51
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Guennewig B, Bitar M, Obiorah I, Hanks J, O’Brien EA, Kaczorowski DC, Hurd YL, Roussos P, Brennand KJ, Barry G. THC exposure of human iPSC neurons impacts genes associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:89. [PMID: 29691375 PMCID: PMC5915454 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0137-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a strong association between cannabis use and schizophrenia but the underlying cellular links are poorly understood. Neurons derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) offer a platform for investigating both baseline and dynamic changes in human neural cells. Here, we exposed neurons derived from hiPSCs to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and identified diagnosis-specific differences not detectable in vehicle-controls. RNA transcriptomic analyses revealed that THC administration, either by acute or chronic exposure, dampened the neuronal transcriptional response following potassium chloride (KCl)-induced neuronal depolarization. THC-treated neurons displayed significant synaptic, mitochondrial, and glutamate signaling alterations that may underlie their failure to activate appropriately; this blunted response resembles effects previously observed in schizophrenia hiPSC- derived neurons. Furthermore, we show a significant alteration in THC-related genes associated with autism and intellectual disability, suggesting shared molecular pathways perturbed in neuropsychiatric disorders that are exacerbated by THC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Guennewig
- 0000 0004 1936 834Xgrid.1013.3Sydney Medical School, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW Australia ,0000 0004 4902 0432grid.1005.4St. Vincent’s Clinical School and School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW Australia ,0000 0000 9983 6924grid.415306.5Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW Australia
| | - Maina Bitar
- 0000 0001 2294 1395grid.1049.cQIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD Australia
| | - Ifeanyi Obiorah
- 0000 0001 0670 2351grid.59734.3cDepartment of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA ,Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, New York, NY USA
| | - James Hanks
- 0000 0001 0670 2351grid.59734.3cDepartment of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA ,Department of Genetics and Genomic Science and Institute for Multiscale Biology, New York, NY USA ,0000 0004 0420 1184grid.274295.fMental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 2), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY USA
| | - Elizabeth A. O’Brien
- 0000 0001 2294 1395grid.1049.cQIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD Australia
| | - Dominik C. Kaczorowski
- 0000 0000 9983 6924grid.415306.5Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW Australia
| | - Yasmin L. Hurd
- 0000 0001 0670 2351grid.59734.3cDepartment of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA ,0000 0001 0670 2351grid.59734.3cFishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| | - Panos Roussos
- 0000 0001 0670 2351grid.59734.3cDepartment of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA ,Department of Genetics and Genomic Science and Institute for Multiscale Biology, New York, NY USA ,0000 0004 0420 1184grid.274295.fMental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 2), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY USA
| | - Kristen J. Brennand
- 0000 0001 0670 2351grid.59734.3cDepartment of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA ,Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, New York, NY USA
| | - Guy Barry
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia.
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Libuy N, de Angel V, Ibáñez C, Murray RM, Mundt AP. The relative prevalence of schizophrenia among cannabis and cocaine users attending addiction services. Schizophr Res 2018; 194:13-17. [PMID: 28427930 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis and cocaine are the most common illicit drugs for which people are treated in addiction services in Latin America. Much research has suggested that the use of cannabis increases the risk of schizophrenia; there is less evidence concerning cocaine. The aim of the present study was to establish the relative prevalence of schizophrenia in people treated for cannabis use and cocaine use disorders in Chile. METHODS A sample of 22,615 people treated for illicit drug use disorders was obtained from a national registry of addiction service users in Chile. Clinical diagnoses were established at admission to substance use treatment programs or at any point during the period of treatment. Prevalence rates of schizophrenia and related disorders, and affective disorders were calculated for the groups of people with cocaine use disorders, and cannabis use disorders. Odds ratios (OR) for schizophrenia and for affective disorders were calculated for cannabis users using the group of people treated for cocaine use disorders as reference category. RESULTS The prevalence of schizophrenia and related disorders was 1.1% in those with cocaine use disorders, but 5.2% in those with cannabis use disorders (OR 4.9; p<0.01). The prevalence of affective disorders was 9.3% in cocaine use disorders, and 13.2% in cannabis use disorders (OR 1.5; p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of schizophrenia and to a lesser extent affective disorders is higher among people with cannabis use disorder than cocaine use disorder among those attending addiction services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Libuy
- Mental Health and Psychiatry Department North, Clinical Hospital of University of Chile, Santos Dumont 999, Independencia, Santiago 8380456, Chile.
