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Bhat HF, Mir SS, Dar KB, Bhat ZF, Shah RA, Ganai NA. ABC of multifaceted dystrophin glycoprotein complex (DGC). J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:5142-5159. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hina F. Bhat
- Division of BiotechnologySher‐e‐Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir SKUAST‐KShuhama, SrinagarJammu and KashmirIndia
| | - Saima S. Mir
- Department of BiotechnologyUniversity of KashmirHazratbal, SrinagarJammu and KashmirIndia
| | - Khalid B. Dar
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of KashmirHazratbal, SrinagarJammu and KashmirIndia
| | - Zuhaib F. Bhat
- Division of Livestock Products and TechnologySher‐e‐Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu (SKUAST‐J), R.S. PoraJammuJammu and KashmirIndia
| | - Riaz A. Shah
- Division of BiotechnologySher‐e‐Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir SKUAST‐KShuhama, SrinagarJammu and KashmirIndia
| | - Nazir A. Ganai
- Division of BiotechnologySher‐e‐Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir SKUAST‐KShuhama, SrinagarJammu and KashmirIndia
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Abstract
Olfactomedin 4 (OLFM4) is an olfactomedin domain-containing glycoprotein. Multiple signaling pathways and factors, including NF-κB, Wnt, Notch, PU.1, retinoic acids, estrogen receptor, and miR-486, regulate its expression. OLFM4 interacts with several other proteins, such as gene associated with retinoic-interferon-induced mortality 19 (GRIM-19), cadherins, lectins, nucleotide oligomerization domain-1 (NOD1) and nucleotide oligomerization domain-2 (NOD2), and cathepsins C and D, known to regulate important cellular functions. Recent investigations using Olfm4-deficient mouse models have provided important clues about its in vivo biological functions. Olfm4 inhibited Helicobacter pylori-induced NF-κB pathway activity and inflammation and facilitated H. pylori colonization in the mouse stomach. Olfm4-deficient mice exhibited enhanced immunity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus infection. Olfm4 deletion in a chronic granulomatous disease mouse model rescued them from S. aureus infection. Olfm4 deletion in mice treated with azoxymethane/dextran sodium sulfate led to robust intestinal inflammation and intestinal crypt hyperplasia. Olfm4 deletion in Apc (Min/+) mice promoted intestinal polyp formation as well as adenocarcinoma development in the distal colon. Further, Olfm4-deficient mice spontaneously developed prostatic epithelial lesions as they age. OLFM4 expression is correlated with cancer differentiation, stage, metastasis, and prognosis in a variety of cancers, suggesting its potential clinical value as an early-stage cancer marker or a therapeutic target. Collectively, these data suggest that OLFM4 plays important roles in innate immunity against bacterial infection, gastrointestinal inflammation, and cancer. In this review, we have summarized OLFM4's initial characterization, expression, regulation, protein interactions, and biological functions.
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Shi N, Li CX, Cui XB, Tomarev SI, Chen SY. Olfactomedin 2 Regulates Smooth Muscle Phenotypic Modulation and Vascular Remodeling Through Mediating Runt-Related Transcription Factor 2 Binding to Serum Response Factor. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:446-454. [PMID: 28062493 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.308606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to investigate the role and underlying mechanism of Olfactomedin 2 (Olfm2) in smooth muscle cell (SMC) phenotypic modulation and vascular remodeling. APPROACH AND RESULTS Platelet-derived growth factor-BB induces Olfm2 expression in primary SMCs while modulating SMC phenotype as shown by the downregulation of SMC marker proteins. Knockdown of Olfm2 blocks platelet-derived growth factor-BB-induced SMC phenotypic modulation, proliferation, and migration. Conversely, Olfm2 overexpression inhibits SMC marker expression. Mechanistically, Olfm2 promotes the interaction of serum response factor with the runt-related transcription factor 2 that is induced by platelet-derived growth factor-BB, leading to a decreased interaction between serum response factor and myocardin, causing a repression of SMC marker gene transcription and consequently SMC phenotypic modulation. Animal studies show that Olfm2 is upregulated in balloon-injured rat carotid arteries. Knockdown of Olfm2 effectively inhibits balloon injury-induced neointima formation. Importantly, knockout of Olfm2 in mice profoundly suppresses wire injury-induced neointimal hyperplasia while restoring SMC contractile protein expression, suggesting that Olfm2 plays a critical role in SMC phenotypic modulation in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Olfm2 is a novel factor mediating SMC phenotypic modulation. Thus, Olfm2 may be a potential target for treating injury-induced proliferative vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Shi
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens (N.S., C.-X.L., X.-B.C., S.-Y.C.); and Section on Retinal Ganglion Cell Biology, Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (S.I.T.)
| | - Chen-Xiao Li
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens (N.S., C.-X.L., X.-B.C., S.-Y.C.); and Section on Retinal Ganglion Cell Biology, Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (S.I.T.)
| | - Xiao-Bing Cui
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens (N.S., C.-X.L., X.-B.C., S.-Y.C.); and Section on Retinal Ganglion Cell Biology, Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (S.I.T.)
| | - Stanislav I Tomarev
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens (N.S., C.-X.L., X.-B.C., S.-Y.C.); and Section on Retinal Ganglion Cell Biology, Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (S.I.T.)
| | - Shi-You Chen
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens (N.S., C.-X.L., X.-B.C., S.-Y.C.); and Section on Retinal Ganglion Cell Biology, Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (S.I.T.).
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Holt R, Ugur Iseri SA, Wyatt AW, Bax DA, Gold Diaz D, Santos C, Broadgate S, Dunn R, Bruty J, Wallis Y, McMullan D, Ogilvie C, Gerrelli D, Zhang Y, Ragge N. Identification and functional characterisation of genetic variants in OLFM2 in children with developmental eye disorders. Hum Genet 2016; 136:119-127. [PMID: 27844144 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-016-1745-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Anophthalmia, microphthalmia, and coloboma are a genetically heterogeneous spectrum of developmental eye disorders and affect around 30 per 100,000 live births. OLFM2 encodes a secreted glycoprotein belonging to the noelin family of olfactomedin domain-containing proteins that modulate the timing of neuronal differentiation during development. OLFM2 SNPs have been associated with open angle glaucoma in a case-control study, and knockdown of Olfm2 in zebrafish results in reduced eye size. From a cohort of 258 individuals with developmental eye anomalies, we identified two with heterozygous variants in OLFM2: an individual with bilateral microphthalmia carrying a de novo 19p13.2 microdeletion involving OLFM2 and a second individual with unilateral microphthalmia and contralateral coloboma who had a novel single base change in the 5' untranslated region. Dual luciferase assays demonstrated that the latter variant causes a significant decrease in expression of OLFM2. Furthermore, RNA in situ hybridisation experiments using human developmental tissue revealed expression in relevant structures, including the lens vesicle and optic cup. Our study indicates that OLFM2 is likely to be important in mammalian eye development and disease and should be considered as a gene for human ocular anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Holt
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - S A Ugur Iseri
- Department of Genetics, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - A W Wyatt
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - D A Bax
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - D Gold Diaz
- Developmental Biology & Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - C Santos
- Developmental Biology & Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - S Broadgate
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - R Dunn
- Department of Genetics, Viapath, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - J Bruty
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Laboratory, Birmingham Women's Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Y Wallis
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Laboratory, Birmingham Women's Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - D McMullan
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Laboratory, Birmingham Women's Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - C Ogilvie
- Department of Cytogenetics, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - D Gerrelli
- Developmental Biology & Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Y Zhang
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicola Ragge
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK. .,Clinical Genetics Unit, West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women's Hospital, Birmingham, B15 2TG, UK.
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Pérez-Ibave DC, González-Alvarez R, de La Luz Martinez-Fierro M, Ruiz-Ayma G, Luna-Muñoz M, Martínez-De-Villarreal LE, De Lourdes Garza-Rodríguez M, Reséndez-Pérez D, Mohamed-Noriega J, Garza-Guajardo R, Bautista-De-Lucío VM, Mohamed-Noriega K, Barboza-Quintana O, Arámburo-De-La-Hoz C, Barrera-Saldaña HA, Rodríguez-Sánchez IP. Olfactomedin-like 2 A and B (OLFML2A and OLFML2B) expression profile in primates (human and baboon). Biol Res 2016; 49:44. [PMID: 27821182 PMCID: PMC5100274 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-016-0101-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The olfactomedin-like domain (OLFML) is present in at least four families of proteins, including OLFML2A and OLFML2B, which are expressed in adult rat retina cells. However, no expression of their orthologous has ever been reported in human and baboon. Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of OLFML2A and OLFML2B in ocular tissues of baboons (Papio hamadryas) and humans, as a key to elucidate OLFML function in eye physiology. Methods OLFML2A and OLFML2B cDNA detection in ocular tissues of these species was performed by RT-PCR. The amplicons were cloned and sequenced, phylogenetically analyzed and their proteins products were confirmed by immunofluorescence assays. Results OLFML2A and OLFML2B transcripts were found in human cornea, lens and retina and in baboon cornea, lens, iris and retina. The baboon OLFML2A and OLFML2B ORF sequences have 96% similarity with their human’s orthologous. OLFML2A and OLFML2B evolution fits the hypothesis of purifying selection. Phylogenetic analysis shows clear orthology in OLFML2A genes, while OLFML2B orthology is not clear. Conclusions Expression of OLFML2A and OLFML2B in human and baboon ocular tissues, including their high similarity, make the baboon a powerful model to deduce the physiological and/or metabolic function of these proteins in the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Cristina Pérez-Ibave
- Servicio de Oncología, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | | | - Margarita de La Luz Martinez-Fierro
- Unidad Académica de Medicina Humana y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Carretera Zacatecas-Guadalajara Km.6. Ejido La Escondida, Zacatecas, Mexico
| | - Gabriel Ruiz-Ayma
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, 66451, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Maricela Luna-Muñoz
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Laura Elia Martínez-De-Villarreal
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", 64460, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - María De Lourdes Garza-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Diana Reséndez-Pérez
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Jibran Mohamed-Noriega
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Raquel Garza-Guajardo
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica y Citopatología, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Víctor Manuel Bautista-De-Lucío
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular, Instituto de Oftalmología. Fundación de Asistencia Privada Conde de Valenciana IAP, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Karim Mohamed-Noriega
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Oralia Barboza-Quintana
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica y Citopatología, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Carlos Arámburo-De-La-Hoz
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Hugo Alberto Barrera-Saldaña
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Irám Pablo Rodríguez-Sánchez
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", 64460, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.
