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Eyre TA, Collins GP, Gupta A, Coupe N, Sheikh S, Whittaker J, Wang LM, Campo L, Soilleux E, Tysoe F, Cousins R, La Thangue N, Folkes LK, Stratford MRL, Kerr D, Middleton MR. A phase 1 study to assess the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of CXD101 in patients with advanced cancer. Cancer 2018; 125:99-108. [PMID: 30332497 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.31791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the current study, the authors sought to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of the novel class 1 selective histone deacetylase inhibitor CXD101 in a dose escalation study in patients with advanced solid tumors or recurrent/refractory lymphoma. METHODS The authors escalated the dose of CXD101 from 1 mg twice daily orally for 5 days in a 21-day cycle (3+3 design). RESULTS A total of 39 patients were enrolled, 36 of whom received CXD101. Of the 30 patients in the escalation cohort, 29 were evaluable for determination of the dose-limiting toxicity (DLT). DLTs were noted at doses of 16 mg twice daily (1 of 6 patients), 20 mg twice daily (1 of 6 patients), and 24/25 mg twice daily (2 of 5 patients, both of whom developed neutropenic fever). The MTD was 20 mg twice daily, which achieved maximal plasma concentrations (±standard deviation) of 231±76 nM to 342±126 nM, which was within the biologically active range. Six patients received 20 mg twice daily in an expansion cohort. The most frequent adverse events were fatigue, nausea, and reversible cytopenia. Key grade 3 to 4 adverse events (according to Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events criteria [version 4.03]) included thrombocytopenia (11%), neutropenia (17%), and neutropenic fever (2%) across the 133 CXD101 cycles given. The toxicity profile was similar to that of licensing studies with other histone deacetylase inhibitors. In 22 evaluable patients receiving a dose of ≥16 mg twice daily (17 of whom had lymphoma and 5 of whom had solid tumors), 3 partial responses (2 in patients with classic Hodgkin lymphoma after allogenic stem cell transplantation and 1 in a patient with angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma) and 1 complete response (in a patient with follicular lymphoma) were noted (overall response rate of 18%) in addition to 9 patients who achieved durable stable disease. Responses were noted predominantly among patients with lymphoma (tumor reduction noted in 63% of patients on standard computed tomography). CONCLUSIONS The MTD in the current study was found to be 20 mg twice daily. Encouraging and durable activity was observed in patients with Hodgkin lymphoma, T-cell lymphoma, and follicular lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby A Eyre
- Early Phase Trials Unit, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Department of Clinical Haematology, Oxford Cancer Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Graham P Collins
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Oxford Cancer Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Avinash Gupta
- Department of Medical Oncology, Christie NHS Hospital Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Coupe
- Early Phase Trials Unit, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Semira Sheikh
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Oxford Cancer Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Laboratory of Cancer Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Lai Mun Wang
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Leticia Campo
- GCP Laboratory, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Soilleux
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Finn Tysoe
- Early Phase Trials Unit, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Cousins
- Early Phase Trials Unit, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nick La Thangue
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Celleron Therapeutics Ltd, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa K Folkes
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Gray Laboratories, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michael R L Stratford
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Gray Laboratories, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David Kerr
- Celleron Therapeutics Ltd, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Academic Block, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mark R Middleton
- Early Phase Trials Unit, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
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2
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Woodcock VK, Clive S, Wilson RH, Coyle VM, Stratford MRL, Folkes LK, Eastell R, Barton C, Jones P, Kazmi-Stokes S, Turner H, Halford S, Harris AL, Middleton MR. A first-in-human phase I study to determine the maximum tolerated dose of the oral Src/ABL inhibitor AZD0424. Br J Cancer 2018; 118:770-776. [PMID: 29438361 PMCID: PMC5877436 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Src is involved in cancer invasion and metastasis. AZD0424, an oral inhibitor of Src and ABL1, has shown evidence of anti-tumour activity in pre-clinical studies. METHODS A phase Ia, dose escalation study was performed to assess the safety of continuous oral dosing with AZD0424 in advanced solid tumours. Secondary objectives included investigation of AZD0424 pharmacokinetics, effect on Src activity using markers of bone turnover, and anti-tumour activity. RESULTS 41 patients were treated; 34 received AZD0424 once-daily at doses ranging from 5 mg to 150 mg, and 7 received 40 mg bi-daily 41.5% of patients experienced at least one AZD0424-related adverse event that was Grade 3-5 in severity, with patients treated at doses above 60 mg per day experiencing multiple treatment-related toxicities. The most commonly observed AZD0424-related adverse events were nausea, fatigue, anorexia and alopecia. Cmax and AUC increased linearly with dose and the mean±standard deviation t1/2 was 8.4±2.8 h. Clear evidence of Src target inhibition was seen at doses ⩾20 mg per day. No responses were observed and 7 patients (17.1%) achieved stable disease lasting 6 weeks or more. CONCLUSIONS AZD0424 displayed no evidence of efficacy as monotherapy despite a clear pharmacodynamic effect. Further evaluation of AZD0424 monotherapy in patients with solid tumours is not recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria K Woodcock
- University of Oxford Department of Oncology, Churchill Hospital, Old Road, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Sally Clive
- Edinburgh Cancer Centre, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Richard H Wilson
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7AE, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Vicky M Coyle
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7AE, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Michael R L Stratford
- Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Lisa K Folkes
- Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Richard Eastell
- Academic Unit of Bone Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Claire Barton
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Drug Development, Cancer Research UK, Angel Building, 407 St. John Street, London EC1V 4AD, UK
| | - Paul Jones
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Drug Development, Cancer Research UK, Angel Building, 407 St. John Street, London EC1V 4AD, UK
| | - Shamim Kazmi-Stokes
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Drug Development, Cancer Research UK, Angel Building, 407 St. John Street, London EC1V 4AD, UK
| | - Helen Turner
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Drug Development, Cancer Research UK, Angel Building, 407 St. John Street, London EC1V 4AD, UK
| | - Sarah Halford
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Drug Development, Cancer Research UK, Angel Building, 407 St. John Street, London EC1V 4AD, UK
| | - Adrian L Harris