| | - Valeria de Angel
- Mental Health and Psychiatry Department North, Clinical Hospital of University of Chile, Santos Dumont 999, Independencia, Santiago 8380456, Chile
| | - Carlos Ibáñez
- Mental Health and Psychiatry Department North, Clinical Hospital of University of Chile, Santos Dumont 999, Independencia, Santiago 8380456, Chile
| | - Robin M Murray
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian P Mundt
- Medical Faculty, Universidad Diego Portales, Chile; Medical Faculty, Universidad San Sebastián, Chile
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Demographic, physical and mental health assessments in the adolescent brain and cognitive development study: Rationale and description. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2017; 32:55-66. [PMID: 29113758 PMCID: PMC5934320 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 420] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study incorporates a comprehensive range of measures assessing predictors and outcomes related to both mental and physical health across childhood and adolescence. The workgroup developed a battery that would assess a comprehensive range of domains that address study aims while minimizing participant and family burden. We review the major considerations that went into deciding what constructs to cover in the demographics, physical health and mental health domains, as well as the process of selecting measures, piloting and refining the originally proposed battery. We present a description of the baseline battery, as well as the six-month interim assessments and the one-year follow-up assessments. This battery includes assessments from the perspectives of both the parent and the target youth, as well as teacher reports. This battery will provide a foundational baseline assessment of the youth's current function so as to permit characterization of stability and change in key domains over time. The findings from this battery will also be utilized to identify both resilience markers that predict healthy development and risk factors for later adverse outcomes in physical health, mental health, and substance use and abuse.
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54
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Turna J, Patterson B, Van Ameringen M. Is cannabis treatment for anxiety, mood, and related disorders ready for prime time? Depress Anxiety 2017. [PMID: 28636769 DOI: 10.1002/da.22664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Anxiety and related disorders are the most common mental conditions affecting the North American population. Despite their established efficacy, first-line antidepressant treatments are associated with significant side effects, leading many afflicted individuals to seek alternative treatments. Cannabis is commonly viewed as a natural alternative for a variety of medical and mental health conditions. Currently, anxiety ranks among the top five medical symptoms for which North Americans report using medical marijuana. However, upon careful review of the extant treatment literature, the anxiolytic effects of cannabis in clinical populations are surprisingly not well-documented. The effects of cannabis on anxiety and mood symptoms have been examined in healthy populations and in several small studies of synthetic cannabinoid agents but there are currently no studies which have examined the effects of the cannabis plant on anxiety and related disorders. In light of the rapidly shifting landscape regarding the legalization of cannabis for medical and recreational purposes, it is important to highlight the significant disconnect between the scientific literature, public opinion, and related policies. The aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive review of the current cannabis treatment literature, and to identify the potential for cannabis to be used as a therapeutic intervention for anxiety, mood, and related disorders. Searches of five electronic databases were conducted (PubMed, MEDLINE, Web of Science, PsychINFO, and Google Scholar), with the most recent in February 2017. The effects of cannabis on healthy populations and clinical psychiatric samples will be discussed, focusing primarily on anxiety and mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Turna
- MacAnxiety Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,MiNDS Neuroscience Graduate Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Beth Patterson
- MacAnxiety Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Van Ameringen
- MacAnxiety Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Shevlin M, McElroy E, Murphy J, Hyland P, Vallieres F, Elklit A, Christoffersen M. Cannabis and psychosis: the impact of polydrug use. DRUGS AND ALCOHOL TODAY 2017. [DOI: 10.1108/dat-03-2017-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
While research has consistently identified an association between cannabis use and psychosis, few studies have examined this relationship in a polydrug context (i.e. combining cannabis with other illicit substances). The paper aims to discuss this issue.
Design/methodology/approach
The present study sought to examine the association between recreational drug use (cannabis only vs polydrug) and psychotic disorders. Analysis was conducted on a large, representative survey of young Danish people aged 24 (n=4,718). Participants completed self-report measures of lifetime drug use and this information was linked to the Danish psychiatric registry system.
Findings
Multivariate binary logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association between drug use (no drug use, cannabis only, cannabis and other drug) and ICD-10 psychotic disorders, while controlling for gender and parental history of psychosis. Compared with no drug use, the use of cannabis only did not increase the risk of psychosis while the odds ratio for cannabis and other drug were statistically significant.
Research limitations/implications
Psychosis risk may be associated with the cumulative effect of polydrug use.
Practical implications
Cannabis use may be a proxy for other drug use in research studies.
Originality/value
This study is innovative as it uses linked self-report and administrative data for a large sample. Administrative data were used to as an objective mental health status indicator.
