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Pramanik SK, Das A. Fluorescent probes for imaging bioactive species in subcellular organelles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:12058-12073. [PMID: 34706371 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04273d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Luminescent molecular probes and nanoscale materials have become important tools in biosensing and bioimaging applications because of their high sensitivity, fast response, specificity, and methodological simplicity. In recent years, there has been a notable advancement in fluorescent probes that respond to the subtle changes in subcellular microenvironments (e.g., polarity, pH, and viscosity) or distribution of certain crucial biomarkers (e.g., reactive oxygen species, ions, amino acids, and enzymes). The dynamic fluctuations of these bio-molecules in subcellular microenvironments control cellular homeostasis, immunity, signal conduction, and metabolism. Their abnormal expressions are linked to various biological disorders and disease states. Thus, the real-time monitoring of such bioactive species is intimately linked to clinical diagnostics. Appropriately designed luminescent probes are ideally suited for desired organelle specificity, as well as for reporting intracellular changes in biochemicals/microenvironmental factors with the luminescence ON response. In this perspective, we review our recent work on the development of fluorescent probes for sensing and imaging within sub-cellular organelles. We have also discussed the design aspects for developing a prodrug with a fluorescent probe as an integral part of possible theranostic applications. An overview of the design principles, photophysical properties, detection mechanisms, current challenges, and potential future directions of fluorescent probes is presented in this feature article. We have also discussed the limitations and challenges of developing the solution platform for sensing technologies in clinical diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Kumar Pramanik
- CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, 364002, India.
| | - Amitva Das
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741 246, West Bengal, India.
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Espinosa-Vellarino FL, Garrido I, Ortega A, Casimiro I, Espinosa F. Response to Antimony Toxicity in Dittrichia viscosa Plants: ROS, NO, H 2S, and the Antioxidant System. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111698. [PMID: 34829569 PMCID: PMC8615290 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dittrichia viscosa plants were grown hydroponically with different concentrations of Sb. There was preferential accumulation of Sb in roots. Fe and Cu decreased, while Mn decreased in roots but not in leaves. Chlorophyll content declined, but the carotenoid content increased, and photosynthetic efficiency was unaltered. O2●− generation increased slightly, while lipid peroxidation increased only in roots. H2O2, NO, ONOO−, S-nitrosothiols, and H2S showed significant increases, and the enzymatic antioxidant system was altered. In roots, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDAR) activities declined, dehydroscorbate reductase (DHAR) rose, and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), peroxidase (POX), and glutathione reductase (GR) were unaffected. In leaves, SOD and POX increased, MDAR decreased, and APX was unaltered, while GR increased. S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) and l-cysteine desulfhydrilase (l-DES) increased in activity, while glutathione S-transferase (GST) decreased in leaves but was enhanced in roots. Components of the AsA/GSH cycle decreased. The great capacity of Dittrichia roots to accumulate Sb is the reason for the differing behaviour observed in the enzymatic antioxidant systems of the two organs. Sb appears to act by binding to thiol groups, which can alter free GSH content and SOD and GST activities. The coniferyl alcohol peroxidase activity increased, possibly to lignify the roots’ cell walls. Sb altered the ROS balance, especially with respect to H2O2. This led to an increase in NO and H2S acting on the antioxidant system to limit that Sb-induced redox imbalance. The interaction NO, H2S and H2O2 appears key to the response to stress induced by Sb. The interaction between ROS, NO, and H2S appears to be involved in the response to Sb.
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Hydrogen Sulfide Enhances Plant Tolerance to Waterlogging Stress. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10091928. [PMID: 34579462 PMCID: PMC8468677 DOI: 10.3390/plants10091928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is considered the third gas signal molecule in recent years. A large number of studies have shown that H2S not only played an important role in animals but also participated in the regulation of plant growth and development and responses to various environmental stresses. Waterlogging, as a kind of abiotic stress, poses a serious threat to land-based waterlogging-sensitive plants, and which H2S plays an indispensable role in response to. In this review, we summarized that H2S improves resistance to waterlogging stress by affecting lateral root development, photosynthetic efficiency, and cell fates. Here, we reviewed the roles of H2S in plant resistance to waterlogging stress, focusing on the mechanism of its promotion to gained hypoxia tolerance. Finally, we raised relevant issues that needed to be addressed.
