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Yeung J, Liao A, Shaw M, Silva S, Vetharoy W, Rico DL, Kirby I, Zammarchi F, Havenith K, de Haan L, van Berkel PH, Sebire N, Ogunbiyi OK, Booth C, Gaspar HB, Thrasher AJ, Chester KA, Amrolia PJ. Anti-CD45 PBD-based antibody-drug conjugates are effective targeted conditioning agents for gene therapy and stem cell transplant. Mol Ther 2024:S1525-0016(24)00210-7. [PMID: 38549377 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2024.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Stem cell gene therapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (SCT) require conditioning to ablate the recipient's hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and create a niche for gene-corrected/donor HSCs. Conventional conditioning agents are non-specific, leading to off-target toxicities and resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. We developed tissue-specific anti-human CD45 antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), using rat IgG2b anti-human CD45 antibody clones YTH24.5 and YTH54.12, conjugated to cytotoxic pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) dimer payloads with cleavable (SG3249) or non-cleavable (SG3376) linkers. In vitro, these ADCs internalized to lysosomes for drug release, resulting in potent and specific killing of human CD45+ cells. In humanized NSG mice, the ADCs completely ablated human HSCs without toxicity to non-hematopoietic tissues, enabling successful engraftment of gene-modified autologous and allogeneic human HSCs. The ADCs also delayed leukemia onset and improved survival in CD45+ tumor models. These data provide proof of concept that conditioning with anti-human CD45-PBD ADCs allows engraftment of donor/gene-corrected HSCs with minimal toxicity to non-hematopoietic tissues. Our anti-CD45-PBDs or similar agents could potentially shift the paradigm in transplantation medicine that intensive chemo/radiotherapy is required for HSC engraftment after gene therapy and allogeneic SCT. Targeted conditioning both improve the safety and minimize late effects of these procedures, which would greatly increase their applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Yeung
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Zayed Centre of Research, 20 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1DZ, UK; UCL Cancer Institute, 72 Huntley Street, London, UK
| | - Aiyin Liao
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Zayed Centre of Research, 20 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1DZ, UK
| | - Matthew Shaw
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Zayed Centre of Research, 20 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1DZ, UK
| | - Soraia Silva
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Zayed Centre of Research, 20 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1DZ, UK
| | - Winston Vetharoy
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Zayed Centre of Research, 20 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1DZ, UK
| | - Diego Leon Rico
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Zayed Centre of Research, 20 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1DZ, UK
| | - Ian Kirby
- ADC Therapeutics UK (Ltd), Imperial College White City Campus, 84 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Francesca Zammarchi
- ADC Therapeutics UK (Ltd), Imperial College White City Campus, 84 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Karin Havenith
- ADC Therapeutics UK (Ltd), Imperial College White City Campus, 84 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Lolke de Haan
- ADC Therapeutics UK (Ltd), Imperial College White City Campus, 84 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Patrick H van Berkel
- ADC Therapeutics UK (Ltd), Imperial College White City Campus, 84 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Neil Sebire
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Great Ormond Street, London WC1N 1JH, UK
| | - Olumide K Ogunbiyi
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Great Ormond Street, London WC1N 1JH, UK
| | - Claire Booth
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Zayed Centre of Research, 20 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1DZ, UK; Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Great Ormond Street, London WC1N 1JH, UK
| | - H Bobby Gaspar
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Zayed Centre of Research, 20 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1DZ, UK
| | - Adrian J Thrasher
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Zayed Centre of Research, 20 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1DZ, UK
| | | | - Persis J Amrolia
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Zayed Centre of Research, 20 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1DZ, UK; Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Great Ormond Street, London WC1N 1JH, UK.
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2
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Floerchinger A, Klein JE, Finkbeiner MSC, Schäfer TE, Fuchs G, Doerner J, Zirngibl H, Ackermann M, Kvasnicka HM, Chester KA, Jäger D, Ball CR, Ungerechts G, Engeland CE. A vector-encoded bispecific killer engager to harness virus-activated NK cells as anti-tumor effectors. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:104. [PMID: 36765035 PMCID: PMC9918448 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05624-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Treatment with oncolytic measles vaccines (MV) elicits activation of immune cells, including natural killer (NK) cells. However, we found that MV-activated NK cells show only modest direct cytotoxic activity against tumor cells. To specifically direct NK cells towards tumor cells, we developed oncolytic measles vaccines encoding bispecific killer engagers (MV-BiKE) targeting CD16A on NK cells and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) as a model tumor antigen. MV-BiKE are only slightly attenuated compared to parental MV and mediate secretion of functional BiKE from infected tumor cells. We tested MV-BiKE activity in cocultures of colorectal or pancreatic cancer cells with primary human NK cells. MV-BiKE mediate expression of effector cytokines, degranulation and specific anti-tumor cytotoxicity by NK cells. Experiments with patient-derived pancreatic cancer cultures indicate that efficacy of MV-BiKE may vary between individual tumors with differential virus permissiveness. Remarkably, we confirmed MV-BiKE activity in primaryhuman colorectal carcinoma specimens with autochthonous tumor and NK cells.This study provides proof-of-concept for MV-BiKE as a novel immunovirotherapy to harness virus-activated NK cells as anti-tumor effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Floerchinger
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Virotherapy, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
- Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Institute of Virology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Jessica E Klein
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Virotherapy, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
- Medical Faculty, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maximiliane S C Finkbeiner
- Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Institute of Virology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Theresa E Schäfer
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Virotherapy, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
- Medical Faculty, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gwendolin Fuchs
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Virotherapy, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
- Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Johannes Doerner
- Department of Surgery, Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Hubert Zirngibl
- Department of Surgery, Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Maximilian Ackermann
- Institute of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, Helios University Clinic Wuppertal, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Hans M Kvasnicka
- Institute of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, Helios University Clinic Wuppertal, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | | | - Dirk Jäger
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claudia R Ball
- Department of Translational Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT/UCC), Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Dresden, Germany
- Translational Medical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, Faculty of Biology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Guy Ungerechts
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Virotherapy, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christine E Engeland
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Virotherapy, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany.
- Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Institute of Virology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany.
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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3
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Forte N, Livanos M, Miranda E, Morais M, Yang X, Rajkumar VS, Chester KA, Chudasama V, Baker JR. Tuning the Hydrolytic Stability of Next Generation Maleimide Cross-Linkers Enables Access to Albumin-Antibody Fragment Conjugates and tri-scFvs. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:486-492. [PMID: 29384367 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We describe investigations to expand the scope of next generation maleimide cross-linkers for the construction of homogeneous protein-protein conjugates. Diiodomaleimides are shown to offer the ideal properties of rapid bioconjugation with reduced hydrolysis, allowing the cross-linking of even sterically hindered systems. The optimized linkers are exploited to link human serum albumin to antibody fragments (Fab or scFv) as a prospective half-life extension platform, with retention of antigen binding and robust serum stability. Finally, a triprotein conjugate is formed, by linking scFv antibody fragments targeting carcinoembryonic antigen. This tri-scFv is shown to infer a combination of greater antigen avidity and increased in vivo half-life, representing a promising platform for antibody therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafsika Forte
- Department of Chemistry, University College London , 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H OAJ, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Livanos
- Cancer Institute, University College London , 72 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Enrique Miranda
- Cancer Institute, University College London , 72 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Maurício Morais
- Department of Chemistry, University College London , 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H OAJ, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaoping Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University College London , 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H OAJ, United Kingdom
| | - Vineeth S Rajkumar
- Cancer Institute, University College London , 72 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Kerry A Chester
- Cancer Institute, University College London , 72 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Vijay Chudasama
- Department of Chemistry, University College London , 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H OAJ, United Kingdom.,Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa , 1649-004 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - James R Baker
- Department of Chemistry, University College London , 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H OAJ, United Kingdom
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Arce Vargas F, Furness AJS, Solomon I, Joshi K, Mekkaoui L, Lesko MH, Miranda Rota E, Dahan R, Georgiou A, Sledzinska A, Ben Aissa A, Franz D, Werner Sunderland M, Wong YNS, Henry JY, O'Brien T, Nicol D, Challacombe B, Beers SA, Turajlic S, Gore M, Larkin J, Swanton C, Chester KA, Pule M, Ravetch JV, Marafioti T, Peggs KS, Quezada SA. Fc-Optimized Anti-CD25 Depletes Tumor-Infiltrating Regulatory T Cells and Synergizes with PD-1 Blockade to Eradicate Established Tumors. Immunity 2017; 46:577-586. [PMID: 28410988 PMCID: PMC5437702 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
CD25 is expressed at high levels on regulatory T (Treg) cells and was initially proposed as a target for cancer immunotherapy. However, anti-CD25 antibodies have displayed limited activity against established tumors. We demonstrated that CD25 expression is largely restricted to tumor-infiltrating Treg cells in mice and humans. While existing anti-CD25 antibodies were observed to deplete Treg cells in the periphery, upregulation of the inhibitory Fc gamma receptor (FcγR) IIb at the tumor site prevented intra-tumoral Treg cell depletion, which may underlie the lack of anti-tumor activity previously observed in pre-clinical models. Use of an anti-CD25 antibody with enhanced binding to activating FcγRs led to effective depletion of tumor-infiltrating Treg cells, increased effector to Treg cell ratios, and improved control of established tumors. Combination with anti-programmed cell death protein-1 antibodies promoted complete tumor rejection, demonstrating the relevance of CD25 as a therapeutic target and promising substrate for future combination approaches in immune-oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick Arce Vargas
- Cancer Immunology Unit, University College London Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6DD, UK; Research Department of Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Andrew J S Furness
- Cancer Immunology Unit, University College London Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6DD, UK; Research Department of Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6DD, UK; The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6JJ, UK
| | - Isabelle Solomon
- Cancer Immunology Unit, University College London Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6DD, UK; Research Department of Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Kroopa Joshi
- Cancer Immunology Unit, University College London Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6DD, UK; Research Department of Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6DD, UK; The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6JJ, UK
| | - Leila Mekkaoui
- Research Department of Oncology, UCL Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Marta H Lesko
- Cancer Immunology Unit, University College London Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6DD, UK; Research Department of Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | | | - Rony Dahan
- Leonard Wagner Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Andrew Georgiou
- Cancer Immunology Unit, University College London Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6DD, UK; Research Department of Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Anna Sledzinska
- Cancer Immunology Unit, University College London Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6DD, UK; Research Department of Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Assma Ben Aissa
- Cancer Immunology Unit, University College London Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6DD, UK; Research Department of Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Dafne Franz
- Cancer Immunology Unit, University College London Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6DD, UK; Research Department of Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Mariana Werner Sunderland
- Cancer Immunology Unit, University College London Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6DD, UK; Research Department of Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Yien Ning Sophia Wong
- Cancer Immunology Unit, University College London Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6DD, UK; Research Department of Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Jake Y Henry
- Cancer Immunology Unit, University College London Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6DD, UK; Research Department of Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Tim O'Brien
- Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - David Nicol
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6JJ, UK
| | - Ben Challacombe
- Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Stephen A Beers
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Samra Turajlic
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6JJ, UK; The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Martin Gore
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6JJ, UK
| | - James Larkin
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6JJ, UK
| | - Charles Swanton
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK; Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, UCL Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Kerry A Chester
- Research Department of Oncology, UCL Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Martin Pule
- Research Department of Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Jeffrey V Ravetch
- Leonard Wagner Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Teresa Marafioti
- Department of Cellular Pathology, University College London Hospital, London NW1 2BU, UK
| | - Karl S Peggs
- Cancer Immunology Unit, University College London Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6DD, UK; Research Department of Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6DD, UK.
