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Xiong ZS, Gong SF, Si W, Jiang T, Li QL, Wang TJ, Wang WJ, Wu RY, Jiang K. Effect of metformin on cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion in A172 glioma cells and its mechanisms. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:887-894. [PMID: 31173255 PMCID: PMC6625203 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of metformin on the inhibition of proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and migration of A172 human glioma cells in vitro and determine the underlying mechanism. The effects of metformin at different concentrations (0, 0.1, 1 and 10 mmol/l) on the inhibition of A172 cell proliferation were detected using a 3‑(4,5‑dimethylthiazol‑2‑yl)‑2,5‑diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry. Caspase‑3 activity was analyzed by spectrophotometry. The invasion and migration of cells were detected by Transwell assays. The levels of Bcl‑2‑associated X protein (Bax), B‑cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl‑2), AMP‑activated protein kinase (AMPK), phosphorylated‑(p)AMPK and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) protein expression were detected by western blot analysis, and changes in the malondialdehyde (MDA) content and activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) were determined. Compared with the control group, metformin significantly increased the inhibition of proliferation and apoptosis, and significantly reduced the invasion and migration of A172 cells in dose‑ and time‑dependent manners (P<0.05). In addition, compared with the control group, metformin significantly enhanced the activity of caspase‑3, increased the expression of AMPK/pAMPK/Bax proteins and reduced the expression of mTOR/Bcl‑2 proteins (P<0.05). Metformin increased the MDA content and reduced the activity of SOD in a dose‑dependent manner (P<0.05). Metformin may inhibit glioma cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and promote its apoptosis; the effects may be associated with the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Sheng Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Longhua District Central Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518110, P.R. China
| | - Song Feng Gong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, P.R. China
| | - Wen Si
- Department of Neurosurgery, Longhua District Central Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518110, P.R. China
| | - Taipeng Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, P.R. China
| | - Qing Long Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Longhua District Central Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518110, P.R. China
| | - Tie Jun Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Longhua District Central Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518110, P.R. China
| | - Wen Jie Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Longhua District Central Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518110, P.R. China
| | - Rui Yue Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Longhua District Central Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518110, P.R. China
| | - Kun Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Longhua District Central Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518110, P.R. China
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Ferro M, Buonerba C, Di Lorenzo G, de Cobelli O, Terracciano D. Dysregulated metabolism: a relevant player in prostate cancer progression and clinical management. Transl Androl Urol 2019; 8:S109-S111. [PMID: 31143683 DOI: 10.21037/tau.2018.12.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlo Buonerba
- Medical Oncology Division, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Portici, Italy.,Zooprophylactic Institute of Southern Italy, Portici, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Di Lorenzo
- Medical Oncology Division, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Portici, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Health Sciences 'Vincenzo Tiberio' University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | | | - Daniela Terracciano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University "Federico II", Naples, Italy
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Ranasinghe WK, Williams S, Ischia J, Wetherell D, Baldwin G, Shulkes A, Sengupta S, Bolton D, Patel O. Metformin may offer no protective effect in men undergoing external beam radiation therapy for prostate cancer. BJU Int 2019; 123 Suppl 5:36-42. [DOI: 10.1111/bju.14709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weranja K.B. Ranasinghe
- Department of Urology; Austin Health; Heidelberg Vic. Australia
- Department of Surgery; University of Melbourne; Heidelberg Vic. Australia
| | - Scott Williams
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute; Parkville Vic. Australia
| | - Joseph Ischia
- Department of Urology; Austin Health; Heidelberg Vic. Australia
- Department of Surgery; University of Melbourne; Heidelberg Vic. Australia
| | - David Wetherell
- Department of Urology; Austin Health; Heidelberg Vic. Australia
| | - Graham Baldwin
- Department of Surgery; University of Melbourne; Heidelberg Vic. Australia
| | - Arthur Shulkes
- Department of Surgery; University of Melbourne; Heidelberg Vic. Australia
| | - Shomik Sengupta
- Department of Urology; Austin Health; Heidelberg Vic. Australia
- Department of Surgery; University of Melbourne; Heidelberg Vic. Australia
- Department of Urology; Eastern Health; Box Hill Vic Australia
- Eastern Health Clinical School; Monash University; Box Hill Vic Australia
| | - Damien Bolton
- Department of Urology; Austin Health; Heidelberg Vic. Australia
- Department of Surgery; University of Melbourne; Heidelberg Vic. Australia
| | - Oneel Patel
- Department of Surgery; University of Melbourne; Heidelberg Vic. Australia
