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Pajoro A, Biewers S, Dougali E, Leal Valentim F, Mendes MA, Porri A, Coupland G, Van de Peer Y, van Dijk ADJ, Colombo L, Davies B, Angenent GC. The (r)evolution of gene regulatory networks controlling Arabidopsis plant reproduction: a two-decade history. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:4731-45. [PMID: 24913630 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Successful plant reproduction relies on the perfect orchestration of singular processes that culminate in the product of reproduction: the seed. The floral transition, floral organ development, and fertilization are well-studied processes and the genetic regulation of the various steps is being increasingly unveiled. Initially, based predominantly on genetic studies, the regulatory pathways were considered to be linear, but recent genome-wide analyses, using high-throughput technologies, have begun to reveal a different scenario. Complex gene regulatory networks underlie these processes, including transcription factors, microRNAs, movable factors, hormones, and chromatin-modifying proteins. Here we review recent progress in understanding the networks that control the major steps in plant reproduction, showing how new advances in experimental and computational technologies have been instrumental. As these recent discoveries were obtained using the model species Arabidopsis thaliana, we will restrict this review to regulatory networks in this important model species. However, more fragmentary information obtained from other species reveals that both the developmental processes and the underlying regulatory networks are largely conserved, making this review also of interest to those studying other plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Pajoro
- Plant Research International (PRI) Droevendaalseweg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalseweg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Biewers
- Centre for Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Evangelia Dougali
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Felipe Leal Valentim
- Plant Research International (PRI) Droevendaalseweg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marta Adelina Mendes
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Aimone Porri
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl von Linne Weg 10, D-50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - George Coupland
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl von Linne Weg 10, D-50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Yves Van de Peer
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Genomics Research Institute (GRI), University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Aalt D J van Dijk
- Plant Research International (PRI) Droevendaalseweg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands Biometris, Wageningen University, Droevendaalseweg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lucia Colombo
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Brendan Davies
- Centre for Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Gerco C Angenent
- Plant Research International (PRI) Droevendaalseweg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalseweg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Gu C, Zhang X, Jiang J, Guan Z, Zhao S, Fang W, Liao Y, Chen S, Chen F. Chrysanthemum CmNAR2 interacts with CmNRT2 in the control of nitrate uptake. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5833. [PMID: 25060485 PMCID: PMC5376060 DOI: 10.1038/srep05833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrate transporters are an important component of plant growth and development. Chrysanthemum morifolium is an important ornamental species, for which a sufficient supply of nitrogenous fertilizer is required to maintain economic yields. In this study, the full-length cDNA of the nitrate transporter genes CmNRT2 and CmNAR2 were isolated. CmNRT2 transcript accumulation was inducible by both nitrate and ammonium, but the latter ion down-regulated the transcript accumulation of CmNAR2. CmNRT2 might be a plasma membrane localized protein, while CmNAR2 was distributed throughout the cell. CmNAR2 was shown to interact with CmNRT2 by in vitro and in vivo assays. Arabidopsis thaliana plants heterologously expressing CmNRT2 showed an increased rate of nitrate influx, while this trait was unaltered in plants expressing CmNAR2. Double transformants (CmNRT2 plus CmNAR2) exhibited an enhanced rate of nitrate influx into the root. Our data indicated that the interaction of CmNAR2 with CmNRT2 contributed to the uptake of nitrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunsun Gu
- 1] College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China [2] Jiangsu Province Engineering Lab for Modern Facility Agriculture Technology &Equipment, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaoxue Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jiafu Jiang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhiyong Guan
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shuang Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Weimin Fang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yuan Liao
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Sumei Chen
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fadi Chen
- 1] College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China [2] Jiangsu Province Engineering Lab for Modern Facility Agriculture Technology &Equipment, Nanjing 210095, China