| | - Sergio A Quezada
- Cancer Immunology Unit, University College London Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6DD, UK; Research Department of Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6DD, UK.
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Jones TD, Carter PJ, Plückthun A, Vásquez M, Holgate RGE, Hötzel I, Popplewell AG, Parren PWHI, Enzelberger M, Rademaker HJ, Clark MR, Lowe DC, Dahiyat BI, Smith V, Lambert JM, Wu H, Reilly M, Haurum JS, Dübel S, Huston JS, Schirrmann T, Janssen RAJ, Steegmaier M, Gross JA, Bradbury ARM, Burton DR, Dimitrov DS, Chester KA, Glennie MJ, Davies J, Walker A, Martin S, McCafferty J, Baker MP. The INNs and outs of antibody nonproprietary names. MAbs 2016; 8:1-9. [PMID: 26716992 PMCID: PMC4966553 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1114320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
An important step in drug development is the assignment of an International Nonproprietary Name (INN) by the World Health Organization (WHO) that provides healthcare professionals with a unique and universally available designated name to identify each pharmaceutical substance. Monoclonal antibody INNs comprise a –mab suffix preceded by a substem indicating the antibody type, e.g., chimeric (-xi-), humanized (-zu-), or human (-u-). The WHO publishes INN definitions that specify how new monoclonal antibody therapeutics are categorized and adapts the definitions to new technologies. However, rapid progress in antibody technologies has blurred the boundaries between existing antibody categories and created a burgeoning array of new antibody formats. Thus, revising the INN system for antibodies is akin to aiming for a rapidly moving target. The WHO recently revised INN definitions for antibodies now to be based on amino acid sequence identity. These new definitions, however, are critically flawed as they are ambiguous and go against decades of scientific literature. A key concern is the imposition of an arbitrary threshold for identity against human germline antibody variable region sequences. This leads to inconsistent classification of somatically mutated human antibodies, humanized antibodies as well as antibodies derived from semi-synthetic/synthetic libraries and transgenic animals. Such sequence-based classification implies clear functional distinction between categories (e.g., immunogenicity). However, there is no scientific evidence to support this. Dialog between the WHO INN Expert Group and key stakeholders is needed to develop a new INN system for antibodies and to avoid confusion and miscommunication between researchers and clinicians prescribing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim D Jones
- a Antitope Ltd. (part of Abzena Plc.), Babraham Research Campus , Cambridge CB22 3AT , UK
| | - Paul J Carter
- b Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , CA 94080 , USA
| | - Andreas Plückthun
- c Department of Biochemistry , University of Zurich , Zurich CH-8057 , Switzerland
| | - Max Vásquez
- d Adimab LLC., 7 Lucent Drive , Lebanon , NH 03766 , USA
| | - Robert G E Holgate
- a Antitope Ltd. (part of Abzena Plc.), Babraham Research Campus , Cambridge CB22 3AT , UK
| | - Isidro Hötzel
- b Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , CA 94080 , USA
| | | | - Paul W H I Parren
- f Genmab, PO Box 85199, 3508 AD , Utrecht , The Netherlands.,g Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion , Leiden University Medical Center , Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Markus Enzelberger
- h MorphoSys AG., Lena-Christ-Str. 48, 82152 Martinsried/Planegg , Germany
| | | | - Michael R Clark
- i Clark Antibodies Ltd., 11 Wellington Street , Cambridge CB1 1HW , UK
| | - David C Lowe
- j MedImmune Ltd., Milstein Building, Granta Park , Cambridge CB21 6GH , UK
| | | | | | - John M Lambert
- m ImmunoGen Inc., 830 Winter Street , Waltham , MA 02451-1477 , USA
| | - Herren Wu
- n MedImmune., One MedImmune Way , Gaithersburg , MD 20878 , USA
| | - Mary Reilly
- o Opsona Therapeutics Ltd., 2nd Floor, Ashford House , Tara Street , Dublin 2 , Ireland
| | - John S Haurum
- p F-Star Biotechnology Ltd., Babraham Research Campus , Cambridge CB22 3AT , UK
| | - Stefan Dübel
- q Technische Universität Braunschweig., Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Spielmannstr. 7 , 38106 Braunschweig , Germany
| | - James S Huston
- r The Antibody Society & Huston BioConsulting LLC. , 270 Pleasant Street #A206, Watertown , MA 02472 , USA
| | | | | | - Martin Steegmaier
- u Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development,. Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Penzberg , 82377 Penzberg , Germany
| | - Jane A Gross
- v Emergent BioSolutions. , 2401 4th Avenue, Suite 1050, Seattle , WA 98121 , USA
| | - Andrew R M Bradbury
- w Biosciences Division., MS-M888, TA-43, HRL-1, Building 1, Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , NM 87545 , USA
| | - Dennis R Burton
- x The Scripps Research Institute., 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , CA 92037 , USA
| | - Dimiter S Dimitrov
- y Protein Interactions Section., Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute , Frederick , MD 21702 , USA
| | - Kerry A Chester
- z UCL Cancer Institute., 72 Huntley Street , London WC1E 6BT , UK
| | - Martin J Glennie
- aa Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital , Southampton , Hampshire SO16 6YD , UK
| | - Julian Davies
- ab Lilly Biotechnology Center San Diego , CA 92121 , USA
| | - Adam Walker
- ac GSK., Addenbrooke's Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road , Cambridge , CB2 2GG , UK
| | - Steve Martin
- ad GSK, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road , Stevenage , Herts , SG1 2NY , UK
| | - John McCafferty
- ae Iontas Ltd., Babraham Research Campus , Cambridge CB22 3AT , UK
| | - Matthew P Baker
- a Antitope Ltd. (part of Abzena Plc.), Babraham Research Campus , Cambridge CB22 3AT , UK
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6
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Larrick JW, Alfenito MR, Scott JK, Parren PWHI, Burton DR, Bradbury ARM, Lemere CA, Messer A, Huston JS, Carter PJ, Veldman T, Chester KA, Schuurman J, Adams GP, Reichert JM. Antibody Engineering & Therapeutics 2016: The Antibody Society's annual meeting, December 11-15, 2016, San Diego, CA. MAbs 2016; 8:1425-1434. [PMID: 27557809 PMCID: PMC5098447 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2016.1227665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody Engineering & Therapeutics, the largest meeting devoted to antibody science and technology and the annual meeting of The Antibody Society, will be held in San Diego, CA on December 11-15, 2016. Each of 14 sessions will include six presentations by leading industry and academic experts. In this meeting preview, the session chairs discuss the relevance of their topics to current and future antibody therapeutics development. Session topics include bispecifics and designer polyclonal antibodies; antibodies for neurodegenerative diseases; the interface between passive and active immunotherapy; antibodies for non-cancer indications; novel antibody display, selection and screening technologies; novel checkpoint modulators / immuno-oncology; engineering antibodies for T-cell therapy; novel engineering strategies to enhance antibody functions; and the biological Impact of Fc receptor engagement. The meeting will open with keynote speakers Dennis R. Burton (The Scripps Research Institute), who will review progress toward a neutralizing antibody-based HIV vaccine; Olivera J. Finn, (University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine), who will discuss prophylactic cancer vaccines as a source of therapeutic antibodies; and Paul Richardson (Dana-Farber Cancer Institute), who will provide a clinical update on daratumumab for multiple myeloma. In a featured presentation, a representative of the World Health Organization's INN expert group will provide a perspective on antibody naming. “Antibodies to watch in 2017” and progress on The Antibody Society's 2016 initiatives will be presented during the Society's special session. In addition, two pre-conference workshops covering ways to accelerate antibody drugs to the clinic and the applications of next-generation sequencing in antibody discovery and engineering will be held on Sunday December 11, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Larrick
- a Panorama Research Institute and Velocity Pharmaceutical Development , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | | | | | - Paul W H I Parren
- d Genmab , Utrecht , the Netherlands.,e Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Cynthia A Lemere
- h Brigham and Woman's Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston MA , USA
| | - Anne Messer
- i Regenerative Research Foundation , Rensselaer , NY , USA
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7
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Parren PWHI, Burton DR, Bradbury A, Huston JS, Carter PJ, Veldman T, Chester KA, Larrick JW, Alfenito MR, Scott JK, Weiner LM, Adams GP, Reichert JM. Antibody Engineering & Therapeutics 2015: The Antibody Society's annual meeting December 7-10, 2015, San Diego, CA. MAbs 2015; 7:981-8. [PMID: 26421752 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1089707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody Engineering & Therapeutics, the annual meeting of The Antibody Society, will be held in San Diego, CA in early December 2015. In this meeting preview, the chairs provide their thoughts on the importance of their session topics, which include antibody effector functions, reproducibility of research and diagnostic antibodies, new developments in antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), preclinical and clinical ADC data, new technologies and applications for bispecific antibodies, antibody therapeutics for non-cancer and orphan indications, antibodies to harness the cellular immune system, overcoming resistance to clinical immunotherapy, and building comprehensive IGVH-gene repertoires through discovering, confirming and cataloging new germline IGVH genes. The Antibody Society's special session will focus on "Antibodies to watch" in 2016, which are a subset of the nearly 50 antibodies currently in Phase 3 clinical studies. Featuring over 100 speakers in total, the meeting will commence with keynote presentations by Erica Ollmann Saphire (The Scripps Research Institute), Wayne A. Marasco (Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Harvard Medical School), Joe W. Gray (Oregon Health & Science University), and Anna M. Wu (University of California Los Angeles), and it will conclude with workshops on the promise and challenges of using next-generation sequencing for antibody discovery and engineering from synthetic and in vivo libraries and on computational antibody design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W H I Parren
- a Genmab; Utrecht, the Netherlands and Leiden University Medical Center ; Leiden , the Netherlands
| | | | | | - James S Huston
- d Huston BioConsulting, LLC ; Newton Lower Falls , MA USA
| | | | | | | | - James W Larrick