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Saraei P, Asadi I, Kakar MA, Moradi-Kor N. The beneficial effects of metformin on cancer prevention and therapy: a comprehensive review of recent advances. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:3295-3313. [PMID: 31114366 PMCID: PMC6497052 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s200059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin is a widely used drug in today’s prescriptions by physicians due to its specific effects in treating and curing type II diabetes. Diabetes is a common disease that may occur throughout human life, and can increase the likelihood of the occurrence of various types of cancer, such as colon, rectum, pancreas and liver cancers, compared to non-diabetic patients. Metformin inhibits mTOR activity by activating ATM (ataxia telangiectasia mutated) and LKB1 (liver kinase B1) and then adenosine monophosphate-activated kinase
(AMPK), and thus prevents protein synthesis and cell growth. Metformin can activate p53 by activating
AMPK and thereby ultimately stop the cell cycle. Given the potential of metformin in the treatment of cancer, it can be used in radiotherapy, chemotherapy and to improve the response to treatment in
androgen derivatives (ADT), and also, according to available evidence, metformin can also be used to prevent various types of cancers. Generally, metformin can: 1) reduce the incidence of cancers, 2) reduce the mortality from cancers, 3) increase the response to treatment in cancer cells when using radiotherapy and chemotherapy, 4) optimize tumor movement and reduce the malignancy, 5) reduce the likelihood of relapse, and 6) reduce the damaging effects of ADT. Therefore, this drug can be used as a complementary therapeutic agent for cancer treatment and prevention. In this review, we have summarized the data from various experimental and clinical studies and highlight the possible potential effects of metformin on cancer therapeutic responses. ![]()
Point your SmartPhone at the code above. If you have a QR code reader the video abstract will appear. Or use: https://youtu.be/bfZuNyIztZA
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouya Saraei
- Student Research Committee, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Ilia Asadi
- Student Research Committee, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Muhammad Azam Kakar
- Director Planning and Development, L&DD Department, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan
| | - Nasroallah Moradi-Kor
- Student Research Committee, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.,Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
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55
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Zhou B, Yan Y, Wang Y, You S, Freeman MR, Yang W. Quantitative proteomic analysis of prostate tissue specimens identifies deregulated protein complexes in primary prostate cancer. Clin Proteomics 2019; 16:15. [PMID: 31011308 PMCID: PMC6461817 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-019-9236-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most frequently diagnosed non-skin cancer and a leading cause of mortality among males in developed countries. However, our understanding of the global changes of protein complexes within PCa tissue specimens remains very limited, although it has been well recognized that protein complexes carry out essentially all major processes in living organisms and that their deregulation drives the pathogenesis and progression of various diseases. Methods By coupling tandem mass tagging-synchronous precursor selection-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry with differential expression and co-regulation analyses, the present study compared the differences between protein complexes in normal prostate, low-grade PCa, and high-grade PCa tissue specimens. Results Globally, a large downregulated putative protein–protein interaction (PPI) network was detected in both low-grade and high-grade PCa, yet a large upregulated putative PPI network was only detected in high-grade but not low-grade PCa, compared with normal controls. To identify specific protein complexes that are deregulated in PCa, quantified proteins were mapped to protein complexes in CORUM (v3.0), a high-quality collection of 4274 experimentally verified mammalian protein complexes. Differential expression and gene ontology (GO) enrichment analyses suggested that 13 integrin complexes involved in cell adhesion were significantly downregulated in both low- and high-grade PCa compared with normal prostate, and that four Prothymosin alpha (ProTα) complexes were significantly upregulated in high-grade PCa compared with normal prostate. Moreover, differential co-regulation and GO enrichment analyses indicated that the assembly levels of six protein complexes involved in RNA splicing were significantly increased in low-grade PCa, and those of four subcomplexes of mitochondrial complex I were significantly increased in high-grade PCa, compared with normal prostate. Conclusions In summary, to the best of our knowledge, the study represents the first large-scale and quantitative, albeit indirect, comparison of individual protein complexes in human PCa tissue specimens. It may serve as a useful resource for better understanding the deregulation of protein complexes in primary PCa. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12014-019-9236-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhou
- Division of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Rm. 4009, Davis Research Bldg 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
| | - Yiwu Yan
- Division of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Rm. 4009, Davis Research Bldg 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
| | - Yang Wang
- Division of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Rm. 4009, Davis Research Bldg 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
| | - Sungyong You
- Division of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Rm. 4009, Davis Research Bldg 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
| | - Michael R Freeman