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Shi W, Ye Z, Zhuang L, Li Y, Shuai W, Zuo Z, Mao X, Liu R, Wu J, Chen S, Huang W. Olfactomedin 1 negatively regulates NF-κB signalling and suppresses the growth and metastasis of colorectal cancer cells. J Pathol 2016; 240:352-365. [PMID: 27555280 DOI: 10.1002/path.4784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Uncontrolled growth and distant metastasis are hallmarks of colorectal cancer (CRC), but the mechanisms are poorly understood. Olfactomedin 1 (OLFM1), a member of the olfactomedin domain-containing protein family, plays an important role in the development of neurogenic tissues. Recently, OLFM1 deregulation was frequently observed in several cancers, and it was induced in colon cell lines after treatment with the demethylating agent 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine. However, the function of OLFM1 in CRC remains unknown. In this study, we reanalysed published microarray data and found that OLFM1 was significantly down-regulated in primary CRC samples compared to adjacent non-cancerous tissues. The results of immunohistochemistry indicated that decreased OLFM1 expression was significantly associated with lymph node status (p = 0.023), distant metastasis (p < 0.001), and AJCC/TNM stage (p = 0.013), and CRC patients with low OLFM1 expression had consistently poor overall survival (OS; p < 0.001) and progression-free survival (PFS; p < 0.001). Further analysis demonstrated that OLFM1 was epigenetically silenced in CRC tissues and cell lines via promoter hypermethylation. Overexpression and knockdown of OLFM1 attenuated and increased, respectively, CRC cells' proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro and metastasis to the lung and liver in vivo. Mechanistically, the promotion of growth and metastasis of CRC cells by silencing of OLFM1 was associated with the activation of the non-canonical NF-κB signalling pathway. OLFM1 interacted with NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK; MAP3K14) and repressed the phosphorylation of its downstream substrate Ikappa B kinase alpha (IKKα). OLFM1 expression was negatively correlated with the phosphorylation level of IKKα in CRC tissue samples. Knockdown of NIK impaired the ability of OLFM1 to repress NF-κB signalling, cell growth or migration. Thus, OLFM1 may be a valuable biomarker and therapeutic target for CRC patients. Copyright © 2016 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shi
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China
- The Second Department of Internal Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Tumour Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Zhihua Ye
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Li Zhuang
- The Second Department of Internal Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Tumour Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Yingchang Li
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Wendi Shuai
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Zhixiang Zuo
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xueli Mao
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Ranyi Liu
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jiangxue Wu
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Shuai Chen
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China.
| | - Wenlin Huang
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumour Targeted Drugs and Guangzhou Enterprise Key Laboratory of Gene Medicine, Guangzhou Double Bioproducts Co Ltd, Guangzhou, PR China.
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Mutated olfactomedin 1 in the interphotoreceptor matrix of the mouse retina causes functional deficits and vulnerability to light damage. Histochem Cell Biol 2016; 147:453-469. [PMID: 27787612 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-016-1510-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Olfactomedin 1 (OLFM1) is a secreted glycoprotein and member of the olfactomedin protein family, which is preferentially expressed in various areas throughout the central nervous system. To learn about the functional properties of OLFM1 in the eye, we investigated its localization in the mouse and pig eye. In addition, we analyzed the ocular phenotype of Olfm1 mutant mice in which 52 amino acids were deleted in the central part (M2 region) of OLFM1. OLFM1 was detected in cornea, sclera, retina, and optic nerve of both wild-type and Olfm1 mutant littermates. By immunohistochemistry and double labeling with the lectin peanut agglutinin, OLFM1 was found in the interphotoreceptor matrix (IPM) of mouse and pig retina where it was directly localized to the inner segments of photoreceptors. Western blotting confirmed the presence of the OLFM1 isoforms pancortin 1 (BMY) and pancortin 2 (BMZ) in the IPM. The retinal phenotype of Olfm1 mutant mice did not obviously differ from that of wild-type littermates. In addition, outer nuclear layer (ONL) and total retinal thickness were not different, and the same was true for the area of the optic nerve in cross sections. Functional changes were observed though by electroretinography, which showed significantly lower a- and b-wave amplitudes in Olfm1 mutant mice when compared to age-matched wild-type mice. When light damage experiments were performed as an experimental paradigm of photoreceptor apoptosis, significantly more TUNEL-positive cells were observed in Olfm1 mutant mice 30 h after light exposure. One week after light exposure, the ONL was significantly thinner in Olfm1 mutant mice than in wild-type littermates indicating increased photoreceptor loss. No differences were observed when rhodopsin turnover or ERK1/2 signaling was investigated. We conclude that OLFM1 is a newly identified IPM molecule that serves an important role for photoreceptor homeostasis, which is significantly compromised in the eyes of Olfm1 mutant mice.
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Gu X, Li B, Jiang M, Fang M, Ji J, Wang A, Wang M, Jiang X, Gao C. RNA sequencing reveals differentially expressed genes as potential diagnostic and prognostic indicators of gallbladder carcinoma. Oncotarget 2016; 6:20661-71. [PMID: 25970782 PMCID: PMC4653033 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) is a rare tumor with a dismal survival rate overall. Hence, there is an urgent need for exploring more specific and sensitive biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment of GBC. At first, amplified total RNAs from two paired GBC tumors and adjacent non-tumorous tissues (ANTTs) were subjected to RNA sequencing. 161 genes were identified differentially expressed between tumors and ANTTs. Functional enrichment analysis indicated that the up-regulated genes in tumor were primarily associated with signaling molecules and enzyme modulators, and mainly involved in cell cycles and pathways in cancer. Twelve differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were further confirmed in another independent cohort of 35 GBC patients. Expression levels of BIRC5, TK1, TNNT1 and MMP9 were found to be positively related to postoperative relapse. There was also a significant correlation between BIRC5 expression and tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage. Besides, we observed a positive correlation between serum CA19-9 concentration and the expression levels of TNNT1, MMP9 and CLIC3. Survival analysis revealed that GBC patients with high TK1 and MMP9 expression levels had worse prognosis. These identified DEGs might not only be promising biomarkers for GBC diagnosis and prognosis, but also expedite the discovery of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Gu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, PR China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Biliary Tract Surgery I, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, PR China
| | - Mingming Jiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, PR China
| | - Meng Fang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, PR China
| | - Jun Ji
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, PR China
| | - Aihua Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, PR China
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, PR China
| | - Xiaoqing Jiang
- Department of Biliary Tract Surgery I, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, PR China
| | - Chunfang Gao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, PR China
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Zhao J, Shu P, Duan F, Wang X, Min L, Shen Z, Ruan Y, Qin J, Sun Y, Qin X. Loss of OLFM4 promotes tumor migration through inducing interleukin-8 expression and predicts lymph node metastasis in early gastric cancer. Oncogenesis 2016; 5:e234. [PMID: 27294866 PMCID: PMC4945743 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2016.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoscopic surgery is increasingly used for early gastric cancer (EGC) treatment worldwide, and lymph node metastasis remains the most important risk factor for endoscopic surgery in EGC patients. Olfactomedin 4 (OLFM4) is mainly expressed in the digestive system and upregulated in several types of tumors. However, the role of OLFM4 in EGC has not been explored. We evaluated OLFM4 expression by immunohistochemical staining in 105 patients with EGC who underwent gastrectomy. The clinicopathological factors and OLFM4 expression were co-analyzed to predict lymph node metastasis in EGC. The metastatic mechanism of OLFM4 in gastric cancer was also investigated. We found that OLFM4 was upregulated in EGC tumor sections, and relatively low expression of OLFM4 was observed in patients with lymph node metastasis. OLFM4 expression as well as tumor size and differentiation were identified as independent factors, which could be co-analyzed to generate a better model for predicting lymph node metastasis in EGC patients. In vitro studies revealed that knockdown of OLFM4 promoted the migration of gastric cancer cells through activating the NF-κB/interleukin-8 axis. Negative correlation between OLFM4 and interleukin-8 expression was also observed in EGC tumor samples. Our study implies that OLFM4 expression is a potential predictor of lymph node metastasis in EGC, and combing OLFM4 with tumor size and differentiation could better stratify EGC patients with different risks of lymph node metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - P Shu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - F Duan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - X Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - L Min
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Z Shen
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Ruan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - J Qin
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - X Qin
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Krishnan A, Nijmeijer S, de Graaf C, Schiöth HB. Classification, Nomenclature, and Structural Aspects of Adhesion GPCRs. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2016; 234:15-41. [PMID: 27832482 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-41523-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Representation of the nine distinct aGPCR subfamilies and their unique N-terminal domain architecture. The illustration also shows the extracellular structural feature shared by all aGPCRs (except ADGRA1), known as the GPCR autoproteolysis-inducing (GAIN) domain, that mediates autoproteolysis and subsequent attachment of the cleaved NTF and CTF fragments The adhesion family of G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) is unique among all GPCR families with long N-termini and multiple domains that are implicated in cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. Initially, aGPCRs in the human genome were phylogenetically classified into nine distinct subfamilies based on their 7TM sequence similarity. This phylogenetic grouping of genes into subfamilies was found to be in congruence in closely related mammals and other vertebrates as well. Over the years, aGPCR repertoires have been mapped in many species including model organisms, and, currently, there is a growing interest in exploring the pharmacological aspects of aGPCRs. Nonetheless, the aGPCR nomenclature has been highly diverse because experts in the field have used different names for different family members based on their characteristics (e.g., epidermal growth factor-seven-span transmembrane (EGF-TM7)), but without harmonization with regard to nomenclature efforts. In order to facilitate naming of orthologs and other genetic variants in different species in the future, the Adhesion-GPCR Consortium, together with the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology Committee on Receptor Nomenclature and Drug Classification, proposed a unified nomenclature for aGPCRs. Here, we review the classification and the most recent/current nomenclature of aGPCRs and as well discuss the structural topology of the extracellular domain (ECD)/N-terminal fragment (NTF) that is comparable with this 7TM subfamily classification. Of note, we systematically describe the structural domains in the ECD of aGPCR subfamilies and highlight their role in aGPCR-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunkumar Krishnan
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, 593, Uppsala, 75 124, Sweden
| | - Saskia Nijmeijer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081HV, The Netherlands
| | - Chris de Graaf
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081HV, The Netherlands
| | - Helgi B Schiöth
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, 593, Uppsala, 75 124, Sweden.