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Liu X, Wang Q, Gu J, Lü Y. Vernalization of Oriental hybrid lily 'Sorbonne': changes in physiology metabolic activity and molecular mechanism. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:6619-34. [PMID: 24990697 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3545-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Oriental hybrid lily 'Sorbonne' was used to investigate molecular changes during the storage at 4 °C for dormancy-release besides physiology metabolic activity observations. In physiological mechanism, endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) concentration level of lily bulbs decreased as the cold preservation time increased, and it kept at a stable level after being preserved for 35 days. The level of soluble sugars concentrations also changed during the cold preservation time, and it increased as the cold preservation time raised to 49 days then decreased afterward. On molecule level, a new transcriptome providing comprehensive sequence profiling data of variation during dormancy-release in lily was constructed. 34,367 unigenes expressed differentially between the control and the treatment was analyzed. 14 genes including 8 MADS-box family genes, 4 genes related to plant hormone, and 2 DNA methylation genes were selected to identify the levels of their expression by qRT-PCR. Our results show that the decrease of ABA level during cold storage, as well as changes in plant hormone genes was correlated with dormancy-release; MADS-box family genes VRN2, FLC, FT, SOC1 a, as well as LFY, MIKC and ARF, MYB transcription factor were included in lily floral induction and DNA methylation was correlated to lily vernalization under low temperature. According to the results of the present studies, we predicted that plant hormone pathway, energy metabolic pathway, vernalization pathway, and DNA methylation played important roles during vernalization; these data provided the foundation for future studies of vernalization to induce flowering of lily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Liu
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Xie M, Wu D, Duan G, Wang L, He R, Li X, Tang D, Zhao X, Liu X. AtWNK9 is regulated by ABA and dehydration and is involved in drought tolerance in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2014; 77:73-83. [PMID: 24561249 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2014.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
WNK (with no lysine [K]) kinases play important regulatory roles in flowering, as well as salt and osmotic stress tolerance in plants. Here, we report that AtWNK9, a member of the Arabidopsis WNK gene family, was induced by exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) treatment and dehydration stress. Overexpression of AtWNK9 from the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter in Arabidopsis resulted in increased sensitivity to ABA, strong inhibition of primary root elongation, increased proline accumulation, reduced stomatal aperture, and a reduced rate of water loss. In addition, plant survival under drought stress was improved compared to wild type. In contrast, a mutant with a T-DNA insertion in AtWNK9 showed reduced ABA sensitivity and an increased rate of water loss; further, it showed increased susceptibility to drought stress. The transcription of a number of ABA signaling components, including ABI1, ERA1, ABI3, and ABF3, was up-regulated in AtWNK9 transgenic plants and down-regulated in the wnk9 mutant in response to ABA. Some ABA-responsive and biosynthetic genes, as well as other drought-related genes, were altered at various levels in AtWNK9 transgenic plants and wnk9 mutants under dehydration stress. Overall, these findings suggest that AtWNK9 plays a positive role in ABA signaling and improves drought tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minmin Xie
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Guifang Duan
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Liqun Wang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Reqing He
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Xiushan Li
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Dongying Tang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhao
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Xuanming Liu
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
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Morphological, physiological, and structural responses of two species of artemisia to NaCl stress. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:309808. [PMID: 24235883 PMCID: PMC3819946 DOI: 10.1155/2013/309808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Effects of salt stress on Artemisia scoparia and A. vulgaris “Variegate” were examined. A. scoparia leaves became withered under NaCl treatment, whereas A. vulgaris “Variegate” leaves were not remarkably affected. Chlorophyll content decreased in both species, with a higher reduction in A. scoparia. Contents of proline, MDA, soluble carbohydrate, and Na+ increased in both species under salt stress, but A. vulgaris “Variegate” had higher level of proline and soluble carbohydrate and lower level of MDA and Na+. The ratios of K+/Na+, Ca2+/Na+, and Mg2+/Na+ in A. vulgaris “Variegate” under NaCl stress were higher. Moreover, A. vulgaris “Variegate” had higher transport selectivity of K+/Na+ from root to stem, stem to middle mature leaves, and upper newly developed leaves than A. scoparia under NaCl stress. A. vulgaris “Variegate” chloroplast maintained its morphological integrity under NaCl stress, whereas A. scoparia chloroplast lost integrity. The results indicated that A. scoparia is more sensitive to salt stress than A. vulgaris “Variegate.” Salt tolerance is mainly related to the ability of regulating osmotic pressure through the accumulation of soluble carbohydrates and proline, and the gradient distribution of K+ between roots and leaves was also contributed to osmotic pressure adjustment and improvement of plant salt tolerance.