- Division of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Rm. 4009, Davis Research Bldg 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
| | - Wei Yang
- Division of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Rm. 4009, Davis Research Bldg 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
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Sánchez BG, Bort A, Mateos-Gómez PA, Rodríguez-Henche N, Díaz-Laviada I. Combination of the natural product capsaicin and docetaxel synergistically kills human prostate cancer cells through the metabolic regulator AMP-activated kinase. Cancer Cell Int 2019; 19:54. [PMID: 30899201 PMCID: PMC6408806 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-019-0769-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Current chemotherapy for castration-resistant prostate cancer is established on taxane-based compounds like docetaxel. However, eventually, the development of toxic side effects and resistance limits the therapeutic benefit being the major concern in the treatment of prostate cancer. Combination therapies in many cases, enhance drug efficacy and delay the appearance of undesired effects, representing an important option for the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer. In this study, we tested the efficacy of the combination of docetaxel and capsaicin, the pungent ingredient of hot chili peppers, on prostate cancer cells proliferation. Methods Prostate cancer LNCaP and PC3 cell lines were used in this study. Levels of total and phosphorylated forms of Akt, mTOR, S6, LKB1, AMPK and ACC were determined by Western blot. AMPK, LKB1 and Akt knock down was performed by siRNA. PTEN was overexpressed by transient transfection with plasmids. Xenograft prostate tumors were induced in nude mice and treatments (docetaxel and capsaicin) were administered intraperitoneally. Statistical analyses were performed with GraphPad software. Combination index was calculated with Compusyn software. Results Docetaxel and capsaicin synergistically inhibited the growth of LNCaP and PC3 cells, with a combination index lower than 1 for most of the combinations tested. Co-treatment with docetaxel and capsaicin notably decreased Akt and its downstream targets mTOR and S6 phosphorylation. Overexpression of PTEN phosphatase abrogated the synergistic antiproliferative effect of docetaxel and capsaicin. The combined treatment also increased the phosphorylation of AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) and the phosphorylation of its substrate ACC. In addition, pharmacological inhibition of AMPK with dorsomorphin (compound C) as well as knock down by siRNA of AMPK or its upstream kinase LKB1, abolished the synergy of docetaxel and capsaicin. Mechanistically, we showed that the synergistic anti-proliferative effect may be attributed to two independent effects: Inhibition of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway by one side, and AMPK activation by the other. In vivo experiments confirmed the synergistic effects of docetaxel and capsaicin in reducing the tumor growth of PC3 cells. Conclusion Combination of docetaxel and capsaicin represents a therapeutically relevant approach for the treatment of Prostate Cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén G Sánchez
- 1Department of Systems Biology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Alcala University, Alcalá de Henares, Ctra A-2 Km 32., 28871 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Bort
- 1Department of Systems Biology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Alcala University, Alcalá de Henares, Ctra A-2 Km 32., 28871 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro A Mateos-Gómez
- 1Department of Systems Biology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Alcala University, Alcalá de Henares, Ctra A-2 Km 32., 28871 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nieves Rodríguez-Henche
- 1Department of Systems Biology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Alcala University, Alcalá de Henares, Ctra A-2 Km 32., 28871 Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés Díaz-Laviada
- 1Department of Systems Biology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Alcala University, Alcalá de Henares, Ctra A-2 Km 32., 28871 Madrid, Spain.,2Chemical Research Institute "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR), Alcalá University, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
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Li K, Si-Tu J, Qiu J, Lu L, Mao Y, Zeng H, Chen M, Lai C, Chang HJ, Wang D. Statin and metformin therapy in prostate cancer patients with hyperlipidemia who underwent radiotherapy: a population-based cohort study. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:1189-1197. [PMID: 30787638 PMCID: PMC6366348 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s166638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the association between the use of statins and/or metformin and patient survival in prostate cancer patients in Taiwan. Subjects and methods Newly diagnosed prostate cancer patients who had hyperlipidemia and received radiotherapy were identified from the National Health Insurance Research Database 2000–2010. The survival rate was estimated by the Kaplan–Meier method. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed to examine the association of mortality. Sensitivity analysis was performed to assess the risk of mortality in patients with diabetes. Results The study included 567 patients. Patients who used statins or metformin after prostate cancer diagnosis had longer average survival times (9.3 years and 8.1 years, respectively; P=0.001) compared with patients who persistently used or used the medicines prior to cancer diagnosis. Multivariate Cox regression analysis found that patients treated with statins after cancer diagnosis were significantly associated with a lower risk of mortality (aHR =0.24, 95% CI =0.09–0.66) compared to patients who did not use statins during the study period. Patients treated with metformin after cancer diagnosis were significantly associated more with an increased risk of mortality (aHR =6.78, 95% CI =2.45–18.77) compared to patients who did not use metformin during the study period. Sensitivity analysis revealed that the average survival time was similar among different medicine use groups in patients with diabetes. Conclusion The finding suggests that statins and metformin use after prostate cancer diagnosis may increase survival in patients with hyperlipidemia and radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Li
