero, especially in old age, and in the 3xTg-AD neurons. We also observed an age-dependent loss of gene expression of key redox-dependent biosynthetic enzymes, NAMPT (nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase), and NNT (nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase). Moreover, age-related correlations between brain NNT or NAMPT gene expression and NADPH levels suggest that these genes contribute to the age-related declines in NAD(P)H. Our data indicate that in aging and more so in AD-like neurons, NAD(P)H redox control is upstream of GSH and an oxidative redox shift that promotes neurodegeneration. Thus, NAD(P)H generation may be a more efficacious therapeutic target upstream of GSH and ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debolina Ghosh
- Department of Medical Microbiology Immunology and Cell Biology Southern Illinois University School of Medicine Springfield IL 62794‐9626 USA
| | - Kelsey R. Levault
- Department of Medical Microbiology Immunology and Cell Biology Southern Illinois University School of Medicine Springfield IL 62794‐9626 USA
| | - Gregory J. Brewer
- Department of Medical Microbiology Immunology and Cell Biology Southern Illinois University School of Medicine Springfield IL 62794‐9626 USA
- Department of Neurology Southern Illinois University School of Medicine Springfield IL 62794‐9626 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering University of California Irvine CA 92697‐2715 USA
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION It is assumed that epigenetic modifications are reversible and could potentially be targeted by pharmacological and dietary interventions. Epigenetic drugs are gaining particular interest as potential candidates for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). AREAS COVERED This article covers relevant information from over 50 different epigenetic drugs including: DNA methyltransferase inhibitors; histone deacetylase inhibitors; histone acetyltransferase modulators; histone methyltransferase inhibitors; histone demethylase inhibitors; non-coding RNAs (microRNAs) and dietary regimes. The authors also review the pharmacoepigenomics and the pharmacogenomics of epigenetic drugs. The readers will gain insight into i) the classification of epigenetic drugs; ii) the mechanisms by which these drugs might be useful in AD; iii) the pharmacological properties of selected epigenetic drugs; iv) pharmacoepigenomics and the influence of epigenetic drugs on genes encoding CYP enzymes, transporters and nuclear receptors; and v) the genes associated with the pharmacogenomics of anti-dementia drugs. EXPERT OPINION Epigenetic drugs reverse epigenetic changes in gene expression and might open future avenues in AD therapeutics. Unfortunately, clinical trials with this category of drugs are lacking in AD. The authors highlight the need for pharmacogenetic and pharmacoepigenetic studies to properly evaluate any efficacy and safety issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Cacabelos
- Professor,Camilo José Cela University, Chair of Genomic Medicine , Madrid , Spain
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66
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Stilling RM, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Microbial genes, brain & behaviour - epigenetic regulation of the gut-brain axis. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2013; 13:69-86. [PMID: 24286462 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 406] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To date, there is rapidly increasing evidence for host-microbe interaction at virtually all levels of complexity, ranging from direct cell-to-cell communication to extensive systemic signalling, and involving various organs and organ systems, including the central nervous system. As such, the discovery that differential microbial composition is associated with alterations in behaviour and cognition has significantly contributed to establishing the microbiota-gut-brain axis as an extension of the well-accepted gut-brain axis concept. Many efforts have been focused on delineating a role for this axis in health and disease, ranging from stress-related disorders such as depression, anxiety and irritable bowel syndrome to neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism. There is also a growing appreciation of the role of epigenetic mechanisms in shaping brain and behaviour. However, the role of epigenetics in informing host-microbe interactions has received little attention to date. This is despite the fact that there are many plausible routes of interaction between epigenetic mechanisms and the host-microbiota dialogue. From this new perspective we put forward novel, yet testable, hypotheses. Firstly, we suggest that gut-microbial products can affect chromatin plasticity within their host's brain that in turn leads to changes in neuronal transcription and eventually alters host behaviour. Secondly, we argue that the microbiota is an important mediator of gene-environment interactions. Finally, we reason that the microbiota itself may be viewed as an epigenetic entity. In conclusion, the fields of (neuro)epigenetics and microbiology are converging at many levels and more interdisciplinary studies are necessary to unravel the full range of this interaction.
