51
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52
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Zhigadlo BA, Belova TI. Ultrastructure of adrenaline-synthesizing group-A1 neurons in the rat brain under normal and emotionally stressful conditions. NEUROSCIENCE AND BEHAVIORAL PHYSIOLOGY 1982; 12:407-15. [PMID: 6891957 DOI: 10.1007/bf01189305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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53
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George SR, Van Loon GR. Characterization of high affinity dopamine uptake into the dopamine neurons of the hypothalamus. Brain Res 1982; 234:339-55. [PMID: 7059835 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(82)90874-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The study of hypothalamic dopamine (DA) neurons is complicated by the difficulty in distinguishing DA neurons from norepinephrine (NE) neurons and by the fact that they comprise only a small proportion of the catecholamine neuron population of the hypothalamus. We have studied DA uptake into nerve terminals of hypothalamic DA neurons using a synaptosomal preparation. Desmethylimipramine (DMI) was used to prevent uptake into synaptosomes from NE neurons, thus pharmacologically isolating dopaminergic from noradrenergic nerve terminals. This DMI-insensitive DA uptake in hypothalamus had all the properties of a high affinity uptake process; it was saturable, dependent on incubation time and incubation temperature, increased linearly with increasing amounts of tissue and was completely abolished by excess unlabeled DA. Also, it was completely abolished by benztropine, an inhibitor of amine uptake into DA neurons. We believe that DMI-insensitive DA uptake into hypothalamic synaptosomes represents uptake into DA nerve terminals. The DMI-insensitive DA accumulation in discrete areas of hypothalamus correlated well with the known prevalence of DA neurons relative to NE neurons in these areas: median eminence greater than median eminence-arcuate nucleus greater than mediobasal hypothalamus greater than whole hypothalamus. Comparison of the affinity constants for DA uptake into synaptosomes incubated without DMI revealed a 2-fold higher affinity constant for DA uptake in median eminence compared with striatum, but affinity constants in all the other hypothalamic regions examined (mediobasal hypothalamus, hypothalamus minus median eminence, whole hypothalamus) were identical to that of striatum. In contrast, comparison on the affinity constants for DA uptake in the presence of DMI revealed a 2-3-fold higher affinity constant for DA uptake in all these hypothalamic regions compared with striatum. It appears the tuberoinfundibular DA neurons and the other DA neurons of the hypothalamus have a high affinity uptake system for DA, although affinity for DA in all of these hypothalamic DA neurons appears to be 2-3-fold lower than that in striatal DA neurons. The data also suggest that the much larger mediobasal hypothalamus may serve as a model for studies of DA uptake into tuberoinfundibular DA neurons of the median eminence.
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54
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Satoh K, Kashiba A, Kimura H, Maeda T. Noradrenergic axon terminals in the substantia gelatinosa of the rat spinal cord: an electron-microscopic study using glyoxylic acid-potassium permanganate fixation. Cell Tissue Res 1982; 222:359-78. [PMID: 7083306 DOI: 10.1007/bf00213218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The noradrenergic terminals in the substantia gelatinosa of the dorsal horn of the cervical spinal cord of the rat were investigated by means of the histofluorescence technique and electron-microscopic cytochemistry using the glyoxylic acid-KMnO4 fixation technique. In accordance with the topographical distribution of fluorescent catecholaminergic fibers, noradrenergic terminals containing small granular vesicles were frequently observed electron microscopically in the outer layer of the substantial gelatinosa. These terminals were most frequently found to appose (without showing typical synaptic features, small-caliber dendrites, spine apparatus, and rarely, large caliber dendrites. Only in a few cases, the noradrenergic terminals exhibited typical synaptic contacts with dendritic elements of small size. In addition, noradrenergic terminals apposed non-noradrenergic terminals containing small agranular vesicles. In rats bearing surgical lesions of the dorsal roots, no noradrenergic terminal were found in contact with the degenerated axon terminals in the substantia gelatinosa. These findings suggest that the noradrenergic afferents to the substantia gelatinosa may exert their influence on sensory transmission via dorsal horn cells.