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510630, China
| | - Jie Si-Tu
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510630, China
| | - Jianguang Qiu
- Department of Urology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510655, China,
| | - Li Lu
- Department of Urology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510655, China,
| | - Yunhua Mao
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510630, China
| | - Hua Zeng
- Department of Emergency, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510630, China
| | - Mingkun Chen
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510630, China
| | - Caiyong Lai
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510632, China
| | - Heng-Jui Chang
- Department of Radiation Therapy Oncology, Min-Sheng General Hospital, Taoyuan 330, Taiwan,
| | - Dejuan Wang
- Department of Urology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510655, China,
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58
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The anticancer potential of metformin on prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2019; 22:351-361. [PMID: 30651580 DOI: 10.1038/s41391-018-0085-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PCa) is characterized as the most frequent type of cancer in males. Recent research has suggested patients who have diabetes mellitus taking metformin (MF) have a lower risk of PCa. MF has antineoplastic effects such as adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-dependent and independent mechanisms, suppression of androgen signaling pathway, and alterations of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) signaling pathways that cause the growth and proliferation of PCa. Based on epidemiological factors, patients with diabetes mellitus may have a protective effect on PCa. METHODS A literature search on MEDLINE® was conducted using a combined query of "prostate cancer" and "metformin" to yield publications unveiling the mechanisms of action, biological effects, epidemiological evidence, and research advances of MF with respect to PCa. RESULTS Evidence has shown that MF has multiple antineoplastic effects through AMPK-dependent and independent mechanisms, the alteration of IGF-1 signaling pathways, suppression of the androgen receptor pathway, inhibition of the mTOR pathway, and lipogenesis. Conduction of meta-analysis suggests mortality benefit to patients who exhibit PCa when taking MF. Clinical trials have shown evidence, demonstrating MF to improving significantly. CONCLUSIONS Herewith we review the literature regarding the numerous mechanisms of action of MF on PCa in order to decrease or repress the growth, proliferation, and differentiation of PCa cells. We analyze the molecular impacts of MF as well as adjunct therapies such as androgen deprivation therapy, aspirin, statin, or chemotherapy, proposing that MF may have a future role in the treatment protocol of PCa whether as a monotherapy or in combination with other drugs.
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Lin C, Salzillo TC, Bader DA, Wilkenfeld SR, Awad D, Pulliam TL, Dutta P, Pudakalakatti S, Titus M, McGuire SE, Bhattacharya PK, Frigo DE. Prostate Cancer Energetics and Biosynthesis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1210:185-237. [PMID: 31900911 PMCID: PMC8096614 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-32656-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancers must alter their metabolism to satisfy the increased demand for energy and to produce building blocks that are required to create a rapidly growing tumor. Further, for cancer cells to thrive, they must also adapt to an often changing tumor microenvironment, which can present new metabolic challenges (ex. hypoxia) that are unfavorable for most other cells. As such, altered metabolism is now considered an emerging hallmark of cancer. Like many other malignancies, the metabolism of prostate cancer is considerably different compared to matched benign tissue. However, prostate cancers exhibit distinct metabolic characteristics that set them apart from many other tumor types. In this chapter, we will describe the known alterations in prostate cancer metabolism that occur during initial tumorigenesis and throughout disease progression. In addition, we will highlight upstream regulators that control these metabolic changes. Finally, we will discuss how this new knowledge is being leveraged to improve patient care through the development of novel biomarkers and metabolically targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchu Lin
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Travis C Salzillo
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David A Bader
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sandi R Wilkenfeld
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dominik Awad
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Thomas L Pulliam
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Prasanta Dutta
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shivanand Pudakalakatti
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mark Titus
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sean E McGuire
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Pratip K Bhattacharya
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Daniel E Frigo
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
- Molecular Medicine Program, The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA.