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Iqbal N, Fatma M, Gautam H, Umar S, Sofo A, D’ippolito I, Khan NA. The Crosstalk of Melatonin and Hydrogen Sulfide Determines Photosynthetic Performance by Regulation of Carbohydrate Metabolism in Wheat under Heat Stress. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10091778. [PMID: 34579310 PMCID: PMC8465529 DOI: 10.3390/plants10091778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis is a pivotal process that determines the synthesis of carbohydrates required for sustaining growth under normal or stress situation. Stress exposure reduces the photosynthetic potential owing to the excess synthesis of reactive oxygen species that disturb the proper functioning of photosynthetic apparatus. This decreased photosynthesis is associated with disturbances in carbohydrate metabolism resulting in reduced growth under stress. We evaluated the importance of melatonin in reducing heat stress-induced severity in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants. The plants were subjected to 25 °C (optimum temperature) or 40 °C (heat stress) for 15 days at 6 h time duration and then developed the plants for 30 days. Heat stress led to oxidative stress with increased production of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content and reduced accrual of total soluble sugars, starch and carbohydrate metabolism enzymes which were reflected in reduced photosynthesis. Application of melatonin not only reduced oxidative stress through lowering TBARS and H2O2 content, augmenting the activity of antioxidative enzymes but also increased the photosynthesis in plant and carbohydrate metabolism that was needed to provide energy and carbon skeleton to the developing plant under stress. However, the increase in these parameters with melatonin was mediated via hydrogen sulfide (H2S), as the inhibition of H2S by hypotaurine (HT; H2S scavenger) reversed the ameliorative effect of melatonin. This suggests a crosstalk of melatonin and H2S in protecting heat stress-induced photosynthetic inhibition via regulation of carbohydrate metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noushina Iqbal
- Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India; (N.I.); (S.U.)
| | - Mehar Fatma
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India; (M.F.); (H.G.)
| | - Harsha Gautam
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India; (M.F.); (H.G.)
| | - Shahid Umar
- Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India; (N.I.); (S.U.)
| | - Adriano Sofo
- Department of European and Mediterranean Cultures: Architecture, Environment, Cultural Heritage (DiCEM), University of Basilicata, 75100 Matera, Italy;
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (N.A.K.)
| | - Ilaria D’ippolito
- Department of European and Mediterranean Cultures: Architecture, Environment, Cultural Heritage (DiCEM), University of Basilicata, 75100 Matera, Italy;
| | - Nafees A. Khan
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India; (M.F.); (H.G.)
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (N.A.K.)
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Siddiqui MH, Khan MN, Mukherjee S, Alamri S, Basahi RA, Al-Amri AA, Alsubaie QD, Al-Munqedhi BMA, Ali HM, Almohisen IAA. Hydrogen sulfide (H 2S) and potassium (K +) synergistically induce drought stress tolerance through regulation of H +-ATPase activity, sugar metabolism, and antioxidative defense in tomato seedlings. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2021; 40:1543-1564. [PMID: 34142217 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02731-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Exogenous potassium (K+) and endogenous hydrogen sulfide (H2S) synergistically alleviate drought stress through regulating H+-ATPase activity, sugar metabolism and redox homoeostasis in tomato seedlings. Present work evaluates the role of K+ in the regulation of endogenous H2S signaling in modulating the tolerance of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. Mill.) seedlings to drought stress. The findings reveal that exposure of seedlings to 15% (w/v) polyethylene glycol 8000 (PEG) led to a substantial decrease in leaf K+ content which was associated with reduced H+-ATPase activity. Treatment with sodium orthovanadate (SOV, PM H+-ATPase inhibitor) and tetraethylammonium chloride (TEA, K+ channel blocker) suggests that exogenous K+ stimulated H+-ATPase activity that further regulated endogenous K+ content in tomato seedlings subjected to drought stress. Moreover, reduction in H+-ATPase activity by hypotaurine (HT; H2S scavenger) substantiates the role of endogenous H2S in the regulation of H+-ATPase activity. Elevation in endogenous K+ content enhanced the biosynthesis of H2S through enhancing the synthesis of cysteine, the H2S precursor. Synergistic action of H2S and K+ effectively neutralized drought stress by regulating sugar metabolism and redox homoeostasis that resulted in osmotic adjustment, as witnessed by reduced water loss, and improved hydration level of the stressed seedlings. The integrative role of endogenous H2S in K+ homeostasis was validated using HT and TEA which weakened the protection against drought stress induced impairments. In conclusion, exogenous K+ and endogenous H2S regulate H+-ATPase activity which plays a decisive role in the maintenance of endogenous K+ homeostasis. Thus, present work reveals that K+ and H2S crosstalk is essential for modulation of drought stress tolerance in tomato seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manzer H Siddiqui
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 2455, Saudi Arabia.