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55
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van den Pol AN, Cassidy JR. The hypothalamic arcuate nucleus of rat--a quantitative Golgi analysis. J Comp Neurol 1982; 204:65-98. [PMID: 7056889 DOI: 10.1002/cne.902040108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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56
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Buijs RM. The ultrastructural localization of amines, amino acids and peptides in the brain. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1982; 55:167-83. [PMID: 6761759 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)64196-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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57
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Takagi H, Yamamoto K, Shiosaka S, Senba E, Takatsuki K, Inagaki S, Sakanaka M, Tohyama M. Morphological study of noradrenaline innervation in the caudal raphe nuclei with special reference to fine structure. J Comp Neurol 1981; 203:15-22. [PMID: 7309915 DOI: 10.1002/cne.902030103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Previous histofluorescence studies have demonstrated that the caudal raphe nuclei (CRa) of the rat, particularly the ventral portion (VCRa), contains a very high density of noradrenaline (NA) terminals and in the present study we attempted to elucidate the origins and free structure of the NA terminals in this region. The majority of NA terminals found in the VCRa originated from A1 and A3 NA neurons and disclosed that a small number of very strongly fluorescent fibers located along the blood vessels arise from the superior cervical ganglion (SGC). Electron microscopic analysis after potassium permanganate fixation demonstrated that the NA terminals originated from A1 and A3 NA neurons are connected with neuronal elements, while NA fibers from the SGC were identified among the vascular elements. Axodendritic contacts were found to be predominant among the synapselike contacts of NA terminals in this area.
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58
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Takatsuki K, Shiosaka S, Inagaki S, Sakanaka M, Takagi H, Senba E, Matsuzaki T, Tohyama M. Topographic atlas of somatostatin-containing neurons system in the avian brain in relation to catecholamine-containing neurons system. I. Telencephalon and diencephalon. J Comp Neurol 1981; 202:103-13. [PMID: 6116724 DOI: 10.1002/cne.902020109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The morphological organization of the somatostatin (SRIF)-positive neurons in the forebrain (telencephalon and diencephalon) of the warbling grass parakeet (Melopsittacus undulatus) was studied using the indirect immunohistochemical technique of Coons and co-workers ('58). In the telencephalon, a number of SRIF-positive neurons was detected in the lobus paraolfactorius, hippocampus, and paleostriatum. Furthermore, scattered SRIF-labeled cells were noticed in the area corticoidea dorsolateralis and area temporoparieto-occipitalis. A moderate density of immunoreactive fibers was found in the above areas. In addition, although the septal areas was devoid of SRIF-positive neurons, this area contained a moderate occurred in the following hypothalamic areas: (1) nucleus medialis hypothalami posterior, (2) lateral hypothalamus, and (3) mammillary nucleus. The bird hypothalamus also received a strikingly massive SRIF innervation. The heaviest concentration of SRIF-labeled fibers was detected in the medial eminence. Many SRIF-labeled fibers were also observed in other hypothalamic regions. Their locations roughly corresponded in many cases to the areas in which SRIF-positive neurons were disclosed. The overall distribution of the catecholamine system (CA) of the avian forebrain is also represented by means of histofluorescent technique. A possible interaction between SRIF and CA neurons systems is briefly discussed.
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59
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Abstract
It is shown by the enzyme-histochemical method that after prenatal androgenization (the administration of 25 mg testosterone propionate to the mother on the 19th day of pregnancy) female rats lose the sex differences in the age dynamics of the activity of some dehydrogenases in the beta 1-tanycytes, which were detected earlier in the 'critical period'. The data of the present study are regarded as further evidence in favor of the earlier advanced assumption of beta 1-tanycyte hypersensitivity to the sex hormones. The authors develop an original hypothesis on the possible role of beta 1-tanycytes in the feedback control of gonadoliberin release from the nerve terminals of the median eminence.