- h Panorama Research Institute and Velocity Pharmaceutical Development ; South San Francisco , CA USA
| | | | | | - Louis M Weiner
- k Georgetown University Medical Center ; Washington, DC USA
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8
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Boonstra MC, Tolner B, Schaafsma BE, Boogerd LSF, Prevoo HAJM, Bhavsar G, Kuppen PJK, Sier CFM, Bonsing BA, Frangioni JV, van de Velde CJH, Chester KA, Vahrmeijer AL. Preclinical evaluation of a novel CEA-targeting near-infrared fluorescent tracer delineating colorectal and pancreatic tumors. Int J Cancer 2015; 137:1910-20. [PMID: 25895046 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Surgery is the cornerstone of oncologic therapy with curative intent. However, identification of tumor cells in the resection margins is difficult, resulting in nonradical resections, increased cancer recurrence and subsequent decreased patient survival. Novel imaging techniques that aid in demarcating tumor margins during surgery are needed. Overexpression of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is found in the majority of gastrointestinal carcinomas, including colorectal and pancreas. We developed ssSM3E/800CW, a novel CEA-targeted near-infrared fluorescent (NIRF) tracer, based on a disulfide-stabilized single-chain antibody fragment (ssScFv), to visualize colorectal and pancreatic tumors in a clinically translatable setting. The applicability of the tracer was tested for cell and tissue binding characteristics and dosing using immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, cell-based plate assays and orthotopic colorectal (HT-29, well differentiated) and pancreatic (BXPC-3, poorly differentiated) xenogeneic human-mouse models. NIRF signals were visualized using the clinically compatible FLARE™ imaging system. Calculated clinically relevant doses of ssSM3E/800CW selectively accumulated in colorectal and pancreatic tumors/cells, with highest tumor-to-background ratios of 5.1 ± 0.6 at 72 hr postinjection, which proved suitable for intraoperative detection and delineation of tumor boarders and small (residual) tumor nodules in mice, between 8 and 96 hr postinjection. Ex vivo fluorescence imaging and pathologic examination confirmed tumor specificity and the distribution of the tracer. Our results indicate that ssSM3E/800CW shows promise as a diagnostic tool to recognize colorectal and pancreatic cancers for fluorescent-guided surgery applications. If successfully translated clinically, this tracer could help improve the completeness of surgery and thus survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin C Boonstra
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Berend Tolner
- Department of Oncology, Royal Free & University College Medical School, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Leonora S F Boogerd
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Guarav Bhavsar
- Department of Oncology, Royal Free & University College Medical School, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J K Kuppen
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis F M Sier
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bert A Bonsing
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - John V Frangioni
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA.,Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA.,Curadel, LLC, Worcester, MA
| | | | - Kerry A Chester
- Department of Oncology, Royal Free & University College Medical School, London, United Kingdom
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9
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Marculescu C, Kossen H, Morgan RE, Mayer P, Fletcher SA, Tolner B, Chester KA, Jones LH, Baker JR. Aryloxymaleimides for cysteine modification, disulfide bridging and the dual functionalization of disulfide bonds. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 50:7139-42. [PMID: 24853662 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc02107j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tuning the properties of maleimide reagents holds significant promise in expanding the toolbox of available methods for bioconjugation. Herein we describe aryloxymaleimides which represent 'next generation maleimides' of attenuated reactivity, and demonstrate their ability to enable new methods for protein modification at disulfide bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Marculescu
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon St, London, UK.
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10
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Larrick JW, Parren PWHI, Huston JS, Plückthun A, Bradbury A, Tomlinson IM, Chester KA, Burton DR, Adams GP, Weiner LM, Scott JK, Alfenito MR, Veldman T, Reichert JM. Antibody engineering and therapeutics conference. The annual meeting of the antibody society, Huntington Beach, CA, December 7-11, 2014. MAbs 2014; 6:1115-23. [PMID: 25517297 PMCID: PMC4622443 DOI: 10.4161/19420862.2014.971627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The 25th anniversary of the Antibody Engineering & Therapeutics Conference, the Annual Meeting of The Antibody Society, will be held in Huntington Beach, CA, December 7–11, 2014. Organized by IBC Life Sciences, the event will celebrate past successes, educate participants on current activities and offer a vision of future progress in the field. Keynote addresses will be given by academic and industry experts Douglas Lauffenburger (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Ira Pastan (National Cancer Institute), James Wells (University of California, San Francisco), Ian Tomlinson (GlaxoSmithKline) and Anthony Rees (Rees Consulting AB and Emeritus Professor, University of Bath). These speakers will provide updates of their work, placed in the context of the substantial growth of the industry over the past 25 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Larrick
- a Panorama Research Institute and Velocity Pharmaceutical Development ; South San Francisco , CA USA
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11
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Almagro JC, Gilliland GL, Scott J, Larrick JW, Plückthun A, Veldman T, Adams GP, Parren PWHI, Chester KA, Bradbury A, Reichert JM, Huston JS. Antibody Engineering and Therapeutics Conference. MAbs 2014. [DOI: 10.4161/mabs.26545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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12
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Schumacher FF, Nunes JPM, Maruani A, Chudasama V, Smith MEB, Chester KA, Baker JR, Caddick S. Next generation maleimides enable the controlled assembly of antibody-drug conjugates via native disulfide bond bridging. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:7261-9. [PMID: 25103319 PMCID: PMC4159697 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01550a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The advent of Adcetris™ and Kadcyla™, two recently FDA-approved antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), in the clinic has had a major impact on the treatment of lymphoma and breast cancer patients, respectively, worldwide. Despite these successes many new ADCs fail at various stages of development, often due to shortcomings in the methods used for their assembly. To address this problem we have developed next generation maleimides (NGMs), which specifically re-bridge reduced interchain disulfide bonds and allow the efficient conjugation of small molecules to antibodies, without the need for engineering of the target antibody. The method is site-specific and generates near homogeneous products in good yields. Moreover, adjustment of the reaction conditions allows control of the conjugation in terms of stoichiometry (drug-loading) and site selectivity. Using this method we prepared a series of ADCs from trastuzumab and doxorubicin (DOX) with a controlled drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) of 1, 2, 3 and 4. All of these constructs were fully active by ELISA and had more than 90% of re-bridged disulfide bonds by CE-SDS when compared to clinical grade antibody. Furthermore, digest experiments of the DAR 2 material revealed that almost all of the drug had been targeted to the Fab arms of the antibody. Thus, NGMs offer a flexible and simple platform for the controlled assembly of ADCs from an antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix F. Schumacher
- Department of Chemistry , University College London , 20 Gordon Street , London , WC1H 0AJ , UK . ; ; Tel: +44 (0)20 3108 7538
| | - João P. M. Nunes
- Department of Chemistry , University College London , 20 Gordon Street , London , WC1H 0AJ , UK . ; ; Tel: +44 (0)20 3108 7538
| | - Antoine Maruani
- Department of Chemistry , University College London , 20 Gordon Street , London , WC1H 0AJ , UK . ; ; Tel: +44 (0)20 3108 7538
| | - Vijay Chudasama
- Department of Chemistry , University College London , 20 Gordon Street , London , WC1H 0AJ , UK . ; ; Tel: +44 (0)20 3108 7538
| | - Mark E. B. Smith
- Department of Chemistry , University College London , 20 Gordon Street , London , WC1H 0AJ , UK . ; ; Tel: +44 (0)20 3108 7538
| | - Kerry A. Chester
- UCL Cancer Institute , 72 Huntley Street , London , WC1E 6BT , UK
| | - James R. Baker
- Department of Chemistry , University College London , 20 Gordon Street , London , WC1H 0AJ , UK . ; ; Tel: +44 (0)20 3108 7538
| | - Stephen Caddick
- Department of Chemistry , University College London , 20 Gordon Street , London , WC1H 0AJ , UK . ; ; Tel: +44 (0)20 3108 7538
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13
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Abstract
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We
report on a chemical platform to generate site-specific, homogeneous,
antibody–antibody conjugates by targeting and bridging disulfide
bonds. A bispecific antibody construct was produced in good yield
through simple reduction and bridging of antibody fragment disulfide
bonds, using a readily synthesized bis-dibromomaleimide
cross-linker. Binding activity of antibodies was maintained, and in vitro binding of target antigens was observed. This technology
is demonstrated through linking scFv and Fab antibody fragments, showing
its potential for the construction of a diverse range of bispecifics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Hull
- Department of Chemistry, University College London , 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H OAJ, United Kingdom
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14
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Castañeda L, Maruani A, Schumacher FF, Miranda E, Chudasama V, Chester KA, Baker JR, Smith MEB, Caddick S. Acid-cleavable thiomaleamic acid linker for homogeneous antibody-drug conjugation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 49:8187-9. [PMID: 23929130 PMCID: PMC3763782 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc45220d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Homogeneous antibody–drug conjugation is affected using a novel thiomaleamic acid linker that is stable at physiological temperature and pH, but quantitatively cleaves at lysosomal pH to release the drug payload.