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Suknuntha K, Ishii Y, Tao L, Hu K, McIntosh BE, Yang D, Swanson S, Stewart R, Wang JYJ, Thomson J, Slukvin I. Discovery of survival factor for primitive chronic myeloid leukemia cells using induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Res 2015; 15:678-693. [PMID: 26561938 PMCID: PMC5003778 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2015.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A definitive cure for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) requires identifying novel therapeutic targets to eradicate leukemia stem cells (LSCs). However, the rarity of LSCs within the primitive hematopoietic cell compartment remains a major limiting factor for their study in humans. Here we show that primitive hematopoietic cells with typical LSC features, including adhesion defect, increased long-term survival and proliferation, and innate resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) imatinib, can be generated de novo from reprogrammed primary CML cells. Using CML iPSC-derived primitive leukemia cells, we discovered olfactomedin 4 (OLFM4) as a novel factor that contributes to survival and growth of somatic lin(-)CD34(+) cells from bone marrow of patients with CML in chronic phase, but not primitive hematopoietic cells from normal bone marrow. Overall, this study shows the feasibility and advantages of using reprogramming technology to develop strategies for targeting primitive leukemia cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kran Suknuntha
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, United States
| | - Yuki Ishii
- Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0820, United States
| | - Lihong Tao
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53715, United States
| | - Kejin Hu
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53715, United States
| | - Brian E McIntosh
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53707, United States
| | - David Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, United States
| | - Scott Swanson
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53707, United States
| | - Ron Stewart
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53707, United States
| | - Jean Y J Wang
- Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0820, United States
| | - James Thomson
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53707, United States; Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53707, United States; Department of Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States
| | - Igor Slukvin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, United States; Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53715, United States.
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Liu Y, Qiu N, Ma M. Comparative proteomic analysis of egg white proteins during the rapid embryonic growth period by combinatorial peptide ligand libraries. Poult Sci 2015; 94:2495-505. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Palstra AP, Fukaya K, Chiba H, Dirks RP, Planas JV, Ueda H. The Olfactory Transcriptome and Progression of Sexual Maturation in Homing Chum Salmon Oncorhynchus keta. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137404. [PMID: 26397372 PMCID: PMC4580453 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproductive homing migration of salmonids requires accurate interaction between the reception of external olfactory cues for navigation to the spawning grounds and the regulation of sexual maturation processes. This study aimed at providing insights into the hypothesized functional link between olfactory sensing of the spawning ground and final sexual maturation. We have therefore assessed the presence and expression levels of olfactory genes by RNA sequencing (RNAseq) of the olfactory rosettes in homing chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta Walbaum from the coastal sea to 75 km upstream the rivers at the pre-spawning ground. The progression of sexual maturation along the brain-pituitary-gonadal axis was assessed through determination of plasma steroid levels by time-resolved fluoroimmunoassays (TR-FIA), pituitary gonadotropin subunit expression and salmon gonadotropin-releasing hormone (sgnrh) expression in the brain by quantitative real-time PCR. RNAseq revealed the expression of 75 known and 27 unknown salmonid olfactory genes of which 13 genes were differentially expressed between fish from the pre-spawning area and from the coastal area, suggesting an important role of these genes in homing. A clear progression towards final maturation was characterised by higher plasma 17α,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) levels, increased pituitary luteinizing hormone β subunit (lhβ) expression and sgnrh expression in the post brain, and lower plasma testosterone (T) and 17β-estradiol (E2) levels. Olfactomedins and ependymin are candidates among the differentially expressed genes that may connect olfactory reception to the expression of sgnrh to regulate final maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjan P. Palstra
- Institute for Marine Resources and Ecosystem Studies (IMARES), Wageningen University and Research Centre, Korringaweg 5, 4401 NT Yerseke, The Netherlands
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen UR Livestock Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Kosuke Fukaya
- Laboratory of Aquatic Bioresources and Ecosystem, Section of Ecosystem Conservation, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0809 Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Chiba
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Kitasato 1-15-1, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Ron P. Dirks
- ZF-screens BV, J.H. Oortweg 19, 2333 CH Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Josep V. Planas
- Departament de Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona and Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hiroshi Ueda
- Laboratory of Aquatic Bioresources and Ecosystem, Section of Ecosystem Conservation, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0809 Hokkaido, Japan
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Ran X, Xu X, Yang Y, She S, Yang M, Li S, Peng H, Ding X, Hu H, Hu P, Zhang D, Ren H, Wu L, Zeng W. A quantitative proteomics study on olfactomedin 4 in the development of gastric cancer. Int J Oncol 2015; 47:1932-44. [PMID: 26398045 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is now one of the most common malignancies with a relatively high incidence and high mortality rate. The prognosis is closely related to the degree of tumor metastasis. The mechanism of metastasis is still unclear. Proteomics analysis is a powerful tool to study and evaluate protein expression in tumor tissues. In the present study, we collected 15 gastric cancer and adjacent normal gastric tissues and used the isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) method to identify differentially expressed proteins. A total of 134 proteins were differentially expressed between the cancerous and non-cancerous samples. Azurocidin 1 (AZU1), CPVL, olfactomedin 4 (OLFM4) and Villin 1 (VIL1) were upregulated and confirmed by western blot analysis, real-time quantitative PCR and immunohistochemical analyses. These results were in accordance with iTRAQ. Furthermore, silencing the OLFM4 expression suppressed the migration, invasion and proliferation of the GC cells in vitro. The present study represents a successful application of the iTRAQ method in analyzing the expression levels of thousands of proteins. Overexpression of OLFM4 in gastric cancer may induce the development of gastric cancer. Overall, suppression of OLFM4 expression may be a promising strategy in the development of novel cancer therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Ran
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoming Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Yixuan Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Sha She
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Min Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Shiying Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Hong Peng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Xiangchun Ding
- Department of Infectious Diseases, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Huaidong Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Peng Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Dazhi Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Hong Ren
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Ligang Wu
- Department of Oncological Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Weiqun Zeng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
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Kottawatta KSA, So KH, Kodithuwakku SP, Ng EHY, Yeung WSB, Lee KF. MicroRNA-212 Regulates the Expression of Olfactomedin 1 and C-Terminal Binding Protein 1 in Human Endometrial Epithelial Cells to Enhance Spheroid Attachment In Vitro. Biol Reprod 2015; 93:109. [PMID: 26377223 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.115.131334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful embryo implantation requires a synchronized dialogue between a competent blastocyst and the receptive endometrium, which occurs in a limited time period known as the "window of implantation." Recent studies suggested that down-regulation of olfactomedin 1 (OLFM1) in the endometrium and fallopian tube is associated with receptive endometrium and tubal ectopic pregnancy in humans. Interestingly, the human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) induces miR-212 expression, which modulates OLFM1 and C-terminal binding protein 1 (CTBP1) expressions in mouse granulosa cells. Therefore, we hypothesized that embryo-derived hCG would increase miR-212 expression and down-regulate OLFM1 and CTBP1 expressions to favor embryo attachment onto the female reproductive tract. We found that hCG stimulated the expression of miR-212 and down-regulated OLFM1 but not CTBP1 mRNA in both human endometrial (Ishikawa) and fallopian (OE-E6/E7) epithelial cells. However, hCG suppressed the expression of OLFM1 and CTBP1 proteins in both cell lines. The 3'UTR of both OLFM1 and CTBP1 contained binding sites for miR-212. The miR-212 precursor suppressed luciferase expression, whereas the miR-212 inhibitor stimulated luciferase expression of the wild-type (WT)-OLFM1 and WT-CTBP1 reporter constructs. Furthermore, hCG (25 IU/ml) treatments stimulated trophoblastic (Jeg-3) spheroid (blastocyst surrogate) attachment onto Ishikawa and OE-E6/E7 cells. Transfection of miR-212 precursor increased Jeg-3 spheroid attachment onto Ishikawa cells and decreased OLFM1 and CTBP1 protein expressions, whereas the opposite occurred with miR-212 inhibitor. Taken together, hCG stimulated miR-212, which in turn down-regulated OLFM1 and CTBP1 expression in fallopian and endometrial epithelial cells to favor spheroid attachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kottawattage S A Kottawatta
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China Department of Veterinary Public Health and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, The University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Kam-Hei So
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Suranga P Kodithuwakku
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, The University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Ernest H Y Ng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China Centre for Reproduction, Development and Growth, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China ShenZhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Futian District, Shenzhen, China
| | - William S B Yeung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China Centre for Reproduction, Development and Growth, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China ShenZhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Futian District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kai-Fai Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China Centre for Reproduction, Development and Growth, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China ShenZhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Futian District, Shenzhen, China
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Li R, Diao H, Zhao F, Xiao S, El Zowalaty AE, Dudley EA, Mattson MP, Ye X. Olfactomedin 1 Deficiency Leads to Defective Olfaction and Impaired Female Fertility. Endocrinology 2015; 156:3344-57. [PMID: 26107991 PMCID: PMC4541623 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Olfactomedin 1 (OLFM1) is a glycoprotein highly expressed in the brain. Olfm1(-/-) female mice were previously reported to have reduced fertility. Previous microarray analysis revealed Olfm1 among the most highly upregulated genes in the uterine luminal epithelium upon embryo implantation, which was confirmed by in situ hybridization. We hypothesized that Olfm1 deficiency led to defective embryo implantation and thus impaired fertility. Indeed, Olfm1(-/-) females had defective embryo implantation. However, Olfm1(-/-) females rarely mated and those that mated rarely became pregnant. Ovarian histology indicated the absence of corpora lutea in Olfm1(-/-) females, indicating defective ovulation. Superovulation using equine chorionic gonadotropin-human chorionic gonadotropin rescued mating, ovulation, and pregnancy, and equine chorionic gonadotropin alone rescued ovulation in Olfm1(-/-) females. Olfm1(-/-) females had a 13% reduction of hypothalamic GnRH neurons but comparable basal serum LH levels and GnRH-induced LH levels compared with wild-type controls. These results indicated no obvious local defects in the female reproductive system and a functional hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Olfm1(-/-) females were unresponsive to the effects of male bedding stimulation on pubertal development and estrous cycle. There were 41% fewer cFos-positive cells in the mitral cell layer of accessory olfactory bulb upon male urine stimulation for 90 minutes. OLFM1 was expressed in the main and accessory olfactory systems including main olfactory epithelium, vomeronasal organ, main olfactory bulb, and accessory olfactory bulb, with the highest expression detected in the axon bundles of olfactory sensory neurons. These data demonstrate that defective fertility in Olfm1(-/-) females is most likely a secondary effect of defective olfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Li
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (R.L., H.D., F.Z., S.X., A.E.E.Z., E.A.D., X.Y.), College of Veterinary Medicine, and Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program (R.L., F.Z., S.X., A.E.E.Z., E.A.D., X.Y.), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602; and Laboratory of Neurosciences (M.P.M.), National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Honglu Diao
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (R.L., H.D., F.Z., S.X., A.E.E.Z., E.A.D., X.Y.), College of Veterinary Medicine, and Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program (R.L., F.Z., S.X., A.E.E.Z., E.A.D., X.Y.), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602; and Laboratory of Neurosciences (M.P.M.), National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Fei Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (R.L., H.D., F.Z., S.X., A.E.E.Z., E.A.D., X.Y.), College of Veterinary Medicine, and Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program (R.L., F.Z., S.X., A.E.E.Z., E.A.D., X.Y.), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602; and Laboratory of Neurosciences (M.P.M.), National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Shuo Xiao