| | - M Nasir Khan
- Department of Biology, College of Haql, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Soumya Mukherjee
- Department of Botany, Jangipur College, University of Kalyani, West Bengal, 742213, India
| | - Saud Alamri
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 2455, Saudi Arabia
| | - Riyadh A Basahi
- Department of Biology, College of Haql, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah A Al-Amri
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 2455, Saudi Arabia
| | - Qasi D Alsubaie
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 2455, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bander M A Al-Munqedhi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 2455, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hayssam M Ali
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 2455, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim A A Almohisen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, Shaqra University, Shaqra, P. O. Box 33, Quwayiyah, 11961, Saudi Arabia
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Thakur M, Anand A. Hydrogen sulfide: An emerging signaling molecule regulating drought stress response in plants. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 172:1227-1243. [PMID: 33860955 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) is a small, reactive signaling molecule that is produced within chloroplasts of plant cells as an intermediate in the assimilatory sulfate reduction pathway by the enzyme sulfite reductase. In addition, H2 S is also produced in cytosol and mitochondria by desulfhydration of l-cysteine catalyzed by l-cysteine desulfhydrase (DES1) in the cytosol and from β-cyanoalanine in mitochondria, in a reaction catalyzed by β-cyano-Ala synthase C1 (CAS-C1). H2 S exerts its numerous biological functions by post-translational modification involving oxidation of cysteine residues (RSH) to persulfides (RSSH). At lower concentrations (10-1000 μmol L-1 ), H2 S shows huge agricultural potential as it increases the germination rate, the size, fresh weight, and ultimately the crop yield. It is also involved in abiotic stress response against drought, salinity, high temperature, and heavy metals. H2 S donor, for example, sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), has been exogenously applied on plants by various researchers to provide drought stress tolerance. Exogenous application results in the accumulation of polyamines, sugars, glycine betaine, and enhancement of the antioxidant enzyme activities in response to drought-induced osmotic and oxidative stress, thus, providing stress adaptation to plants. At the biochemical level, administration of H2 S donors reduces malondialdehyde content and lipoxygenase activity to maintain the cell integrity, causes abscisic acid-mediated stomatal closure to prevent water loss through transpiration, and accelerates the photosystem II repair cycle. Here, we review the crosstalk of H2 S with secondary messengers and phytohormones towards the regulation of drought stress response and emphasize various approaches that can be addressed to strengthen research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Thakur
- College of Horticulture and Forestry (Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry), Neri, Hamirpur, India
| | - Anjali Anand
- Division of Plant Physiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
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Liu H, Xue S. Interplay between hydrogen sulfide and other signaling molecules in the regulation of guard cell signaling and abiotic/biotic stress response. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 2:100179. [PMID: 34027393 PMCID: PMC8132131 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2021.100179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal aperture controls the balance between transpirational water loss and photosynthetic carbon dioxide (CO2) uptake. Stomata are surrounded by pairs of guard cells that sense and transduce environmental or stress signals to induce diverse endogenous responses for adaptation to environmental changes. In a recent decade, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been recognized as a signaling molecule that regulates stomatal movement. In this review, we summarize recent progress in research on the regulatory role of H2S in stomatal movement, including the dynamic regulation of phytohormones, ion homeostasis, and cell structural components. We focus especially on the cross talk among H2S, nitric oxide (NO), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in guard cells, as well as on H2S-mediated post-translational protein modification (cysteine thiol persulfidation). Finally, we summarize the mechanisms by which H2S interacts with other signaling molecules in plants under abiotic or biotic stress. Based on evidence and clues from existing research, we propose some issues that need to be addressed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shaowu Xue
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Välimäki S, Hazubska-Przybył T, Ratajczak E, Tikkinen M, Varis S, Aronen T. Somatic Embryo Yield and Quality From Norway Spruce Embryogenic Tissue Proliferated in Suspension Culture. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:791549. [PMID: 34987536 PMCID: PMC8721220 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.791549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Somatic embryogenesis is being piloted for the commercial production of genetically improved Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst) forest regeneration material in Finland. The main challenge to making the process commercially relevant is the dependence on time-consuming and highly skilled manual labor. Automation and scaling up are needed to improve cost-effectiveness. Moving from the proliferation of embryogenic tissue on semisolid media to suspension cultures could improve process scalability. In a series of four experiments (overall, with 20 cell lines, 4-9 per experiment), the suitability of proliferation in suspension culture for Norway spruce somatic embryogenesis was evaluated based on the growth rate, indicators of stress conditions, good-quality cotyledonary embryo yield, and embling survival in a greenhouse. The proliferation rate in suspension was found equal to on semisolid media, but with a remarkable genotypic variation. Embryogenic tissue matured directly without pre-treatments from suspension onto semisolid media produced lower numbers of good-quality embryos than tissue matured from semisolid media. Rinsing the suspension-grown tissue with hormone-free liquid media before maturation improved embryo yield, bringing it closer to that of semisolid-grown tissue. Decreasing 6-benzylaminopurine and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid concentrations in suspension proliferation media to 0.5 or 0.1 times those in semisolid media did not affect tissue growth and did not improve embryo production. The hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content and guaiacol peroxidase activity were elevated in suspension cultures compared with semisolid medium, which had the same plant growth regulator content. In one experiment out of four, the greenhouse survival of germinants was lower when proliferation was carried out in full strength suspension than on semisolid media; in other experiments the survival rates were equal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakari Välimäki
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Savonlinna, Finland
- *Correspondence: Sakari Välimäki
| | | | | | - Mikko Tikkinen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Savonlinna, Finland
| | - Saila Varis
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Savonlinna, Finland
| | - Tuija Aronen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Savonlinna, Finland
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