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Batista AF, Khan KA, Papavergi MT, Lemere CA. The Importance of Complement-Mediated Immune Signaling in Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:817. [PMID: 38255891 PMCID: PMC10815224 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
As an essential component of our innate immune system, the complement system is responsible for our defense against pathogens. The complement cascade has complex roles in the central nervous system (CNS), most of what we know about it stems from its role in brain development. However, in recent years, numerous reports have implicated the classical complement cascade in both brain development and decline. More specifically, complement dysfunction has been implicated in neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is the most common form of dementia. Synapse loss is one of the main pathological hallmarks of AD and correlates with memory impairment. Throughout the course of AD progression, synapses are tagged with complement proteins and are consequently removed by microglia that express complement receptors. Notably, astrocytes are also capable of secreting signals that induce the expression of complement proteins in the CNS. Both astrocytes and microglia are implicated in neuroinflammation, another hallmark of AD pathogenesis. In this review, we provide an overview of previously known and newly established roles for the complement cascade in the CNS and we explore how complement interactions with microglia, astrocytes, and other risk factors such as TREM2 and ApoE4 modulate the processes of neurodegeneration in both amyloid and tau models of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- André F. Batista
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (A.F.B.); (K.A.K.); (M.-T.P.)
| | - Khyrul A. Khan
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (A.F.B.); (K.A.K.); (M.-T.P.)
| | - Maria-Tzousi Papavergi
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (A.F.B.); (K.A.K.); (M.-T.P.)
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Cynthia A. Lemere
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (A.F.B.); (K.A.K.); (M.-T.P.)
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Greenberg BD, Lemere CA, Barnes LL, Hayden KM, Kukull WA, Oh ES, Snyder PJ, Supiano M, Dilworth‐Anderson P. Prescribing anti-amyloid immunotherapies to treat Alzheimer's disease: Fully informing patient decisions. Alzheimers Dement (N Y) 2023; 9:e12426. [PMID: 37799322 PMCID: PMC10549961 DOI: 10.1002/trc2.12426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Barry D. Greenberg
- Department of NeurologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Cynthia A. Lemere
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic DiseasesBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Lisa L. Barnes
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease CenterRush University Medical CenterChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | | | - Walter A. Kukull
- Department of EpidemiologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Esther S. Oh
- Departments of MedicinePsychiatry and Behavioral Sciencesand PathologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Peter J. Snyder
- Department of Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island Department of NeurologyAlpert Medical School of Brown UniversityProvidenceRhode IslandUSA
| | - Mark Supiano
- Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah Spencer Eccles Fox School of MedicineUniversity of Utah School on AgingSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
| | - Peggye Dilworth‐Anderson
- Gillings School of Global Public HealthUniversity of North Carolina‐Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
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Kloske CM, Barnum CJ, Batista AF, Bradshaw EM, Brickman AM, Bu G, Dennison J, Gearon MD, Goate AM, Haass C, Heneka MT, Hu WT, Huggins LKL, Jones NS, Koldamova R, Lemere CA, Liddelow SA, Marcora E, Marsh SE, Nielsen HM, Petersen KK, Petersen M, Piña-Escudero SD, Qiu WQ, Quiroz YT, Reiman E, Sexton C, Tansey MG, Tcw J, Teunissen CE, Tijms BM, van der Kant R, Wallings R, Weninger SC, Wharton W, Wilcock DM, Wishard TJ, Worley SL, Zetterberg H, Carrillo MC. APOE and immunity: Research highlights. Alzheimers Dement 2023; 19:2677-2696. [PMID: 36975090 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION At the Alzheimer's Association's APOE and Immunity virtual conference, held in October 2021, leading neuroscience experts shared recent research advances on and inspiring insights into the various roles that both the apolipoprotein E gene (APOE) and facets of immunity play in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. METHODS The meeting brought together more than 1200 registered attendees from 62 different countries, representing the realms of academia and industry. RESULTS During the 4-day meeting, presenters illuminated aspects of the cross-talk between APOE and immunity, with a focus on the roles of microglia, triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), and components of inflammation (e.g., tumor necrosis factor α [TNFα]). DISCUSSION This manuscript emphasizes the importance of diversity in current and future research and presents an integrated view of innate immune functions in Alzheimer's disease as well as related promising directions in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andre F Batista
- Department of Neurology, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Departments of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Bradshaw
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Adam M Brickman
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, G.H. Sergievsky Center, and Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Guojun Bu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Jessica Dennison
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Mary D Gearon
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Alison M Goate
- Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Christian Haass
- Metabolic Biochemistry, Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany 3 Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Michael T Heneka
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB) University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - William T Hu
- Department of Neurology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School and Center for Healthy Aging, Rutgers Institute for Health, Health Care Policy, and Aging Research, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Lenique K L Huggins
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Nahdia S Jones
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Radosveta Koldamova
- EOH, School of Public Health University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cynthia A Lemere
- Department of Neurology, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Departments of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shane A Liddelow
- Neuroscience Institute and Departments of Neuroscience & Physiology and of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Edoardo Marcora
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's disease, Dept. of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Dept. of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Samuel E Marsh
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Henrietta M Nielsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kellen K Petersen
- The Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Melissa Petersen
- Department of Family Medicine, Institute of Translational Research, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Stefanie D Piña-Escudero
- Global Brain Health Institute, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Wei Qiao Qiu
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yakeel T Quiroz
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eric Reiman
- Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- Banner Research, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Malú Gámez Tansey
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Julia Tcw
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Charlotte E Teunissen
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Clinical Chemistry department, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Program Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Betty M Tijms
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rik van der Kant
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rebecca Wallings
- CTRND, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Florida, USA
| | | | | | - Donna M Wilcock
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging and Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Tyler James Wishard
- Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Susan L Worley
- Independent science writer, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
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Hinshaw RG, Schroeder MK, Ciola J, Varma C, Colletti B, Liu B, Liu GG, Shi Q, Williams JP, O’Banion MK, Caldarone BJ, Lemere CA. High-Energy, Whole-Body Proton Irradiation Differentially Alters Long-Term Brain Pathology and Behavior Dependent on Sex and Alzheimer's Disease Mutations. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043615. [PMID: 36835027 PMCID: PMC9965515 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Whole-body exposure to high-energy particle radiation remains an unmitigated hazard to human health in space. Ongoing experiments at the NASA Space Radiation Laboratory and elsewhere repeatedly show persistent changes in brain function long after exposure to simulations of this unique radiation environment, although, as is also the case with proton radiotherapy sequelae, how this occurs and especially how it interacts with common comorbidities is not well-understood. Here, we report modest differential changes in behavior and brain pathology between male and female Alzheimer's-like and wildtype littermate mice 7-8 months after exposure to 0, 0.5, or 2 Gy of 1 GeV proton radiation. The mice were examined with a battery of behavior tests and assayed for amyloid beta pathology, synaptic markers, microbleeds, microglial reactivity, and plasma cytokines. In general, the Alzheimer's model mice were more prone than their wildtype littermates to radiation-induced behavior changes, and hippocampal staining for amyloid beta pathology and microglial activation in these mice revealed a dose-dependent reduction in males but not in females. In summary, radiation-induced, long-term changes in behavior and pathology, although modest, appear specific to both sex and the underlying disease state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G. Hinshaw
- Department of Neurology, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02129, USA
| | - Maren K. Schroeder
- Department of Neurology, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jason Ciola
- Department of Neurology, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Curran Varma
- Department of Neurology, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Brianna Colletti
- Department of Neurology, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Neurology, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Departments of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Grace Geyu Liu
- Department of Neurology, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Qiaoqiao Shi
- Department of Neurology, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Departments of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jacqueline P. Williams
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - M. Kerry O’Banion
- Department of Neuroscience, Del Monte Institute of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | | | - Cynthia A. Lemere
- Department of Neurology, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Departments of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Correspondence:
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Grenon M, Bathini P, Papavergi M, Schroeder MK, Lemere CA. Temporal Characterization of the Amyloidogenic APP/PS1dE9;hAPOE4 Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease. Alzheimers Dement 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.067085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martine Grenon
- Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston MA USA
- Maastricht University Maastricht Netherlands
| | - Praveen Bathini
- Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA
| | - Maria‐Giusy Papavergi
- Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston MA USA
- Maastricht University Maastricht Netherlands
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Batista AF, Schroeder MK, Khan K, Yalcin E, Mei M, Presumey J, Li SA, Carroll M, Lemere CA. Complement C3 Lowering in Adult Inducible Conditional Knockout Mice: Long‐Lasting Effects. Alzheimers Dement 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.068094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Esra Yalcin
- Boston Children’s Hospital; Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA
| | | | - Jessy Presumey
- Boston Children’s Hospital; Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA
| | - Shaomin A Li
- Brigham & Women’s Hospital; Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA
| | - Michael Carroll
- Boston Children’s Hospital; Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA
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Bathini P, Grenon M, Papavergi M, Price BR, Schroeder MK, Kleinschmidt M, Rahfeld J, Schilling S, Lemere CA. Therapeutic Efficacy of the Murine Precursor to PBD‐C06: a Novel CDC‐Mutant Anti‐pGlu3Aβ mAb. Alzheimers Dement 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.067892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Bathini
- Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston MA USA
- Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA
| | - Martine Grenon
- Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston MA USA
- Maastricht University Maastricht Netherlands
| | - Maria‐Giusy Papavergi
- Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston MA USA
- Maastricht University Maastricht Netherlands
| | - Brittani R. Price
- Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston MA USA
- Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA
| | | | | | - Jens‐Ulrich Rahfeld
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology Halle Germany
- Vivoryon Therapeutics Halle Germany
| | - Stephan Schilling
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology Halle Germany
- Vivoryon Therapeutics Halle Germany
| | - Cynthia A. Lemere
- Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston MA USA
- Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA
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Bathini P, Sun T, Schenk M, Schilling S, McDannold NJ, Lemere CA. Acute Effects of Focused Ultrasound-Induced Blood-Brain Barrier Opening on Anti-Pyroglu3 Abeta Antibody Delivery and Immune Responses. Biomolecules 2022; 12:951. [PMID: 35883506 PMCID: PMC9313174 DOI: 10.3390/biom12070951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of amyloid plaques and hyperphosphorylated tau in the brain. Currently, therapeutic agents targeting amyloid appear promising for AD, however, delivery to the CNS is limited due to the blood-brain-barrier (BBB). Focused ultrasound (FUS) is a method to induce a temporary opening of the BBB to enhance the delivery of therapeutic agents to the CNS. In this study, we evaluated the acute effects of FUS and whether the use of FUS-induced BBB opening enhances the delivery of 07/2a mAb, an anti-pyroglutamate-3 Aβ antibody, in aged 24 mo-old APP/PS1dE9 transgenic mice. FUS was performed either unilaterally or bilaterally with mAb infusion and the short-term effect was analyzed 4 h and 72 h post-treatment. Quantitative analysis by ELISA showed a 5-6-fold increase in 07/2a mAb levels in the brain at both time points and an increased brain-to-blood ratio of the antibody. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated an increase in IgG2a mAb detection particularly in the cortex, enhanced immunoreactivity of resident Iba1+ and phagocytic CD68+ microglial cells, and a transient increase in the infiltration of Ly6G+ immune cells. Cerebral microbleeds were not altered in the unilaterally or bilaterally sonicated hemispheres. Overall, this study shows the potential of FUS therapy for the enhanced delivery of CNS therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Bathini
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Tao Sun
- Focused Ultrasound Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Mathias Schenk
- Department of Molecular Drug Biochemistry and Therapy, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle, Germany; (M.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Stephan Schilling
- Department of Molecular Drug Biochemistry and Therapy, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle, Germany; (M.S.); (S.S.)