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (R.L., H.D., F.Z., S.X., A.E.E.Z., E.A.D., X.Y.), College of Veterinary Medicine, and Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program (R.L., F.Z., S.X., A.E.E.Z., E.A.D., X.Y.), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602; and Laboratory of Neurosciences (M.P.M.), National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Ahmed E El Zowalaty
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (R.L., H.D., F.Z., S.X., A.E.E.Z., E.A.D., X.Y.), College of Veterinary Medicine, and Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program (R.L., F.Z., S.X., A.E.E.Z., E.A.D., X.Y.), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602; and Laboratory of Neurosciences (M.P.M.), National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Elizabeth A Dudley
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (R.L., H.D., F.Z., S.X., A.E.E.Z., E.A.D., X.Y.), College of Veterinary Medicine, and Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program (R.L., F.Z., S.X., A.E.E.Z., E.A.D., X.Y.), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602; and Laboratory of Neurosciences (M.P.M.), National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Mark P Mattson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (R.L., H.D., F.Z., S.X., A.E.E.Z., E.A.D., X.Y.), College of Veterinary Medicine, and Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program (R.L., F.Z., S.X., A.E.E.Z., E.A.D., X.Y.), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602; and Laboratory of Neurosciences (M.P.M.), National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Xiaoqin Ye
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (R.L., H.D., F.Z., S.X., A.E.E.Z., E.A.D., X.Y.), College of Veterinary Medicine, and Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program (R.L., F.Z., S.X., A.E.E.Z., E.A.D., X.Y.), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602; and Laboratory of Neurosciences (M.P.M.), National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
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Ranaivoson FM, Liu Q, Martini F, Bergami F, von Daake S, Li S, Lee D, Demeler B, Hendrickson WA, Comoletti D. Structural and Mechanistic Insights into the Latrophilin3-FLRT3 Complex that Mediates Glutamatergic Synapse Development. Structure 2015; 23:1665-1677. [PMID: 26235031 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2015.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Latrophilins (LPHNs) are adhesion-like G-protein-coupled receptors implicated in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Recently, LPHN3 was found to regulate excitatory synapse number through trans interactions with fibronectin leucine-rich repeat transmembrane 3 (FLRT3). By isothermal titration calorimetry, we determined that only the olfactomedin (OLF) domain of LPHN3 is necessary for FLRT3 association. By multi-crystal native single-wavelength anomalous diffraction phasing, we determined the crystal structure of the OLF domain. This structure is a five-bladed β propeller with a Ca(2+) ion bound in the central pore, which is capped by a mobile loop that allows the ion to exchange with the solvent. The crystal structure of the OLF/FLRT3 complex shows that LPHN3-OLF in the closed state binds with high affinity to the concave face of FLRT3-LRR with a combination of hydrophobic and charged residues. Our study provides structural and functional insights into the molecular mechanism underlying the contribution of LPHN3/FLRT3 to the development of glutamatergic synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanomezana M Ranaivoson
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey and Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, 89 French Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Qun Liu
- New York Structural Biology Center, NSLSII, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Francesca Martini
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey and Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, 89 French Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Francesco Bergami
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey and Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, 89 French Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Sventja von Daake
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey and Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, 89 French Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Sheng Li
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - David Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Borries Demeler
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Department of Biochemistry, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Wayne A Hendrickson
- New York Structural Biology Center, NSLSII, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Davide Comoletti
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey and Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, 89 French Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
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Yap NVL, Whelan FJ, Bowdish DME, Golding GB. The Evolution of the Scavenger Receptor Cysteine-Rich Domain of the Class A Scavenger Receptors. Front Immunol 2015; 6:342. [PMID: 26217337 PMCID: PMC4491621 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The class A scavenger receptor (cA-SR) family is a group of five evolutionarily related innate immune receptors. The cA-SRs are known for their promiscuous ligand binding; as they have been shown to bind bacteria, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae and Escherichia coli, as well as different modified forms of low-density lipoprotein. Three of the five family members possess a scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) domain while the remaining two receptors lack the domain. Previous work has suggested that the macrophage-associated receptor with collagenous structure (MARCO) shares a recent common ancestor with the non-SRCR-containing receptors; however, the origin of the SRCR domain within the cA-SRs remains unknown. We hypothesize that the SRCR domains of the cA-SRs have a common origin that predates teleost fish. Using the newly available sequence data from sea lamprey and ghost shark genome projects, we have shown that MARCO shares a common ancestor with the SRCR-containing proteins. In addition, we explored the evolutionary relationships within the SRCR domain by reconstructing the ancestral SRCR domains of the cA-SRs. We identified a motif that is highly conserved between the cA-SR SRCR domains and the ancestral SRCR domain that consist of WGTVCDD. We also show that the GRAEVYY motif, a functionally important motif within MARCO, is poorly conserved in the other cA-SRs and in the reconstructed ancestral domain. Further, we identified three sites within MARCO's SRCR domain, which are under positive selection. Two of these sites lie adjacent to the conserved WGTVCDD motif, and may indicate a potential biological function for these sites. Together, these findings indicate a common origin of the SRCR domain within the cA-SRs; however, different selective pressures between the proteins may have caused MARCOs SRCR domain to evolve to contain different functional motifs when compared to the other SRCR-containing cA-SRs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fiona J. Whelan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Dawn M. E. Bowdish
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - G. Brian Golding
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Hill SE, Donegan RK, Nguyen E, Desai TM, Lieberman RL. Molecular Details of Olfactomedin Domains Provide Pathway to Structure-Function Studies. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130888. [PMID: 26121352 PMCID: PMC4488277 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactomedin (OLF) domains are found within extracellular, multidomain proteins in numerous tissues of multicellular organisms. Even though these proteins have been implicated in human disorders ranging from cancers to attention deficit disorder to glaucoma, little is known about their structure(s) and function(s). Here we biophysically, biochemically, and structurally characterize OLF domains from H. sapiens olfactomedin-1 (npoh-OLF, also called noelin, pancortin, OLFM1, and hOlfA), and M. musculus gliomedin (glio-OLF, also called collomin, collmin, and CRG-L2), and compare them with available structures of myocilin (myoc-OLF) recently reported by us and R. norvegicus glio-OLF and M. musculus latrophilin-3 (lat3-OLF) by others. Although the five-bladed β-propeller architecture remains unchanged, numerous physicochemical characteristics differ among these OLF domains. First, npoh-OLF and glio-OLF exhibit prominent, yet distinct, positive surface charges and copurify with polynucleotides. Second, whereas npoh-OLF and myoc-OLF exhibit thermal stabilities typical of human proteins near 55°C, and most myoc-OLF variants are destabilized and highly prone to aggregation, glio-OLF is nearly 20°C more stable and significantly more resistant to chemical denaturation. Phylogenetically, glio-OLF is most similar to primitive OLFs, and structurally, glio-OLF is missing distinguishing features seen in OLFs such as the disulfide bond formed by N- and C- terminal cysteines, the sequestered Ca2+ ion within the propeller central hydrophilic cavity, and a key loop-stabilizing cation-π interaction on the top face of npoh-OLF and myoc-OLF. While deciphering the explicit biological functions, ligands, and binding partners for OLF domains will likely continue to be a challenging long-term experimental pursuit, we used structural insights gained here to generate a new antibody selective for myoc-OLF over npoh-OLF and glio-OLF as a first step in overcoming the impasse in detailed functional characterization of these biomedically important protein domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon E. Hill
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Rebecca K. Donegan
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Elaine Nguyen
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Tanay M. Desai
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Raquel L. Lieberman
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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70
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Pronker MF, Bos TGAA, Sharp TH, Thies-Weesie DME, Janssen BJC. Olfactomedin-1 Has a V-shaped Disulfide-linked Tetrameric Structure. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:15092-101. [PMID: 25903135 PMCID: PMC4463452 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.653485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactomedin-1 (Olfm1; also known as noelin and pancortin) is a member of the olfactomedin domain-containing superfamily and a highly expressed neuronal glycoprotein important for nervous system development. It binds a number of secreted proteins and cell surface-bound receptors to induce cell signaling processes. Using a combined approach of x-ray crystallography, solution scattering, analytical ultracentrifugation, and electron microscopy we determined that full-length Olfm1 forms disulfide-linked tetramers with a distinctive V-shaped architecture. The base of the “V” is formed by two disulfide-linked dimeric N-terminal domains. Each of the two V legs consists of a parallel dimeric disulfide-linked coiled coil with a C-terminal β-propeller dimer at the tips. This agrees with our crystal structure of a C-terminal coiled-coil segment and β-propeller combination (Olfm1coil-Olf) that reveals a disulfide-linked dimeric arrangement with the β-propeller top faces in an outward exposed orientation. Similar to its family member myocilin, Olfm1 is stabilized by calcium. The dimer-of-dimers architecture suggests a role for Olfm1 in clustering receptors to regulate signaling and sheds light on the conformation of several other olfactomedin domain family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matti F Pronker
- From the Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and
| | - Trusanne G A A Bos
- From the Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and
| | - Thomas H Sharp
- Section Electron Microscopy, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dominique M E Thies-Weesie
- Van't Hoff Laboratory for Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Debye Institute of Nanomaterials Science, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands and
| | - Bert J C Janssen
- From the Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and
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71
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Bertelsen B, Melchior L, Jensen LR, Groth C, Nazaryan L, Debes NM, Skov L, Xie G, Sun W, Brøndum-Nielsen K, Kuss AW, Chen W, Tümer Z. A t(3;9)(q25.1;q34.3) translocation leading to OLFM1 fusion transcripts in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, OCD and ADHD. Psychiatry Res 2015; 225:268-75. [PMID: 25595337 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) is a neuropsychiatric disorder with a strong genetic etiology; however, finding of candidate genes is hampered by its genetic heterogeneity and the influence of non-genetic factors on disease pathogenesis. We report a case of a male patient with GTS, obsessive compulsive disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity-disorder, as well as other comorbidities, and a translocation t(3;9)(q25.1;q34.3) inherited from a mother with tics. Mate-pair sequencing revealed that the translocation breakpoints truncated the olfactomedin 1 (OLFM1) gene and two uncharacterized transcripts. Reverse-transcription PCR identified several fusion transcripts in the carriers, and OLFM1 expression was found to be high in GTS-related human brain regions. As OLFM1 plays a role in neuronal development it is a likely candidate gene for neuropsychiatric disorders and haploinsufficiency of OLFM1 could be a contributing risk factor to the phenotype of the carriers. In addition, one of the fusion transcripts may exert a dominant-negative or gain-of-function effect. OLFM1 is unlikely to be a major GTS susceptibility gene as no point mutations or copy number variants affecting OLFM1 were identified in 175 additional patients. The translocation described is thus a unique event, but further studies in larger cohorts are required to elucidate involvement of OLFM1 in GTS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgitte Bertelsen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Applied Human Molecular Genetics, Kennedy Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Linea Melchior
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Applied Human Molecular Genetics, Kennedy Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Lars Riff Jensen
- Department of Human Genetics, University Medicine Greifswald and Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Camilla Groth
- Tourette Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Lusine Nazaryan
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Applied Human Molecular Genetics, Kennedy Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Nanette Mol Debes
- Tourette Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Liselotte Skov
- Tourette Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Gangcai Xie
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wei Sun
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karen Brøndum-Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Applied Human Molecular Genetics, Kennedy Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Andreas Walter Kuss
- Department of Human Genetics, University Medicine Greifswald and Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Wei Chen
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Zeynep Tümer
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Applied Human Molecular Genetics, Kennedy Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark.