- University of Oxford Department of Oncology, Churchill Hospital, Old Road, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Mark R Middleton
- University of Oxford Department of Oncology, Churchill Hospital, Old Road, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
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3
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Groselj B, Ruan JL, Scott H, Gorrill J, Nicholson J, Kelly J, Anbalagan S, Thompson J, Stratford MRL, Jevons SJ, Hammond EM, Scudamore CL, Kerr M, Kiltie AE. Radiosensitization In Vivo by Histone Deacetylase Inhibition with No Increase in Early Normal Tissue Radiation Toxicity. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 17:381-392. [PMID: 28839000 PMCID: PMC5712223 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
As the population ages, more elderly patients require radiotherapy-based treatment for their pelvic malignancies, including muscle-invasive bladder cancer, as they are unfit for major surgery. Therefore, there is an urgent need to find radiosensitizing agents minimally toxic to normal tissues, including bowel and bladder, for such patients. We developed methods to determine normal tissue toxicity severity in intestine and bladder in vivo, using novel radiotherapy techniques on a small animal radiation research platform (SARRP). The effects of panobinostat on in vivo tumor growth delay were evaluated using subcutaneous xenografts in athymic nude mice. Panobinostat concentration levels in xenografts, plasma, and normal tissues were measured in CD1-nude mice. CD1-nude mice were treated with drug/irradiation combinations to assess acute normal tissue effects in small intestine using the intestinal crypt assay, and later effects in small and large intestine at 11 weeks by stool assessment and at 12 weeks by histologic examination. In vitro effects of panobinostat were assessed by qPCR and of panobinostat, TMP195, and mocetinostat by clonogenic assay, and Western blot analysis. Panobinostat resulted in growth delay in RT112 bladder cancer xenografts but did not significantly increase acute (3.75 days) or 12 weeks' normal tissue radiation toxicity. Radiosensitization by panobinostat was effective in hypoxic bladder cancer cells and associated with class I HDAC inhibition, and protein downregulation of HDAC2 and MRE11. Pan-HDAC inhibition is a promising strategy for radiosensitization, but more selective agents may be more useful radiosensitizers clinically, resulting in fewer systemic side effects. Mol Cancer Ther; 17(2); 381-92. ©2017 AACRSee all articles in this MCT Focus section, "Developmental Therapeutics in Radiation Oncology."
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaz Groselj
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jia-Ling Ruan
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Scott
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Gorrill
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Judith Nicholson
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jacqueline Kelly
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Selvakumar Anbalagan
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - James Thompson
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michael R L Stratford
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah J Jevons
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ester M Hammond
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Cheryl L Scudamore
- Mary Lyons Centre MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Kerr
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anne E Kiltie
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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4
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Land EJ, Ramsden CA, Riley PA, Stratford MRL. Investigation of the anomalous action of 5-hydroxyresorcinol on tyrosinase. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2016; 29:474-6. [PMID: 27166874 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Land
- Lennard Jones Laboratories, School of Physical and Geographical Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Christopher A Ramsden
- Lennard Jones Laboratories, School of Physical and Geographical Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, UK
| | | | - Michael R L Stratford
- Department of Oncology, Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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5
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O'Connor LJ, Cazares-Körner C, Saha J, Evans CNG, Stratford MRL, Hammond EM, Conway SJ. Design, synthesis and evaluation of molecularly targeted hypoxia-activated prodrugs. Nat Protoc 2016; 11:781-94. [PMID: 27010756 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2016.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Regions of insufficient oxygen supply-hypoxia-occur in diverse contexts across biology in both healthy and diseased organisms. The difference in the chemical environment between a hypoxic biological system and one with normal oxygen levels provides an opportunity for targeting compound delivery to hypoxic regions by using bioreductive prodrugs. Here we detail a protocol for the efficient synthesis of (1-methyl-2-nitro-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methanol, which is a key intermediate that can be converted into a range of 1-methyl-2-nitro-1H-imidazole-based precursors of bioreductive prodrugs. We outline methods for attaching the bioreductive group to a range of functionalities, and we discuss the strategy for positioning of the group on the biologically active parent compound. We have used two parent checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) inhibitors to exemplify the protocol. The PROCEDURE also describes a suite of reduction assays, of increasing biological relevance, to validate the bioreductive prodrug. These assays are applied to an exemplar compound, CH-01, which is a bioreductive Chk1 inhibitor. This protocol has broad applications to the development of hypoxia-targeted compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam J O'Connor
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Research UK (CRUK)/Medical Research Council (MRC) Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Cindy Cazares-Körner
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Research UK (CRUK)/Medical Research Council (MRC) Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jaideep Saha
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Charles N G Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Research UK (CRUK)/Medical Research Council (MRC) Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Michael R L Stratford
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Research UK (CRUK)/Medical Research Council (MRC) Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ester M Hammond
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Research UK (CRUK)/Medical Research Council (MRC) Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stuart J Conway
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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6
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Knight JC, Mosley M, Stratford MRL, Uyeda HT, Benink HA, Cong M, Fan F, Faulkner S, Cornelissen B. Development of an enzymatic pretargeting strategy for dual-modality imaging. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:4055-8. [PMID: 25660394 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc10265g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2024]
Abstract
A pretargeted imaging strategy based on the HaloTag dehalogenase enzyme is described. Here, a HaloTag-Trastuzumab conjugate has been used as the primary agent targeting HER2 expression, and three new radiolabelled HaloTag ligands have been used as secondary agents, two of which offer dual-modality (SPECT/optical) imaging capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Knight
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.