- Faculty of Applied Biosciences and Process Technology, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, Bernburger Strasse 55, 06366 Kothen, Germany
| | - Nathan J. McDannold
- Focused Ultrasound Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Cynthia A. Lemere
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
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Bairamian D, Sha S, Rolhion N, Sokol H, Dorothée G, Lemere CA, Krantic S. Microbiota in neuroinflammation and synaptic dysfunction: a focus on Alzheimer’s disease. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:19. [PMID: 35248147 PMCID: PMC8898063 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00522-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The implication of gut microbiota in the control of brain functions in health and disease is a novel, currently emerging concept. Accumulating data suggest that the gut microbiota exert its action at least in part by modulating neuroinflammation. Given the link between neuroinflammatory changes and neuronal activity, it is plausible that gut microbiota may affect neuronal functions indirectly by impacting microglia, a key player in neuroinflammation. Indeed, increasing evidence suggests that interplay between microglia and synaptic dysfunction may involve microbiota, among other factors. In addition to these indirect microglia-dependent actions of microbiota on neuronal activity, it has been recently recognized that microbiota could also affect neuronal activity directly by stimulation of the vagus nerve.
Main messages
The putative mechanisms of the indirect and direct impact of microbiota on neuronal activity are discussed by focusing on Alzheimer’s disease, one of the most studied neurodegenerative disorders and the prime cause of dementia worldwide. More specifically, the mechanisms of microbiota-mediated microglial alterations are discussed in the context of the peripheral and central inflammation cross-talk. Next, we highlight the role of microbiota in the regulation of humoral mediators of peripheral immunity and their impact on vagus nerve stimulation. Finally, we address whether and how microbiota perturbations could affect synaptic neurotransmission and downstream cognitive dysfunction.
Conclusions
There is strong increasing evidence supporting a role for the gut microbiome in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease, including effects on synaptic dysfunction and neuroinflammation, which contribute to cognitive decline. Putative early intervention strategies based on microbiota modulation appear therapeutically promising for Alzheimer’s disease but still require further investigation.
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Bathini P, Sun T, Shi Q, Zhang Y, Taudte N, Schenk M, Hettmann T, Schilling S, McDannold N, Lemere CA. Focus Ultrasound-Induced Blood-Brain Barrier opening enhances anti-pGlu3 Aβ mAb delivery and amyloid-beta plaque clearance. Alzheimers Dement 2022. [PMID: 34971185 DOI: 10.1002/alz.058725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of amyloid plaques and hyperphosphorylated tau in the brain. Currently, therapeutic agents targeting amyloid appear promising for AD, however, delivery to the CNS is limited due to the blood-brain-barrier (BBB). Focused ultrasound (FUS) is a method to induce a temporary opening of the BBB to enhance delivery of therapeutic agents to CNS. Our lab has shown that an mAb (07/2a), targeting N-terminally truncated and modified toxic Aβ species, reduced pGlu3 Aβ and general Aβ cerebral plaques in aged APP/PS1dE9 mice. Here, we asked whether FUS-induced BBB opening enhances the delivery of 07/2a mAb and whether it has any additive effect on cognition or plaque clearance. METHODS First, 24 mo-old APP/PS1dE9 mice were i.v. infused with a single dose of 300 µg 07/2a with or without hippocampal FUS sonication (n=5/group) with i.v. infused Optison microbubbles and euthanized 4 or 72 h later; brain levels of antibodies were measured by ELISA. Next, 16 mo-old APP/PS1dE9 mice were treated weekly for 3 weeks with PBS (n=9), 500 µg 07/2a alone (n=9), FUS alone (n=7) or 07/2a + FUS combination (n=6). Behavioral testing in the Water T Maze (WTM) was performed 1-2 weeks later followed by euthanasia. RESULTS FUS treatment increased 07/2a mAb levels in brain by 5.9-fold 4 hr (41.7 pg/mg for mAb alone, vs. 244 pg/mg mAb+FUS; t=3.48, p<0.005) and 5.5-fold (mean=31.5 pg/mg for mAb alone, vs. 173 pg/mg for mAb+FUS; t=2.9, p<0.05) 72 hr post-treatment. Immunohistochemistry confirmed a significant increase in IgG2a mAb staining in the mAb+FUS treated mice at 4 hr (p=0.007) and a strong trend in the mAb+FUS treated mice at 72 hr after treatment compared to mAb alone. Three weekly treatments of 07/2a improved cognition however, when combined with FUS, this improvement occurred faster and in a higher percentage of mice and led to reduced hippocampal plaque load compared to PBS control mice. CONCLUSIONS Transient opening of the BBB by FUS increased 07/2a delivery to the brain, improved cognition, and enhanced Ab clearance in aged APP/PS1dE9 mice, suggesting that FUS increased efficacy of the 07/2a mAb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Bathini
- Brigham and Women`s Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tao Sun
- Brigham and Women`s Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Qiaoqiao Shi
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yongzhi Zhang
- Focused Ultrasound Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nadine Taudte
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Germany, Germany
| | - Mathias Schenk
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, Germany, Germany
| | | | - Stephan Schilling
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Halle, Germany
| | | | - Cynthia A Lemere
- Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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11
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Batista AF, Schroeder MK, Khan K, Li SA, Presumey J, Yalcin E, Carroll M, Lemere CA. Global C3 lowering alleviates hippocampal dysfunction and cognitive impairment in aged mice. Alzheimers Dement 2022. [PMID: 34971204 DOI: 10.1002/alz.058736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Complement component C3, an innate immune molecule, is important for removing pathogens and eliminating synapses during brain development, aging, and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Previously, our group demonstrated that C3 deficiency protected against synapse loss during normal aging in wild-type and APPswe/PS1dE9 mice. Induction of C3 deficiency after normal brain development will help inform whether its inhibition in aging or early stages of AD may serve as a future therapeutic strategy. METHOD We crossed C3fl/fl mice with an inducible, global Cre line (Rosa26-Cre-ERT2+/-) for 2 generations to generate novel inducible C3 conditional knockout C3fl/fl; Rosa26-Cre-ERT2+/- mice (C3iKO). In one cohort, four-to-five-month-old mice were injected with tamoxifen (TAM) or corn oil (CO) daily for 5 days. Behavioral tasks were performed when these mice reached 16-17 months of age. In another study, three-to-four-month-old female mice were injected with either CO/TAM and electrophysiological recording of long-term potentiation (LTP) was conducted in hippocampal slices of TAM-treated and CO-treated mice at 7-8 months of age following incubation of the slices with neurotoxic Aβ S26 dimers. RESULT C3iKO mice had a significant 85-95% reduction in serum C3 levels compared to controls, which was consistent at all timepoints analyzed (from Day 7 to Day 365). In this cohort, behavioral testing for hippocampal-dependent spatial memory, object memory, and object location was performed when TAM-treated and CO-treated mice reached 16-17 months of age. C3iKO+TAM mice performed significantly better than C3iKO+CO-treated mice in these behavioral tasks, indicating that C3 lowering after brain development protected mice from age-related cognitive decline. In the second study, we found that C3 lowering in adult mice protected hippocampal synapses from Aβ S26 dimer-mediated LTP impairment. CONCLUSION Global C3 depletion in C3iKO young adult mice protected against hippocampal dysfunction as they aged, suggesting that C3 lowering may be an effective therapeutic strategy for aging and possibly, AD. Future studies are underway to investigate the C3-mediated mechanisms of synaptic dysfunction in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shaomin A Li
- Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessy Presumey
- Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Esra Yalcin
- Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael Carroll
- Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cynthia A Lemere
- Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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12
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Hoffmann T, Rahfeld JU, Schenk M, Ponath F, Makioka K, Hutter-Paier B, Lues I, Lemere CA, Schilling S. Combination of the Glutaminyl Cyclase Inhibitor PQ912 (Varoglutamstat) and the Murine Monoclonal Antibody PBD-C06 (m6) Shows Additive Effects on Brain Aβ Pathology in Transgenic Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111791. [PMID: 34769222 PMCID: PMC8584206 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Compelling evidence suggests that pyroglutamate-modified Aβ (pGlu3-Aβ; AβN3pG) peptides play a pivotal role in the development and progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Approaches targeting pGlu3-Aβ by glutaminyl cyclase (QC) inhibition (Varoglutamstat) or monoclonal antibodies (Donanemab) are currently in clinical development. Here, we aimed at an assessment of combination therapy of Varoglutamstat (PQ912) and a pGlu3-Aβ-specific antibody (m6) in transgenic mice. Whereas the single treatments at subtherapeutic doses show moderate (16–41%) but statistically insignificant reduction of Aβ42 and pGlu-Aβ42 in mice brain, the combination of both treatments resulted in significant reductions of Aβ by 45–65%. Evaluation of these data using the Bliss independence model revealed a combination index of ≈1, which is indicative for an additive effect of the compounds. The data are interpreted in terms of different pathways, in which the two drugs act. While PQ912 prevents the formation of pGlu3-Aβ in different compartments, the antibody is able to clear existing pGlu3-Aβ deposits. The results suggest that combination of the small molecule Varoglutamstat and a pE3Aβ-directed monoclonal antibody may allow a reduction of the individual compound doses while maintaining the therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Hoffmann
- Vivoryon Therapeutics N.V., Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle, Germany;
- Correspondence: (T.H.); (S.S.)
| | - Jens-Ulrich Rahfeld
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department of Drug Design and Target Validation, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle, Germany; (J.-U.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Mathias Schenk
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department of Drug Design and Target Validation, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle, Germany; (J.-U.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Falk Ponath
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 60 Fenwood Rd., Boston, MA 02115, USA; (F.P.); (K.M.); (C.A.L.)
| | - Koki Makioka
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 60 Fenwood Rd., Boston, MA 02115, USA; (F.P.); (K.M.); (C.A.L.)
| | - Birgit Hutter-Paier
- QPS Austria GmbH, Department of Neuropharmacology, Parkring 12, A-8074 Grambach, Austria;
| | - Inge Lues
- Vivoryon Therapeutics N.V., Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle, Germany;
| | - Cynthia A. Lemere
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 60 Fenwood Rd., Boston, MA 02115, USA; (F.P.); (K.M.); (C.A.L.)
| | - Stephan Schilling
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department of Drug Design and Target Validation, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle, Germany; (J.-U.R.); (M.S.)
- Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, Bernburger Straße 55, 06366 Köthen, Germany
- Correspondence: (T.H.); (S.S.)
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13
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Lemere CA, Head E, Holtzman DM. APOE ε4 Association With Cognition and Alzheimer Disease Biomarkers in Down Syndrome-Implications for Clinical Trials and Treatments for All. JAMA Neurol 2021; 78:913-915. [PMID: 34228117 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2021.1649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia A Lemere
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elizabeth Head
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine
| | - David M Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
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14
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Sun T, Shi Q, Zhang Y, Power C, Hoesch C, Antonelli S, Schroeder MK, Caldarone BJ, Taudte N, Schenk M, Hettmann T, Schilling S, McDannold NJ, Lemere CA. Focused ultrasound with anti-pGlu3 Aβ enhances efficacy in Alzheimer's disease-like mice via recruitment of peripheral immune cells. J Control Release 2021; 336:443-456. [PMID: 34186148 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pyroglutamate-3 amyloid-β (pGlu3 Aβ) is an N-terminally modified, pathogenic form of amyloid-β that is present in cerebral amyloid plaques and vascular deposits. Here, we used focused ultrasound (FUS) with microbubbles to enhance the intravenous delivery of an Fc-competent anti-pGlu3 Aβ monoclonal antibody, 07/2a mAb, across the blood brain barrier (BBB) in an attempt to improve Aβ removal and memory in aged APP/PS1dE9 mice, an Alzheimer's disease (AD)-like model of amyloidogenesis. First, we demonstrated that bilateral hippocampal FUS-BBB disruption (FUS-BBBD) led to a 5.5-fold increase of 07/2a mAb delivery to the brains compared to non-sonicated mice 72 h following a single treatment. Then, we determined that three weekly treatments with 07/2a mAb alone improved spatial learning and memory in aged, plaque-rich APP/PS1dE9 mice, and that this improvement occurred faster and in a higher percentage of animals when combined with FUS-BBBD. Mice given the combination treatment had reduced hippocampal plaque burden compared to PBS-treated controls. Furthermore, synaptic protein levels were higher in hippocampal synaptosomes from mice given the combination treatment compared to sham controls, and there were more CA3 synaptic puncta labeled in the APP/PS1dE9 mice given the combination treatment compared to those given mAb alone. Plaque-associated microglia were present in the hippocampi of APP/PS1dE9 mice treated with 07/2a mAb with and without FUS-BBBD. However, we discovered that plaque-associated Ly6G+ monocytes were only present in the hippocampi of APP/PS1dE9 mice that were given FUS-BBBD alone or even more so, the combination treatment. Lastly, FUS-BBBD did not increase the incidence of microhemorrhage in mice with or without 07/2a mAb treatment. Our findings suggest that FUS is a useful tool to enhance delivery and efficacy of an anti-pGlu3 Aβ mAb for immunotherapy either via an additive effect or an independent mechanism. We revealed a potential novel mechanism wherein the combination of 07/2a mAb with FUS-BBBD led to greater monocyte infiltration and recruitment to plaques in this AD-like model. Overall, these effects resulted in greater plaque removal, sparing of synapses and improved cognitive function without causing overt damage, suggesting the possibility of FUS-BBBD as a noninvasive method to increase the therapeutic efficacy of drugs or biologics in AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Sun
- Focused Ultrasound Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, United States of America; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Qiaoqiao Shi
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases in the Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, United States of America; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Yongzhi Zhang
- Focused Ultrasound Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, United States of America; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Chanikarn Power
- Focused Ultrasound Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, United States of America; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Camilla Hoesch
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases in the Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Shawna Antonelli
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases in the Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Maren K Schroeder
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases in the Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Barbara J Caldarone
- Harvard Medical School Mouse Behavior Core, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Nadine Taudte
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department Molecular Drug Biochemistry and Therapy, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Mathias Schenk
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department Molecular Drug Biochemistry and Therapy, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | | | - Stephan Schilling
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department Molecular Drug Biochemistry and Therapy, Halle (Saale), Germany; Vivoryon Therapeutics AG, Halle (Saale), Germany; Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, Köthen, Germany
| | - Nathan J McDannold
- Focused Ultrasound Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, United States of America; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America.
| | - Cynthia A Lemere
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases in the Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, United States of America; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America.
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15
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Batista AF, Schroeder M, Khan K, Yalcin E, Carroll M, Lemere CA. A novel inducible complement C3 conditional knockout mouse model: Generation and characterization. Alzheimers Dement 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.047192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maren Schroeder
- Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA
| | - Khyrul Khan
- Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA
| | - Esra Yalcin
- Boston Children's Hospital/Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA
| | - Michael Carroll
- Boston Children's Hospital/Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA
| | - Cynthia A Lemere
- Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA
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16
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Kumar S, Lemere CA, Walter J. Phosphorylated Aβ peptides in human Down syndrome brain and different Alzheimer's-like mouse models. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:118. [PMID: 32727580 PMCID: PMC7388542 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-00959-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The deposition of neurotoxic amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides in extracellular plaques in the brain parenchyma is one of the most prominent neuropathological features of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and considered to be closely related to the pathogenesis of this disease. A number of recent studies demonstrate the heterogeneity in the composition of Aβ deposits in AD brains, due to the occurrence of elongated, truncated and post-translationally modified Aβ peptides that have peculiar characteristics in aggregation behavior and biostability. Importantly, the detection of modified Aβ species has been explored to characterize distinct stages of AD, with phosphorylated Aβ being present in the clinical phase of AD. People with Down syndrome (DS) develop AD pathology by 40 years of age likely due to the overproduction of Aβ caused by the additional copy of the gene encoding the amyloid precursor protein on chromosome 21. In the current study, we analysed the deposition of phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated Aβ species in human DS, AD, and control brains. In addition, deposition of these Aβ species was analysed in brains of a series of established transgenic AD mouse models using phosphorylation-state specific Aβ antibodies. Significant amounts of Aβ phosphorylated at serine residue 8 (pSer8Aβ) and unmodified Aβ were detected in the brains of DS and AD cases. The brains of different transgenic mouse models with either only human mutant amyloid precursor protein (APP), or combinations of human mutant APP, Presenilin (PS), and tau transgenes showed distinct age-dependent and spatiotemporal deposition of pSer8Aβ in extracellular plaques and within the vasculature. Together, these results demonstrate the deposition of phosphorylated Aβ species in DS brains, further supporting the similarity of Aβ deposition in AD and DS. Thus, the detection of phosphorylated and other modified Aβ species could contribute to the understanding and dissection of the complexity in the age-related and spatiotemporal deposition of Aβ variants in AD and DS as well as in distinct mouse models.
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17
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Knopman D, Lemere CA, Lamb BT, Craft S, Gitlin LN, Golde TE, Pericak-Vance M, Sano M, Schellenberg G, Schneider JA, Zheng H, Khachaturian Z, Snyder HM, Carrillo MC. Scientific Advising and Reviewing: On strengthening the bond between the Alzheimer's Association and the scientific community. Alzheimers Dement 2020; 16:1095-1098. [PMID: 32426924 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
From its inception in 1980, advancement of research was one of the primary missions of the Alzheimer's Association (also known as Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association) in addition to leading in family caregiver support, better care, public education, and awareness. Over the past 30 years, the Association has grown and expanded its engagement with the scientific community. In the past 10 years, its research budget has more than doubled, greatly increasing the number of research grants funded and the number of strategic projects supported. The leadership and members of the Medical and Scientific Advisory Council recognized that the growth of the Alzheimer's Association and the expanded mission of Medical & Scientific Relations Division necessitated a change in the mission and charge of the external scientific advisory function to the Association.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Knopman
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Cynthia A Lemere
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bruce T Lamb
- Paul and Carole Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Suzanne Craft
- Department of Internal Medicine-Geriatrics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Laura N Gitlin
- College of Nursing and Health Professions, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Todd E Golde
- Department of Neurosciences, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainsville, Florida, USA
| | - Margaret Pericak-Vance
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation, Department of Human Genomics, Miami, Florida, USA.,John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Mary Sano
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and The James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Gerard Schellenberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicines, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Julie A Schneider
- Departments of Pathology and Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Hui Zheng
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Zaven Khachaturian
- Alzheimer's & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer's Association, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Heather M Snyder
- Medical & Scientific Relations, Alzheimer's Association, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Maria C Carrillo
- Medical & Scientific Relations, Alzheimer's Association, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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18
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Hettmann T, Gillies SD, Kleinschmidt M, Piechotta A, Makioka K, Lemere CA, Schilling S, Rahfeld JU, Lues I. Development of the clinical candidate PBD-C06, a humanized pGlu3-Aβ-specific antibody against Alzheimer's disease with reduced complement activation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3294. [PMID: 32094456 PMCID: PMC7040040 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60319-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In clinical trials with early Alzheimer's patients, administration of anti-amyloid antibodies reduced amyloid deposits, suggesting that immunotherapies may be promising disease-modifying interventions against Alzheimer's disease (AD). Specific forms of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides, for example post-translationally modified Aβ peptides with a pyroglutamate at the N-terminus (pGlu3, pE3), are attractive antibody targets, due to pGlu3-Aβ's neo-epitope character and its propensity to form neurotoxic oligomeric aggregates. We have generated a novel anti-pGlu3-Aβ antibody, PBD-C06, which is based on a murine precursor antibody that binds with high specificity to pGlu3-Aβ monomers, oligomers and fibrils, including mixed aggregates of unmodified Aβ and pGlu3-Aβ peptides. PBD-C06 was generated by first grafting the murine antigen binding sequences onto suitable human variable light and heavy chains. Subsequently, the humanized antibody was de-immunized and site-specific mutations were introduced to restore original target binding, to eliminate complement activation and to improve protein stability. PBD-C06 binds with the same specificity and avidity as its murine precursor antibody and elimination of C1q binding did not compromise Fcγ-receptor binding or in vitro phagocytosis. Thus, PBD-C06 was specifically designed to target neurotoxic aggregates and to avoid complement-mediated inflammatory responses, in order to lower the risk for vasogenic edemas in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thore Hettmann
- Vivoryon Therapeutics AG, Weinbergweg 22, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Stephen D Gillies
- Provenance Biopharmaceuticals, 70 Bedford Rd, Carlisle, MA, 01741, USA
| | - Martin Kleinschmidt
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department Molecular Drug Biochemistry and Therapy, Weinbergweg 22, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Anke Piechotta
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department Molecular Drug Biochemistry and Therapy, Weinbergweg 22, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Koki Makioka
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Cynthia A Lemere
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Stephan Schilling
- Vivoryon Therapeutics AG, Weinbergweg 22, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department Molecular Drug Biochemistry and Therapy, Weinbergweg 22, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jens-Ulrich Rahfeld
- Vivoryon Therapeutics AG, Weinbergweg 22, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany.