In this communication we describe a novel acid-cleavable linker strategy for antibody–drug conjugation. Functional disulfide bridging of the single interchain disulfide bond of a trastuzumab Fab fragment yields a homogeneous antibody–drug conjugate bearing a thiomaleamic acid linker. This linker is stable at physiological pH and temperature, but quantitatively cleaves at lysosomal pH to release the drug payload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Castañeda
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
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15
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16
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Almagro JC, Gilliland GL, Scott J, Larrick JW, Plückthun A, Veldman T, Adams GP, Parren PWHI, Chester KA, Bradbury A, Reichert JM, Huston JS. Antibody Engineering and Therapeutics Conference. MAbs 2013. [PMCID: PMC3896595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The Antibody Engineering and Therapeutics conference, which serves as the annual meeting of The Antibody Society, will be held in Huntington Beach, CA from Sunday December 8 through Thursday December 12, 2013. The scientific program will cover the full spectrum of challenges in antibody research and development, and provide updates on recent progress in areas from basic science through approval of antibody therapeutics. Keynote presentations will be given by Leroy Hood (Institute of System Biology), who will discuss a systems approach for studying disease that is enabled by emerging technology; Douglas Lauffenburger (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), who will discuss systems analysis of cell communication network dynamics for therapeutic biologics design; David Baker (University of Washington), who will describe computer-based design of smart protein therapeutics; and William Schief (The Scripps Research Institute), who will discuss epitope-focused immunogen design.
In this preview of the conference, the workshop and session chairs share their thoughts on what conference participants may learn in sessions on: (1) three-dimensional structure antibody modeling; (2) identifying clonal lineages from next-generation data sets of expressed VH gene sequences; (3) antibodies in cardiometabolic medicine; (4) the effects of antibody gene variation and usage on the antibody response; (5) directed evolution; (6) antibody pharmacokinetics, distribution and off-target toxicity; (7) use of knowledge-based design to guide development of complementarity-determining regions and epitopes to engineer or elicit the desired antibody; (8) optimizing antibody formats for immunotherapy; (9) antibodies in a complex environment; (10) polyclonal, oligoclonal and bispecific antibodies; (11) antibodies to watch in 2014; and (12) polyreactive antibodies and polyspecificity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Janice M Reichert
- Reichert Biotechnology Consulting LLC; Framingham, MA USA,Correspondence to: Janice M Reichert,
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17
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Schumacher FF, Sanchania VA, Tolner B, Wright ZVF, Ryan CP, Smith MEB, Ward JM, Caddick S, Kay CWM, Aeppli G, Chester KA, Baker JR. Homogeneous antibody fragment conjugation by disulfide bridging introduces 'spinostics'. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1525. [PMID: 23519366 PMCID: PMC3605607 DOI: 10.1038/srep01525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A major obstacle to the efficient production of antibody conjugates for therapy and diagnosis is the non-ideal performance of commonly used chemical methods for the attachment of effector-molecules to the antibody of interest. Here we demonstrate that this limitation can be simply addressed using 3,4-substituted maleimides to bridge and thus functionalize disulfide bonds to generate homogeneous antibody conjugates. This one-step conjugation reaction is fast, site-specific, quantitative and generates products with full binding activity, good plasma stability and the desired functional properties. Furthermore, the rigid nature of this modification by disulfide bridging enables the successful detection of antigen with a spin labeled antibody fragment by continuous-wave electron paramagnetic resonance (cw-EPR), which we report here for the first time. Antigen detection is concentration dependent, observable in human blood and allows the discrimination of fragments with different binding affinity. We envisage broad potential for antibody based in-solution diagnostic methods by EPR or ‘spinostics'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix F Schumacher
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H OAJ, UK
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18
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Chen C, Constantinou A, Chester KA, Vyas B, Canis K, Haslam SM, Dell A, Epenetos AA, Deonarain MP. Glycoengineering Approach to Half-Life Extension of Recombinant Biotherapeutics. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:1524-33. [DOI: 10.1021/bc200624a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Department of Life Sciences,
Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, United Kingdom, SW7 2AZ
| | - Antony Constantinou
- Department of Life Sciences,
Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, United Kingdom, SW7 2AZ
| | - Kerry A. Chester
- UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O’Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street, London, United
Kingdom, WC1E 6BT
| | - Bijal Vyas
- Department of Life Sciences,
Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, United Kingdom, SW7 2AZ
| | - Kevin Canis
- Department of Life Sciences,
Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, United Kingdom, SW7 2AZ
| | - Stuart M. Haslam
- Department of Life Sciences,
Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, United Kingdom, SW7 2AZ
| | - Anne Dell
- Department of Life Sciences,
Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, United Kingdom, SW7 2AZ
| | - Agamemnon A. Epenetos
- Department of Life Sciences,
Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, United Kingdom, SW7 2AZ
| | - Mahendra P. Deonarain
- Department of Life Sciences,
Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, United Kingdom, SW7 2AZ
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20
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Abstract
Advances in biomolecular technology have allowed the development of genetically fused antibody-enzymes. Antibody-enzyme fusion proteins have been used to target tumors for cancer therapy in two ways. In one system, an antibody-enzyme is pretargeted to the tumor followed by administration of an inactive prodrug that is converted to its active form by the pretargeted enzyme. This system has been described as antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy. The other system uses antibody-enzyme fusion proteins as direct therapeutics, where the enzyme is toxic in its own right. The key feature in this approach is that the antibody is used to internalize the toxic enzyme into the tumor cell, which activates cell-death processes. This antibody-enzyme system has been largely applied to deliver ribonucleases. This article addresses these two antibody-enzyme targeting strategies for cancer therapy from concept to (pre)clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carima Andrady
- Cancer Research UK Targeting & Imaging Group, Department of Oncology, UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E6BT, UK.
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21
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Marsh D, Suchak K, Moutasim KA, Vallath S, Hopper C, Jerjes W, Upile T, Kalavrezos N, Violette SM, Weinreb PH, Chester KA, Chana JS, Marshall JF, Hart IR, Hackshaw AK, Piper K, Thomas GJ. Stromal features are predictive of disease mortality in oral cancer patients. J Pathol 2011; 223:470-81. [PMID: 21294121 DOI: 10.1002/path.2830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, approximately 405 000 cases of oral cancer (OSCC) are diagnosed each year, with a rising incidence in many countries. Despite advances in surgery and radiotherapy, which remain the standard treatment options, the mortality rate has remained largely unchanged for decades, with a 5-year survival rate of around 50%. OSCC is a heterogeneous disease, staged currently using the TNM classification, supplemented with pathological information from the primary tumour and loco-regional lymph nodes. Although patients with advanced disease show reduced survival, there is no single pathological or molecular feature that identifies aggressive, early-stage tumours. We retrospectively analysed 282 OSCC patients for disease mortality, related to clinical, pathological, and molecular features based on our previous functional studies [EGFR, αvβ6 integrin, smooth muscle actin (SMA), p53, p16, EP4]. We found that the strongest independent risk factor of early OSCC death was a feature of stroma rather than tumour cells. After adjusting for all factors, high stromal SMA expression, indicating myofibroblast transdifferentiation, produced the highest hazard ratio (3.06, 95% CI 1.65-5.66) and likelihood ratio (3.6; detection rate: false positive rate) of any feature examined, and was strongly associated with mortality, regardless of disease stage. Functional assays showed that OSCC cells can modulate myofibroblast transdifferentiation through αvβ6-dependent TGF-β1 activation and that myofibroblasts promote OSCC invasion. Finally, we developed a prognostic model using Cox regression with backward elimination; only SMA expression, metastasis, cohesion, and age were significant. This model was independently validated on a patient subset (detection rate 70%; false positive rate 20%; ROC analysis 77%, p < 0.001). Our study highlights the limited prognostic value of TNM staging and suggests that an SMA-positive, myofibroblastic stroma is the strongest predictor of OSCC mortality. Whether used independently or as part of a prognostic model, SMA identifies a significant group of patients with aggressive tumours, regardless of disease stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Marsh
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Bart's and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
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22
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Constantinou A, Epenetos AA, Hreczuk-Hirst D, Jain S, Wright M, Chester KA, Deonarain MP. Site-specific polysialylation of an antitumor single-chain Fv fragment. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 20:924-31. [PMID: 19402707 DOI: 10.1021/bc8005122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Protein pharmacokinetic modulation is becoming an important tool in the development of biotherapeutics. Proteins can be chemically or recombinantly modified to alter their half-lives and bioavailability to suit particular applications as well as improve side effect profiles. The most successful and clinically used approach to date is chemical conjugation with poly(ethylene glycol) polymers (PEGylation). Here, therapeutic protein half-life can be increased significantly while retaining biological function, reducing immunogenicity and cross-reaction. Naturally occurring alternatives to such synthetic polymers could have major advantages such as lower side effects due to biodegradability and metabolism. Polysialic acid (PSA) has been investigated as a pharmacokinetic modulatory biopolymer with many successful examples in preclinical and clinical development. Single-chain Fvs (scFvs) are a choice antibody format for human therapeutic antibody discovery. Because of their small size, they are rapidly eliminated from the circulation and often are rebuilt into larger proteins for drug development and a longer half-life. Here we show that chemical polysialylation can increase the half-life of an antiplacental alkaline (PLAP) and anticarcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) scFv (F1 and MFE-23, respectively) 3.4-4.9-fold, resulting in a 10.6-15.2-fold increase in blood exposure. Amine-directed coupling of the MFE-23 scFv reduced its immunoreactivity 20-fold which was resolved by site-specific polysialylation through an engineered C-terminal thiol residue. The site-specifically polysialylated MFE-23 scFv demonstrated up to 30-fold improved tumor uptake while displaying favorable tumor:normal tissue specificity. This suggests that engineering antibody fragments for site-specific polysialylation could be a useful approach to increase the half-life for a variety of therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Constantinou