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72
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Jackson VA, del Toro D, Carrasquero M, Roversi P, Harlos K, Klein R, Seiradake E. Structural basis of latrophilin-FLRT interaction. Structure 2015; 23:774-81. [PMID: 25728924 PMCID: PMC4396693 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2015.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Latrophilins, receptors for spider venom α-latrotoxin, are adhesion type G-protein-coupled receptors with emerging functions in synapse development. The N-terminal region binds the endogenous cell adhesion molecule FLRT, a major regulator of cortical and synapse development. We present crystallographic data for the mouse Latrophilin3 lectin and olfactomedin-like (Olf) domains, thereby revealing the Olf β-propeller fold and conserved calcium-binding site. We locate the FLRT-Latrophilin binding surfaces by a combination of sequence conservation analysis, point mutagenesis, and surface plasmon resonance experiments. In stripe assays, we show that wild-type Latrophilin3 and its high-affinity interactor FLRT2, but not the binding-impaired mutants we generated, promote HeLa cell adhesion. In contrast, cortical neurons expressing endogenous FLRTs are repelled by wild-type Latrophilin3 and not by the binding-impaired mutant. Taken together, we present molecular level insights into Latrophilin structure, its FLRT-binding mechanism, and a role for Latrophilin and FLRT that goes beyond a simply adhesive interaction. The LPHN olfactomedin-like domain forms a five-bladed β propeller A conserved calcium-binding site is located at the center of the protein Latrophilin-FLRT binding depends on a conserved binding site Mutations in the binding site inhibit Latrophilin-FLRT signaling
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Affiliation(s)
- Verity A Jackson
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Daniel del Toro
- Max-Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Munich-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Maria Carrasquero
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Pietro Roversi
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Karl Harlos
- Division of Structural Biology, Oxford University, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Rüdiger Klein
- Max-Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Munich-Martinsried, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Feodor-Lynen-Straße 17, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Elena Seiradake
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
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73
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Guette C, Valo I, Vétillard A, Coqueret O. Olfactomedin-4 is a candidate biomarker of solid gastric, colorectal, pancreatic, head and neck, and prostate cancers. Proteomics Clin Appl 2014; 9:58-63. [PMID: 25400027 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201400083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Olfactomedin-4 (OLFM4, OLM4) is a 72 kDa secreted glycoprotein belonging to the olfactomedin family. The OLFM4 gene expression is regulated by the transcription factors NF-kappa B and AP-1, and the OLM4 functions are poorly understood. OLM4 has been described as being able to interact with cell surface proteins such as lectins and concanavalin-A suggesting that one function of OLM4 is to regulate cell adhesion and migration. OLM4 is a marker for intestinal stem cells and is expressed at the bottom of the intestinal crypts. Expression of OLM4 during tumor development showed that OLM4 expression is increased in the early stages of tumor initiation. As OLM4 is a secreted protein, it is a prime candidate for biomarker research for tumor detection or progression. Levels of circulating OLM4 were significantly higher in patients with gastric, colorectal, and pancreatic cancers than in healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Guette
- Institut de Cancerologie de l'Ouest Paul Papin, INSERM U892, Angers, France
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74
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Donegan RK, Hill SE, Freeman DM, Nguyen E, Orwig SD, Turnage KC, Lieberman RL. Structural basis for misfolding in myocilin-associated glaucoma. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 24:2111-24. [PMID: 25524706 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactomedin (OLF) domain-containing proteins play roles in fundamental cellular processes and have been implicated in disorders ranging from glaucoma, cancers and inflammatory bowel disorder, to attention deficit disorder and childhood obesity. We solved crystal structures of the OLF domain of myocilin (myoc-OLF), the best studied such domain to date. Mutations in myoc-OLF are causative in the autosomal dominant inherited form of the prevalent ocular disorder glaucoma. The structures reveal a new addition to the small family of five-bladed β-propellers. Propellers are most well known for their ability to act as hubs for protein-protein interactions, a function that seems most likely for myoc-OLF, but they can also act as enzymes. A calcium ion, sodium ion and glycerol molecule were identified within a central hydrophilic cavity that is accessible via movements of surface loop residues. By mapping familial glaucoma-associated lesions onto the myoc-OLF structure, three regions sensitive to aggregation have been identified, with direct applicability to differentiating between neutral and disease-causing non-synonymous mutations documented in the human population worldwide. Evolutionary analysis mapped onto the myoc-OLF structure reveals conserved and divergent regions for possible overlapping and distinctive functional protein-protein or protein-ligand interactions across the broader OLF domain family. While deciphering the specific normal biological functions, ligands and binding partners for OLF domains will likely continue to be a challenging long-term experimental pursuit, atomic detail structural knowledge of myoc-OLF is a valuable guide for understanding the implications of glaucoma-associated mutations and will help focus future studies of this biomedically important domain family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca K Donegan
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, USA
| | - Shannon E Hill
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, USA
| | - Dana M Freeman
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, USA
| | - Elaine Nguyen
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, USA
| | - Susan D Orwig
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, USA
| | - Katherine C Turnage
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, USA
| | - Raquel L Lieberman
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, USA
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75
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Han H, Kursula P. The olfactomedin domain from gliomedin is a β-propeller with unique structural properties. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:3612-21. [PMID: 25525261 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.627547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
All members of the olfactomedin (OLF) family have a conserved extracellular OLF domain, for which a structure has not been available. We present here the crystal structure of the OLF domain from gliomedin. Gliomedin is a protein expressed by Schwann cells in peripheral nerves, important for the formation of the nodes of Ranvier. Gliomedin interacts with neuronal cell adhesion molecules, such as neurofascin, but the structural details of the interaction are not known. The structure of the OLF domain presents a five-bladed β-propeller fold with unusual geometric properties. The symmetry of the structure is not 5-fold, but rather reveals a twisted arrangement. The conserved top face of the gliomedin OLF domain is likely to be important for binding to neuronal ligands. Our results provide a structural basis for the functions of gliomedin in Schwann cells, enable the understanding of the role of the gliomedin OLF domain in autoimmune neuropathies, and unravel the locations of human disease-causing mutations in other OLF family members, including myocilin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijong Han
- From the Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland, the German Electron Synchrotron (DESY), 22607 Hamburg, Germany, and
| | - Petri Kursula
- From the Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland, the German Electron Synchrotron (DESY), 22607 Hamburg, Germany, and the Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
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76
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Han H, Kursula P. Expression, purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of the extracellular olfactomedin domain of gliomedin. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION F-STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY COMMUNICATIONS 2014; 70:1536-9. [PMID: 25372825 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x14020305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Gliomedin (GLDN) is one of the essential proteins in the development of the nodes of Ranvier in the vertebrate peripheral nervous system. An olfactomedin (OLF) domain is located at the GLDN extracellular C-terminus and is involved in the accumulation of neuronal plasma membrane voltage-gated sodium channels in the nodes by interacting with neurofascin and NrCAM. No structures of OLF domains have previously been reported. Here, the crystallization of the rat GLDN OLF domain, which was expressed in an insect-cell system, is reported. The crystal diffracted to 1.55 Å resolution and belonged to space group P2₁, with unit-cell parameters a=37.5, b=141.7, c=46.0 Å, β=110.6°, and had two molecules in the asymmetric unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijong Han
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, PO Box 3000, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Petri Kursula
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, PO Box 3000, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland
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77
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Sultana A, Nakaya N, Dong L, Abu-Asab M, Qian H, Tomarev SI. Deletion of olfactomedin 2 induces changes in the AMPA receptor complex and impairs visual, olfactory, and motor functions in mice. Exp Neurol 2014; 261:802-11. [PMID: 25218043 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Olfactomedin 2 (Olfm2) is a secretory glycoprotein belonging to the family of olfactomedin domain-containing proteins. A previous study has shown that a mutation in OLFM2 is associated with primary open angle glaucoma in Japanese patients. In the present study, we generated Olfm2 deficient mice by replacing the Olfm2 gene with the LacZ gene. The loss of Olfm2 resulted in no gross abnormalities. However, Olfm2 null mice showed reduced exploration, locomotion, olfactory sensitivity, abnormal motor coordination, and anxiety related behavior. The pattern of the Olfm2 gene expression was studied in the brain and eye using β-galactosidase staining. In the brain, Olfm2 was mainly expressed in the olfactory bulb, cortex, piriform cortex, olfactory trabeculae, and inferior and superior colliculus. In the eye expression was detected mainly in retinal ganglion cells. In Olfm2 null mice, the amplitude of the first negative wave in the visual evoked potential test was significantly reduced as compared with wild-type littermates. Olfm2, similar to Olfm1, interacted with the GluR2 subunit of the AMPAR complexes and Olfm2 co-segregated with the AMPA receptor subunit GluR2 and other synaptic proteins in the synaptosomal membrane fraction upon biochemical fractionation of the adult mice cortex and retina. Immunoprecipitation from the synaptosomal membrane fraction of the Olfm2 null mouse brain cortex using the GluR2 antibody showed reduced levels of several components of the AMPAR complex in the immunoprecipitates including Olfm1, PSD95 and CNIH2. These results suggest that heterodimers of Olfm1 and Olfm2 interact with AMPAR more efficiently than Olfm2 homodimers and that Olfm2 plays a role in the organization of the AMPA receptor complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afia Sultana
- Section on Retinal Ganglion Cell Biology, Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Naoki Nakaya
- Section on Retinal Ganglion Cell Biology, Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Lijin Dong
- Genetic Engineering Facility, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Mones Abu-Asab
- Histopathology Core Facility, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Haohua Qian
- Visual Function Core, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Stanislav I Tomarev
- Section on Retinal Ganglion Cell Biology, Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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78
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Structural features of the Nogo receptor signaling complexes at the neuron/myelin interface. Neurosci Res 2014; 87:1-7. [PMID: 24956133 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Upon spinal cord injury, the central nervous system axons are unable to regenerate, partially due to the repulsive action of myelin inhibitors, such as the myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), Nogo-A and the oligodendrocyte myelin glycoprotein (OMgp). These inhibitors bind and signal through a single receptor/co-receptor complex that comprises of NgR1/LINGO-1 and either p75 or TROY, triggering intracellular downstream signaling that impedes the re-growth of axons. Structure-function analysis of myelin inhibitors and their neuronal receptors, particularly the NgRs, have provided novel information regarding the molecular details of the inhibitor/receptor/co-receptor interactions. Structural and biochemical studies have revealed the architecture of many of these proteins and identified the molecular regions important for assembly of the inhibitory signaling complexes. It was also recently shown that gangliosides, such as GT1b, mediate receptor/co-receptor binding. In this review, we highlight these studies and summarize our current understanding of the multi-protein cell-surface complexes mediating inhibitory signaling events at the neuron/myelin interface.