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department Molecular Drug Biochemistry and Therapy, Weinbergweg 22, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Inge Lues
- Vivoryon Therapeutics AG, Weinbergweg 22, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
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19
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Crehan H, Liu B, Kleinschmidt M, Rahfeld JU, Le KX, Caldarone BJ, Frost JL, Hettmann T, Hutter-Paier B, O'Nuallain B, Park MA, DiCarli MF, Lues I, Schilling S, Lemere CA. Effector function of anti-pyroglutamate-3 Aβ antibodies affects cognitive benefit, glial activation and amyloid clearance in Alzheimer's-like mice. Alzheimers Res Ther 2020; 12:12. [PMID: 31931873 PMCID: PMC6958628 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-019-0579-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pyroglutamate-3 Aβ (pGlu-3 Aβ) is an N-terminally truncated and post-translationally modified Aβ species found in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain. Its increased peptide aggregation propensity and toxicity make it an attractive emerging treatment strategy for AD. We address the question of how the effector function of an anti-pGlu-3 Aβ antibody influences the efficacy of immunotherapy in mouse models with AD-like pathology. METHODS We compared two different immunoglobulin (Ig) isotypes of the same murine anti-pGlu-3 Aβ mAb (07/1 IgG1 and 07/2a IgG2a) and a general N-terminal Aβ mAb (3A1 IgG1) for their ability to clear Aβ and protect cognition in a therapeutic passive immunotherapy study in aged, plaque-rich APPSWE/PS1ΔE9 transgenic (Tg) mice. We also compared the ability of these antibodies and a CDC-mutant form of 07/2a (07/2a-k), engineered to avoid complement activation, to clear Aβ in an ex vivo phagocytosis assay and following treatment in APPSLxhQC double Tg mice, and to activate microglia using longitudinal microPET imaging with TSPO-specific 18F-GE180 tracer following a single bolus antibody injection in young and old Tg mice. RESULTS We demonstrated significant cognitive improvement, better plaque clearance, and more plaque-associated microglia in the absence of microhemorrhage in aged APPSWE/PS1ΔE9 Tg mice treated with 07/2a, but not 07/1 or 3A1, compared to PBS in our first in vivo study. All mAbs cleared plaques in an ex vivo assay, although 07/2a promoted the highest phagocytic activity. Compared with 07/2a, 07/2a-k showed slightly reduced affinity to Fcγ receptors CD32 and CD64, although the two antibodies had similar binding affinities to pGlu-3 Aβ. Treatment of APPSLxhQC mice with 07/2a and 07/2a-k mAbs in our second in vivo study showed significant plaque-lowering with both mAbs. Longitudinal 18F-GE180 microPET imaging revealed different temporal patterns of microglial activation for 3A1, 07/1, and 07/2a mAbs and no difference between 07/2a-k and PBS-treated Tg mice. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that attenuation of behavioral deficits and clearance of amyloid is associated with strong effector function of the anti-pGlu-3 Aβ mAb in a therapeutic treatment paradigm. We present evidence that antibody engineering to reduce CDC-mediated complement binding facilitates phagocytosis of plaques without inducing neuroinflammation in vivo. Hence, the results provide implications for tailoring effector function of humanized antibodies for clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Crehan
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Hale BTM 9002S, 60 Fenwood Rd, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bin Liu
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Hale BTM 9002S, 60 Fenwood Rd, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Martin Kleinschmidt
- Vivoryon Therapeutics AG, Halle (Saale), Germany.,Department Drug Design and Target Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jens-Ulrich Rahfeld
- Vivoryon Therapeutics AG, Halle (Saale), Germany.,Department Drug Design and Target Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Kevin X Le
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Hale BTM 9002S, 60 Fenwood Rd, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Barbara J Caldarone
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Mouse Behavior Core, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Frost
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Hale BTM 9002S, 60 Fenwood Rd, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | | | | | - Brian O'Nuallain
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Hale BTM 9002S, 60 Fenwood Rd, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mi-Ae Park
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Radiology, Brigham Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marcelo F DiCarli
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Radiology, Brigham Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Inge Lues
- Vivoryon Therapeutics AG, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Stephan Schilling
- Vivoryon Therapeutics AG, Halle (Saale), Germany.,Department Drug Design and Target Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Cynthia A Lemere
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Hale BTM 9002S, 60 Fenwood Rd, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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20
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Whitaker KW, LaFerla FM, Steinbusch HWM, Lemere CA, Bovenkamp DE. BrightFocus Alzheimer's Fast Track 2019. Mol Neurodegener 2019; 14:48. [PMID: 31861987 PMCID: PMC6924007 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-019-0348-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The 3 day workshop “Alzheimer’s Fast Track” is a unique opportunity for graduate students, postdoctoral fellows, or other early-career scientists, focused on Alzheimer’s disease research, to gain new knowledge and become an expert in where this emerging scientific field is moving. In addition, it is not only about receiving a good overview, but also learning to write and defend a successful application for securing funding for Alzheimer’s disease research projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith W Whitaker
- BrightFocus Foundation, 22512 Gateway Center Dr, Clarksburg, MD, 20871, USA
| | | | | | - Cynthia A Lemere
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Diane E Bovenkamp
- BrightFocus Foundation, 22512 Gateway Center Dr, Clarksburg, MD, 20871, USA.
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21
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Lardenoije R, van den Hove DL, Jung SE, Havermans M, Blackburn P, Liu B, Rutten BP, Lemere CA. Active Amyloid-β Vaccination Results in Epigenetic Changes in the Hippocampus of an Alzheimer’s Disease-Like Mouse Model. Curr Alzheimer Res 2019; 16:861-870. [DOI: 10.2174/1567205016666190827122009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background:
While evidence accumulates for a role of epigenetic modifications in the
pathophysiological cascade of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), amyloid-β (Aβ)-targeted active immunotherapy
approaches are under investigation to prevent or slow the progression of AD. The impact of Aβ active
vaccines on epigenetic markers has not been studied thus far.
Objective:
The current study aims to establish the relationship between active immunotherapy with a
MER5101-based vaccine (consisting of Aβ1-15 copies conjugated with a 7 aa spacer to the diphtheria
toxoid carrier protein, formulated in a Th2-biased adjuvant) and epigenetic DNA modifications in the
hippocampus of APPswe/PS1dE9 mice.
Methods:
As we previously reported, immunotherapy started when the mice were 10 months of age and
behavioral testing occurred at 14 months of age, after which the mice were sacrificed for further analysis
of their brains. In this add-on study, global levels of DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation, and
DNA methyltransferase 3A (DNMT3A) were determined using quantitative immunohistochemistry, and
compared to our previously analyzed immunization-induced changes in AD-related neuropathology and
cognition.
Results:
Active immunization did not affect global DNA methylation levels but instead, resulted in decreased
DNA hydroxymethylation and DNMT3A levels. Independent of immunization, inverse correlations
with behavioral performance were observed for levels of DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation,
as well as DNMT3A, while Aβ pathology and synaptic markers did not correlate with DNA methylation
levels but did positively correlate with DNA hydroxymethylation and levels of DNMT3A.