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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23
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Vigor KL, Kyrtatos PG, Minogue S, Al-Jamal KT, Kogelberg H, Tolner B, Kostarelos K, Begent RH, Pankhurst QA, Lythgoe MF, Chester KA. Nanoparticles functionalized with recombinant single chain Fv antibody fragments (scFv) for the magnetic resonance imaging of cancer cells. Biomaterials 2009; 31:1307-15. [PMID: 19889453 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) can substantially improve the sensitivity of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We propose that SPIONs could be used to target and image cancer cells if functionalized with recombinant single chain Fv antibody fragments (scFv). We tested our hypothesis by generating antibody-functionalized (abf) SPIONs using a scFv specific for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), an oncofoetal cell surface protein. SPIONs of different hydrodynamic diameter and surface chemistry were investigated and targeting was confirmed by ELISA, cellular iron uptake, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and MRI. Results demonstrated that abf-SPIONs bound specifically to CEA-expressing human tumour cells, generating selective image contrast on MRI. In addition, we observed that the cellular interaction of the abf-SPIONs was influenced by hydrodynamic size and surface coating. The results indicate that abf-SPIONs have potential for cancer-specific MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim L Vigor
- UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street London WC1E 6DD, UK
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Meyer T, Gaya AM, Dancey G, Stratford MRL, Othman S, Sharma SK, Wellsted D, Taylor NJ, Stirling JJ, Poupard L, Folkes LK, Chan PS, Pedley RB, Chester KA, Owen K, Violet JA, Malaroda A, Green AJ, Buscombe J, Padhani AR, Rustin GJ, Begent RH. A phase I trial of radioimmunotherapy with 131I-A5B7 anti-CEA antibody in combination with combretastatin-A4-phosphate in advanced gastrointestinal carcinomas. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:4484-92. [PMID: 19549771 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In preclinical models, radioimmunotherapy with (131)I-A5B7 anti-carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) antibody ((131)I-A5B7) combined with the vascular disruptive agent combretastatin-A4-phosphate (CA4P) produced cures unlike either agent alone. We conducted a phase I trial determining the dose-limiting toxicity (DLT), maximum tolerated dose, efficacy, and mechanism of this combination in patients with gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Patients had CEA of 10 to 1,000 microg/L, QTc < or =450 ms, no cardiac arrhythmia/ischaemia, and adequate hematology/biochemistry. Tumor was suitable for blood flow analysis by dynamic contrast enhanced-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The starting dose was 1,800 MBq/m(2) of (131)I-A5B7 on day 1 and 45 mg/m(2) CA4P given 48 and 72 hours post-(131)I-A5B7, then weekly for up to seven weeks. RESULTS Twelve patients were treated, with mean age of 63 years (range, 32-77). Two of six patients at the first dose level had DLTs (grade 4 neutropenia). The dose was reduced to 1,600 MBq/m(2), and CA4P escalated to 54 mg/m(2). Again, two of six patients had DLTs (neutropenia). Of ten assessable patients, three had stable disease and seven had progressive disease. Single-photon emission computed tomography confirmed tumor antibody uptake in all 10 patients. DCE-MRI confirmed falls in kinetic parameters (K(trans)/IAUGC(60)) in 9 of 12 patients. The change of both pharmacokinetic parameters reached a level expected to produce efficacy in one patient who had a minor response on computed tomography and a reduced serum tumor marker level. CONCLUSIONS This is believed to be the first trial reporting the combination of radioimmunotherapy and vascular disruptive agent; each component was shown to function, and myelosuppression was dose-limiting. Optimal dose and timing of CA4P, and moderate improvements in the performance of radioimmunotherapy seem necessary for efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Meyer
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, United Kingdom.
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Bhatti M, Yahioglu G, Milgrom LR, Garcia-Maya M, Chester KA, Deonarain MP. Targeted photodynamic therapy with multiply-loaded recombinant antibody fragments. Int J Cancer 2008; 122:1155-63. [PMID: 17973256 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Current photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer is limited by inefficiencies involved in specifically targeting photosensitizers to tumors. Although antibodies are being explored as targeting vehicles, they present significant challenges, particularly in terms of pharmacokinetics and drug-coupling. We describe here a novel and effective system to covalently attach multiple photosensitizer molecules (both preclinical, pyropheophorbide-a and clinically approved, verteporfin photosensitizers) to single-chain Fvs. Further, we demonstrate that not only do the resulting photoimmunoconjugates retain photophysical functionality, they are more potent than either free photosensitizer, effectively killing tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. For example, treatment of human breast cancer xenografts with a photoimmunoconjugate comprising an anti-HER-2 scFv linked to 8-10 molecules of pyropheophorbide-a leads to significant tumor regression. These results give an insight into the important features that make scFvs good carriers for PDT drugs and provide proof of concept of our unique approach to targeted photodynamic therapy (tPDT). This promises to significantly improve on current photodynamic therapies for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manpreet Bhatti
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, United Kingdom
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Abstract
This protocol is applicable to recombinant protein expression by small-scale fermentation using the Pichia pastoris expression system. P. pastoris has the capacity to produce large quantities of protein with eukaryotic processing. Expression is controlled by a methanol-inducible promoter, which allows a biomass-generation phase before protein production is initiated. The target protein is secreted directly into a protein-free mineral salt medium, and is relatively easy to purify. The protocol is readily interfaced with expanded bed adsorption for immediate capture and purification of recombinant protein. The setting up of the bioreactor plus the fermentation itself takes 1 wk. Making the master and user seed lots takes approximately 2 wk for each individual clone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berend Tolner
- Department of Oncology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College London, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK.
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Mayer A, Francis RJ, Sharma SK, Tolner B, Springer CJ, Martin J, Boxer GM, Bell J, Green AJ, Hartley JA, Cruickshank C, Wren J, Chester KA, Begent RHJ. A phase I study of single administration of antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy with the recombinant anti-carcinoembryonic antigen antibody-enzyme fusion protein MFECP1 and a bis-iodo phenol mustard prodrug. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 12:6509-16. [PMID: 17085666 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-0769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy is a two-stage treatment whereby a tumor-targeted antibody-enzyme complex localizes in tumor for selective conversion of prodrug. The purpose of this study was to establish optimal variables for single administration of MFECP1, a recombinant antibody-enzyme fusion protein of an anti-carcinoembryonic antigen single-chain Fv antibody and the bacterial enzyme carboxypeptidase G2 followed by a bis-iodo phenol mustard prodrug. MFECP1 is manufactured in mannosylated form to facilitate normal tissue elimination. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Pharmacokinetic, biodistribution, and tumor localization studies were used to test the hypothesis that MFECP1 localizes in tumor and clears from normal tissue via the liver. Firstly, safety of MFECP1 and a blood concentration of MFECP1 that would avoid systemic prodrug activation were tested. Secondly, dose escalation of prodrug was done. Thirdly, the dose of MFECP1 and timing of prodrug administration were optimized. RESULTS MFECP1 was safe and well tolerated, cleared rapidly via the liver, and was less immunogenic than previously used products. Eighty-fold dose escalation from the starting dose of prodrug was carried out before dose-limiting toxicity occurred. Confirmation of the presence of enzyme in tumor and DNA interstrand cross-links indicating prodrug activation were obtained for the optimal dose and time point. A total of 28 of 31 patients was evaluable for response, the best response being a 10% reduction of tumor diameter, and 11 of 28 patients had stable disease. CONCLUSIONS Optimal conditions for effective therapy were established. A study testing repeat treatment is currently being undertaken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Mayer
- Department of Oncology, Hampstead Campus, University College London, UK.
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Kogelberg H, Tolner B, Sharma SK, Lowdell MW, Qureshi U, Robson M, Hillyer T, Pedley RB, Vervecken W, Contreras R, Begent RHJ, Chester KA. Clearance mechanism of a mannosylated antibody-enzyme fusion protein used in experimental cancer therapy. Glycobiology 2006; 17:36-45. [PMID: 17000699 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwl053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
MFECP1 is a mannosylated antibody-enzyme fusion protein used in antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT). The antibody selectively targets tumor cells and the targeted enzyme converts a prodrug into a toxic drug. MFECP1 is obtained from expression in the yeast Pichia pastoris and produced to clinical grade. The P. pastoris-derived mannosylation of the fusion protein aids rapid normal tissue clearance required for successful ADEPT. The work presented provides evidence that MFECP1 is cleared by the endocytic and phagocytic mannose receptor (MR), which is known to bind to mannose-terminating glycans. MR-transfected fibroblast cells internalize MFECP1 as revealed by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. Immunofluorescence microscopy shows that in vivo clearance in mice occurs predominantly by MR on liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, although MR is also expressed on adjacent Kupffer cells. In the spleen, MFECP1 is taken up by MR-expressing macrophages residing in the red pulp and not by dendritic cells which are found in the marginal zone and white pulp. Clearance can be inhibited in vivo by the MR inhibitor mannan as shown by increased enzyme activities in blood. The work improves understanding of interactions of MFECP1 with normal tissue, shows that glycosylation can be exploited in the design of recombinant anticancer therapeutics and opens the ways for optimizing pharmacokinetics of mannosylated recombinant therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heide Kogelberg
- Cancer Research UK Targeting and Imaging Group, Department of Oncology, Royal Free & University College Medical School, London, UK
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Abstract
The protocol describes a method for capture of secreted hexahistidine-tagged proteins using expanded-bed adsorption immobilized-metal affinity chromatography. The starting material for the procedure is any crude feedstock that contains a histidine (His)-tagged target protein. The protocol is exemplified using unclarified broth from Pichia pastoris fermentation as feedstock. The protocol can be used for laboratory studies or as part of a process for production of recombinant biotherapeutics to standards of good manufacturing practice. It takes approximately 5 h to purify proteins from 10 liters of feedstock and a further 5-6 h to sterilize and regenerate the column.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berend Tolner
- Department of Oncology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College London, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK.