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79
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Koch MA, Rosenhammer B, Koschade SE, Braunger BM, Volz C, Jägle H, Tamm ER. Myocilin modulates programmed cell death during retinal development. Exp Eye Res 2014; 125:41-52. [PMID: 24837143 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2014.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the myocilin gene (MYOC) are causative for 10% of cases with juvenile open-angle glaucoma and 3-4% of those with primary open-angle glaucoma. Myocilin is a secreted protein with relatively ill-defined matricellular properties. Despite its high expression in the eye, myocilin-deficient mice have originally been reported to have no obvious ocular phenotype. Here we revisited the ocular phenotype of myocilin-deficient mice and detected a higher number of neurons in their inner (INL) and outer (ONL) nuclear layers, as well as a higher number of retinal ganglion cells (RGC) and their axons. The increase in retinal neurons appears to be caused by a decrease in programmed developmental cell death, as apoptosis of retinal neurons between postnatal days 4 and 10 was found to be attenuated when compared to that of wildtype littermates. In contrast, when Myoc(-/-) mice were crossed with βB1-crystallin-MYOC mice with ectopic overexpression of myocilin in the eye, no differences in developmental apoptosis, RGC number and INL thickness were observed when compared to wildtype littermates. The amounts of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2-like protein 1 (BCL2L1, Bcl-xL) and its mRNA were increased in retinae of Myoc(-/-) mice, while lower amounts of BCL2L1 and its mRNA were detected in mixed Myoc(-/-)/βB1-crystallin-MYOC mice. The structural differences between Myoc(-/-) mice and wildtype littermates did not result in functional differences as measured by electroretinography. Noteworthy though mixed Myoc(-/-)/βB1-crystallin-MYOC mice with ocular overexpression of myocilin had significant cone function deficits. Myocilin appears to modulate apoptotic death of retinal neurons likely by interacting with the intrinsic apoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus A Koch
- Institute of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Rosenhammer
- Institute of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian E Koschade
- Institute of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Barbara M Braunger
- Institute of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Volz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Herbert Jägle
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ernst R Tamm
- Institute of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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80
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Deletion of the olfactomedin 4 gene is associated with progression of human prostate cancer. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 183:1329-38. [PMID: 24070418 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The olfactomedin 4 (OLFM4) gene is located on chromosome 13q14.3, which frequently is deleted in human prostate cancer. However, direct genetic evidence of OLFM4 gene alteration in human prostate cancer has not yet been obtained. In this study, we investigated the genetics, protein expression, and functions of the OLFM4 gene in human prostate cancer. We found overall 25% deletions within the OLFM4 gene in cancerous epithelial cells compared with adjacent normal epithelial cells that were microdissected from 31 prostate cancer specimens using laser-capture microdissection and genomic DNA sequencing. We found 28% to 45% hemizygous and 15% to 57% homozygous deletions of the OLFM4 gene via fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis from 44 different prostate cancer patient samples. Moreover, homozygous deletion of the OLFM4 gene significantly correlated with advanced prostate cancer. By using immunohistochemical analysis of 162 prostate cancer tissue array samples representing a range of Gleason scores, we found that OLFM4 protein expression correlated inversely with advanced prostate cancer, consistent with the genetic results. We also showed that a truncated mutant of OLFM4 that lacks the olfactomedin domain eliminated suppression of PC-3 prostate cancer cell growth. Together, our findings indicate that OLFM4 is a novel candidate tumor-suppressor gene for chromosome 13q and may shed new light on strategies that could be used for the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of prostate cancer patients.
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81
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Joe MK, Kwon HS, Cojocaru R, Tomarev SI. Myocilin regulates cell proliferation and survival. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:10155-67. [PMID: 24563482 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.547091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocilin, a causative gene for open angle glaucoma, encodes a secreted glycoprotein with poorly understood functions. To gain insight into its functions, we produced a stably transfected HEK293 cell line expressing myocilin under an inducible promoter and compared gene expression profiles between myocilin-expressing and vector control cell lines by a microarray analysis. A significant fraction of differentially expressed genes in myocilin-expressing cells was associated with cell growth and cell death, suggesting that myocilin may have a role in the regulation of cell growth and survival. Increased proliferation of myocilin-expressing cells was demonstrated by the WST-1 proliferation assay, direct cell counting, and immunostaining with antibodies against Ki-67, a cellular proliferation marker. Myocilin-containing conditioned medium also increased proliferation of unmodified HEK293 cells. Myocilin-expressing cells were more resistant to serum starvation-induced apoptosis than control cells. TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells were dramatically decreased, and two apoptotic marker proteins, cleaved caspase 7 and cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, were significantly reduced in myocilin-expressing cells as compared with control cells under apoptotic conditions. In addition, myocilin-deficient mesenchymal stem cells exhibited reduced proliferation and enhanced susceptibility to serum starvation-induced apoptosis as compared with wild-type mesenchymal stem cells. Phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and its upstream kinases, c-Raf and MEK, was increased in myocilin-expressing cells compared with control cells. Elevated phosphorylation of ERK1/2 was also observed in the trabecular meshwork of transgenic mice expressing 6-fold higher levels of myocilin when compared with their wild-type littermates. These results suggest that myocilin promotes cell proliferation and resistance to apoptosis via the ERK1/2 MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung Kuk Joe
- From the Section of Retinal Ganglion Cell Biology, Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, NEI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 and
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82
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Orwig SD, Chi PV, Du Y, Hill SE, Cavitt MA, Suntharalingam A, Turnage KC, Dickey CA, France S, Fu H, Lieberman RL. Ligands for glaucoma-associated myocilin discovered by a generic binding assay. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:517-25. [PMID: 24279319 DOI: 10.1021/cb4007776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the olfactomedin domain of myocilin (myoc-OLF) are the strongest link to inherited primary open angle glaucoma. In this recently identified protein misfolding disorder, aggregation-prone disease variants of myocilin hasten glaucoma-associated elevation of intraocular pressure, leading to vision loss. Despite its well-documented pathogenic role, myocilin remains a domain of unknown structure or function. Here we report the first small-molecule ligands that bind to the native state of myoc-OLF. To discover these molecules, we designed a general label-free, mix-and-measure, high throughput chemical assay for restabilization (CARS), which is likely readily adaptable to discover ligands for other proteins. Of the 14 hit molecules identified from screening myoc-OLF against the Sigma-Aldrich Library of Pharmacologically Active Compounds using CARS, surface plasmon resonance binding studies reveal three are stoichiometric ligand scaffolds with low micromolar affinity. Two compounds, GW5074 and apigenin, inhibit myoc-OLF amyloid formation in vitro. Structure-activity relationship-based soluble derivatives reduce aggregation in vitro as well as enhance secretion of full-length mutant myocilin in a cell culture model. Our compounds set the stage for a new chemical probe approach to clarify the biological function of wild-type myocilin and represent lead therapeutic compounds for diminishing intracellular sequestration of toxic mutant myocilin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan D. Orwig
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Pamela V. Chi
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Yuhong Du
- Department
of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton
Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Shannon E. Hill
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Marchello A. Cavitt
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Amrithaa Suntharalingam
- Department
of Molecular Medicine and Byrd Alzheimer’s Research Institute, University of South Florida, 4001 E. Fletcher Ave. Tampa, Florida 33613, United States
| | - Katherine C. Turnage
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Chad A. Dickey
- Department
of Molecular Medicine and Byrd Alzheimer’s Research Institute, University of South Florida, 4001 E. Fletcher Ave. Tampa, Florida 33613, United States
| | - Stefan France
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Haian Fu
- Department
of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton
Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Raquel L. Lieberman
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
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83
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Hill SE, Donegan RK, Lieberman RL. The glaucoma-associated olfactomedin domain of myocilin forms polymorphic fibrils that are constrained by partial unfolding and peptide sequence. J Mol Biol 2013; 426:921-35. [PMID: 24333014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The glaucoma-associated olfactomedin domain of myocilin (myoc-OLF) is a recent addition to the growing list of disease-associated amyloidogenic proteins. Inherited, disease-causing myocilin variants aggregate intracellularly instead of being secreted to the trabecular meshwork, which is a scenario toxic to trabecular meshwork cells and leads to early onset of ocular hypertension, the major risk factor for glaucoma. Here we systematically structurally and biophysically dissected myoc-OLF to better understand its amyloidogenesis. Under mildly destabilizing conditions, wild-type myoc-OLF adopts non-native structures that readily fibrillize when incubated at a temperature just below the transition for tertiary unfolding. With buffers at physiological pH, two main endpoint fibril morphologies are observed: (a) straight fibrils common to many amyloids and (b) unique micron-length, ~300 nm or larger diameter, species that lasso oligomers, which also exhibit classical spectroscopic amyloid signatures. Three disease-causing variants investigated herein exhibit non-native tertiary structures under physiological conditions, leading to a variety of growth rates and a fibril morphologies. In particular, the well-documented D380A variant, which lacks calcium, forms large circular fibrils. Two amyloid-forming peptide stretches have been identified, one for each of the main fibril morphologies observed. Our study places myoc-OLF within the larger landscape of the amylome and provides insight into the diversity of myoc-OLF aggregation that plays a role in glaucoma pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon E Hill
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive Northwest, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, USA
| | - Rebecca K Donegan
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive Northwest, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, USA
| | - Raquel L Lieberman
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive Northwest, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, USA.