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Townley HE, Zheng Y, Goldsmith J, Zheng YY, Stratford MRL, Dobson PJ, Ahmed AA. A novel biosensor for quantitative monitoring of on-target activity of paclitaxel. Nanoscale 2015; 7:1127-1135. [PMID: 25483994 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr01105h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study describes a system for quantifying paclitaxel activity using the C-terminus of α-tubulin as a biomarker. Following stabilization of microtubules with paclitaxel, a specific detyrosination reaction occurs at the C-terminus of α-tubulin which could be used to assess efficacy. A fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) based biosensor was synthesized comprising a short peptide that corresponded to the C-terminus of α-tubulin, a fluorophore (Abz), and a quencher (Dnp). The fluorophore added to the end of the peptide can be released upon enzymatic detyrosination. In addition, a single fluorophore-tagged peptide was also conjugated to mesoporous silica nanoparticles to examine the feasibility of combining the drug with the peptide biomarker. As a proof of concept, we found that the degree of peptide cleavage, and therefore enzymatic activity, was directly correlated with exogenous bovine carboxypeptidase (CPA) an enzyme that mimics endogenous detyrosination. In addition, we show that cell lysates obtained from paclitaxel-treated cancer cells competed with exogenous CPA for biosensor cleavage in a paclitaxel dose-dependent manner. Our work provides strong evidence for the feasibility of combining paclitaxel with a novel biosensor in a multi-load nanoparticle.
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Affiliation(s)
- H E Townley
- Department of Engineering Sciences, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK.
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8
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Wong PP, Demircioglu F, Ghazaly E, Alrawashdeh W, Stratford MRL, Scudamore CL, Cereser B, Crnogorac-Jurcevic T, McDonald S, Elia G, Hagemann T, Kocher HM, Hodivala-Dilke KM. Dual-action combination therapy enhances angiogenesis while reducing tumor growth and spread. Cancer Cell 2015; 27:123-37. [PMID: 25584895 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2014.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Increasing chemotherapy delivery to tumors, while enhancing drug uptake and reducing side effects, is a primary goal of cancer research. In mouse and human cancer models in vivo, we show that coadministration of low-dose Cilengitide and Verapamil increases tumor angiogenesis, leakiness, blood flow, and Gemcitabine delivery. This approach reduces tumor growth, metastasis, and minimizes side effects while extending survival. At a molecular level, this strategy alters Gemcitabine transporter and metabolizing enzyme expression levels, enhancing the potency of Gemcitabine within tumor cells in vivo and in vitro. Thus, the dual action of low-dose Cilengitide, in vessels and tumor cells, improves chemotherapy efficacy. Overall, our data demonstrate that vascular promotion therapy is a means to improve cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Pui Wong
- Centre for Tumor Biology, Barts Cancer Institute-a CR-UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Fevzi Demircioglu
- Centre for Tumor Biology, Barts Cancer Institute-a CR-UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Essam Ghazaly
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute-a CR-UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Wasfi Alrawashdeh
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute-a CR-UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Michael R L Stratford
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Cheryl L Scudamore
- Mary Lyon Centre, MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Biancastella Cereser
- Centre for Tumor Biology, Barts Cancer Institute-a CR-UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Tatjana Crnogorac-Jurcevic
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute-a CR-UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Stuart McDonald
- Centre for Tumor Biology, Barts Cancer Institute-a CR-UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - George Elia
- Centre for Tumor Biology, Barts Cancer Institute-a CR-UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Thorsten Hagemann
- Centre for Cancer Inflammation, Barts Cancer Institute-a CR-UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; Barts and the London HPB Centre, The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London E1 1BB, UK
| | - Hemant M Kocher
- Centre for Tumor Biology, Barts Cancer Institute-a CR-UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; Barts and the London HPB Centre, The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London E1 1BB, UK
| | - Kairbaan M Hodivala-Dilke
- Centre for Tumor Biology, Barts Cancer Institute-a CR-UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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O'Connor LJ, Cazares-Körner C, Saha J, Evans CNG, Stratford MRL, Hammond EM, Conway SJ. Efficient synthesis of 2-nitroimidazole derivatives and the bioreductive clinical candidate Evofosfamide (TH-302). Org Chem Front 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5qo00211g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We describe an improved synthesis of the 2-nitroimidazole bioreductive group; this method is used to synthesise the anti-cancer drug Evofosfamide (TH-302.)