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Guest RD, Hawkins RE, Kirillova N, Cheadle EJ, Arnold J, O'Neill A, Irlam J, Chester KA, Kemshead JT, Shaw DM, Embleton MJ, Stern PL, Gilham DE. The role of extracellular spacer regions in the optimal design of chimeric immune receptors: evaluation of four different scFvs and antigens. J Immunother 2005; 28:203-11. [PMID: 15838376 DOI: 10.1097/01.cji.0000161397.96582.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Human peripheral blood lymphocytes can be transduced to express antigen-dependent CD3zeta chimeric immune receptors (CIRs), which function independently of the T-cell receptor (TCR). Although the exact function of these domains is unclear, previous studies imply that an extracellular spacer region is required for optimal CIR activity. In this study, four scFvs (in the context of CIRs with or without extracellular spacer regions) were used to target the human tumor-associated antigens carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), the oncofetal antigen 5T4, and the B-cell antigen CD19. In all cases human T-cell populations expressing the CIRs were functionally active against their respective targets, but the anti-5T4 and anti-NCAM CIRs showed enhanced specific cytokine release and cytotoxicity only when possessing an extracellular spacer region. In contrast, the anti-CEA and anti-CD19 CIRs displayed optimal cytokine release activity only in the absence of an extracellular spacer. Interestingly, mapping of the scFv epitopes has revealed that the anti-CEA scFv binds close to the amino-terminal of CEA, which is easily accessible to the CIR. In contrast, CIRs enhanced by a spacer domain appear to bind to epitopes residing closer to the cell membrane, suggesting that a more flexible extracellular domain may be required to permit the efficient binding of such epitopes. These results show that a spacer is not necessary for optimal activity of CIRs but that the optimal design varies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D Guest
- Cancer Research UK, Department of Medical Oncology, University of Manchester and Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
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Sharma SK, Pedley RB, Bhatia J, Boxer GM, El-Emir E, Qureshi U, Tolner B, Lowe H, Michael NP, Minton N, Begent RHJ, Chester KA. Sustained tumor regression of human colorectal cancer xenografts using a multifunctional mannosylated fusion protein in antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11:814-25. [PMID: 15701872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT) requires highly selective antibody-mediated delivery of enzyme to tumor. MFE-CP, a multifunctional genetic fusion protein of antibody and enzyme, was designed to achieve this by two mechanisms. First by using a high affinity and high specificity single chain Fv antibody directed to carcinoembryonic antigen. Second by rapid removal of antibody-enzyme from normal tissues by virtue of post-translational mannosylation. The purpose of this paper is to investigate these dual functions in an animal model of pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, toxicity, and efficacy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN MFE-CP was expressed in the yeast Pichia pastoris and purified via an engineered hexahistidine tag. Biodistribution and therapeutic effect of a single ADEPT cycle (1,000 units/kg MFE-CP followed by 70 mg/kg ZD2767P prodrug at 6, 7, and 8 hours) and multiple ADEPT cycles (9-10 cycles within 21-24 days) was studied in established human colon carcinoma xenografts, LS174T, and SW1222. RESULTS Selective localization of functional enzyme in tumors and rapid clearance from plasma was observed within 6 hours, resulting in tumor to plasma ratios of 1,400:1 and 339:1, respectively for the LS174T and SW1222 models. A single ADEPT cycle produced reproducible tumor growth delay in both models. Multiple ADEPT cycles significantly enhanced the therapeutic effect of a single cycle in the LS174T xenografts (P = 0.001) and produced regressions in the SW1222 xenografts (P = 0.0001), with minimal toxicity. CONCLUSIONS MFE-CP fusion protein, in combination with ZD2767P, provides a new and successful ADEPT system, which offers the potential for multiple cycles and antitumor efficacy. These results provide a basis for the next stage in clinical development of ADEPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surinder K Sharma
- CR UK Targeting and Imaging Group, Department of Oncology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom.
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Sharma SK, Pedley RB, Bhatia J, Boxer GM, El-Emir E, Qureshi U, Tolner B, Lowe H, Michael NP, Minton N, Begent RHJ, Chester KA. Sustained Tumor Regression of Human Colorectal Cancer Xenografts Using a Multifunctional Mannosylated Fusion Protein in Antibody-Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.814.11.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose: Antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT) requires highly selective antibody-mediated delivery of enzyme to tumor. MFE-CP, a multifunctional genetic fusion protein of antibody and enzyme, was designed to achieve this by two mechanisms. First by using a high affinity and high specificity single chain Fv antibody directed to carcinoembryonic antigen. Second by rapid removal of antibody-enzyme from normal tissues by virtue of post-translational mannosylation. The purpose of this paper is to investigate these dual functions in an animal model of pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, toxicity, and efficacy.
Experimental Design: MFE-CP was expressed in the yeast Pichia pastoris and purified via an engineered hexahistidine tag. Biodistribution and therapeutic effect of a single ADEPT cycle (1,000 units/kg MFE-CP followed by 70 mg/kg ZD2767P prodrug at 6, 7, and 8 hours) and multiple ADEPT cycles (9-10 cycles within 21-24 days) was studied in established human colon carcinoma xenografts, LS174T, and SW1222.
Results: Selective localization of functional enzyme in tumors and rapid clearance from plasma was observed within 6 hours, resulting in tumor to plasma ratios of 1,400:1 and 339:1, respectively for the LS174T and SW1222 models. A single ADEPT cycle produced reproducible tumor growth delay in both models. Multiple ADEPT cycles significantly enhanced the therapeutic effect of a single cycle in the LS174T xenografts (P = 0.001) and produced regressions in the SW1222 xenografts (P = 0.0001), with minimal toxicity.
Conclusions: MFE-CP fusion protein, in combination with ZD2767P, provides a new and successful ADEPT system, which offers the potential for multiple cycles and antitumor efficacy. These results provide a basis for the next stage in clinical development of ADEPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surinder K. Sharma
- 1CR UK Targeting and Imaging Group, Department of Oncology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - R. Barbara Pedley
- 1CR UK Targeting and Imaging Group, Department of Oncology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jeetendra Bhatia
- 1CR UK Targeting and Imaging Group, Department of Oncology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Geoffrey M. Boxer
- 1CR UK Targeting and Imaging Group, Department of Oncology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ethaar El-Emir
- 1CR UK Targeting and Imaging Group, Department of Oncology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Uzma Qureshi
- 1CR UK Targeting and Imaging Group, Department of Oncology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Berend Tolner
- 1CR UK Targeting and Imaging Group, Department of Oncology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Lowe
- 1CR UK Targeting and Imaging Group, Department of Oncology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - N. Paul Michael
- 2Center for Applied Microbiology and Research, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom; and
| | - Nigel Minton
- 3Institute of Infections, Immunity and Inflammation, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Richard H. J. Begent
- 1CR UK Targeting and Imaging Group, Department of Oncology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kerry A. Chester
- 1CR UK Targeting and Imaging Group, Department of Oncology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
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Huhalov A, Chester KA. Engineered single chain antibody fragments for radioimmunotherapy. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2004; 48:279-88. [PMID: 15640791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
An ideal molecule to deliver radioimmunotherapy (RIT) would be target specific and have prolonged residence time at high concentrations in the tumour with rapid clearance from normal tissues. It would also be non-immunogenic. These features can be rationally introduced into recombinant antibody-based proteins using antibody engineering techniques. This review focuses on the use of antibody engineering in the design and development of RIT molecules which have single chain Fv (scFv) antibody fragments as building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Huhalov
- Cancer Research UK Imaging and Targeting Group, Department of Oncology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Royal Free Campus London, United Kingdom.