Conclusion:
Our results indicate that active Aβ vaccination has significant effects on the epigenome in
the hippocampus of APPswe/PS1dE9 mice, and suggest that DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation
may be involved in cognitive functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Lardenoije
- Department of Neurology, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Daniël L.A. van den Hove
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University, Maastricht 6200MD, Netherlands
| | - Sophie E. Jung
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University, Maastricht 6200MD, Netherlands
| | - Monique Havermans
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University, Maastricht 6200MD, Netherlands
| | | | - Bin Liu
- Department of Neurology, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Bart P.F. Rutten
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University, Maastricht 6200MD, Netherlands
| | - Cynthia A. Lemere
- Department of Neurology, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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22
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Liu B, Hinshaw RG, Le KX, Park MA, Wang S, Belanger AP, Dubey S, Frost JL, Shi Q, Holton P, Trojanczyk L, Reiser V, Jones PA, Trigg W, Di Carli MF, Lorello P, Caldarone BJ, Williams JP, O'Banion MK, Lemere CA. Space-like 56Fe irradiation manifests mild, early sex-specific behavioral and neuropathological changes in wildtype and Alzheimer's-like transgenic mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12118. [PMID: 31431669 PMCID: PMC6702228 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48615-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Space travel will expose people to high-energy, heavy particle radiation, and the cognitive deficits induced by this exposure are not well understood. To investigate the short-term effects of space radiation, we irradiated 4-month-old Alzheimer’s disease (AD)-like transgenic (Tg) mice and wildtype (WT) littermates with a single, whole-body dose of 10 or 50 cGy 56Fe ions (1 GeV/u) at Brookhaven National Laboratory. At ~1.5 months post irradiation, behavioural testing showed sex-, genotype-, and dose-dependent changes in locomotor activity, contextual fear conditioning, grip strength, and motor learning, mainly in Tg but not WT mice. There was little change in general health, depression, or anxiety. Two months post irradiation, microPET imaging of the stable binding of a translocator protein ligand suggested no radiation-specific change in neuroinflammation, although initial uptake was reduced in female mice independently of cerebral blood flow. Biochemical and immunohistochemical analyses revealed that radiation reduced cerebral amyloid-β levels and microglia activation in female Tg mice, modestly increased microhemorrhages in 50 cGy irradiated male WT mice, and did not affect synaptic marker levels compared to sham controls. Taken together, we show specific short-term changes in neuropathology and behaviour induced by 56Fe irradiation, possibly having implications for long-term space travel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- Department of Neurology, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Robert G Hinshaw
- Department of Neurology, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Kevin X Le
- Department of Neurology, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Mi-Ae Park
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Shuyan Wang
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Anthony P Belanger
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Shipra Dubey
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Frost
- Department of Neurology, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Qiaoqiao Shi
- Department of Neurology, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Peter Holton
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Lee Trojanczyk
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | | | - Paul A Jones
- GE Healthcare, Chalfont St Giles, HP8 4SP, United Kingdom
| | - William Trigg
- GE Healthcare, Chalfont St Giles, HP8 4SP, United Kingdom
| | - Marcelo F Di Carli
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Paul Lorello
- Harvard Medical School Mouse Behavior Core, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | | | - Jacqueline P Williams
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - M Kerry O'Banion
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Cynthia A Lemere
- Department of Neurology, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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23
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Rahfeld JU, Kleinschmidt M, Gillies SD, Makioka K, Lemere CA, Schilling S, Hettmann T. P1-092: PBD-C06 - A NOVEL ANTI-PGLU3-Aβ ANTIBODY FOR IMMUNOTHERAPY AGAINST ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE. Alzheimers Dement 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2019.06.647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kouki Makioka
- Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Boston MA USA
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24
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Kumar S, Frost JL, Cotman CW, Head E, Palmour R, Lemere CA, Walter J. Deposition of phosphorylated amyloid-β in brains of aged nonhuman primates and canines. Brain Pathol 2019; 28:427-430. [PMID: 29740941 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sathish Kumar
- Department of Neurology, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany.,Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Jeffrey L Frost
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | | | - Elizabeth Head
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, Department of Pharmacology & Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Roberta Palmour
- St. Kitts and Nevis, Eastern Caribbean, The Behavioral Science Foundation.,McGill University School of Medicine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Cynthia A Lemere
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Jochen Walter
- Department of Neurology, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
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25
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Hoffmann T, Farcher M, Hutter-Paier B, Lemere CA, Schilling S, Lues I. P1‐099: COMBINATION OF A GLUTAMINYL CYCLASE INHIBITOR (PQ912) AND A PYROGLUTAMATE‐Aβ SPECIFIC ANTIBODY (PBD‐M06) SHOWS ADDITIVE EFFECTS IN A MOUSE MODEL WITH ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE‐LIKE PATHOLOGY. Alzheimers Dement 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2018.06.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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Schilling S, Rahfeld JU, Lues I, Lemere CA. Passive Aβ Immunotherapy: Current Achievements and Future Perspectives. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23051068. [PMID: 29751505 PMCID: PMC6099643 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23051068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Passive immunotherapy has emerged as a very promising approach for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative disorders, which are characterized by the misfolding and deposition of amyloid peptides. On the basis of the amyloid hypothesis, the majority of antibodies in clinical development are directed against amyloid β (Aβ), the primary amyloid component in extracellular plaques. This review focuses on the current status of Aβ antibodies in clinical development, including their characteristics and challenges that came up in clinical trials with these new biological entities (NBEs). Emphasis is placed on the current view of common side effects observed with passive immunotherapy, so-called amyloid-related imaging abnormalities (ARIAs), and potential ways to overcome this issue. Among these new ideas, a special focus is placed on molecules that are directed against post-translationally modified variants of the Aβ peptide, an emerging approach for development of new antibody molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Schilling
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department for Drug Design and Target Validation, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Jens-Ulrich Rahfeld
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department for Drug Design and Target Validation, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Inge Lues
- Probiodrug AG, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Cynthia A Lemere
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Womens's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02116, USA.
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27
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Shi Q, Chowdhury S, Ma R, Le KX, Hong S, Caldarone BJ, Stevens B, Lemere CA. Complement C3 deficiency protects against neurodegeneration in aged plaque-rich APP/PS1 mice. Sci Transl Med 2018; 9:9/392/eaaf6295. [PMID: 28566429 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf6295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The complement cascade not only is an innate immune response that enables removal of pathogens but also plays an important role in microglia-mediated synaptic refinement during brain development. Complement C3 is elevated in Alzheimer's disease (AD), colocalizing with neuritic plaques, and appears to contribute to clearance of Aβ by microglia in the brain. Previously, we reported that C3-deficient C57BL/6 mice were protected against age-related and region-specific loss of hippocampal synapses and cognitive decline during normal aging. Furthermore, blocking complement and downstream iC3b/CR3 signaling rescued synapses from Aβ-induced loss in young AD mice before amyloid plaques had accumulated. We assessed the effects of C3 deficiency in aged, plaque-rich APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic mice (APP/PS1;C3 KO). We examined the effects of C3 deficiency on cognition, Aβ plaque deposition, and plaque-related neuropathology at later AD stages in these mice. We found that 16-month-old APP/PS1;C3 KO mice performed better on a learning and memory task than did APP/PS1 mice, despite having more cerebral Aβ plaques. Aged APP/PS1;C3 KO mice also had fewer microglia and astrocytes localized within the center of hippocampal Aβ plaques compared to APP/PS1 mice. Several proinflammatory cytokines in the brain were reduced in APP/PS1;C3 KO mice, consistent with an altered microglial phenotype. C3 deficiency also protected APP/PS1 mice against age-dependent loss of synapses and neurons. Our study suggests that complement C3 or downstream complement activation fragments may play an important role in Aβ plaque pathology, glial responses to plaques, and neuronal dysfunction in the brains of APP/PS1 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoqiao Shi
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Building for Transformative Medicine, 9th Floor, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Saba Chowdhury
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Building for Transformative Medicine, 9th Floor, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rong Ma
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Building for Transformative Medicine, 9th Floor, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kevin X Le
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Building for Transformative Medicine, 9th Floor, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Soyon Hong
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Center for Life Sciences, 12th Floor, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Barbara J Caldarone
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center NeuroBehavior Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Institute of Medicine, Room 945, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Beth Stevens
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Center for Life Sciences, 12th Floor, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Cynthia A Lemere
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Building for Transformative Medicine, 9th Floor, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115, USA. .,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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28
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Lee HK, Kwon B, Lemere CA, de la Monte S, Itamura K, Ha AY, Querfurth HW. mTORC2 (Rictor) in Alzheimer's Disease and Reversal of Amyloid-β Expression-Induced Insulin Resistance and Toxicity in Rat Primary Cortical Neurons. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 56:1015-1036. [PMID: 28035937 DOI: 10.3233/jad-161029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), a nutrient sensor and central controller of cell growth and proliferation, is altered in various models of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Even less studied or understood in AD is mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2) that influences cellular metabolism, in part through the regulations of Akt/PKB and SGK. Dysregulation of insulin/PI3K/Akt signaling is another important feature of AD pathogenesis. We found that both total mTORC1 and C2 protein levels and individual C1 and C2 enzymatic activities were decreased in human AD brain samples. In two rodent AD models, mTORC1 and C2 activities were also decreased. In a neuronal culture model of AD characterized by accumulation of cellular amyloid-β (Aβ)42, mTORC1 activity was reduced. Autophagic vesicles and markers were correspondingly increased and new protein synthesis was inhibited, consistent with mTORC1 hypofunction. Interestingly, mTORC2 activity in neural culture seemed resistant to the effects of intracellular amyloid. In various cell lines, Aβ expression provoked insulin resistance, characterized by inhibition of stimulated Akt phosphorylation, and an increase in negative mTORC1 regular, p-AMPK, itself a nutrient sensor. Rapamycin decreased phospho-mTOR and to lesser degree p-Rictor. This further suppression of mTORC1 activity protected cells from Aβ-induced toxicity and insulin resistance. More striking, Rictor over-expression fully reversed the Aβ-effects on primary neuronal cultures. Finally, using in vitro assay, Rictor protein addition completely overcame oligomeric Aβ-induced inhibition of the PDK-Akt activation step. We conclude that striking a new balance by restoring mTORC2 abundance and/or inhibition of mTORC1 has therapeutic potential in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Kyu Lee
- Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University Warren Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Bumsup Kwon
- Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University Warren Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Cynthia A Lemere
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Suzanne de la Monte
- Department of Pathology, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University Warren Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Kyohei Itamura
- Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University Warren Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Austin Y Ha
- Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University Warren Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Henry W Querfurth
- Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University Warren Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, USA
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29
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Lemere CA. [F4–06–02]: UPDATE OF THE AMYLOID HYPOTHESIS: COMPLEMENT MODULATES THE GLIAL RESPONSE TO Aβ PLAQUES AND MEDIATES SYNAPSE LOSS. Alzheimers Dement 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2017.07.395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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30
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Larrick JW, Alfenito MR, Scott JK, Parren PWHI, Burton DR, Bradbury ARM, Lemere CA, Messer A, Huston JS, Carter PJ, Veldman T, Chester KA, Schuurman J, Adams GP, Reichert JM. Antibody Engineering & Therapeutics 2016: The Antibody Society's annual meeting, December 11-15, 2016, San Diego, CA. MAbs 2016; 8:1425-1434. [PMID: 27557809 PMCID: PMC5098447 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2016.1227665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody Engineering & Therapeutics, the largest meeting devoted to antibody science and technology and the annual meeting of The Antibody Society, will be held in San Diego, CA on December 11-15, 2016. Each of 14 sessions will include six presentations by leading industry and academic experts. In this meeting preview, the session chairs discuss the relevance of their topics to current and future antibody therapeutics development. Session topics include bispecifics and designer polyclonal antibodies; antibodies for neurodegenerative diseases; the interface between passive and active immunotherapy; antibodies for non-cancer indications; novel antibody display, selection and screening technologies; novel checkpoint modulators / immuno-oncology; engineering antibodies for T-cell therapy; novel engineering strategies to enhance antibody functions; and the biological Impact of Fc receptor engagement. The meeting will open with keynote speakers Dennis R. Burton (The Scripps Research Institute), who will review progress toward a neutralizing antibody-based HIV vaccine; Olivera J. Finn, (University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine), who will discuss prophylactic cancer vaccines as a source of therapeutic antibodies; and Paul Richardson (Dana-Farber Cancer Institute), who will provide a clinical update on daratumumab for multiple myeloma. In a featured presentation, a representative of the World Health Organization's INN expert group will provide a perspective on antibody naming. “Antibodies to watch in 2017” and progress on The Antibody Society's 2016 initiatives will be presented during the Society's special session. In addition, two pre-conference workshops covering ways to accelerate antibody drugs to the clinic and the applications of next-generation sequencing in antibody discovery and engineering will be held on Sunday December 11, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Larrick