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Jolly MK, Somarelli JA, Sheth M, Biddle A, Tripathi SC, Armstrong AJ, Hanash SM, Bapat SA, Rangarajan A, Levine H. Hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal phenotypes promote metastasis and therapy resistance across carcinomas. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 194:161-184. [PMID: 30268772 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cancer metastasis and therapy resistance are the major unsolved clinical challenges, and account for nearly all cancer-related deaths. Both metastasis and therapy resistance are fueled by epithelial plasticity, the reversible phenotypic transitions between epithelial and mesenchymal phenotypes, including epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET). EMT and MET have been largely considered as binary processes, where cells detach from the primary tumor as individual units with many, if not all, traits of a mesenchymal cell (EMT) and then convert back to being epithelial (MET). However, recent studies have demonstrated that cells can metastasize in ways alternative to traditional EMT paradigm; for example, they can detach as clusters, and/or occupy one or more stable hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal (E/M) phenotypes that can be the end point of a transition. Such hybrid E/M cells can integrate various epithelial and mesenchymal traits and markers, facilitating collective cell migration. Furthermore, these hybrid E/M cells may possess higher tumor-initiation and metastatic potential as compared to cells on either end of the EMT spectrum. Here, we review in silico, in vitro, in vivo and clinical evidence for the existence of one or more hybrid E/M phenotype(s) in multiple carcinomas, and discuss their implications in tumor-initiation, tumor relapse, therapy resistance, and metastasis. Together, these studies drive the emerging notion that cells in a hybrid E/M phenotype may occupy 'metastatic sweet spot' in multiple subtypes of carcinomas, and pathways linked to this (these) hybrid E/M state(s) may be relevant as prognostic biomarkers as well as a promising therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Kumar Jolly
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Jason A Somarelli
- Duke Cancer Institute and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA
| | - Maya Sheth
- Duke Cancer Institute and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA
| | - Adrian Biddle
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Satyendra C Tripathi
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Andrew J Armstrong
- Duke Cancer Institute and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA
| | - Samir M Hanash
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Sharmila A Bapat
- National Center for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune, India
| | - Annapoorni Rangarajan
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development & Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Herbert Levine
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
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CAB39L elicited an anti-Warburg effect via a LKB1-AMPK-PGC1α axis to inhibit gastric tumorigenesis. Oncogene 2018; 37:6383-6398. [PMID: 30054562 PMCID: PMC6296350 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0402-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction is a hallmark of gastric cancer (GC). In this study, we reported the identification of Calcium Binding Protein 39-Like (CAB39L) as a novel regulator of tumor metabolism in GC. CAB39L mRNA was frequently silenced by promoter methylation in GC cell lines and tissues. Functional studies suggested that CAB39L functions as a tumor suppressor, as overexpression of CAB39L elicited suppression of multiple cancer phenotypes both in GC cells and an orthotopic mouse model; whilst its knockdown promoted tumorigenesis. Mechanistically, CAB39L interacted with LKB1-STRAD complex and induced LKB1, leading to the phosphorylation and activation of AMPKα/β. LKB1-AMPK activation in GC cell lines was tumor suppressive, as metformin (an AMPK activator) inhibited GC cell growth in the CAB39L-silenced cells. Moreover, knockdown of LKB1 reversed growth inhibitory effect of CAB39L, indicating that tumor suppression by CAB39L depended on LKB1-AMPK. RNAseq and gene set enrichment analysis revealed that CAB39L was closely correlated with oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial biogenesis. Consistently, CAB39L-induced p-AMPK elicited PGC1α phosphorylation and increased the expression of genes involved in mitochondrial respiration complexes. Accordingly, CAB39L reversed the Warburg effect in GC, as evidenced by enhanced oxygen consumption rate and reduced extracellular acidification rate; inversely, CAB39L knockdown promoted a metabolic shift towards the Warburg phenotype. In GC patients, CAB39L promoter hypermethylation was correlated with poor prognosis. Our data demonstrate that CAB39L is a novel tumor suppressor which suppresses tumorigenesis by promoting LKB1-AMPK-PGC1α axis, thereby preventing a metabolic shift that drives carcinogenesis. CAB39L methylation is a potential prognostic biomarker for GC patients.