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam J. O'Connor
- Department of Chemistry
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- University of Oxford
- Oxford
- UK
| | - Cindy Cazares-Körner
- Department of Chemistry
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- University of Oxford
- Oxford
- UK
| | - Jaideep Saha
- Department of Chemistry
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- University of Oxford
- Oxford
- UK
| | - Charles N. G. Evans
- Department of Chemistry
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- University of Oxford
- Oxford
- UK
| | - Michael R. L. Stratford
- Cancer Research UK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology
- Department of Oncology
- University of Oxford
- Oxford
- UK
| | - Ester M. Hammond
- Cancer Research UK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology
- Department of Oncology
- University of Oxford
- Oxford
- UK
| | - Stuart J. Conway
- Department of Chemistry
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- University of Oxford
- Oxford
- UK
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Kerr M, Scott HE, Groselj B, Stratford MRL, Karaszi K, Sharma NL, Kiltie AE. Deoxycytidine kinase expression underpins response to gemcitabine in bladder cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:5435-45. [PMID: 25224279 PMCID: PMC4216732 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-0542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In a recent phase II clinical trial, low-dose (100 mg/m(2)) gemcitabine showed promise as a radiosensitizer in bladder cancer, but underlying mechanisms lack elucidation. Here, we investigated the mechanism of radiosensitization by low-dose gemcitabine in bladder cancer cell lines. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Four bladder cancer cell lines were screened for radiosensitization by low-dose gemcitabine using clonogenic assay, and gemcitabine-resistant RT112gem and CALgem cells created by exposure to increasing gemcitabine doses. Four key gemcitabine-regulatory genes were knocked down by transient siRNA. Nude mice carrying CALgem subcutaneous xenografts were exposed to 100 mg/kg gemcitabine ± ionizing radiation (IR) and response assessed by tumor growth delay. RESULTS Gemcitabine was cytotoxic in the low nanomolar range (10-40 nmol/L) in four bladder cancer cell lines and radiosensitized all four lines. Sensitizer enhancement ratios at 10% survival were: RT112 1.42, CAL29 1.55, T24 1.63, and VMCUB1 1.47. Transient siRNA knockdown of deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) significantly reduced radiosensitization by gemcitabine (P = 0.02). RT112gem and CALgem cells displayed robust decreases of dCK mRNA and protein levels; reexpression of dCK restored gemcitabine sensitivity. However, CALgem xenografts responded better to combination gemcitabine/IR than either treatment alone (P < 0.001) with dCK strongly expressed in the tumor vasculature and stroma. CONCLUSIONS Gemcitabine resistance in bladder cancer cell lines was associated with decreased dCK expression, but gemcitabine-resistant xenografts were responsive to combination low-dose gemcitabine/IR. We propose that dCK activity in tumor vasculature renders it gemcitabine sensitive, which is sufficient to invoke a tumor response and permit tumor cell kill in gemcitabine-resistant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kerr
- Department of Oncology, CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology and
| | - Helen E Scott
- Department of Oncology, CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology and Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Blaz Groselj
- Department of Oncology, CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology and
| | | | - Katalin Karaszi
- Department of Oncology, CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology and Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Naomi L Sharma
- Department of Oncology, CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology and Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anne E Kiltie
- Department of Oncology, CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology and
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Stratford MRL, Riley PA, Ramsden CA. Rapid Halogen Substitution and Dibenzodioxin Formation during Tyrosinase-Catalyzed Oxidation of 4-Halocatechols. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 24:350-6. [DOI: 10.1021/tx100315n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. L. Stratford
- Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology & Biology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, U.K
| | - Patrick A. Riley
- Totteridge Institute for Advanced Studies, The Grange, Grange Avenue, London N20 8AB, U.K
| | - Christopher A. Ramsden
- Lennard-Jones Laboratories, School of Physical and Geographical Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, U.K
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12
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Meyer T, Gaya AM, Dancey G, Stratford MRL, Othman S, Sharma SK, Wellsted D, Taylor NJ, Stirling JJ, Poupard L, Folkes LK, Chan PS, Pedley RB, Chester KA, Owen K, Violet JA, Malaroda A, Green AJ, Buscombe J, Padhani AR, Rustin GJ, Begent RH. A phase I trial of radioimmunotherapy with 131I-A5B7 anti-CEA antibody in combination with combretastatin-A4-phosphate in advanced gastrointestinal carcinomas. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:4484-92. [PMID: 19549771 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In preclinical models, radioimmunotherapy with (131)I-A5B7 anti-carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) antibody ((131)I-A5B7) combined with the vascular disruptive agent combretastatin-A4-phosphate (CA4P) produced cures unlike either agent alone. We conducted a phase I trial determining the dose-limiting toxicity (DLT), maximum tolerated dose, efficacy, and mechanism of this combination in patients with gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Patients had CEA of 10 to 1,000 microg/L, QTc < or =450 ms, no cardiac arrhythmia/ischaemia, and adequate hematology/biochemistry. Tumor was suitable for blood flow analysis by dynamic contrast enhanced-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The starting dose was 1,800 MBq/m(2) of (131)I-A5B7 on day 1 and 45 mg/m(2) CA4P given 48 and 72 hours post-(131)I-A5B7, then weekly for up to seven weeks. RESULTS Twelve patients were treated, with mean age of 63 years (range, 32-77). Two of six patients at the first dose level had DLTs (grade 4 neutropenia). The dose was reduced to 1,600 MBq/m(2), and CA4P escalated to 54 mg/m(2). Again, two of six patients had DLTs (neutropenia). Of ten assessable patients, three had stable disease and seven had progressive disease. Single-photon emission computed tomography confirmed tumor antibody uptake in all 10 patients. DCE-MRI confirmed falls in kinetic parameters (K(trans)/IAUGC(60)) in 9 of 12 patients. The change of both pharmacokinetic parameters reached a level expected to produce efficacy in one patient who had a minor response on computed tomography and a reduced serum tumor marker level. CONCLUSIONS This is believed to be the first trial reporting the combination of radioimmunotherapy and vascular disruptive agent; each component was shown to function, and myelosuppression was dose-limiting. Optimal dose and timing of CA4P, and moderate improvements in the performance of radioimmunotherapy seem necessary for efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Meyer
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, United Kingdom.