- a Panorama Research Institute and Velocity Pharmaceutical Development , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | | | | | - Paul W H I Parren
- d Genmab , Utrecht , the Netherlands.,e Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Cynthia A Lemere
- h Brigham and Woman's Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston MA , USA
| | - Anne Messer
- i Regenerative Research Foundation , Rensselaer , NY , USA
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31
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Cynis H, Frost JL, Crehan H, Lemere CA. Immunotherapy targeting pyroglutamate-3 Aβ: prospects and challenges. Mol Neurodegener 2016; 11:48. [PMID: 27363697 PMCID: PMC4929720 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-016-0115-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunization against amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides deposited in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has shown considerable therapeutic effect in animal models however, the translation into human Alzheimer’s patients is challenging. In recent years, a number of promising Aβ immunotherapy trials failed to reach primary study endpoints. Aside from uncertainties in the selection of patients and the start and duration of treatment, these results also suggest that the mechanisms underlying AD are still not fully understood. Thorough characterizations of protein aggregates in AD brain have revealed a conspicuous heterogeneity of Aβ peptides enabling the study of the toxic potential of each of the major forms. One such form, amino-terminally truncated and modified pyroglutamate (pGlu)-3 Aβ peptide appears to play a seminal role for disease initiation, qualifying it as novel target for immunotherapy approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Cynis
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB636, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Weinbergweg 22, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Jeffrey L Frost
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB636, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Helen Crehan
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB636, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Cynthia A Lemere
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB636, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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32
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Hong S, Beja-Glasser VF, Nfonoyim BM, Frouin A, Li S, Ramakrishnan S, Merry KM, Shi Q, Rosenthal A, Barres BA, Lemere CA, Selkoe DJ, Stevens B. Complement and microglia mediate early synapse loss in Alzheimer mouse models. Science 2016; 352:712-716. [PMID: 27033548 PMCID: PMC5094372 DOI: 10.1126/science.aad8373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1890] [Impact Index Per Article: 236.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Synapse loss in Alzheimer's disease (AD) correlates with cognitive decline. Involvement of microglia and complement in AD has been attributed to neuroinflammation, prominent late in disease. Here we show in mouse models that complement and microglia mediate synaptic loss early in AD. C1q, the initiating protein of the classical complement cascade, is increased and associated with synapses before overt plaque deposition. Inhibition of C1q, C3, or the microglial complement receptor CR3 reduces the number of phagocytic microglia, as well as the extent of early synapse loss. C1q is necessary for the toxic effects of soluble β-amyloid (Aβ) oligomers on synapses and hippocampal long-term potentiation. Finally, microglia in adult brains engulf synaptic material in a CR3-dependent process when exposed to soluble Aβ oligomers. Together, these findings suggest that the complement-dependent pathway and microglia that prune excess synapses in development are inappropriately activated and mediate synapse loss in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyon Hong
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Victoria F Beja-Glasser
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Bianca M Nfonoyim
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Arnaud Frouin
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Shaomin Li
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Saranya Ramakrishnan
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Katherine M Merry
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Qiaoqiao Shi
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Arnon Rosenthal
- Alector Inc., 953 Indiana St, San Francisco, California 94107, USA
- Annexon Biosciences, 280 Utah Avenue Suite 110, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
- Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Ben A Barres
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94305, USA
| | - Cynthia A Lemere
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Dennis J Selkoe
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Prothena Biosciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Beth Stevens
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
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Head E, Lott IT, Wilcock DM, Lemere CA. Aging in Down Syndrome and the Development of Alzheimer's Disease Neuropathology. Curr Alzheimer Res 2016; 13:18-29. [PMID: 26651341 PMCID: PMC4948181 DOI: 10.2174/1567205012666151020114607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Chromosome 21, triplicated in Down Syndrome, contains several genes that are thought to play a critical role in the development of AD neuropathology. The overexpression of the gene for the amyloid precursor protein (APP), on chromosome 21, leads to early onset beta-amyloid (Aβ) plaques in DS. In addition to Aβ accumulation, middle-aged people with DS develop neurofibrillary tangles, cerebrovascular pathology, white matter pathology, oxidative damage, neuroinflammation and neuron loss. There is also evidence of potential compensatory responses in DS that benefit the brain and delay the onset of dementia after there is sufficient neuropathology for a diagnosis of AD. This review describes some of the existing literature and also highlights gaps in our knowledge regarding AD neuropathology in DS. It will be critical in the future to develop networked brain banks with standardized collection procedures to fully characterize the regional and temporal pathological events associated with aging in DS. As more information is acquired regarding AD evolution in DS, there will be opportunities to develop interventions that are age-appropriate to delay AD in DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Head
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 800 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
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A. Lemere C. Meet Our Editorial Board Member:. Curr Alzheimer Res 2016. [DOI: 10.2174/156720501302160101122833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Frost JL, Liu B, Rahfeld JU, Kleinschmidt M, O'Nuallain B, Le KX, Lues I, Caldarone BJ, Schilling S, Demuth HU, Lemere CA. An anti-pyroglutamate-3 Aβ vaccine reduces plaques and improves cognition in APPswe/PS1ΔE9 mice. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:3187-3199. [PMID: 26453001 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Pyroglutamate-3 amyloid-beta (pGlu-3 Aβ) is an N-terminally truncated Aβ isoform likely playing a decisive role in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Here, we describe a prophylactic passive immunization study in APPswe/PS1ΔE9 mice using a novel pGlu-3 Aβ immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) monoclonal antibody, 07/1 (150 and 500 μg, intraperitoneal, weekly) and compare its efficacy with a general Aβ IgG1 monoclonal antibody, 3A1 (200 μg, intraperitoneal, weekly) as a positive control. After 28 weeks of treatment, plaque burden was reduced and cognitive performance of 07/1-immunized Tg mice, especially at the higher dose, was normalized to wild-type levels in 2 hippocampal-dependent tests and partially spared compared with phosphate-buffered saline-treated Tg mice. Mice that received 3A1 had reduced plaque burden but showed no cognitive benefit. In contrast with 3A1, treatment with 07/1 did not increase the concentration of Aβ in plasma, suggesting different modes of Aβ plaque clearance. In conclusion, early selective targeting of pGlu-3 Aβ by immunotherapy may be effective in lowering cerebral Aβ plaque burden and preventing cognitive decline in the clinical setting. Targeting this pathologically modified form of Aβ thereby is unlikely to interfere with potential physiologic function(s) of Aβ that have been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Frost
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Brian O'Nuallain
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kevin X Le
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Inge Lues
- Probiodrug AG, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Barbara J Caldarone
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center NeuroBehavior Laboratory Core, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Cynthia A Lemere
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Lardenoije R, Iatrou A, Kenis G, Kompotis K, Steinbusch HWM, Mastroeni D, Coleman P, Lemere CA, Hof PR, van den Hove DLA, Rutten BPF. The epigenetics of aging and neurodegeneration. Prog Neurobiol 2015; 131:21-64. [PMID: 26072273 PMCID: PMC6477921 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetics is a quickly growing field encompassing mechanisms regulating gene expression that do not involve changes in the genotype. Epigenetics is of increasing relevance to neuroscience, with epigenetic mechanisms being implicated in brain development and neuronal differentiation, as well as in more dynamic processes related to cognition. Epigenetic regulation covers multiple levels of gene expression; from direct modifications of the DNA and histone tails, regulating the level of transcription, to interactions with messenger RNAs, regulating the level of translation. Importantly, epigenetic dysregulation currently garners much attention as a pivotal player in aging and age-related neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease, where it may mediate interactions between genetic and environmental risk factors, or directly interact with disease-specific pathological factors. We review current knowledge about the major epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation and DNA demethylation, chromatin remodeling and non-coding RNAs, as well as the involvement of these mechanisms in normal aging and in the pathophysiology of the most common neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, we examine the current state of epigenetics-based therapeutic strategies for these diseases, which either aim to restore the epigenetic homeostasis or skew it to a favorable direction to counter disease pathology. Finally, methodological challenges of epigenetic investigations and future perspectives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Lardenoije
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Artemis Iatrou
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gunter Kenis
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Konstantinos Kompotis
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Genopode Building, 1015 Lausanne-Dorigny, Switzerland
| | - Harry W M Steinbusch
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Diego Mastroeni
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; L.J. Roberts Alzheimer's Disease Center, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 W. Santa Fe Drive, Sun City, AZ 85351, USA
| | - Paul Coleman
- L.J. Roberts Alzheimer's Disease Center, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 W. Santa Fe Drive, Sun City, AZ 85351, USA
| | - Cynthia A Lemere
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Patrick R Hof
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Daniel L A van den Hove
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Translational Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Fuechsleinstrasse 15, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Bart P F Rutten
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Mably AJ, Liu W, Mc Donald JM, Dodart JC, Bard F, Lemere CA, O'Nuallain B, Walsh DM. Anti-Aβ antibodies incapable of reducing cerebral Aβ oligomers fail to attenuate spatial reference memory deficits in J20 mice. Neurobiol Dis 2015. [PMID: 26215784 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Compelling genetic evidence links the amyloid precursor protein (APP) to Alzheimer's disease (AD). A leading hypothesis proposes that a small amphipathic fragment of APP, the amyloid β-protein (Aβ), self-associates to form soluble assemblies loosely referred to as "oligomers" and that these are primary mediators of synaptic dysfunction. As such, Aβ, and specifically Aβ oligomers, are targets for disease modifying therapies. Currently, the most advanced experimental treatment for AD relies on the use of anti-Aβ antibodies. In this study, we tested the ability of the monomer-preferring antibody, m266 and a novel aggregate-preferring antibody, 1C22, to attenuate spatial reference memory impairments in J20 mice. Chronic treatment with m266 resulted in a ~70-fold increase in Aβ detected in the bloodstream, and a ~50% increase in water-soluble brain Aβ--and in both cases Aβ was bound to m266. In contrast, 1C22 increased the levels of free Aβ in the bloodstream, and bound to amyloid deposits in J20 brain. However, neither 1C22 nor m266 attenuated the cognitive deficits evident in 12month old J20 mice. Moreover, both antibodies failed to alter the levels of soluble Aβ oligomers in J20 brain. These results suggest that Aβ oligomers may mediate the behavioral deficits seen in J20 mice and highlight the need for the development of aggregate-preferring antibodies that can reach the brain in sufficient levels to neutralize bioactive Aβ oligomers. Aside from the lack of positive effect of m266 and 1C22 on cognition, a substantial number of deaths occurred in m266- and 1C22-immunized J20 mice. These fatalities were specific to anti-Aβ antibodies and to the J20 mouse line since treatment of wild type or PDAPP mice with these antibodies did not cause any deaths. These and other recent results indicate that J20 mice are particularly susceptible to targeting of the APP/Aβ/tau axis. Notwithstanding the specificity of fatalities for J20 mice, it is worrying that the murine precursor (m266) of a lead experimental therapeutic, Solanezumab, did not engage with putatively pathogenic Aβ oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra J Mably
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Wen Liu
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Jessica M Mc Donald
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Jean-Cosme Dodart
- NeuroBehaviour Laboratory Core, Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Frédérique Bard
- Janssen Alzheimer Immunotherapy Research & Development 700 Gateway Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Cynthia A Lemere
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Brian O'Nuallain
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Dominic M Walsh
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
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Janota C, Lemere CA, Brito MA. Dissecting the Contribution of Vascular Alterations and Aging to Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:3793-3811. [PMID: 26143259 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9319-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by cognitive decline that afflicts as many as 45 % of individuals who survive past the age of 85. AD has been associated with neurovascular dysfunction and brain accumulation of amyloid-β peptide, as well as tau phosphorylation and neurodegeneration, but the pathogenesis of the disease is still somewhat unclear. According to the amyloid cascade hypothesis of AD, accumulation of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) aggregates initiates a sequence of events leading to neuronal injury and loss, and dementia. Alternatively, the vascular hypothesis of AD incorporates the vascular contribution to the disease, stating that a primary insult to brain microcirculation (e.g., stroke) not only contributes to amyloidopathy but initiates a non-amyloidogenic pathway of vascular-mediated neuronal dysfunction and injury, which involves blood-brain barrier compromise, with increased permeability of blood vessels, leakage of blood-borne components into the brain, and, consequently, neurotoxicity. Vascular dysfunction also includes a diminished brain capillary flow, causing multiple focal ischemic or hypoxic microinjuries, diminished amyloid-β clearance, and formation of neurotoxic oligomers, which lead to neuronal dysfunction. Here we present and discuss relevant findings on the contribution of vascular alterations during aging to AD, with the hope that a better understanding of the players in the "orchestra" of neurodegeneration will be useful in developing therapies to modulate the "symphony".