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56
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The relationship between cannabis use and cortisol levels in youth at ultra high-risk for psychosis. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2017; 83:58-64. [PMID: 28595088 PMCID: PMC5531192 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have posited a relationship between cannabis use and the biological stress system, but this critical relationship has not been evaluated during the ultra high-risk (UHR) period immediately preceding the onset of psychotic disorders. Salivary cortisol samples were collected on 46 UHR and 29 control adolescents; these individuals were assessed for current cannabis use with a urine panel and self-report. UHR participants where separated into two groups: Current Cannabis Use (UHR-CU) and No Current Cannabis Use (UHR-NC). Healthy Control participants (HC) were free of cannabis use. Consistent with the literature, results indicate UHR individuals showed elevated cortisol levels when compared to HC participants. Further, we also observed that UHR-CU participants exhibited elevated levels when compared to both the non-using UHR and HC groups. Findings suggest that cannabis use may interact with underlying biological vulnerability associated with the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis system.
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Adolescent Exposure to the Synthetic Cannabinoid WIN 55212-2 Modifies Cocaine Withdrawal Symptoms in Adult Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2017. [PMID: 28635664 PMCID: PMC5486147 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic cannabinoid consumption is an increasingly common behavior among teenagers and has been shown to cause long-lasting neurobehavioral alterations. Besides, it has been demonstrated that cocaine addiction in adulthood is highly correlated with cannabis abuse during adolescence. Cocaine consumption and subsequent abstinence from it can cause psychiatric symptoms, such as psychosis, cognitive impairment, anxiety, and depression. The aim of the present research was to study the consequences of adolescent exposure to cannabis on the psychiatric-like effects promoted by cocaine withdrawal in adult mice. We pre-treated juvenile mice with the cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist WIN 55212-2 (WIN) and then subjected them to a chronic cocaine treatment during adulthood. Following these treatments, animals were tested under cocaine withdrawal in the following paradigms: pre-pulse inhibition, object recognition, elevated plus maze, and tail suspension. The long-term psychotic-like actions induced by WIN were not modified after cocaine cessation. Moreover, the memory impairments induced by cocaine withdrawal were not altered by previous adolescent WIN intake. However, WIN pre-treatment prevented the anxiogenic effects observed after cocaine abstinence, and led to greater depressive-like symptoms following cocaine removal in adulthood. This study is the first to show the long-lasting behavioral consequences of juvenile exposure to WIN on cocaine withdrawal in adult mice.
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58
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Murray RM, Englund A, Abi-Dargham A, Lewis DA, Di Forti M, Davies C, Sherif M, McGuire P, D'Souza DC. Cannabis-associated psychosis: Neural substrate and clinical impact. Neuropharmacology 2017. [PMID: 28634109 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Prospective epidemiological studies have consistently demonstrated that cannabis use is associated with an increased subsequent risk of both psychotic symptoms and schizophrenia-like psychoses. Early onset of use, daily use of high-potency cannabis, and synthetic cannabinoids carry the greatest risk. The risk-increasing effects are not explained by shared genetic predisposition between schizophrenia and cannabis use. Experimental studies in healthy humans show that cannabis and its active ingredient, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), can produce transient, dose-dependent, psychotic symptoms, as well as an array of psychosis-relevant behavioral, cognitive and psychophysiological effects; the psychotogenic effects can be ameliorated by cannabidiol (CBD). Findings from structural imaging studies in cannabis users have been inconsistent but functional MRI studies have linked the psychotomimetic and cognitive effects of THC to activation in brain regions implicated in psychosis. Human PET studies have shown that acute administration of THC weakly releases dopamine in the striatum but that chronic users are characterised by low striatal dopamine. We are beginning to understand how cannabis use impacts on the endocannabinoid system but there is much still to learn about the biological mechanisms underlying how cannabis increases risk of psychosis. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled "A New Dawn in Cannabinoid Neurobiology".
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Murray
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK.