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60
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61
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Senba E, Tohyama M, Shiosaka S, Takagi H, Sakanaka M, Matsuzaki T, Takahashi Y, Shimizu N. Experimental and morphological studies of te noradrenaline innervations in the nucleus tractus spinalis nervi trigemini of the rat with special reference to their fine structures. Brain Res 1981; 206:39-50. [PMID: 6162522 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(81)90099-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
An attempt was made to elucidate the origins and fine structure of the noradrenaline (NA) terminals in the nucleus tractus spinalis nervi trigemini (Vsp) of the rat. The present study revealed that the NA in the Vsp is supplied from two NA neuron systems; bilateral locus coeruleus (LC) and medullary NA neuron group, on the grounds that: (1) two types of fluorescent fibers (fine and coarse) were identified in the Vsp; and (2) HRP injected in to the Vsp resulted in labeling of neurons of the bilateral LC and bulbal NA areas, particularly the ipsilateral A1 area. The fine structure of the NA terminals in the Vsp was investigated by a modified potassium permanganate fixation method. The NA terminals in this area contained a number of small cored vesicles together with a small number of large cored vesicles. The most frequent feature of the NA terminals found in this area wa axo-dendritic contact. A lesser, but still substantial, number with axo-axonic contact were also noticed, in connection with which, it should be stressed that the non-NA terminals examined in this study were always presynaptic in structure, since the clear vesicles found in the non-NA terminals sometimes aggregated close to the contact membrane, where some of them fused or touched the membrane. As the dendrites showing a close relationship with the NA terminals were relatively large in size and contained a number of cytoplasmic organelles, these dendrites were assumed to be the proximal segments. At the contact zone, although no typical synaptic specialization was identified, the following profiles suggestive of synaptic-like contact were demonstrated: (1) somewhat dense material between contact membranes (intersynaptic filaments); (2) a slight accumulation of the dense materials adjacent to the postcontact membrane; (3) disarrangement of the contact membranes and enlargement of the space between these membranes; and (4) aggregation of the synaptic vesicles at the contact membrane with some of them fusing or touching the contact membrane.
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62
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Itakura T, Kasamatsu T, Pettigrew JD. Norepinephrine-containing terminals in kitten visual cortex: laminar distribution and ultrastructure. Neuroscience 1981; 6:159-75. [PMID: 7219711 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(81)90052-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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63
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Ouimet CC, Patrick RL, Ebner FF. An ultrastructural and biochemical analysis of norepinephrine-containing varicosities in the cerebral cortex of the turtle Pseudemys. J Comp Neurol 1981; 195:289-304. [PMID: 7251928 DOI: 10.1002/cne.901950209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The fine structure and norepinephrine content of small granular vesicle-containing profiles were studied in normal and norepinephrine-depleted cerebral cortex of the turtle, Pseudemys. The cortex was fixed for electron microscopy with the KMnO4 procedure of Koda and Bloom ('77), while the norepinephrine content was assayed wit the radioenzymatic method of Coyle and Henry ('73). Green fluorescent fibers have been described by Parent and Poitras ('74) as located almost exclusively in the outer half of the molecular layer in turtle cortex. Small granular vesicle-containing profiles are found down to 100 microns below the pial surface, but over 50% lie within 20 microns of the surface. Within the outer 100 microns of cortex, the frequency of labeled varicosities is 1.39/1,000 microns2. The average area of the norepinephrine-containing varicosities is 0.61 microns2, and there is a mean of 18.4 vesicles per single section. The average number of large plus small vesicles in an entire varicosity was estimated to be 72. Synaptic membranes are not well-preserved with KMnO4 fixation, but good examples were found of small granular vesicle-containing profiles forming both symmetrical and asymmetrical membrane differentiations. Only a small percentage of the small granular vesicle profiles were associated with a synaptic membrane differentiation in single sections. When norepinephrine-fiber synapses are seen, they usually share a postsynaptic element with another unlabeled vesicle-containing profile. Normal turtle cortex contains an average norepinephrine concentration of 1.95 micrograms/gr, which is about eight times higher than in rat cortex. The ratio of norepinephrine to dopamine is about 18 to one, suggesting that dopamine is present predominantly in a precursor pool for norepinephrine. Small granular vesicle-containing profiles were eliminated after treatment with reserpine and 6-hydroxydopamine in concentrations that were shown to reduce norepinephrine concentration by 94% and 86%, respectively. The labeled varicosities were partially depleted by midbrain hemisection and by an inhibitor of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (FLA-63). The norepinephrine-containing varicosities are remarkably coextensive with the distribution of thalamic fibers, both in the total extent of cortex where they are found and in the depth of cortex where they terminate. The results support the idea that there is a close structural and functional association between locus coeruleus and thalamic fibers in cerebral cortex, and the apparent difference in frequency of synapses suggests that each fiber system exerts its influence on cortical cells in a different way.