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Alameddine AK, Conlin FT, Binnall BJ, Alameddine YA, Alameddine KO. How do cancer cells replenish their fuel supply? Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2018; 1:e1003. [PMID: 32729259 PMCID: PMC7941513 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple genetic changes, availability of cellular nutrients and metabolic alterations play a pivotal role in oncogenesis AIMS: We focus on cancer cell's metabolic properties, and we outline the cross talks between cellular oncogenic growth pathways in cancer metabolism. The review also provides a synopsis of the relevant cancer drugs targeting metabolic activities that are at various stages of clinical development. METHODS We review literature published within the last decade to include select articles that have highlighted energy metabolism crucial to the development of cancer phenotypes. RESULTS Cancer cells maintain their potent metabolism and keep a balanced redox status by enhancing glycolysis and autophagy and rerouting Krebs cycle intermediates and products of β-oxydation. CONCLUSIONS The processes underlying cancer pathogenesis are extremely complex and remain elusive. The new field of systems biology provides a mathematical framework in which these homeostatic dysregulation principles may be examined for better understanding of cancer phenotypes. Knowledge of key players in cancer-related metabolic reprograming may pave the way for new therapeutic metabolism-targeted drugs and ultimately improve patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frederick T. Conlin
- AnesthesiologyBaystate Medical CenterSpringfieldMAUSA
- University of Massachusetts Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Brian J. Binnall
- Division of Cardiac SurgeryBaystate Medical CenterSpringfieldMAUSA
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63
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Turanli B, Grøtli M, Boren J, Nielsen J, Uhlen M, Arga KY, Mardinoglu A. Drug Repositioning for Effective Prostate Cancer Treatment. Front Physiol 2018; 9:500. [PMID: 29867548 PMCID: PMC5962745 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug repositioning has gained attention from both academia and pharmaceutical companies as an auxiliary process to conventional drug discovery. Chemotherapeutic agents have notorious adverse effects that drastically reduce the life quality of cancer patients so drug repositioning is a promising strategy to identify non-cancer drugs which have anti-cancer activity as well as tolerable adverse effects for human health. There are various strategies for discovery and validation of repurposed drugs. In this review, 25 repurposed drug candidates are presented as result of different strategies, 15 of which are already under clinical investigation for treatment of prostate cancer (PCa). To date, zoledronic acid is the only repurposed, clinically used, and approved non-cancer drug for PCa. Anti-cancer activities of existing drugs presented in this review cover diverse and also known mechanisms such as inhibition of mTOR and VEGFR2 signaling, inhibition of PI3K/Akt signaling, COX and selective COX-2 inhibition, NF-κB inhibition, Wnt/β-Catenin pathway inhibition, DNMT1 inhibition, and GSK-3β inhibition. In addition to monotherapy option, combination therapy with current anti-cancer drugs may also increase drug efficacy and reduce adverse effects. Thus, drug repositioning may become a key approach for drug discovery in terms of time- and cost-efficiency comparing to conventional drug discovery and development process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beste Turanli
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Bioengineering, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Bioengineering, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Morten Grøtli
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan Boren
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mathias Uhlen
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kazim Y. Arga
- Department of Bioengineering, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Adil Mardinoglu
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
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64
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Sun S, Gong F, Liu P, Miao Q. Metformin combined with quercetin synergistically repressed prostate cancer cells via inhibition of VEGF/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Gene 2018; 664:50-57. [PMID: 29678660 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of present study was to examine whether metformin in association with quercetin has any synergistically anti-tumor effects on prostate cancer. Our findings showed that metformin in combination with quercetin synergistically inhibited the growth, migration and invasion of both PC-3 and LNCaP cells. Co-treatment of these two agents induced more apoptosis than single agent treatment. The co-treatment-induced apoptosis was caspase-dependent and accompanied by the down-regulation of Bcl-2 family members. Our data also indicated that co-treatment of metformin and quercetin strongly inhibited the VEGF/Akt/PI3K pathway. Moreover, these two agents acted synergistically to repress the growth of human prostate cancer cell xenograft in vivo in nude mice. In conclusion, our findings indicate that the combination therapy of metformin and quercetin exerted synergistic antitumor effects in prostate cancers via inhibition of VEGF/Akt/PI3K pathway. Thus, combination treatment of metformin and quercetin would be a promising therapeutic strategy for prostate cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuben Sun
- The Urology Center of the Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Fanger Gong
- Ningbo Yinzhou No 2. Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Liu
- The Urology Center of the Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qilong Miao
- The Urology Center of the Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.