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13
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Ramsden CA, Stratford MRL, Riley PA. The influence of catechol structure on the suicide-inactivation of tyrosinase. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:3388-90. [DOI: 10.1039/b910500j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Land EJ, Ramsden CA, Riley PA, Stratford MRL. Studies of para-quinomethane formation during the tyrosinase-catalyzed oxidation of 4-alkylcatechols. ARKIVOC 2008. [DOI: 10.3998/ark.5550190.0009.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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15
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Stratford MRL. Enhanced fluorescence detection of cis-combretastatins by post-column photolysis. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1181:162-5. [PMID: 18199444 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.12.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2007] [Revised: 12/13/2007] [Accepted: 12/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A method is described to enhance the sensitivity of fluorescence detection of cis-combretastatins using a short post-column photolysis coil with a mercury lamp, by inducing the rapid conversion to the trans isomer. Although all the compounds studied showed enhanced fluorescence after photolysis, there were large differences in the absolute level, with the inherent response of the catechol CA1 being much lower than the corresponding phenolic CA4. Brief exposure to the deuterium lamp in a photodiode array detector also resulted in significant enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R L Stratford
- University of Oxford, Gray Cancer Institute, PO Box 100, Mount Vernon Hospital, Northwood, Middlesex HA6 2JR, UK.
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16
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Folkes LK, Christlieb M, Madej E, Stratford MRL, Wardman P. Oxidative Metabolism of Combretastatin A-1 Produces Quinone Intermediates with the Potential To Bind to Nucleophiles and To Enhance Oxidative Stress via Free Radicals. Chem Res Toxicol 2007; 20:1885-94. [DOI: 10.1021/tx7002195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa K. Folkes
- University of Oxford, Gray Cancer Institute, P.O. Box 100, Mount Vernon Hospital, Northwood, Middlesex HA6 2JR, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Christlieb
- University of Oxford, Gray Cancer Institute, P.O. Box 100, Mount Vernon Hospital, Northwood, Middlesex HA6 2JR, United Kingdom
| | - Edyta Madej
- University of Oxford, Gray Cancer Institute, P.O. Box 100, Mount Vernon Hospital, Northwood, Middlesex HA6 2JR, United Kingdom
| | - Michael R. L. Stratford
- University of Oxford, Gray Cancer Institute, P.O. Box 100, Mount Vernon Hospital, Northwood, Middlesex HA6 2JR, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Wardman
- University of Oxford, Gray Cancer Institute, P.O. Box 100, Mount Vernon Hospital, Northwood, Middlesex HA6 2JR, United Kingdom
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17
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Thomson P, Naylor MA, Stratford MRL, Lewis G, Hill S, Patel KB, Wardman P, Davis PD. Hypoxia-driven elimination of thiopurines from their nitrobenzyl prodrugs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:4320-2. [PMID: 17517505 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2007] [Revised: 05/05/2007] [Accepted: 05/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel bioreductive prodrug of 6-thioguanine, 2-amino-6-[2-(4-nitrophenyl)prop-2-ylsulfanyl]-9H-purine, containing a gem-dimethyl thioether linkage, was synthesised and compared with its unsubstituted analogue. In A549 whole cell experiments hypoxia selective release of 6-thioguanine was observed with the substituted prodrug only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Thomson
- University of Oxford, Gray Cancer Institute, Mount Vernon Hospital, Northwood, Middlesex HA6 2JR, UK.
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18
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Thomson P, Naylor MA, Everett SA, Stratford MRL, Lewis G, Hill S, Patel KB, Wardman P, Davis PD. Synthesis and biological properties of bioreductively targeted nitrothienyl prodrugs of combretastatin A-4. Mol Cancer Ther 2007; 5:2886-94. [PMID: 17121936 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-06-0429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nitrothienylprop-2-yl ether formation on the 3'-phenolic position of combretastatin A-4 (1) abolishes the cytotoxicity and tubulin polymerization-inhibitory effects of the drug. 5-Nitrothiophene derivatives of 1 were synthesized following model kinetic studies with analogous coumarin derivatives, and of these, compound 13 represents a promising new lead in bioreductively targeted cytotoxic anticancer therapies. In this compound, optimized gem-dimethyl alpha-carbon substitution enhances both the aerobic metabolic stability and the efficiency of hypoxia-mediated drug release. Only the gem-substituted derivative 13 released 1 under anoxia in either in vitro whole-cell experiments or supersomal suspensions. The rate of release of 1 from the radical anions of these prodrugs is enhanced by greater methyl substitution on the alpha-carbon. Cellular and supersomal studies showed that this alpha-substitution pattern controls the useful range of oxygen concentrations over which 1 can be effectively released by the prodrug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Thomson
- Gray Cancer Institute, University of Oxford, Mount Vernon Hospital, Northwood, Middlesex, United Kingdom.