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64
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Livingstone MS, Schaeffer SF, Kravitz EA. Biochemistry and ultrastructure of serotonergic nerve endings in the lobster: serotonin and octopamine are contained in different nerve endings. JOURNAL OF NEUROBIOLOGY 1981; 12:27-54. [PMID: 6782192 DOI: 10.1002/neu.480120104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In this article we report that the distribution of serotonin in the lobster nervous system parallels the distribution of octopamine and that the same tissues that contain endogenous serotonin can synthesize it from tryptophan. Octopamine and serotonin are highly concentrated in a neurosecretory region of the second thoracic roots in association with a group of neurosecretory cells. The roots possess separate high-affinity uptake systems for both serotonin and tryptophan. Radioactive serotonin, accumulated in tissues during incubations with either tritiated serotonin or tritiated tryptophan, can be released, in a calcium-dependent manner, by depolarization with potassium. A detailed morphological examination of the second thoracic roots shows four distinct categories of nerve endings in the vicinity of the neurosecretory cells. Octopamine is synthesized in one of these types of endings and serotonin in another. The high-affinity uptake systems for serotonin and tryptophan are found only in association with the endings that make serotonin. These endings and all the biochemical parameters of serotonin metabolism in the roots are selectively destroyed by previous injection of animals with the neurotoxin 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine.
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65
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Kristt DA, Shirley MS, Kasper E. Monoaminergic synapses in infant mouse neocortex: comparison of cortical fields in seizure-prone and resistant mice. Neuroscience 1980; 5:883-91. [PMID: 6251404 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(80)90157-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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66
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Takahashi Y, Tohyama M, Satoh K, Sakumoto T, Kashiba A, Shimizu N. Fine structure of noradrenaline nerve terminals in the dorsomedial portion of the nucleus tractus solitarii as demonstrated by a modified potassium permanganate method. J Comp Neurol 1980; 189:525-35. [PMID: 6154720 DOI: 10.1002/cne.901890306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Fine structure of the noradrenaline (NA) nerve terminals in the dorsomedial portion of the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) was investigated by glyoxylic acid-potassium permanganate fixation method. The NA nerve terminals in this area contained a large number of small cored vesicles (SCV) (about 400-600 A in diameter) together with a few large cored vesicles (LCV) (about 1000 A in diameter). The most frequent feature of NA nerve terminals observed in this area was axo-dendritic contact. An axo-axonic contact between NA and non-NA terminals was also occasionally identified, while no axo-somatic contact was found in this area as far as examined. At the contact zone between NA terminals and other neuronal elements, the following profiles suggestive of synapse-like contact were identified: 1) somewhat dense material between contact membranes (intersynaptic filaments); 2) a slight accumulation of dense material adjacent to postcontact membranes; 3) disarrangement of contact membranes and enlargement of the space between these membranes; 4) aggregation of SCV and LCV to contact membranes. Finally it should be emphasized that NA nerve terminals often made a neuronal cluster or rosette with other neuronal elements, suggestive of a complicated role of NA on NTS function.
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67
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Abstract
HRP was injected into somatosensory cortex of rats 2-8 days of age. In locus coeruleus, ipsilateral to the injection, neuronal somata were retrogradely labeled. A few neurons located in the region of cranial nerve VII, ipsilaterally, were also labeled and may represent neurons from cell group A5. No other cell groups in mid- and hindbrain contain labeled cells. The labeled cell bodies are likely to represent a major source of brainstem afferents to infant neocortex, demonstrated by other workers. Since these cell bodies are located amidst known catecholaminergic neurons, it is proposed that these neurons give rise to the monoaminergic (MA) pre-synaptic cortical inputs that have been described using ultrastructural cytochemical techniques.