| | - A Englund
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
| | - A Abi-Dargham
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, New York, USA
| | - D A Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburg, PA, USA
| | - M Di Forti
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
| | - C Davies
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
| | - M Sherif
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, CT, USA
| | - P McGuire
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
| | - D C D'Souza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, CT, USA
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Rylander M, Winston HR, Medlin H, Hull M, Nussbaum A. The association of cannabis use on inpatient psychiatric hospital outcomes. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2017; 44:73-84. [PMID: 28613973 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2017.1329313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The associations between cannabis use and psychosis are well documented in numerous studies. There is a need to evaluate the impact of cannabis use on inpatient psychiatric utilization and outcomes. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the impact of cannabis use on psychiatric hospital outcomes. METHODS This study was conducted between April 20, 2015 and October 20, 2015. All patients (n = 120) admitted to Denver Health with psychotic symptoms were administered a urine toxicology screening testing for the presence of 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH, the active metabolite of cannabis). Patients with positive tests were compared to those with negative tests on several measures, including length of stay, presence or lack of 30-day readmission, Brief Psychotic Rating Scale (BPRS) score, and use of antipsychotics and/or sedatives/anxiolytics. RESULTS There were 120 patients. Twenty nine were women and 91 were men. Patients testing positive for THC-COOH had a shorter length of stay compared to patients testing negative for THC-COOH, after adjusting for age, prior psychiatric admissions, history of a psychotic-spectrum disorder, and comorbid additional substance use (p = 0.02). There were no differences in 30-day readmissions, 30-day post-discharge presentation to the Denver Health psychiatric emergency department, BPRS scores, and medication administration. CONCLUSION Patients presenting with psychotic symptoms and cannabis use require shorter inpatient psychiatric hospitalizations. This study is the first to quantify this observation and highlights the need for future clinical decision-making tools that would ideally correlate cannabis use with the degree of potential need for expensive and scarce mental health resources, such as psychiatric hospitalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Rylander
- a University of Colorado School of Medicine , Department of Psychiatry, Denver Health Medical Center , Denver , CO , USA
| | - Helena R Winston
- b Department of Psychiatry , University of Colorado School of Medicine , Denver , CO , USA
| | - Haley Medlin
- a University of Colorado School of Medicine , Department of Psychiatry, Denver Health Medical Center , Denver , CO , USA
| | - Madelyne Hull
- c Department of Internal Medicine , Denver Health Medical Center , Denver , CO , USA
| | - Abraham Nussbaum
- a University of Colorado School of Medicine , Department of Psychiatry, Denver Health Medical Center , Denver , CO , USA.,d Denver Health Medical Center , Denver , CO , USA
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Jones JD, Calkins ME, Scott JC, Bach EC, Gur RE. Cannabis Use, Polysubstance Use, and Psychosis Spectrum Symptoms in a Community-Based Sample of U.S. Youth. J Adolesc Health 2017; 60:653-659. [PMID: 28318911 PMCID: PMC5441952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine how cannabis use and polysubstance use among cannabis users relate to psychosis spectrum (PS) symptoms in a large community-based sample of U.S. youth. METHODS Four thousand one hundred seventy-one youths (aged 14-21 years; mean = 16.90 years, SD = 1.85; 55% female) from the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort completed assessments of substance use, PS symptoms, and confounding variables (e.g., demographics, comorbid psychopathology, and trauma exposure). RESULTS After adjusting for confounds, cannabis use by itself was not associated with increased odds of being classified as "psychosis spectrum." However, cannabis use in combination with tobacco or other substance use was associated with increased odds of PS classification (adjusted odds ratios [ORs] = 1.37-1.76). Follow-up symptom-level analyses revealed that cannabis use in combination with other substances was associated with subclinical positive symptoms (ORs = 1.95 and 2.24) and frequent cannabis use was associated with subclinical negative/disorganized symptoms (OR = 2.14). However, these symptom-level findings were reduced to trends after correction for multiple comparisons. Neither cannabis use nor polysubstance use was associated with threshold delusions or hallucinations. CONCLUSIONS After adjusting for important confounds, there was minimal evidence for associations between cannabis use by itself and PS symptoms. More compelling evidence emerged for associations between polysubstance use among cannabis users and PS symptoms. This study highlights the importance of considering polysubstance use and confounds when examining associations between cannabis use and PS symptoms. Further longitudinal research is necessary to determine whether these findings represent causal associations or shared genetic and/or environmental vulnerability for substance use and PS symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D. Jones
- Neuropsychiatry Section, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce St., 10th Floor, Gates Bldg., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,Corresponding Authors: Jason D. Jones, PhD and Raquel E. Gur, MD, PhD. 3400 Spruce Street, 10th Floor, Gates Bldg, Philadelphia, PA, 19104. ; . Telephone: +1 (215) 662-7119. Fax: +1 (215) 662-7903
| | - Monica E. Calkins
- Neuropsychiatry Section, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce St., 10th Floor, Gates Bldg., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - J. Cobb Scott
- Neuropsychiatry Section, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce St., 10th Floor, Gates Bldg., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,VISN4 Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center at the Philadelphia VA Medical Center, 3900 Woodland Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Emily C. Bach
- Neuropsychiatry Section, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce St., 10th Floor, Gates Bldg., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Raquel E. Gur
- Neuropsychiatry Section, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce St., 10th Floor, Gates Bldg., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,Corresponding Authors: Jason D. Jones, PhD and Raquel E. Gur, MD, PhD. 3400 Spruce Street, 10th Floor, Gates Bldg, Philadelphia, PA, 19104. ; . Telephone: +1 (215) 662-7119. Fax: +1 (215) 662-7903
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review summarizes the literature to date that has capitalized on the longitudinal research study framework in order to elucidate the etiology of cannabis use disorders (CUDs). RECENT FINDINGS The studies are mixed with respect to reliable predictors of CUD development. Of the studies outlined, the most consistently indicated risk factors for CUD development include: male sex, past cannabis and other substance use (especially tobacco), and the presence of pre/comorbid psychopathology (especially mood disorders). Social motives and peer involvement may also play a role in this transition. Many of these CUD risk factors appear to be distinct from other factors linked with overall cannabis use. SUMMARY CUD development is likely the product of interactions between biological, psychological, social, and environmental factors. However, many more well-planned and developmentally sensitive prospective studies are needed to identify specific and reliable risk factors for CUD development.