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19
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Rojas A, Stratford MRL, Bentzen SM, Denekamp J. Is sensitization with nicotinamide and carbogen dependent on nicotinamide concentration at the time of irradiation? Int J Radiat Biol 2004; 80:499-506. [PMID: 15360088 DOI: 10.1080/09553000410001724199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether tumour radiosensitization and the therapeutic benefit of administering carbogen with nicotinamide depend upon irradiating at the time of peak drug concentration. MATERIALS AND METHODS Local tumour control of CaNT tumours in CBA mice and acute skin reactions in albino WHT mice were assessed after treatment with 10 X-ray fractions in air, carbogen alone or combined with 0.1, 0.2 or 0.5 mg g(-1) nicotinamide, injected 15, 30 or 60 min before irradiation. Plasma and tumour drug pharmacokinetics were performed. RESULTS Nicotinamide was rapidly taken up into tumours; a six- and threefold higher concentration was obtained with 0.5 mg g(-1) compared with 0.1 and 0.2 mg g(-1), respectively. Tumour, but not skin, radiosensitization increased as the dose of nicotinamide increased (p = 0.03), but at each dose level there was no significant difference in radiosensitivity when irradiations were done at or after the time of peak concentration. An almost eightfold increase in plasma levels increased tumour enhancement ratios from 1.74 to 1.92 (p < 0.0001). In tumours all schedules gave significant enhancement relative to carbogen alone (p < or = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Tumour and skin radiosensitivity was independent of time of nicotinamide administration. Higher drug concentrations were not mirrored by proportionally higher enhancement ratios. Lower plasma levels than previously suggested significantly enhanced tumour radiosensitivity relative to carbogen alone. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rojas
- Translational Research Unit of Oncology and Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
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20
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Davis PD, Dougherty GJ, Blakey DC, Galbraith SM, Tozer GM, Holder AL, Naylor MA, Nolan J, Stratford MRL, Chaplin DJ, Hill SA. ZD6126: a novel vascular-targeting agent that causes selective destruction of tumor vasculature. Cancer Res 2002; 62:7247-53. [PMID: 12499266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
Physiological differences between tumor and normal vasculature provide a target for drug discovery. In particular, the immature nature of tumor vasculature may render it intrinsically sensitive to disruption by agents affecting the endothelial cell cytoskeleton, including tubulin-binding agents. In this article, we report the synthesis of a water-soluble phosphate prodrug, ZD6126, of the tubulin-binding agent N-acetylcolchinol. In vitro studies demonstrate the comparative tubulin-binding properties of the prodrug and active drug, and show the induction of pronounced, reversible changes in endothelial cell morphology at subcytotoxic doses. Neither ZD6126 nor N-acetylcolchinol showed effects on the growth of human umbilical vein endothelial cells at concentrations below 100 micro M. In contrast, changes in endothelial cell morphology were seen at much lower, noncytotoxic concentrations (0.1 micro M) of ZD6126 and more pronounced effects were seen in proliferating versus confluent endothelial cell cultures. In vivo studies were carried out using a murine tumor model (CaNT) with single administration of a dose well below the maximum tolerated dose. These studies showed a large reduction in vascular volume, induction of extensive necrosis in tumors, and a reduced tumor cell yield in a clonal excision assay, consistent with vascular rather than cytotoxic effects. A viable rim of tumor remained after single-dose administration and minimal growth delay was observed. However, well-tolerated, multiple administration regimens led to pronounced tumor-growth delay. In the human xenograft FaDu, the growth delay given by a single dose of paclitaxel was enhanced by combination with a single dose of ZD6126, and the growth delay given by the combination was greater than the sum of the growth delays from the individual treatments. These findings show that ZD6126 is a promising antivascular agent for the treatment of solid tumors.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/blood supply
- Adenocarcinoma/drug therapy
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/chemical synthesis
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/blood supply
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Cattle
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Colchicine/analogs & derivatives
- Colchicine/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Female
- Humans
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/blood supply
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Mice, SCID
- Necrosis
- Neoplasms, Experimental/blood supply
- Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/drug therapy
- Organophosphorus Compounds/chemical synthesis
- Organophosphorus Compounds/pharmacokinetics
- Organophosphorus Compounds/pharmacology
- Pharyngeal Neoplasms/blood supply
- Pharyngeal Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Pharyngeal Neoplasms/pathology
- Prodrugs/chemical synthesis
- Prodrugs/pharmacokinetics
- Prodrugs/pharmacology
- Protein Binding
- Tubulin/metabolism
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Davis
- Angiogene Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Oxford Science Park, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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21
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Prise VE, Honess DJ, Stratford MRL, Wilson J, Tozer GM. The vascular response of tumor and normal tissues in the rat to the vascular targeting agent, combretastatin A-4-phosphate, at clinically relevant doses. Int J Oncol 2002; 21:717-26. [PMID: 12239609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The antivascular actions of disodium combretastatin A-4 3-O-phosphate (CA-4-P) were investigated in the rat P22 carcinosarcoma after single doses of 10 or 30 mg x kg(-1). Pharmacokinetic data showed that 10 mg x kg(-1) in the rat gave a plasma exposure similar to that achieved in the clinic. Blood flow rate to the tumor and normal tissues was measured using the uptake of radiolabelled iodoantipyrine (IAP). Quantitative autoradiography was used to determine changes in spatial distribution of tumor blood flow. Both doses caused an increase in mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) and a reduction in heart rate 1 h after treatment. Blood flow rate to the tumor decreased to below 15% of control for both doses at 1 h, whereas the normal tissues were much less affected. A further reduction (to 2% of control at 6 h) was found for 30 mg x kg(-1). Recovery was essentially complete by 24 h for both doses. Vascular resistance increased 80-fold in tumor at 6 h after 30 mg x kg(-1), compared with a maximum 5-fold increase in normal tissues. Analysis of the spatial distribution of tumor blood flow illustrated an overall reduction in all areas of the tumor at 1 h after 10 mg x kg(-1), with a tendency for blood flow in the peripheral regions of the tumor to recover more quickly than in central regions. Tumor blood flow reduction was related to vascular damage including vessel distension, coagulation and haemorrhage, and tumor cell damage culminating in necrosis. No pathology was evident in any of the normal tissues following treatment. The data provide an insight into the mechanisms underlying tissue blood flow changes occurring after clinically relevant doses of CA-4-P. It is currently being used to aid interpretation of pharmacodynamic data obtained from phase I/II clinical trials of CA-4-P and is relevant for future drug development in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien E Prise