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Janota
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cynthia A Lemere
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur (NRB 636F), Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Maria Alexandra Brito
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal. .,Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal.
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Mably AJ, Kanmert D, Mc Donald JM, Liu W, Caldarone BJ, Lemere CA, O'Nuallain B, Kosik KS, Walsh DM. Tau immunization: a cautionary tale? Neurobiol Aging 2014; 36:1316-32. [PMID: 25619661 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The amyloid β (Aβ)-protein and microtubule-associated protein, tau, are the major components of the amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles that typify Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. As such both Aβ and tau have long been proposed as therapeutic targets. Immunotherapy, particularly targeting Aβ, is currently the most advanced clinical strategy for treating AD. However, several Aβ-directed clinical trials have failed, and there is concern that targeting this protein may not be useful. In contrast, there is a growing optimism that tau immunotherapy may prove more efficacious. Here, for the first time, we studied the effects of chronic administration of an anti-tau monoclonal antibody (5E2) in amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice. For our animal model, we chose the J20 mouse line because prior studies had shown that the cognitive deficits in these mice require expression of tau. Despite the fact that 5E2 was present and active in the brains of immunized mice and that this antibody appeared to engage with extracellular tau, 5E2-treatment did not recover age-dependent spatial reference memory deficits. These results indicate that the memory impairment evident in J20 mice is unlikely to be mediated by a form of extracellular tau recognized by 5E2. In addition to the lack of positive effect of anti-tau immunotherapy, we also documented a significant increase in mortality among J20 mice that received 5E2. Because both the J20 mice used here and tau transgenic mice used in prior tau immunotherapy trials are imperfect models of AD our results recommend extensive preclinical testing of anti-tau antibody-based therapies using multiple mouse models and a variety of different anti-tau antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra J Mably
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel Kanmert
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica M Mc Donald
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wen Liu
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Barbara J Caldarone
- Neurobehaviour Laboratory Core, Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cynthia A Lemere
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brian O'Nuallain
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kenneth S Kosik
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Dominic M Walsh
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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Lemere CA, Shi Q, Caldarone B, Chowdhury S, Ma R, Hong S, Stevens B. S4‐02‐03: COMPLEMENT IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE: LESSONS FROM C3‐DEFICIENT MICE. Alzheimers Dement 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2014.04.360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia A. Lemere
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUnited States
| | - Qiaoqiao Shi
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUnited States
| | | | - Saba Chowdhury
- Brigham and Women's HospitalBostonMassachusettsUnited States
| | - Rong Ma
- Brigham and Women's HospitalBostonMassachusettsUnited States
| | - Soyon Hong
- Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUnited States
| | - Beth Stevens
- Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUnited States
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O'Nuallain B, Blinder V, Kanmert D, O'Malley T, Mably A, Frost J, Vanderburgh CR, Lemere CA, Walsh D. P4‐264: ARE ANTI‐ABETA AGGREGATE‐PREFERRING ANTIBODIES THE FUTURE FOR AD IMMUNOTHERAPY? Alzheimers Dement 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2014.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian O'Nuallain
- Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUnited States
| | | | - Daniel Kanmert
- Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUnited States
| | - Tiernan O'Malley
- Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUnited States
| | - Alexandra Mably
- Harvard Institutes of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUnited States
| | - Jeffrey Frost
- Harvard Institutes of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUnited States
| | | | - Cynthia A. Lemere
- Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUnited States
| | - Dominic Walsh
- Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUnited States
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An K, Klyubin I, Kim Y, Jung JH, Mably AJ, O'Dowd ST, Lynch T, Kanmert D, Lemere CA, Finan GM, Park JW, Kim TW, Walsh DM, Rowan MJ, Kim JH. Exosomes neutralize synaptic-plasticity-disrupting activity of Aβ assemblies in vivo. Mol Brain 2013; 6:47. [PMID: 24284042 PMCID: PMC4222117 DOI: 10.1186/1756-6606-6-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exosomes, small extracellular vesicles of endosomal origin, have been suggested to be involved in both the metabolism and aggregation of Alzheimer’s disease (AD)-associated amyloid β-protein (Aβ). Despite their ubiquitous presence and the inclusion of components which can potentially interact with Aβ, the role of exosomes in regulating synaptic dysfunction induced by Aβ has not been explored. Results We here provide in vivo evidence that exosomes derived from N2a cells or human cerebrospinal fluid can abrogate the synaptic-plasticity-disrupting activity of both synthetic and AD brain-derived Aβ. Mechanistically, this effect involves sequestration of synaptotoxic Aβ assemblies by exosomal surface proteins such as PrPC rather than Aβ proteolysis. Conclusions These data suggest that exosomes can counteract the inhibitory action of Aβ, which contributes to perpetual capability for synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyongman An
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyungbuk 790-784, Korea.
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, afflicting more than 30 million people worldwide. Currently, there is no cure or way to prevent this devastating disease. Extracellular plaques, containing various forms of amyloid-β protein (Aβ), and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), composed of hyper-phosphorylated tau protein, are two major pathological hallmarks of the AD brain. Aggregation, deposition, and N-terminal modification of Aβ protein and tau phosphorylation and aggregation are thought to precede the onset of cognitive decline, which is better correlated with tangle formation and neuron loss. Active and passive vaccines against various forms of Aβ have shown promise in pre-clinical animal models. However, translating these results safely and effectively into humans has been challenging. Recent clinical trials showed little or no cognitive efficacy, possibly due to the fact that the aforementioned neurodegenerative processes most likely pre-existed in the patients well before the start of immunotherapy. Efforts are now underway to treat individuals at risk for AD prior to or in the earliest stages of cognitive decline with the hope of preventing or delaying the onset of the disease. In addition, efforts to immunize against tau and other AD-related targets are underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia A Lemere
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, NRB 636F, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston 02115, MA, USA.