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65
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Guo G, Fu M, Wei S, Chen R. Impact of diabetes mellitus on the risk and survival of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Onco Targets Ther 2018. [PMID: 29535542 PMCID: PMC5841344 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s152217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetes mellitus (DM) has been identified to be both a risk factor and a prognostic factor in a variety of malignancies, but its association with the risk and outcome of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is still unclear. To elucidate this issue, we systematically reviewed the evidence concerning the association between DM status and NPC. Materials and methods We identified studies by a literature search of PubMed, Embase, and ISI Web of Knowledge through May 31, 2017, and by searching the reference lists of pertinent articles. Odds ratios (ORs) and hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% CIs were used to estimate the effect size. Heterogeneity across studies was evaluated by the Cochran’s Q and I2 statistics. Results A total of nine studies were included. Four studies with a total sample size of 221,611 reported the effect of DM on NPC risk, and the other five studies with a sample size of 9,442 reported the impact of DM on survival in NPC patients. All included studies were retrospective, and mostly conducted in Asian populations. Meanwhile, condition of metformin usage was not considered in all studies. A pooled OR of 0.65 (95% CI: 0.43–0.98, P=0.04) revealed an inverse association between DM and NPC. Additionally, pooled analyses of studies investigating the prognosis value of DM revealed that preexisting DM had no effect on overall survival (HR =1.17, 95% CI: 0.94–1.46, P=0.16), local recurrence-free survival (HR =1.16, 95% CI: 0.80–1.67, P=0.44), and distant metastasis-free survival (HR =1.14, 95% CI: 0.92–1.40, P=0.22). Conclusion Our results suggested that DM patients might have decreased NPC risk, and have little impact on prognosis of NPC patients. This conclusion should be limited to Asian population. Our results also suggest that more attention should be paid to metformin medication in further studies in order to clarify whether the effects of DM on NPC risk and prognosis are influenced by the anticancer effect of metformin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongjiang Hospital of Guangdong, Foshan
| | - Moushun Fu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tongjiang Hospital of Guangdong, Foshan
| | - Shuxiang Wei
- Department of Endocrinology, Tongjiang Hospital of Guangdong, Foshan
| | - Ruiwan Chen
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Wang Z, Olumi AF. Metformin: an antiproliferative agent and methylation regulator in treating prostatic disease? Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 314:F407-F411. [PMID: 29117997 PMCID: PMC5899225 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00443.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Existing drugs that have been used in clinical practice for other purposes can prove useful for reutilization, since much of the safety profile and pharmacokinetics have been completed. Therefore, the drugs can enter clinical practice for a variety of causes with less regulatory burden. Metformin may prove to be such a drug; it may have a role in other diseases, besides the management of diabetes. In this perspective, we provide our findings and understanding of metformin as an alternative way to treat urological abnormal proliferation. We propose the potential mechanisms into two hallmarks: direct antiproliferative function via insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling pathway and epigenetic modulating via adjusting DNA methylation. These specific hallmarks may ultimately contribute to a better understanding of metformin in treating prostatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongwei Wang
- Department of Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Aria F. Olumi
- Department of Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Kouidhi S, Ben Ayed F, Benammar Elgaaied A. Targeting Tumor Metabolism: A New Challenge to Improve Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2018; 9:353. [PMID: 29527212 PMCID: PMC5829092 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, a marked number of clinical trials on cancer treatment have revealed the success of immunomodulatory therapies based on immune checkpoint inhibitors that activate tumor-specific T cells. However, the therapeutic efficacy of cancer immunotherapies is only restricted to a small fraction of patients. A deeper understanding of key mechanisms generating an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) remains a major challenge for more effective antitumor immunity. There is a growing evidence that the TME supports inappropriate metabolic reprogramming that dampens T cell function, and therefore impacts the antitumor immune response and tumor progression. Notably, the immunosuppressive TME is characterized by a lack of crucial carbon sources critical for T cell function and increased inhibitory signals. Here, we summarize the basics of intrinsic and extrinsic metabolic remodeling and metabolic checkpoints underlying the competition between cancer and infiltrating immune cells for nutrients and metabolites. Intriguingly, the upregulation of tumor programmed death-L1 and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 alters the metabolic programme of T cells and drives their exhaustion. In this context, targeting both tumor and T cell metabolism can beneficially enhance or temper immunity in an inhospitable microenvironment and markedly improve the success of immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumaya Kouidhi
- Laboratory BVBGR, LR11ES31, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Sidi Thabet (ISBST), Department of Biotechnology, University of Manouba, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Genetics, Immunology and Human Pathology, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Department of Biology, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Farhat Ben Ayed
- Association Tunisienne de Lutte contre le Cancer (ATCC), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Amel Benammar Elgaaied
- Laboratory of Genetics, Immunology and Human Pathology, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Department of Biology, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
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Allocati N, Masulli M, Di Ilio C, Federici L. Glutathione transferases: substrates, inihibitors and pro-drugs in cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Oncogenesis 2018; 7:8. [PMID: 29362397 PMCID: PMC5833873 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-017-0025-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione transferase classical GSH conjugation activity plays a critical role in cellular detoxification against xenobiotics and noxious compounds as well as against oxidative stress. However, this feature is also exploited by cancer cells to acquire drug resistance and improve their survival. As a result, various members of the family were found overexpressed in a number of different cancers. Moreover several GST polymorphisms, ranging from null phenotypes to point mutations, were detected in members of the family and found to correlate with the onset of neuro-degenerative diseases. In the last decades, a great deal of research aimed at clarifying the role played by GSTs in drug resistance, at developing inhibitors to counteract this activity but also at exploiting GSTs for prodrugs specific activation in cancer cells. Here we summarize some of the most important achievements reached in this lively area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerino Allocati
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy.