- Tumor Microcirculation Group, Gray Cancer Institute, Mount Vernon Hospital, Northwood, Middx HA6 2JR, UK
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22
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Bussink J, Stratford MRL, van der Kogel AJ, Folkes LK, Kaanders JHAM. Pharmacology and toxicity of nicotinamide combined with domperidone during fractionated radiotherapy. Radiother Oncol 2002; 63:285-91. [PMID: 12142092 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(02)00072-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Treatment of head and neck tumors by the ARCON regimen has yielded high local control rates. As a result of this treatment intensification there was some increase in mainly acute toxicity of radiotherapy, but nicotinamide by itself has specific side effects such as nausea and vomiting. Due to these side effects and with the initial dose of 80 mg/kg, 31% of the patients discontinued nicotinamide intake. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of a dose reduction to 60 mg/kg, and the addition of domperidone on the side effects of nicotinamide and its pharmacokinetic profile. PATIENTS AND METHODS In 22 patients blood plasma nicotinamide levels were determined after intake of 60 mg/kg nicotinamide. A next group of 87 patients received 60 mg/kg nicotinamide in combination with domperidone. In ten of these patients blood plasma nicotinamide levels were also determined. A full pharmacokinetic profile was constructed over the first 24 h after intake of the first drug dose. Furthermore, daily plasma levels at 1 h after nicotinamide intake was determined in the first and last weeks of radiotherapy. All patients were treated according to the ARCON schedule. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The mean maximum plasma nicotinamide concentration was 793 nmol/ml without domperidone and 776 nmol/ml with domperidone. The median time at which the maximum concentration occurred was not significantly different for 60 mg/kg nicotinamide without or with domperidone (0.46 versus 0.54 h). The side effects were drastically reduced if nicotinamide was accompanied by domperidone. The percentage of patients that stopped nicotinamide intake was reduced from 32% without domperidone to 14% with domperidone. No correlation was found between the plasma peak concentrations of nicotinamide and the severity of side effects. CONCLUSION The currently used dose of 60 mg/kg nicotinamide results in a 30% reduction in peak plasma concentrations compared with 80 mg/kg nicotinamide. If nicotinamide was given in combination with domperidone, 86% of the patients continued the nicotinamide medication until the end of the treatment period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Bussink
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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23
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Everett SA, Swann E, Naylor MA, Stratford MRL, Patel KB, Tian N, Newman RG, Vojnovic B, Moody CJ, Wardman P. Modifying rates of reductive elimination of leaving groups from indolequinone prodrugs: a key factor in controlling hypoxia-selective drug release. Biochem Pharmacol 2002; 63:1629-39. [PMID: 12007566 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(02)00885-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
3-(4-Methylcoumarin-7-yloxy)methylindole-4,7-diones were synthesised as model prodrugs in order to investigate the correlation between rates of reductive elimination from the (indolyl-3-yl)methyl position with reductive metabolism by hypoxic tumor cells and NADPH: cytochrome P450. Rates of elimination of the chromophore/fluorophore (7-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin) following one-electron reduction of indolequinones to their semiquinone radicals (Q*-) was measured by pulse radiolysis utilising spectrophotometric and fluorometric detection. Incorporation of a thienyl or methyl substituent at the (indol-3-yl)CHR-position (where R=thienyl or methyl adjacent to the phenolic ether linking bond) significantly shortened the half-life of reductive elimination from 87 to 6 and 2 ms, respectively. Elimination from the methyl substituted analogue can thus compete effectively with the reaction of the semiquinone radical with oxygen at levels typically present in tumours (half-life approximately 1.8 ms at 0.5% O2). Chemical kinetic predictions were confirmed by metabolism in breast tumour MCF-7 cells between 0-2.1% O2. Rates of reductive release of the fluorophore from the non-fluorescent parent indolequinones (R=H, Me, thienyl) were similar under anoxia ( approximately 1.7 nmol coumarinmin(-1)mg protein(-1)) reflecting the similarity in one-electron reduction potential. Whereas coumarin release from the indolequinone (R=H) was completely inhibited above 0.5% O2, the enhanced rate of reductive elimination when R=thienyl or Me increased the metabolic rate of release to approximately 0.35 and 0.7 nmol coumarinmin(-1)mg protein(-1), respectively at 0.5% O2; complete inhibition occurring by 2.1% O2. Similar 'oxygen profiles' of release were observed with NADPH: cytochrome P450 reductase. In conclusion, it is possible to modify rates of reductive elimination from indolequinones to control the release of drugs over a range of tumour hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Everett
- Gray Cancer Institute, Mount Vernon Hospital, Middlesex HA6 2JR, Northwood, UK.
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24
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Candeias LP, Folkes LK, Dennis MF, Patel KB, Everett SA, Stratford MRL, Wardman P. Free-Radical Intermediates and Stable Products in the Oxidation of Indole-3-acetic acid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/j100091a031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Patel KB, Stratford MRL, Wardman P, Everett SA. Oxidation of tetrahydrobiopterin by biological radicals and scavenging of the trihydrobiopterin radical by ascorbate. Free Radic Biol Med 2002; 32:203-11. [PMID: 11827745 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(01)00777-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