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Mayer A, Sharma SK, Tolner B, Minton NP, Purdy D, Amlot P, Tharakan G, Begent RHJ, Chester KA. Modifying an immunogenic epitope on a therapeutic protein: a step towards an improved system for antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT). Br J Cancer 2004; 90:2402-10. [PMID: 15162148 PMCID: PMC2409521 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6601888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Carboxypeptidase G2 (CP) is a bacterial enzyme, which is targeted to tumours by an antitumour antibody for local prodrug activation in antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT). Repeated cycles of ADEPT are desirable but are hampered by human antibody response to CP (HACA). To address this, we aimed to identify and modify clinically important immunogenic sites on MFECP, a recombinant fusion protein of CP with MFE-23, a single chain Fv (scFv) antibody. A discontinuous conformational epitope at the C-terminus of the CP previously identified by the CM79 scFv antibody (CM79-identified epitope) was chosen for study. Modification of MFECP was achieved by mutations of the CM79-identified epitope or by addition of a hexahistidine tag (His-tag) to the C-terminus of MFECP, which forms part of the epitope. Murine immunisation experiments with modified MFECP showed no significant antibody response to the CM79-identified epitope compared to A5CP, an unmodified version of CP chemically conjugated to an F(ab)(2) antibody. Success of modification was also demonstrated in humans because patients treated with His-tagged MFECP had a significantly reduced antibody response to the CM79-identified epitope, compared to patients given A5CP. Moreover, the polyclonal antibody response to CP was delayed in both mice and patients given modified MFECP. This increases the prospect of repeated treatment with ADEPT for effective cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mayer
- Department of Oncology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College London, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Barbara Pedley
- Cancer Research UK Targeting and Imaging Group, Department of Oncology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, UK
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36
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Novak-Hofer I, Waibel R, Zimmermann K, Schibli R, Grünberg J, Chester KA, Murray A, Lo BKC, Perkins AC, Schubiger PA. Radiometal labeling of antibodies and antibody fragments for imaging and therapy. Methods Mol Biol 2004; 248:481-94. [PMID: 14970515 DOI: 10.1385/1-59259-666-5:481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilse Novak-Hofer
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Science ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
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Huhalov A, Spencer DIR, Chester KA. Mapping antibody:antigen interactions by mass spectrometry and bioinformatics. Methods Mol Biol 2004; 248:465-80. [PMID: 14970514 DOI: 10.1385/1-59259-666-5:465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Huhalov
- Cancer Research UK Targeting and Imaging Group, Department of Oncology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, UK
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Abstract
Many gene therapy approaches require specific, efficient gene delivery to cells in vivo. To target colorectal tumors we fused a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) directed against carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) to the amphotropic murine leukemia virus envelope. A proline-rich hinge and matrix metalloprotease (MMP) cleavage site linked the two proteins. Following attachment to CEA, MMP cleavage of the envelope at the cell surface removed the scFv and proline-rich hinge, allowing transduction. This allowed selective targeting of CEA-positive cells in vivo after injection of producer cells at the site of the tumor, with up to 10% of cells within a CEA-positive tumor xenograft becoming transduced. Intraperitoneal injection of amphotropic producer cells resulted in transduction of cells in spleen, liver, and kidney, which was not detected when CEA-targeted producer cells were used. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using targeted retroviral vectors for in vivo gene delivery to tumors. Furthermore, the lack of transduction of host cells eliminates the risk of insertional mutagenesis leading to transformation of host hematopoietic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Chowdhury
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Pathology, Windeyer Institute, London W1T 2AH, UK
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Medzihradszky KF, Spencer DIR, Sharma SK, Bhatia J, Pedley RB, Read DA, Begent RHJ, Chester KA. Glycoforms obtained by expression in Pichia pastoris improve cancer targeting potential of a recombinant antibody-enzyme fusion protein. Glycobiology 2003; 14:27-37. [PMID: 14514711 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwh001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MFE-CP is a recombinant antibody-enzyme fusion protein used for antibody-mediated delivery of an enzyme to cancer deposits. After clearance from normal tissues, the tumor-targeted enzyme is used to activate a subsequently administered prodrug to give a potent cytotoxic in the tumor. MFE-CP localizes to cancer deposits in vivo, but we propose that its therapeutic potential could be improved by N-glycosylation, obtained by expression in Pichia pastoris. Glycosylation could enhance clearance from healthy tissue and result in better tumor:normal tissue ratios. To test this, glycosylated MFE-CP was expressed and purified from P. pastoris. The resultant MFE-CP fusion protein was enzymatically active and showed enhanced clearance from normal tissues in vivo. Furthermore, it showed effective tumor localization. This favorable glycosylation pattern was analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry. High-resolution, high-detection sensitivity collision-induced dissociation experiments proved essential for this task. Results showed that of the three potential N-glycosylation sites only two were consistently occupied with oligomannose structures. Asn-442 appeared the most heterogeneously populated with oligomannose carbohydrates extending from 5 to 13 units in length. Asn-484 was found only in its nonglycosylated form. There was less heterogeneity at Asn-492, which was glycosylated with oligosaccharide structures ranging from 8 to 10 mannose units. Nonglycosylated forms of Asn-442 and Asn-492 were not observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin F Medzihradszky
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0446, USA
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Abstract
Retroviruses expressing two different receptor-binding domains linked by proline-rich spacers infect only cells expressing both retroviral receptors (Valsesia-Wittman et al., EMBO J. 6:1214-1223, 1997). Here we apply this receptor cooperation strategy to target human tumor cells by linking single-chain antibodies recognizing tumor antigens via proline-rich spacers to the 4070A murine leukemia virus surface protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Martin
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Pathology, Windeyer Institute, 46 Cleveland Street, London W1T 2AH, United Kingdom
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41
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Lee YC, Boehm MK, Chester KA, Begent RHJ, Perkins SJ. Reversible dimer formation and stability of the anti-tumour single-chain Fv antibody MFE-23 by neutron scattering, analytical ultracentrifugation, and NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy. J Mol Biol 2002; 320:107-27. [PMID: 12079338 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(02)00403-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
MFE-23 is a single chain Fv (scFv) antibody molecule used to target colorectal cancer through its high affinity for the tumour marker carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). ScFv molecules are formed from peptide-linked antibody V(H) and V(L) domains, and many of these form dimers. Our recent crystal structure for MFE-23 showed that this formed an unusual symmetric back-to-back association of two monomers that is consistent with a domain-swapped diabody structure. Neutron scattering and modelling fits showed that MFE-23 existed as compact V(H)-V(L)-linked monomers at therapeutically relevant concentrations below 1 mg/ml. Size-exclusion gel chromatography showed that the monomeric and dimeric forms of MFE-23 could be separated, and that the proportions of these two forms depended on the starting MFE-23 concentration. Sedimentation equilibrium experiments by analytical ultracentrifugation at nine concentrations of MFE-23 indicated a reversible monomer-dimer self-association equilibrium with an association constant of 1.9x10(3)-2.2x10(3) M(-1). Sedimentation velocity experiments using the time derivative g(s(*)) method showed that MFE-23-His has a concentration-dependent weight average sedimentation coefficient that increased from 1.8 S for the monomer to about 3-6 S for the dimer. Both values agreed with those calculated from the MFE-23 crystal structure. In relation to the thermal stability of MFE-23, denaturation experiments by (1)H NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy showed that the molecule is stable up to 47 degrees C, after which denaturation was irreversible. MFE-23 dimerisation is discussed in terms of a new model for diabody structures, in which the V(H) and V(L) domains in the monomer are able to dissociate and reassociate to form a dimer, or diabody, but in which symmetric back-to-back contacts between the two monomers are formed. This dimerisation in solution is attributed to the complementary nature of the C-terminal surface of the MFE-23 monomer. Crystal structures for seven other scFv molecules have shown that, while the contact residues for symmetric back-to-back dimer formation in MFE-23 are not fully conserved, in principle, back-to-back contacts can be formed in these too. This offers possibilities for the creation of other forms of scFv molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yie Chia Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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Spencer DIR, Robson L, Purdy D, Whitelegg NR, Michael NP, Bhatia J, Sharma SK, Rees AR, Minton NP, Begent RHJ, Chester KA. A strategy for mapping and neutralizing conformational immunogenic sites on protein therapeutics. Proteomics 2002; 2:271-9. [PMID: 11921443 DOI: 10.1002/1615-9861(200203)2:3<271::aid-prot271>3.0.co;2-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies are highly specific recognition molecules which are increasingly being applied to target therapy in patients. One type of developmental antibody-based therapy is antibody directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT) for the treatment of cancer. In ADEPT, an antibody specific to a tumor marker protein delivers a drug-activating enzyme to the cancer. Subsequent intravenous administration of an inactive prodrug results in drug activation and cytotoxicity only within the locale of the tumor. Pilot clinical trials with chemical conjugates of the prodrug activating enzyme carboxypeptidase G2 (CPG2) chemically conjugated with an antibody to and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), have shown that CPG2-mediated ADEPT is effective but limited by formation of human antibodies to CPG2 (HACA). We have developed a recombinant fusion protein (termed MFE-CP) of CPG2 with an anti-CEA single chain Fv antibody fragment and we have developed methods to address the immunogenicity of this therapeutic. A HACA-reactive discontinuous epitope on MFE-CP was identified using the crystal structure of CPG2, filamentous phage technology and surface enhanced laser desorption/ionization affinity mass spectrometry. This information was used to create a functional mutant of MFE-CP with a significant reduction (range 19.2 to 62.5%, median 38.5%) in reactivity with the sera of 11 patients with post-therapy HACA. The techniques described here are valuable tools for identifying and adapting undesirable immunogenic sites on protein therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel I R Spencer
- CRC Targeting and Imaging Group, Department of Oncology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, UCL, London, UK
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Cooke SP, Pedley RB, Boden R, Begent RHJ, Chester KA. In Vivo Tumor Delivery of a Recombinant Single Chain Fv::Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Fusion Protein. Bioconjug Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/bc020015h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Cooke SP, Pedley RB, Boden R, Begent RHJ, Chester KA. In vivo tumor delivery of a recombinant single chain Fv::tumor necrosis factor-alpha fusion [correction of factor: a fusion] protein. Bioconjug Chem 2002; 13:7-15. [PMID: 11792173 DOI: 10.1021/bc000178a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Locoregional and intratumoral administration of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) has been successful in obtaining inhibition or regression of tumor growth in the clinic. This potent antitumor activity of TNF alpha has not yet been exploited as a systemic agent in cancer therapy, mainly due to high levels of toxicity to normal tissues before a therapeutic dose of TNF alpha in the tumor has been achieved. To address this, we have targeted TNF alpha using antitumor antibodies. We have used a genetic fusion of human recombinant TNF alpha with MFE-23, a single-chain Fv antibody fragment directed against carcinoembryonic antigen. MFE-23::TNF alpha fusion protein is isolated in high yields (28 mg/L) from bacterial inclusion bodies and purified to homogeneity by affinity chromatography. It is a 144 kDa trimer in native form and possesses the antigen-binding activity of the sFv and the cytotoxicity to both WEHI 164 and a human adenocarcinoma cell line (LoVo) of rhTNF alpha. Radiolabeled MFE-23::TNF alpha binds both human and mouse TNF receptor 1 in vitro and is able to localize effectively in nude (nu/nu) mice bearing human LS174T xenografts; tumor/tissue ratios of 21:1 and 60:1 are achieved 24 and 48 h after intravenous injection. These studies indicate that MFE-23::TNF alpha will provide an effective means for systemically administered cancer therapy with TNF alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Cooke
- CRC Targeting and Imaging Group, Academic Department of Oncology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College, London, NW3 2PF, UK.