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Psychopathology Related to Energy Drinks: A Psychosis Case Report. Case Rep Psychiatry 2017; 2017:5094608. [PMID: 28116203 PMCID: PMC5237741 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5094608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Energy drinks (ED) are nonalcoholic beverages that have caffeine as their most common active substance. The rapid expansion of ED consumption has created concern in the scientific community as well as in the public opinion. We report a psychotic episode probably triggered by ED abuse in a young adult without previous psychotic disorders. We have reviewed the literature regarding the relationship between caffeine, energy drinks, and psychopathology. Few articles have been published about mental health effects of energy drinks and caffeine abuse. Nevertheless, this relationship has been suggested, specifically with anxiety disorders, manic episodes, suicide attempts, psychotic decompensation, and substance use disorder. ED consumption could represent a global public health problem because of the potential severe adverse effects in mental and physical health. To our knowledge, this article is probably the first case of psychosis related to ED abuse in an individual without previous psychotic disorders.
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Is smoking tobacco associated with psychotic experiences across racial categories in the United States? Findings from the Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiological Surveys. Psychiatry Res 2016; 246:58-61. [PMID: 27662613 PMCID: PMC5161699 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Smoking tobacco has been associated with psychosis, though research has yet to fully examine the extent to which this association reaches into the sub-threshold range of the psychosis continuum within the US, and whether this association persists after accounting for co-occurring disorders. We analyzed data from three large racially-diverse surveys of the US population and found that current smokers were more likely to report a lifetime psychotic experience when compared with never smokers after adjusting for socio-demographics. But after controlling for anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders, these effects only remained strong and statistically significant for Asian-Americans.
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Murray RM, Quigley H, Quattrone D, Englund A, Di Forti M. Traditional marijuana, high-potency cannabis and synthetic cannabinoids: increasing risk for psychosis. World Psychiatry 2016; 15:195-204. [PMID: 27717258 PMCID: PMC5032490 DOI: 10.1002/wps.20341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence demonstrates that cannabis use is associated with an increased risk of psychotic outcomes, and confirms a dose-response relationship between the level of use and the risk of later psychosis. High-potency cannabis and synthetic cannabinoids carry the greatest risk. Experimental administration of tetrahydrocannabinol, the active ingredient of cannabis, induces transient psychosis in normal subjects, but this effect can be ameliorated by co-administration of cannabidiol. This latter is a constituent of traditional hashish, but is largely absent from modern high-potency forms of cannabis. Argument continues over the extent to which genetic predisposition is correlated to, or interacts with, cannabis use, and what proportion of psychosis could be prevented by minimizing heavy use. As yet, there is not convincing evidence that cannabis use increases risk of other psychiatric disorders, but there are no such doubts concerning its detrimental effect on cognitive function. All of the negative aspects are magnified if use starts in early adolescence. Irrespective of whether use of cannabis is decriminalized or legalized, the evidence that it is a component cause of psychosis is now sufficient for public health messages outlining the risk, especially of regular use of high-potency cannabis and synthetic cannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin M. Murray
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's CollegeDe Crespigny ParkLondonSE5 8AFUK
| | - Harriet Quigley
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's CollegeDe Crespigny ParkLondonSE5 8AFUK
| | - Diego Quattrone
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's CollegeDe Crespigny ParkLondonSE5 8AFUK
| | - Amir Englund
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's CollegeDe Crespigny ParkLondonSE5 8AFUK
| | - Marta Di Forti
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's CollegeDe Crespigny ParkLondonSE5 8AFUK
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Ksir C, Hart CL. Correlation still does not imply causation. Lancet Psychiatry 2016; 3:401. [PMID: 27155509 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(16)30005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles Ksir
- University of Wyoming, Psychology, Laramie, WY 82072, USA.
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