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84
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Identification of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma biomarker candidates through proteomic analysis of cancer cell secretome. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2013; 1834:2308-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2013.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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85
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Deletion in the N-terminal half of olfactomedin 1 modifies its interaction with synaptic proteins and causes brain dystrophy and abnormal behavior in mice. Exp Neurol 2013; 250:205-18. [PMID: 24095980 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Olfactomedin 1 (Olfm1) is a secreted glycoprotein that is preferentially expressed in neuronal tissues. Here we show that deletion of exons 4 and 5 from the Olfm1 gene, which encodes a 52 amino acid long region in the N-terminal part of the protein, increased neonatal death and reduced body weight of surviving homozygous mice. Magnetic resonance imaging analyses revealed reduced brain volume and attenuated size of white matter tracts such as the anterior commissure, corpus callosum, and optic nerve. Adult Olfm1 mutant mice demonstrated abnormal behavior in several tests including reduced marble digging, elevated plus maze test, nesting activity and latency on balance beam tests as compared with their wild-type littermates. The olfactory system was both structurally and functionally disturbed by the mutation in the Olfm1 gene as shown by functional magnetic resonance imaging analysis and a smell test. Deficiencies of the olfactory system may contribute to the neonatal death and loss of body weight of Olfm1 mutant. Shotgun proteomics revealed 59 candidate proteins that co-precipitated with wild-type or mutant Olfm1 proteins in postnatal day 1 brain. Olfm1-binding targets included GluR2, Cav2.1, teneurin-4 and Kidins220. Modified interaction of Olfm1 with binding targets led to an increase in intracellular Ca(2+) concentration and activation of ERK1/2, MEK1 and CaMKII in the hippocampus and olfactory bulb of Olfm1 mutant mice compared with their wild-type littermates. Excessive activation of the CaMKII and Ras-ERK pathways in the Olfm1 mutant olfactory bulb and hippocampus by elevated intracellular calcium may contribute to the abnormal behavior and olfactory activity of Olfm1 mutant mice.
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86
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Liu W, Yan M, Sugui JA, Li H, Xu C, Joo J, Kwon-Chung KJ, Coleman WG, Rodgers GP. Olfm4 deletion enhances defense against Staphylococcus aureus in chronic granulomatous disease. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:3751-5. [PMID: 23908114 DOI: 10.1172/jci68453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) patients have recurrent life-threatening bacterial and fungal infections. Olfactomedin 4 (OLFM4) is a neutrophil granule protein that negatively regulates host defense against bacterial infection. The goal of this study was to evaluate the impact of Olfm4 deletion on host defense against Staphylococcus aureus and Aspergillus fumigatus in a murine X-linked gp91phox-deficiency CGD model. We found that intracellular killing and in vivo clearance of S. aureus, as well as resistance to S. aureus sepsis, were significantly increased in gp91phox and Olfm4 double-deficient mice compared with CGD mice. The activities of cathepsin C and its downstream proteases (neutrophil elastase and cathepsin G) and serum levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12p40, CXCL2, G-CSF, and GM-CSF in Olfm4-deficient as well as gp91phox and Olfm4 double-deficient mice were significantly higher than those in WT and CGD mice after challenge with S. aureus. We did not observe enhanced defense against A. fumigatus in Olfm4-deficient mice using a lung infection model. These results show that Olfm4 deletion can successfully enhance immune defense against S. aureus, but not A. fumigatus, in CGD mice. These data suggest that OLFM4 may be an important target in CGD patients for the augmentation of host defense against bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Liu
- Molecular and Clinical Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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87
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Kwon HS, Johnson TV, Joe MK, Abu-Asab M, Zhang J, Chan CC, Tomarev SI. Myocilin mediates myelination in the peripheral nervous system through ErbB2/3 signaling. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:26357-71. [PMID: 23897819 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.446138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The glaucoma-associated gene, myocilin, is expressed in ocular and non-ocular tissues including the peripheral nervous system, but its functions in these tissues remain poorly understood. We demonstrate that in sciatic nerve, myocilin is expressed in Schwann cells with high concentrations at the nodes of Ranvier. There, myocilin interacts with gliomedin, neurofascin, and NrCAM, which are essential for node formation and function. Treatment of isolated dorsal root ganglion cultures with myocilin stimulates clustering of the nodal proteins neurofascin and sodium channel Nav1.2. Sciatic nerves of myocilin null mice express reduced levels of several myelin-associated and basal membrane proteins compared with those of wild-type littermates. They also demonstrate reduced myelin sheath thickness and partial disorganization of the nodes. Myocilin signaling through ErbB2/3 receptors may contribute to these observed effects. Myocilin binds to ErbB2/ErbB3, activates these receptors, and affects the downstream PI3K-AKT signaling pathway. These data implicate a role for myocilin in the development and/or maintenance of myelination and nodes of Ranvier in sciatic nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heung Sun Kwon
- From the Section of Retinal Ganglion Cell Biology, Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, and
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88
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New direction for glaucoma therapeutics: focus on the olfactomedin domain of myocilin. Future Med Chem 2013. [PMID: 23190098 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.12.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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89
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FOXC1 in human trabecular meshwork cells is involved in regulatory pathway that includes miR-204, MEIS2, and ITGβ1. Exp Eye Res 2013; 111:112-21. [PMID: 23541832 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Forkhead box C1 (FOXC1) is a transcription factor that affects eye development. FOXC1 is implicated in the etiology of glaucoma because mutations in the gene are among the causes of Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome which is often accompanied by glaucoma. Glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness. It is a complex disorder whose genetic basis in most patients remains unknown. Microarrays expression analysis was performed to identify genes in human trabecular meshwork (TM) primary cultures that are affected by FOXC1 and genes that may have roles in glaucoma. This represents the first genome wide analysis of FOXC1 target genes in any tissue. FOXC1 knock down by siRNAs affected the expression of 849 genes. Results on selected genes were confirmed by real time PCR, immunoblotting, and dual luciferase reporter assays. Observation of MEIS2 as a FOXC1 target and consideration of FOXC1 as a potential target of miR-204 prompted testing the effect of this micro RNA on expression of FOXC1 and several genes identified by array analysis as FOXC1 target genes. It was observed that miR-204 caused decreased expression of FOXC1 and the FOXC1 target genes CLOCK, PLEKHG5, ITGβ1, and MEIS2 in the TM cultures. Expression of CLOCK, PLEKHG5, ITGβ1 has not previously been reported to be affected by miR-204. The data suggest existence of a complex regulatory pathway in the TM part of which includes interactions between FOXC1, miR-204, MEIS2, and ITGβ1. All these molecules are known to have TM relevant functions, and the TM is strongly implicated in the etiology of glaucoma.
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90
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Rodríguez-Sánchez IP, Garza-Rodríguez ML, Mohamed-Noriega K, Voruganti VS, Tejero ME, Delgado-Enciso I, Pérez-Ibave DC, Schlabritz-Loutsevitch NE, Mohamed-Noriega J, Martinez-Fierro ML, Reséndez-Pérez D, Cole SA, Cavazos-Adame H, Comuzzie AG, Mohamed-Hamsho J, Barrera-Saldaña HA. Olfactomedin-like 3 (OLFML3) gene expression in baboon and human ocular tissues: cornea, lens, uvea, and retina. J Med Primatol 2013; 42:105-11. [PMID: 23398349 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Olfactomedin-like is a family of polyfunctional polymeric glycoproteins. This family has at least four members. One member of this family is OLFML3, which is preferentially expressed in placenta but is also detected in other adult tissues including the liver and heart. However, its orthologous rat gene is expressed in the iris, sclera, trabecular meshwork, retina, and optic nerve. METHODS OLFML3 messenger amplification was performed by RT-PCR from human and baboon ocular tissues. The products were cloned and sequenced. RESULTS We report OLFML3 expression in human and baboon eye. The full coding DNA sequence has 1221 bp, from which an open reading frame of 406 amino acid was obtained. The baboon OLFML3 gene nucleotidic sequence has 98% and amino acidic 99% similarity with humans. CONCLUSIONS OLFML3 gene expression in human and baboon ocular tissues and its high similarity make the baboon a powerful model to deduce the physiological and/or metabolic function of this protein in the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- I P Rodríguez-Sánchez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
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91
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Shin SS, Bales JW, Yan HQ, Kline AE, Wagner AK, Lyons-Weiler J, Dixon CE. The effect of environmental enrichment on substantia nigra gene expression after traumatic brain injury in rats. J Neurotrauma 2013; 30:259-70. [PMID: 23094804 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2012.2462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental investigations into the effects of traumatic brain injury (TBI) have demonstrated significant alterations in dopaminergic systems. Dopaminergic fibers originating within the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area (VTA) are important for reward learning, addiction, movement, and behavior. However, little is known about the effect of TBI on substantia nigra and VTA function. Environmental enrichment (EE) has been shown to improve functional outcome after TBI, and a number of studies suggest that it may exert some benefits via dopaminergic signaling. To better understand the role of dopamine in chronic TBI pathophysiology and the effect of EE, we examined the mRNA expression profile within the substantia nigra and VTA at 4 weeks post-injury. Specifically, three comparisons were made: 1) TBI versus sham, 2) sham+EE versus sham+standard (STD) housing, and 3) TBI+EE versus TBI+STD. There were differential expressions of 25, 4, and 40 genes in these comparisons, respectively. Chronic alterations in genes post-injury within the substantia nigra and VTA included genes important for cellular membrane homeostasis and transcription. EE-induced gene alterations after TBI included genes important for signal transduction, in particular calcium signaling pathways, membrane homeostasis, and metabolism. Elucidation of these alterations in gene expression within the substantia nigra and VTA provides new insights into chronic changes in dopamine signaling post-TBI, and the potential role of EE in TBI rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel S Shin
- Brain Trauma Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
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92
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Lencinas A, Chhun DC, Dan KP, Ross KD, Hoover EA, Antin PB, Runyan RB. Olfactomedin-1 activity identifies a cell invasion checkpoint during epithelial-mesenchymal transition in the chick embryonic heart. Dis Model Mech 2012; 6:632-42. [PMID: 23264563 PMCID: PMC3634647 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.010595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelia in the atrioventricular (AV) canal of the developing heart undergo a prototypical epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) to begin heart valve formation. Using an in vitro invasion assay, an extracellular matrix protein, Olfactomedin-1 (OLFM1), was found to increase mesenchymal cell numbers in AV canals from embryonic chick hearts. Treatment with both anti-OLFM1 antibody and siRNA targeting OLFM1 inhibits mesenchymal cell formation. OLFM1 does not alter cell proliferation, migration or apoptosis. Dispersion, but lack of invasion in the presence of inhibiting antibody, identifies a specific role for OLFM1 in cell invasion during EMT. This role is conserved in other epithelia, as OLFM1 similarly enhances invasion by MDCK epithelial cells in a transwell assay. Synergy is observed when TGFβ2 and OLFM1 are added to MDCK cell cultures, indicating that OLFM-1 activity is cooperative with TGFβ. Inhibition of both OLFM1 and TGFβ in heart invasion assays shows a similar cooperative role during development. To explore OLFM1 activity during EMT, representative EMT markers were examined. Effects of OLFM1 protein and anti-OLFM1 on transcripts of cell-cell adhesion molecules and the transcription factors Snail-1, Snail-2, Twist1 and Sox-9 argue that OLFM1 does not initiate EMT. Rather, regulation of transcripts of Zeb1 and Zeb2, secreted proteases and mesenchymal cell markers by both OLFM1 and anti-OLFM1 is consistent with regulation of the cell invasion step of EMT. We conclude that OLFM1 is present and necessary during EMT in the embryonic chick heart. Its role in cell invasion and mesenchymal cell gene regulation suggests an invasion checkpoint in EMT where OLFM1 acts to promote cell invasion into the three-dimensional matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Lencinas