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Zhao Q, Yu D, Chang H, Guo X, Yuan C, Hu S, Zhang C, Wang P, Wang Y. Regulation and function of Arabidopsis AtGALK2 gene in abscisic acid response signaling. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 40:6605-6612. [PMID: 24078097 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2773-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
AtGALK2 belongs to galactokinase of GHMP family in Arabidopsis thaliana. Two homozygous T-DNA insertion mutants (Atgalk2-1 and Atgalk2-2) of the AtGALK2 gene were identified. The AtGALK2 gene was highly expressed in flowers and roots, but less in stems, leaves and petioles. It was found that the expression of AtGALK2 gene was induced by NaCl and ABA. The two Atgalk2 mutants showed higher germination activity when treated with ABA and NaCl than wild type (Col-0). Through comparing the results of seed germination, root growth, stomatal aperture, water loss, and proline accumulation between the Atgalk2 mutants and Col-0, it was found that Atgalk2 mutants showed less sensitive to ABA than Col-0. The expression levels of ABI1, ABI2, RAB18, ABF3, RD22, RD29A, and RD29B in the Atgalk2 mutants were higher than in Col-0. However, the expression level of OST1 in the Atgalk2 mutants was lower than in Col-0. Taken together, these results suggested AtGALK2 was required for abscisic acid regulation of seed germination, root growth and gene expression, and was involved in salt and osmotic stress response in the early development stage. This study provides important clues to galactokinase activities of GHMP family in ABA signaling and plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Zhao
- School of Biology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China
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Zhu L, Shan H, Chen S, Jiang J, Gu C, Zhou G, Chen Y, Song A, Chen F. The Heterologous Expression of the Chrysanthemum R2R3-MYB Transcription Factor CmMYB1 Alters Lignin Composition and Represses Flavonoid Synthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65680. [PMID: 23840353 PMCID: PMC3686752 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant R2R3-MYB transcription factor genes are widely distributed in higher plants and play important roles in the regulation of many secondary metabolites at the transcriptional level. In this study, a chrysanthemum subgroup 4 R2R3-MYB transcription factor gene, designated CmMYB1, was isolated through screening chrysanthemum EST (expressed sequence tag) libraries and using rapid application of cDNA ends (RACE) methods and functionally characterized. CmMYB1 is expressed in the root, stem, leaf and flowers, but most strongly in the stem and most weakly in the root. Its heterologous expression in Arabidopsis thaliana reduced the lignin content and altered the lignin composition. The heterologous expression also repressed the flavonoids content in A. thaliana. Together, these results suggested that CmMYB1 is a negative regulator of genes involved in the lignin pathway and flavonoid pathway, it may be a promising gene for controlling lignin and flavonoids profiles in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong Shan
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Fishery Science of Nanjing, Nanjing, China
| | - Sumei Chen
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiafu Jiang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunsun Gu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoqin Zhou
- Institute of Fishery Science of Nanjing, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Chen
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Aiping Song
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fadi Chen
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail:
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Zhang S, Haider I, Kohlen W, Jiang L, Bouwmeester H, Meijer AH, Schluepmann H, Liu CM, Ouwerkerk PBF. Function of the HD-Zip I gene Oshox22 in ABA-mediated drought and salt tolerances in rice. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 80:571-85. [PMID: 23109182 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-012-9967-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Oshox22 belongs to the homeodomain-leucine zipper (HD-Zip) family I of transcription factors, most of which have unknown functions. Here we show that the expression of Oshox22 is strongly induced by salt stress, abscisic acid (ABA), and polyethylene glycol treatment (PEG), and weakly by cold stress. Trans-activation assays in yeast and transient expression analyses in rice protoplasts demonstrated that Oshox22 is able to bind the CAAT(G/C)ATTG element and acts as a transcriptional activator that requires both the HD and Zip domains. Rice plants homozygous for a T-DNA insertion in the promoter region of Oshox22 showed reduced Oshox22 expression and ABA content, decreased sensitivity to ABA, and enhanced tolerance to drought and salt stresses at the seedling stage. In contrast, transgenic rice over-expressing Oshox22 showed increased sensitivity to ABA, increased ABA content, and decreased drought and salt tolerances. Based on these results, we conclude that Oshox22 affects ABA biosynthesis and regulates drought and salt responses through ABA-mediated signal transduction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
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Peng J, Yu D, Wang L, Xie M, Yuan C, Wang Y, Tang D, Zhao X, Liu X. Arabidopsis F-box gene FOA1 involved in ABA signaling. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2012; 55:497-506. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-012-4332-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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