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44
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Frost JL, Le KX, Cynis H, Ekpo E, Kleinschmidt M, Palmour RM, Ervin FR, Snigdha S, Cotman CW, Saido TC, Vassar RJ, St George-Hyslop P, Ikezu T, Schilling S, Demuth HU, Lemere CA. Pyroglutamate-3 amyloid-β deposition in the brains of humans, non-human primates, canines, and Alzheimer disease-like transgenic mouse models. Am J Pathol 2013; 183:369-81. [PMID: 23747948 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides, starting with pyroglutamate at the third residue (pyroGlu-3 Aβ), are a major species deposited in the brain of Alzheimer disease (AD) patients. Recent studies suggest that this isoform shows higher toxicity and amyloidogenecity when compared to full-length Aβ peptides. Here, we report the first comprehensive and comparative IHC evaluation of pyroGlu-3 Aβ deposition in humans and animal models. PyroGlu-3 Aβ immunoreactivity (IR) is abundant in plaques and cerebral amyloid angiopathy of AD and Down syndrome patients, colocalizing with general Aβ IR. PyroGlu-3 Aβ is further present in two nontransgenic mammalian models of cerebral amyloidosis, Caribbean vervets, and beagle canines. In addition, pyroGlu-3 Aβ deposition was analyzed in 12 different AD-like transgenic mouse models. In contrast to humans, all transgenic models showed general Aβ deposition preceding pyroGlu-3 Aβ deposition. The findings varied greatly among the mouse models concerning age of onset and cortical brain region. In summary, pyroGlu-3 Aβ is a major species of β-amyloid deposited early in diffuse and focal plaques and cerebral amyloid angiopathy in humans and nonhuman primates, whereas it is deposited later in a subset of focal and vascular amyloid in AD-like transgenic mouse models. Given the proposed decisive role of pyroGlu-3 Aβ peptides for the development of human AD pathology, this study provides insights into the usage of animal models in AD studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Frost
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Wong HKA, Veremeyko T, Patel N, Lemere CA, Walsh DM, Esau C, Vanderburg C, Krichevsky AM. De-repression of FOXO3a death axis by microRNA-132 and -212 causes neuronal apoptosis in Alzheimer's disease. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:3077-92. [PMID: 23585551 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial and fatal neurodegenerative disorder for which the mechanisms leading to profound neuronal loss are incompletely recognized. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are recently discovered small regulatory RNA molecules that repress gene expression and are increasingly acknowledged as prime regulators involved in human brain pathologies. Here we identified two homologous miRNAs, miR-132 and miR-212, downregulated in temporal cortical areas and CA1 hippocampal neurons of human AD brains. Sequence-specific inhibition of miR-132 and miR-212 induces apoptosis in cultured primary neurons, whereas their overexpression is neuroprotective against oxidative stress. Using primary neurons and PC12 cells, we demonstrate that miR-132/212 controls cell survival by direct regulation of PTEN, FOXO3a and P300, which are all key elements of AKT signaling pathway. Silencing of these three target genes by RNAi abrogates apoptosis caused by the miR-132/212 inhibition. We further demonstrate that mRNA and protein levels of PTEN, FOXO3a, P300 and most of the direct pro-apoptotic transcriptional targets of FOXO3a are significantly elevated in human AD brains. These results indicate that the miR-132/miR-212/PTEN/FOXO3a signaling pathway contributes to AD neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hon-Kit Andus Wong
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Cherry JD, Liu B, Frost JL, Lemere CA, Williams JP, Olschowka JA, O’Banion MK. Galactic cosmic radiation leads to cognitive impairment and increased aβ plaque accumulation in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2012; 7:e53275. [PMID: 23300905 PMCID: PMC3534034 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Galactic Cosmic Radiation consisting of high-energy, high-charged (HZE) particles poses a significant threat to future astronauts in deep space. Aside from cancer, concerns have been raised about late degenerative risks, including effects on the brain. In this study we examined the effects of (56)Fe particle irradiation in an APP/PS1 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We demonstrated 6 months after exposure to 10 and 100 cGy (56)Fe radiation at 1 GeV/µ, that APP/PS1 mice show decreased cognitive abilities measured by contextual fear conditioning and novel object recognition tests. Furthermore, in male mice we saw acceleration of Aβ plaque pathology using Congo red and 6E10 staining, which was further confirmed by ELISA measures of Aβ isoforms. Increases were not due to higher levels of amyloid precursor protein (APP) or increased cleavage as measured by levels of the β C-terminal fragment of APP. Additionally, we saw no change in microglial activation levels judging by CD68 and Iba-1 immunoreactivities in and around Aβ plaques or insulin degrading enzyme, which has been shown to degrade Aβ. However, immunohistochemical analysis of ICAM-1 showed evidence of endothelial activation after 100 cGy irradiation in male mice, suggesting possible alterations in Aβ trafficking through the blood brain barrier as a possible cause of plaque increase. Overall, our results show for the first time that HZE particle radiation can increase Aβ plaque pathology in an APP/PS1 mouse model of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D. Cherry
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Bin Liu
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey L. Frost
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Cynthia A. Lemere
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jacqueline P. Williams
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - John A. Olschowka
- Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - M. Kerry O’Banion
- Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
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Lee S, Lemere CA, Frost JL, Shea TB. Dietary supplementation with S-adenosyl methionine delayed amyloid-β and tau pathology in 3xTg-AD mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2012; 28:423-31. [PMID: 22045486 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2011-111025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) contributes to multiple pathways in neuronal homeostasis, several of which are compromised in age-related neurodegeneration and Alzheimer's disease. Dietary supplementation of transgenic mice with SAM maintained acetylcholine levels, cognitive performance, oxidative buffering capacity, and phosphatase activity, and reduced aggression, calcium influx, endogenous PS-1 expression, γ-secretase activity, and levels of amyloid-β (Aβ) and phospho-tau. Herein, we examined whether or not SAM could delay neuropathology in 3xTg-AD mice, which harbor mutant genes for human AβPP, PS-1 and tau. Mice received a standard AIN-76 diet with or without SAM (100 mg/kg diet) for 1 month commencing at 10 months of age or for 3 months commencing at 12.5 months of age; mice were sacrificed and examined for Aβ and tau neuropathology at 11 and 15.5 months of age, respectively. SAM supplementation reduced hippocampal intracellular AβPP/Aβ and phospho-tau immunoreactivity to a similar extent at both sampling intervals. Supplementation reduced the number of extracellular Aβ deposits by 80% (p < 0.01) at 11 months of age after 1 month of treatment but only by 24% (p < 0.34) at 15.5 months of age after 3 months of treatment. As anticipated, neurofibrillary tangles were not observed in mice at these young ages; however, supplementation reduced levels of phospho-tau and caspase-cleaved tau within Sarkosyl-insoluble preparations in mice at 15.5 months of age. These limited analyses indicate that SAM can modulate the time course of AD neuropathology, and support further long-term analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangmook Lee
- Center for Cellular Neurobiology and Neurodegeneration Research, Department of Biological Sciences, UMass Lowell, Lowell, MA 01821, USA
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Fu H, Liu B, Frost JL, Hong S, Jin M, Ostaszewski B, Shankar GM, Costantino IM, Carroll MC, Mayadas TN, Lemere CA. Complement component C3 and complement receptor type 3 contribute to the phagocytosis and clearance of fibrillar Aβ by microglia. Glia 2012; 60:993-1003. [PMID: 22438044 PMCID: PMC3325361 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Complement components and their receptors are found within and around amyloid β (Aβ) cerebral plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Microglia defend against pathogens through phagocytosis via complement component C3 and/or engagement of C3 cleavage product iC3b with complement receptor type 3 (CR3, Mac-1). Here, we provide direct evidence that C3 and Mac-1 mediate, in part, phagocytosis and clearance of fibrillar amyloid-β (fAβ) by murine microglia in vitro and in vivo. Microglia took up not only synthetic fAβ(42) but also amyloid cores from patients with AD, transporting them to lysosomes in vitro. Fibrillar Aβ(42) uptake was significantly attenuated by the deficiency or knockdown of C3 or Mac-1 and scavenger receptor class A ligands. In addition, C3 or Mac-1 knockdown combined with a scavenger receptor ligand, fucoidan, further attenuated fibrillar Aβ(42) uptake by N9 microglia. Fluorescent fibrillar Aβ(42) microinjected cortically was significantly higher in C3 and Mac-1 knockout mice compared with wild-type mice 5 days after surgery, indicating reduced clearance in vivo. Together, these results demonstrate that C3 and Mac-1 are involved in phagocytosis and clearance of fAβ by microglia, providing support for a potential beneficial role for microglia and the complement system in AD pathogenesis. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjun Fu
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Bin Liu
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jeffrey L. Frost
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Soyon Hong
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ming Jin
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Beth Ostaszewski
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ganesh M. Shankar
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Isabel M. Costantino
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Tanya N. Mayadas
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Cynthia A. Lemere
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Keenan BT, Shulman JM, Chibnik LB, Raj T, Tran D, Sabuncu MR, Allen AN, Corneveaux JJ, Hardy JA, Huentelman MJ, Lemere CA, Myers AJ, Nicholson-Weller A, Reiman EM, Evans DA, Bennett DA, De Jager PL. A coding variant in CR1 interacts with APOE-ε4 to influence cognitive decline. Hum Mol Genet 2012; 21:2377-88. [PMID: 22343410 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/dds054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Complement receptor 1 (CR1) is an Alzheimer's disease (AD) susceptibility locus that also influences AD-related traits such as episodic memory decline and neuritic amyloid plaque deposition. We implemented a functional fine-mapping approach, leveraging intermediate phenotypes to identify functional variant(s) within the CR1 locus. Using 1709 subjects (697 deceased) from the Religious Orders Study and the Rush Memory and Aging Project, we tested 41 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the linkage disequilibrium block containing the published CR1 AD SNP (rs6656401) for associations with episodic memory decline, and then examined the functional consequences of the top result. We report that a coding variant in the LHR-D (long homologous repeat D) region of the CR1 gene, rs4844609 (Ser1610Thr, minor allele frequency = 0.02), is associated with episodic memory decline and accounts for the known effect of the index SNP rs6656401 (D' = 1, r(2)= 0.084) on this trait. Further, we demonstrate that the coding variant's effect is largely dependent on an interaction with APOE-ε4 and mediated by an increased burden of AD-related neuropathology. Finally, in our data, this coding variant is also associated with AD susceptibility (joint odds ratio = 1.4). Taken together, our analyses identify a CR1 coding variant that influences episodic memory decline; it is a variant known to alter the conformation of CR1 and points to LHR-D as the functional domain within the CR1 protein that mediates the effect on memory decline. We thus implicate C1q and MBL, which bind to LHR-D, as likely targets of the variant's effect and suggest that CR1 may be an important intermediate in the clearance of Aβ42 particles by C1q.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan T Keenan
- Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Frost JL, Liu B, Kleinschmidt M, Schilling S, Demuth HU, Lemere CA. Passive immunization against pyroglutamate-3 amyloid-β reduces plaque burden in Alzheimer-like transgenic mice: a pilot study. NEURODEGENER DIS 2012; 10:265-70. [PMID: 22343072 PMCID: PMC3702016 DOI: 10.1159/000335913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background N-terminally truncated and modified pyroglutamate-3 amyloid-β protein (pE3-Aβ) is present in most, if not all, cerebral plaque and vascular amyloid deposits in human Alzheimer's disease (AD). pE3-Aβ deposition is also found in AD-like transgenic (tg) mouse brain, albeit in lesser quantities than general Aβ. pE3-Aβ resists degradation, is neurotoxic, and may act as a seed for Aβ aggregation. Objective: We sought to determine if pE3-Aβ removal by passive immunization with a highly specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) impacts pathogenesis in a mouse model of Alzheimer's amyloidosis. Methods APPswe/PS1ΔE9 tg mice were given weekly intraperitoneal injections of a new anti-pE3-Aβ mAb (mAb07/1) or PBS from 5.8 to 13.8 months of age (prevention) or from 23 to 24.7 months of age (therapeutic). Multiple forms of cerebral Aβ were quantified pathologically and biochemically. Gliosis and microhemorrhage were examined. Results Chronic passive immunization with an anti-pE3-Aβ mAb significantly reduced total plaque deposition and appeared to lower gliosis in the hippocampus and cerebellum in both the prevention and therapeutic studies. Insoluble Aβ levels in hemibrain homogenates were not significantly different between immunized and control mice. Microhemorrhage was not observed with anti-pE3-Aβ immunotherapy. Conclusions Selective removal of pE3-Aβ lowered general Aβ plaque deposition suggesting a pro-aggregation or seeding role for pE3-Aβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Frost
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass, USA
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