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
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93
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Donegan RK, Hill SE, Turnage KC, Orwig SD, Lieberman RL. The glaucoma-associated olfactomedin domain of myocilin is a novel calcium binding protein. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:43370-7. [PMID: 23129764 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.408906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocilin is a protein found in the trabecular meshwork extracellular matrix tissue of the eye that plays a role in regulating intraocular pressure. Both wild-type and certain myocilin variants containing mutations in the olfactomedin (OLF) domain are linked to the optic neuropathy glaucoma. Because calcium ions are important biological cofactors that play numerous roles in extracellular matrix proteins, we examined the calcium binding properties of the myocilin OLF domain (myoc-OLF). Our study reveals an unprecedented high affinity calcium binding site within myoc-OLF. The calcium ion remains bound to wild-type OLF at neutral and acidic pH. A glaucoma-causing OLF variant, myoc-OLF(D380A), is calcium-depleted. Key differences in secondary and tertiary structure between myoc-OLF(D380A) and wild-type myoc-OLF, as well as limited access to chelators, indicate that the calcium binding site is largely buried in the interior of the protein. Analysis of six conserved aspartate or glutamate residues and an additional 18 disease-causing variants revealed two other candidate residues that may be involved in calcium coordination. Our finding expands our knowledge of calcium binding in extracellular matrix proteins; provides new clues into domain structure, function, and pathogenesis for myocilin; and offers insights into highly conserved, biomedically relevant OLF domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca K Donegan
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, USA
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94
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Miljkovic-Licina M, Hammel P, Garrido-Urbani S, Lee BPL, Meguenani M, Chaabane C, Bochaton-Piallat ML, Imhof BA. Targeting Olfactomedin-like 3 Inhibits Tumor Growth by Impairing Angiogenesis and Pericyte Coverage. Mol Cancer Ther 2012; 11:2588-99. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-12-0245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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95
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Nakaya N, Sultana A, Lee HS, Tomarev SI. Olfactomedin 1 interacts with the Nogo A receptor complex to regulate axon growth. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:37171-84. [PMID: 22923615 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.389916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfm1, a secreted highly conserved glycoprotein, is detected in peripheral and central nervous tissues and participates in neural progenitor maintenance, cell death in brain, and optic nerve arborization. In this study, we identified Olfm1 as a molecule promoting axon growth through interaction with the Nogo A receptor (NgR1) complex. Olfm1 is coexpressed with NgR1 in dorsal root ganglia and retinal ganglion cells in embryonic and postnatal mice. Olfm1 specifically binds to NgR1, as judged by alkaline phosphatase assay and coimmunoprecipitation. The addition of Olfm1 inhibited the growth cone collapse of dorsal root ganglia neurons induced by myelin-associated inhibitors, indicating that Olfm1 attenuates the NgR1 receptor functions. Olfm1 caused the inhibition of NgR1 signaling by interfering with interaction between NgR1 and its coreceptors p75NTR or LINGO-1. In zebrafish, inhibition of optic nerve extension by olfm1 morpholino oligonucleotides was partially rescued by dominant negative ngr1 or lingo-1. These data introduce Olfm1 as a novel NgR1 ligand that may modulate the functions of the NgR1 complex in axonal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Nakaya
- Section of Molecular Mechanisms of Glaucoma, Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0606, USA
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96
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Liu W, Yan M, Liu Y, McLeish KR, Coleman WG, Rodgers GP. Olfactomedin 4 inhibits cathepsin C-mediated protease activities, thereby modulating neutrophil killing of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:2460-7. [PMID: 22844115 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils kill bacteria generally through oxidative and nonoxidative mechanisms. Whereas much research has focused on the enzymes essential for neutrophil killing, little is known about the regulatory molecules responsible for such killing. In this study, we investigated the role of olfactomedin 4 (OLFM4), an olfactomedin-related glycoprotein, in neutrophil bactericidal capability and host innate immunity. Neutrophils from OLFM4⁻/⁻ mice have increased intracellular killing of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in vitro. The OLFM4⁻/⁻ mice have enhanced in vivo bacterial clearance and are more resistant to sepsis when challenged with S. aureus or E. coli by i.p. injection. OLFM4 was found to interact with cathepsin C, a cysteine protease that plays an important role in bacterial killing and immune regulation. We demonstrated that OLFM4 inhibited cathepsin C activity in vitro and in vivo. The cathepsin C activity in neutrophils from OLFM4⁻/⁻ mice was significantly higher than that in neutrophils from wild-type littermate mice. The activities of three serine proteases (neutrophil elastase, cathepsin G, and proteinase 3), which require cathepsin C activity for processing and maturity, were also significantly higher in OLFM4⁻/⁻ neutrophils. The bacterial killing and clearance capabilities observed in OLFM4⁻/⁻ mice that were enhanced relative to wild-type mice were significantly compromised by the additional loss of cathepsin C in mice with OLFM4 and cathepsin C double deficiency. These results indicate that OLFM4 is an important negative regulator of neutrophil bactericidal activity by restricting cathepsin C activity and its downstream granule-associated serine proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Liu
- Molecular and Clinical Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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97
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Keenan J, Joyce H, Aherne S, O'Dea S, Doolan P, Lynch V, Clynes M. Olfactomedin III expression contributes to anoikis-resistance in clonal variants of a human lung squamous carcinoma cell line. Exp Cell Res 2012; 318:593-602. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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98
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Joe MK, Kee C, Tomarev SI. Myocilin interacts with syntrophins and is member of dystrophin-associated protein complex. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:13216-27. [PMID: 22371502 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.224063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic studies have linked myocilin to open angle glaucoma, but the functions of the protein in the eye and other tissues have remained elusive. The purpose of this investigation was to elucidate myocilin function(s). We identified α1-syntrophin, a component of the dystrophin-associated protein complex (DAPC), as a myocilin-binding candidate. Myocilin interacted with α1-syntrophin via its N-terminal domain and co-immunoprecipitated with α1-syntrophin from C2C12 myotubes and mouse skeletal muscle. Expression of 15-fold higher levels of myocilin in the muscles of transgenic mice led to the elevated association of α1-syntrophin, neuronal nitric-oxide synthase, and α-dystroglycan with DAPC, which increased the binding of laminin to α-dystroglycan and Akt signaling. Phosphorylation of Akt and Forkhead box O-class 3, key regulators of muscle size, was increased more than 3-fold, whereas the expression of muscle-specific RING finger protein-1 and atrogin-1, muscle atrophy markers, was decreased by 79 and 88%, respectively, in the muscles of transgenic mice. Consequently, the average size of muscle fibers of the transgenic mice was increased by 36% relative to controls. We suggest that intracellular myocilin plays a role as a regulator of muscle hypertrophy pathways, acting through the components of DAPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung Kuk Joe
- Retinal Ganglion Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, NEI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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99
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Wnt activation downregulates olfactomedin-1 in Fallopian tubal epithelial cells: a microenvironment predisposed to tubal ectopic pregnancy. J Transl Med 2012; 92:256-64. [PMID: 21968811 PMCID: PMC3272473 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2011.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectopic pregnancy (EP) occurs when the embryo fails to transit to the uterus and attach to the luminal epithelium of the Fallopian tube (FT). Tubal EP is a common gynecological emergency and more than 95% of EP occurs in the ampullary region of the FT. In humans, Wnt activation and downregulation of olfactomedin-1 (Olfm-1) occur in the receptive endometrium and coincided with embryo implantation in vivo. Whether similar molecular changes happen in the FT leading to EP remains unclear. We hypothesized that activation of Wnt signaling downregulates Olfm-1 expression predisposes to EP. We investigated the spatiotemporal expression of Olfm-1 in FT from non-pregnant women and women with EP, and used a novel trophoblastic spheroid (embryo surrogate)-FT epithelial cell co-culture model (JAr and OE-E6/E7 cells) to study the role of Olfm-1 on spheroid attachment. Olfm-1 mRNA expression in the ampullary region of non-pregnant FT was higher (P<0.05) in the follicular phase than in the luteal phase. Ampullary tubal Olfm-1 expression was lower in FT from women with EP compared to normal controls at the luteal phase (histological scoring (H-SCORE)=1.3±0.2 vs 2.4±0.5; P<0.05). Treatment of OE-E6/E7 with recombinant Olfm-1 (0.2-5 μg/ml) suppressed spheroid attachment to OE-E6/E7 cells, while activation of Wnt-signaling pathway by Wnt3a or LiCl reduced endogenous Olfm-1 expression and increased spheroid attachment. Conversely, suppression of Olfm-1 expression by RNAi increased spheroid attachment to OE-E6/E7 cells. Taken together, Wnt activation suppresses Olfm-1 expression, and this may predispose a favorable microenvironment of the retained embryo in the FT, leading to EP in humans.
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100
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VanDussen KL, Carulli AJ, Keeley TM, Patel SR, Puthoff BJ, Magness ST, Tran IT, Maillard I, Siebel C, Kolterud Å, Grosse AS, Gumucio DL, Ernst SA, Tsai YH, Dempsey PJ, Samuelson LC. Notch signaling modulates proliferation and differentiation of intestinal crypt base columnar stem cells. Development 2011; 139:488-97. [PMID: 22190634 DOI: 10.1242/dev.070763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 396] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Notch signaling is known to regulate the proliferation and differentiation of intestinal stem and progenitor cells; however, direct cellular targets and specific functions of Notch signals had not been identified. We show here in mice that Notch directly targets the crypt base columnar (CBC) cell to maintain stem cell activity. Notch inhibition induced rapid CBC cell loss, with reduced proliferation, apoptotic cell death and reduced efficiency of organoid initiation. Furthermore, expression of the CBC stem cell-specific marker Olfm4 was directly dependent on Notch signaling, with transcription activated through RBP-Jκ binding sites in the promoter. Notch inhibition also led to precocious differentiation of epithelial progenitors into secretory cell types, including large numbers of cells that expressed both Paneth and goblet cell markers. Analysis of Notch function in Atoh1-deficient intestine demonstrated that the cellular changes were dependent on Atoh1, whereas Notch regulation of Olfm4 gene expression was Atoh1 independent. Our findings suggest that Notch targets distinct progenitor cell populations to maintain adult intestinal stem cells and to regulate cell fate choice to control epithelial cell homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli L VanDussen
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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