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Akbarian S, Beeri MS, Haroutunian V. Epigenetic determinants of healthy and diseased brain aging and cognition. JAMA Neurol 2013; 70:711-8. [PMID: 23571692 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.1459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A better understanding of normal and diseased brain aging and cognition will have a significant public health impact, given that the oldest-old persons older than 85 years of age represent the fastest-growing segment in the population in developed countries, with more than 30 million new cases of dementia predicted to occur worldwide each year by 2040. Dysregulation of gene expression and, more generally, genome organization and function are thought to contribute to age-related declines in cognition. Remarkably, nearly all neuronal nuclei that reside in an aged brain had permanently exited from the cell cycle during prenatal development, and DNA methylation and histone modifications and other molecular constituents of the epigenome are likely to play a critical role in the maintenance of neuronal health and function throughout the entire lifespan. Here, we provide an overview of age-related changes in the brain's chromatin structures, highlight potential epigenetic drug targets for cognitive decline and age-related neurodegenerative disease, and discuss opportunities and challenges when studying epigenetic biomarkers in aging research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Schahram Akbarian
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA.
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Ghosh D, LeVault KR, Brewer GJ. Dual-energy precursor and nuclear erythroid-related factor 2 activator treatment additively improve redox glutathione levels and neuron survival in aging and Alzheimer mouse neurons upstream of reactive oxygen species. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 35:179-90. [PMID: 23954169 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
To determine whether glutathione (GSH) loss or increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) are more important to neuron loss, aging, and Alzheimer's disease (AD), we stressed or boosted GSH levels in neurons isolated from aging 3xTg-AD neurons compared with those from age-matched nontransgenic (non-Tg) neurons. Here, using titrating with buthionine sulfoximine, an inhibitor of γ-glutamyl cysteine synthetase (GCL), we observed that GSH depletion increased neuronal death of 3xTg-AD cultured neurons at increasing rates across the age span, whereas non-Tg neurons were resistant to GSH depletion until old age. Remarkably, the rate of neuron loss with ROS did not increase in old age and was the same for both genotypes, which indicates that cognitive deficits in the AD model were not caused by ROS. Therefore, we targeted for neuroprotection activation of the redox sensitive transcription factor, nuclear erythroid-related factor 2 (Nrf2) by 18 alpha glycyrrhetinic acid to stimulate GSH synthesis through GCL. This balanced stimulation of a number of redox enzymes restored the lower levels of Nrf2 and GCL seen in 3xTg-AD neurons compared with those of non-Tg neurons and promoted translocation of Nrf2 to the nucleus. By combining the Nrf2 activator together with the NADH precursor, nicotinamide, we increased neuron survival against amyloid beta stress in an additive manner. These stress tests and neuroprotective treatments suggest that the redox environment is more important for neuron survival than ROS. The dual neuroprotective treatment with nicotinamide and an Nrf2 inducer indicates that these age-related and AD-related changes are reversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debolina Ghosh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA
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Gräff J, Tsai LH. Histone acetylation: molecular mnemonics on the chromatin. Nat Rev Neurosci 2013; 14:97-111. [PMID: 23324667 DOI: 10.1038/nrn3427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 451] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Long-lasting memories require specific gene expression programmes that are, in part, orchestrated by epigenetic mechanisms. Of the epigenetic modifications identified in cognitive processes, histone acetylation has spurred considerable interest. Whereas increments in histone acetylation have consistently been shown to favour learning and memory, a lack thereof has been causally implicated in cognitive impairments in neurodevelopmental disorders, neurodegeneration and ageing. As histone acetylation and cognitive functions can be pharmacologically restored by histone deacetylase inhibitors, this epigenetic modification might constitute a molecular memory aid on the chromatin and, by extension, a new template for therapeutic interventions against cognitive frailty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Gräff
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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