| | - Michele Masulli
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | - Carmine Di Ilio
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | - Luca Federici
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy.,CESI-MET, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
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Andresen V, Gjertsen BT. Drug Repurposing for the Treatment of Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Front Med (Lausanne) 2017; 4:211. [PMID: 29238707 PMCID: PMC5712546 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous disease characterized by the accumulation of immature myeloid progenitor cells in the bone marrow, compromising of normal blood cell production and ultimately resulting in bone marrow failure. With a 20% overall survival rate at 5 years and 50% in the 18- to 65-year-old age group, new medicines are needed. It is proposed that development of repurposed drugs may be a part of the new therapy needed. AML is subdivided into recurrent molecular entities based on molecular genetics increasingly accessible for precision medicine. Novel therapy developments form a basis for novel multimodality therapy and include liposomal daunorubicin/cytarabine, broad or FLT3-specific tyrosine kinase inhibitors, Bcl-2 family inhibitors, selective inhibitors of nuclear export, metabolic inhibitors, and demethylating agents. The use of non-transplant immunotherapy is in early development in AML with the exceptional re-approval of a toxin-conjugated anti-CD33. However, the full potential of small molecule inhibitors and modalities like immunological checkpoint inhibitors, immunostimulatory small molecules, and CAR-T cell therapy is unknown. Some novel therapeutics will certainly benefit AML patient subgroups; however, due to high cost, more affordable alternatives are needed globally. Also the heterogeneity of AML will likely demand a broader repertoire of therapeutic molecules. Drug repurposing or repositioning represent a source for potential therapeutics with well-known toxicity profiles and reasonable prices. This implies that biomarkers of response need to accompany the development of antileukemic therapies for sharply defined patient subgroups. We will illustrate repurposing in AML with selected examples and discuss some experimental and regulatory limitations that may obstruct this development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibeke Andresen
- Center for Cancer Biomarkers (CCBIO), Department of Clinical Science, Precision Oncology Research Group, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Bjørn T. Gjertsen
- Center for Cancer Biomarkers (CCBIO), Department of Clinical Science, Precision Oncology Research Group, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology Section, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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Stynen B, Abd-rabbo D, Kowarzyk J, Miller-fleming L, Ralser M, Michnick S. A Yeast Global Genetic Screen Reveals that Metformin Induces an Iron Deficiency-Like State.. [DOI: 10.1101/190389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
AbstractWe report here a simple and global strategy to map out gene functions and target pathways of drugs, toxins or other small molecules based on “homomer dynamics” Protein-fragment Complementation Assays (hdPCA). hdPCA measures changes in self-association (homomerization) of over 3,500 yeast proteins in yeast grown under different conditions. hdPCA complements genetic interaction measurements while eliminating confounding effects of gene ablation. We demonstrate that hdPCA accurately predicts the effects of two longevity and health-span-affecting drugs, immunosuppressant rapamycin and type II diabetes drug metformin, on cellular pathways. We also discovered an unsuspected global cellular response to metformin that resembles iron deficiency. This discovery opens a new avenue to investigate molecular mechanisms for the prevention or treatments of diabetes, cancers and other chronic diseases of aging.
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