One-electron oxidation of (6R)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin (H(4)B) by the azide radical generates the radical cation (H(4)B(*)(+)) which rapidly deprotonates at physiological pH to give the neutral trihydrobiopterin radical (H(3)B(*)); pK(a) (H(4)B(*)(+) <==> H(3)B(*) + H(+)) = (5.2 +/- 0.1). In the absence of ascorbate both the H(4)B(*)(+) and H(3)B(*) radicals undergo disproportionation to form quinonoid dihydrobiopterin (qH(2)B) and the parent H(4)B with rate constants k(H(4)B(*)(+) + H(4)B(*)(+)) = 6.5 x 10(3) M(-1) s(-1) and k(H(3)B(*) + H(3)B(*)) = 9.3 x 10(4) M(-1) s(-1), respectively. The H(3)B(*) radical is scavenged by ascorbate (AscH(-)) with an estimated rate constant of k(H(3)B(*) + AscH(-)) similar 1.7 x 10(5) M(-1) s(-1). At physiological pH the pterin rapidly scavenges a range of biological oxidants often associated with cellular oxidative stress and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) dysfunction including hydroxyl ((*)OH), nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)(*)), glutathione thiyl (GS(*)), and carbonate (CO(3)(*-)) radicals. Without exception these radicals react appreciably faster with H(4)B than with AscH(-) with k(*OH + H(4)B) = 8.8 x 10(9) M(-1) s(-1), k(NO(2)(*) + H(4)B) = 9.4 x 10(8) M(-1) s(-1), k(CO(3)(*-) + H(4)B) = 4.6 x 10(9) M(-1) s(-1), and k(GS(*) + H(4)B) = 1.1 x 10(9) M(-1) s(-1), respectively. The glutathione disulfide radical anion (GSSG(*-)) rapidly reduces the pterin to the tetrahydrobiopterin radical anion (H(4)B(*-)) with a rate constant of k(GSSG(*-) + H(4)B) similar 4.5 x 10(8) M(-1) s(-1). The results are discussed in the context of the general antioxidant properties of the pterin and the redox role played by H(4)B in NOS catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kantilal B Patel
- Gray Cancer Institute, Mount Vernon Hospital, Northwood, Middlesex, UK
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26
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Folkes LK, Greco O, Dachs GU, Stratford MRL, Wardman P. 5-Fluoroindole-3-acetic acid: a prodrug activated by a peroxidase with potential for use in targeted cancer therapy. Biochem Pharmacol 2002; 63:265-72. [PMID: 11841802 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(01)00868-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Indole-3-acetic acid and some derivatives are oxidized by horseradish peroxidase, forming a radical-cation that rapidly fragments (eliminating CO(2)) to form cytotoxic products. No toxicity is seen when either indole-3-acetic acid or horseradish peroxidase is incubated alone at concentrations that together form potent cytotoxins. Unexpectedly, 5-fluoroindole-3-acetic acid, which is oxidized by horseradish peroxidase compound I 10-fold more slowly than indole-3-acetic acid, is much more cytotoxic towards V79 hamster fibroblasts in the presence of peroxidase than the unsubstituted indole. The fluorinated prodrug/peroxidase combination also shows potent cytotoxic activity in human and rodent tumor cell lines. Cytotoxicity is thought to arise in part from the formation of 3-methylene-2-oxindole (or analogues) that can conjugate with thiols and probably DNA or other biological nucleophiles. Levels of the fluorinated prodrug in the murine carcinoma NT after intraperitoneal administration of 50 mg/kg were about 200 microM. Although these were 4-5-fold lower than plasma levels (which reached 1mM), the integrated area under the concentration/time curve in tumors over 2 hr was approximately 20 mM min, almost double the exposure needed to achieve approximately 90-99% cell kill in human MCF7 breast or HT29 colon tumor cell lines and CaNT murine cells in vitro, although the human bladder T24 carcinoma cell line was more resistant. The high cytotoxicity of 5-fluoroindole-3-acetic acid after oxidative activation suggests its further evaluation as a prodrug for targeted cancer therapy involving antibody-, polymer-, or gene-directed delivery of horseradish peroxidase or similar activating enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa K Folkes
- Gray Cancer Institute, Mount Vernon Hospital, P.O. Box 100, Northwood, HA6 2JR, Middlesex, UK
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Swann E, Moody CJ, Stratford MRL, Patel KB, Naylor MA, Vojnovic B, Wardman P, Everett SA. Rates of reductive elimination of substituted nitrophenols from the (indol-3-yl)methyl position of indolequinones. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1039/b101842f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Everett SA, Naylor MA, Barraja P, Swann E, Patel KB, Stratford MRL, Hudnott AR, Vojnovic B, Locke RJ, Wardman P, Moody CJ. Controlling the rates of reductively-activated elimination from the (indol-3-yl)methyl position of indolequinones. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1039/b009652k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Bean JM, Archer GE, Munley MT, Ong E, Snyder SA, Haroon ZA, McLendon RE, Marks LB, Stratford MRL, Chaplin DJ, Brizel DM, Bigner DD, Dewhirst MW. 2013 The impact of hypoxia and oxygenation modification on the radiation response of an intracranial rat glioma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0360-3016(97)80782-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Priyadarsini KI, Dennis MF, Naylor MA, Stratford MRL, Wardman P. Free Radical Intermediates in the Reduction of Quinoxaline N-Oxide Antitumor Drugs: Redox and Prototropic Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ja953761o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Indira Priyadarsini
- Contribution from the Gray Laboratory Cancer Research Trust, Mount Vernon Hospital, P.O. Box 100, Northwood, Middlesex HA6 2JR, U.K., Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai-400085, India, and MRC Radiobiology Unit, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 ORD, U.K
| | - Madeleine F. Dennis
- Contribution from the Gray Laboratory Cancer Research Trust, Mount Vernon Hospital, P.O. Box 100, Northwood, Middlesex HA6 2JR, U.K., Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai-400085, India, and MRC Radiobiology Unit, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 ORD, U.K
| | - Matthew A. Naylor
- Contribution from the Gray Laboratory Cancer Research Trust, Mount Vernon Hospital, P.O. Box 100, Northwood, Middlesex HA6 2JR, U.K., Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai-400085, India, and MRC Radiobiology Unit, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 ORD, U.K
| | - Michael R. L. Stratford
- Contribution from the Gray Laboratory Cancer Research Trust, Mount Vernon Hospital, P.O. Box 100, Northwood, Middlesex HA6 2JR, U.K., Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai-400085, India, and MRC Radiobiology Unit, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 ORD, U.K
| | - Peter Wardman
- Contribution from the Gray Laboratory Cancer Research Trust, Mount Vernon Hospital, P.O. Box 100, Northwood, Middlesex HA6 2JR, U.K., Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai-400085, India, and MRC Radiobiology Unit, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 ORD, U.K
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Anderson RF, Patel KB, Stratford MRL. Radical spectra and product distribution following electrophilic attack by the OH˙ radical on 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and subsequent oxidation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1039/f19878303177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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