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Chester KA, Bhatia J, Boxer G, Cooke SP, Flynn AA, Huhalov A, Mayer A, Pedley RB, Robson L, Sharma SK, Spencer DI, Begent RH. Clinical applications of phage-derived sFvs and sFv fusion proteins. Dis Markers 2001; 16:53-62. [PMID: 11360829 PMCID: PMC3851051 DOI: 10.1155/2000/672706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Single chain Fv antibodies (sFvs) have been produced from filamentous bacteriophage libraries obtained from immunised mice. MFE-23, the most characterised of these sFvs, is reactive with carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), a glycoprotein that is highly expressed in colorectal adenocarcinomas. MFE-23 has been expressed in bacteria and purified in our laboratory for two clinical trials; a gamma camera imaging trial using 123I-MFE-23 and a radioimmunoguided surgery trial using 125I-MFE-23, where tumour deposits are detected by a hand-held probe during surgery. Both these trials show MFE-23 is safe and effective in localising tumour deposits in patients with cancer. We are now developing fusion proteins which use MFE-23 to deliver a therapeutic moiety; MFE-23::CPG2 targets the enzyme carboxypeptidase G2 (CPG2) for use in the ADEPT (antibody directed enzyme prodrug therapy) system and MFE::TNFα aims to reduce sequestration and increase tumor concentrations of systemically administered TNFα.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Chester
- CRC Targeting & Imaging Group, Department of Oncology, Royal Free & University College Medical School, UCL, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK.
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Cooke SP, Boxer GM, Lawrence L, Pedley RB, Spencer DI, Begent RH, Chester KA. A strategy for antitumor vascular therapy by targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor: receptor complex. Cancer Res 2001; 61:3653-9. [PMID: 11325835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is produced by cancer cells in response to hypoxia and is the primary stimulant of vascularization in solid tumors. Endothelial cells lining the blood vessels of these tumors have a high concentration of receptor-bound VEGF on their surface, providing a target for antibody- directed cancer therapy. To obtain a cloned antibody to this target when bound to its receptor on tumor endothelium, we used phage display technology to create a single-chain Fv (sFv) antibody library from mice immunized with the 165-amino acid isoform of human VEGF-A. We selected, purified, and characterized LL4, an anti-VEGF sFv that was shown to react with receptor-bound VEGF. LL4 bound selectively to blood vessel endothelium, as shown by immunohistochemistry on tissue sections of human tumors. Furthermore, using autoradiography and grain counting of histological sections, systemically administered LL4 was shown to localize selectively to the endothelial lining of tumor blood vessels in human colorectal carcinoma xenografts in vivo. This study demonstrates the feasibility of targeting tumor vasculature using recombinant antibodies to the VEGF:receptor complex.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Colorectal Neoplasms/blood supply
- Colorectal Neoplasms/immunology
- Colorectal Neoplasms/therapy
- Endothelial Growth Factors/immunology
- Endothelial Growth Factors/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/immunology
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Immunization, Passive/methods
- Immunoglobulin Fragments/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Fragments/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Fragments/metabolism
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/metabolism
- Immunohistochemistry
- Lymphokines/immunology
- Lymphokines/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/immunology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/therapy
- Peptide Library
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/immunology
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Receptors, Growth Factor/immunology
- Receptors, Growth Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Tissue Distribution
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Cooke
- CRC Targeting and Imaging Group, Department of Oncology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College London, NW3 2PF, United Kingdom
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Chester KA, Mayer A, Bhatia J, Robson L, Spencer DI, Cooke SP, Flynn AA, Sharma SK, Boxer G, Pedley RB, Begent RH. Recombinant anti-carcinoembryonic antigen antibodies for targeting cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2000; 46 Suppl:S8-12. [PMID: 10950140 DOI: 10.1007/pl00014055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies can be used to target cancer therapies to malignant tissue; the approach is attractive because conventional treatments such as chemo- and radiotherapy are dose limited due to toxicity in normal tissues. Effective targeting relies on appropriate pharmacokinetics of antibody-based therapeutics, ideally showing maximum uptake and retention in tumor and rapid clearance from normal tissue. We have studied the factors influencing these dynamics for antibodies against carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Protein engineering of anti-CEA antibodies, in vivo biodistribution models, and mathematical models have been employed to improve understanding of targeting parameters, define optimal characteristics for the antibody-based molecules employed, and develop new therapies for the clinic. Engineering antibodies to obtain the desired therapeutic characteristics is most readily achieved using recombinant antibody technology, and we have taken the approach of immunizing mice to provide high-affinity anti-CEA single-chain Fv antibodies (sFvs) from filamentous bacteriophage libraries. MFE-23, the most characterized of these sFvs, has been expressed in bacteria and purified in our laboratory for two clinical trials: a gamma camera imaging trial using 123I-MFE-23 and a radioimmunoguided surgery trial using 125I-MFE-23, where tumor deposits are detected by a hand-held probe during surgery. Both these trials showed that MFE-23 is safe and effective in localizing tumor deposits in patients with cancer. We are now developing fusion proteins that use the MFE-23 antibody to deliver a therapeutic moiety; MFE-23:: carboxypeptidase G2 (CPG2) targets the enzyme CPG2 for use in the antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy system and MFE::tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) aims to reduce sequestration and increase tumor concentrations of systemically administered TNFalpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Chester
- Department of Oncology, Royal Free & University College Medical School, London, UK.
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Mayer A, Tsiompanou E, O'Malley D, Boxer GM, Bhatia J, Flynn AA, Chester KA, Davidson BR, Lewis AA, Winslet MC, Dhillon AP, Hilson AJ, Begent RH. Radioimmunoguided surgery in colorectal cancer using a genetically engineered anti-CEA single-chain Fv antibody. Clin Cancer Res 2000; 6:1711-9. [PMID: 10815889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
In radioimmunoguided surgery (RIGS), a radiolabeled antibody is given i.v. before surgery and a hand-held gamma-detecting probe is used to locate tumor in the operative field. The rapid blood clearance and good tumor penetration of single-chain Fv antibodies (scFv) offer potential advantages over larger antibody molecules used previously for RIGS. A Phase I clinical trial is reported on RIGS with scFv (MFE-23-his) to carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Thirty-four patients undergoing surgery for colorectal carcinoma (17 primary tumors, 16 liver metastases, and 1 anastomotic recurrence) and 1 patient with liver metastases of pancreatic carcinoma received 125I-labeled MFE-23-his scFv (125I-MFE-23-his) 24, 48, 72, or 96 h before operation. 125I-MFE-23-his showed biexponential blood clearance with alpha and beta half-lives of 0.32 and 10.95 h, respectively. The abdomen was scanned during surgery with a hand-held gamma detecting probe (Neoprobe Corp.). 125I-MFE-23-his showed good tumor localization; comparison with histology showed overall accuracy of 84%. Highest median ratios for tumor:normal tissue and tumor:blood were recorded 72 or 96 h after scFv injection for patients undergoing resection of liver metastases. High levels of radioactivity were found in the kidneys. Five patients had grade 1 fever, and three had a grade 1 rise in blood pressure according to the Common Toxicity Criteria. There was a significant correlation between these ratios and those measured in excised tissues using a laboratory gamma counter (P < 0.001). MFE-23-his scFv antibody localizes in CEA-producing carcinomas. The short interval between injection and operation, the lack of significant toxicity, and the relatively simple production in bacteria make MFE-23-his scFv suitable for RIGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mayer
- Department of Oncology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College London, United Kingdom
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Boehm MK, Corper AL, Wan T, Sohi MK, Sutton BJ, Thornton JD, Keep PA, Chester KA, Begent RH, Perkins SJ. Crystal structure of the anti-(carcinoembryonic antigen) single-chain Fv antibody MFE-23 and a model for antigen binding based on intermolecular contacts. Biochem J 2000; 346 Pt 2:519-28. [PMID: 10677374 PMCID: PMC1220881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
MFE-23 is the first single-chain Fv antibody molecule to be used in patients and is used to target colorectal cancer through its high affinity for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), a cell-surface member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. MFE-23 contains an N-terminal variable heavy-chain domain joined by a (Gly(4)Ser)(3) linker to a variable light-chain (V(L)) domain (kappa chain) with an 11-residue C-terminal Myc-tag. Its crystal structure was determined at 2.4 A resolution by molecular replacement with an R(cryst) of 19.0%. Five of the six antigen-binding loops, L1, L2, L3, H1 and H2, conformed to known canonical structures. The sixth loop, H3, displayed a unique structure, with a beta-hairpin loop and a bifurcated apex characterized by a buried Thr residue. In the crystal lattice, two MFE-23 molecules were associated back-to-back in a manner not seen before. The antigen-binding site displayed a large acidic region located mainly within the H2 loop and a large hydrophobic region within the H3 loop. Even though this structure is unliganded within the crystal, there is an unusually large region of contact between the H1, H2 and H3 loops and the beta-sheet of the V(L) domain of an adjacent molecule (strands DEBA) as a result of intermolecular packing. These interactions exhibited remarkably high surface and electrostatic complementarity. Of seven MFE-23 residues predicted to make contact with antigen, five participated in these lattice contacts, and this model for antigen binding is consistent with previously reported site-specific mutagenesis of MFE-23 and its effect on CEA binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Boehm
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Royal Free Campus, Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College London, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK
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Bhatia J, Sharma SK, Chester KA, Pedley RB, Boden RW, Read DA, Boxer GM, Michael NP, Begent RHJ. Catalytic activity of anin vivo tumor targeted anti-CEA scFv::carboxypeptidase G2 fusion protein. Int J Cancer 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(20000215)85:4<571::aid-ijc20>3.0.co;2-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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