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68
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Maxwell DJ. Histochemical properties of axons associated with the salivary apparatus of the cockroach, Nauphoeta cinerea. Tissue Cell 1980; 12:703-11. [PMID: 7209959 DOI: 10.1016/0040-8166(80)90023-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A variety of techniques have indicated that dopamine is probably the neurotransmitter at the salivary gland of the cockroach, Nauphoeta cinerea (Olivier). It is known from a previous ultrastructural study that two types of axon are associated with the gland but it is not known which of these axons contain catecholamines. The present study, using permanganate fixation or incubation in 5-hydroxydopamine or 6-hydroxydopamine, shows that only one category of axon contains catecholamines.
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69
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Kristt DA. Development of neocortical circuitry: quantitative ultrastructural analysis of putative monoaminergic synapses. Brain Res 1979; 178:69-88. [PMID: 497865 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(79)90088-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The distribution, numbers and morphology of presumed monoaminergic (MA) synapses were examined in somatosensory cortex of neonatal rats and mice (newborn to 16 days of age). MA synapses were identified using an ultrastructural cytochemical marker, 5-hydroxydopamine (5-OHDA), which results in the appearance of small granular vesicles (SGV) in their presynaptic terminals. From birth to 7 days of age, 20--30% of all synapses sampled in somatosensory cortex contain SGVs. However, few SGV synapses are seen in 8-day-old cortex and by 12 days of age, SGVs are no longer detectable in cortex. A specific laminar distribution for these SGV synapses -- which is distinct from the overall synaptic distribution -- is first seen at 3 days of age and is essentially unchanged until 7 days postnatally. During this entire period, the SGV synapses predominate in the primordium of layer IV, where they account for 50--70% of all synapses. Morphometric analysis of SGV synapses indicates that there are differences in junctional symmetry, vesicle shape and configuration of the contact zone between SGV and non-SGV synapses, as well as between SGV synapses themselves in the various cortical layers. The laminar distribution and morphological characteristics of SGV synapses suggest that the MA projection to neocortex exhibits a high degree of spatial specificity during its ingrowth. Also, the relatively high proportion of SGV synapses in the first postnatal week may reflect a potent influence exerted by the MA inputs on immature neocortex. The decreased numerical density of SGV synapses after 7 days of age is probably due to the development of the blood-brain barrier to 5-OHDA.
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70
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Terminology, modes of communication, and a command neurohormone. Behav Brain Sci 1979. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00063329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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71
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Discussing new neurocommunication concepts: complements, counterdefinitions and counterexamples. Behav Brain Sci 1979. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00063688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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72
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Intercellular communication in the CNS. Behav Brain Sci 1979. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00063342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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73
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Hypothalamic neurohumors as neurohormones and neurotransmitters. Behav Brain Sci 1979. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00063421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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74
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Thank goodness we do not need a definition of modulation. Behav Brain Sci 1979. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00063524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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75
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Polarity and modality of neuronal information transfer. Behav Brain Sci 1979. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00063603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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76
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Axonal varicosities, variable thresholds, and Dale's Principle. Behav Brain Sci 1979. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00063561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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77
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78
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Nonsynaptic interactions in Aplysia and their relation to vertebrate systems. Behav Brain Sci 1979. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00063366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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79
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Modulatory actions of an identified octopaminergic neurone at the locust neuromuscular junction. Behav Brain Sci 1979. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00063457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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80
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Electrophysiology is not sufficient to determine neuromodulatory function. Behav Brain Sci 1979. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00063470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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81
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82
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83
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84
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The problem of nonsynaptic transmission in the neostriatum. Behav Brain Sci 1979. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00063330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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85
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No real alternative to existing definitions of neuronal communication. Behav Brain Sci 1979. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x0006341x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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86
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Defining neuromodulation. Behav Brain Sci 1979. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00063536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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87
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Shimizu N, Katoh Y, Hida T, Satoh K. The fine structural organization of the locus coeruleus in the rat with reference to noradrenaline contents. Exp Brain Res 1979; 37:139-48. [PMID: 488212 DOI: 10.1007/bf01474260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Combination of glyoxylic acid perfusion and postfixation in permanganate was used in an electron microscopic study of the locus coeruleus (LC) of the rat to give good preservation of fine structure and a reproducible demonstration of noradrenaline (NA) storage granules. Medium-sized LC cells (18 x 30 microns) contained a moderate number of small granular vesicles (SGV) and a few large granular vesicles (LGV), mainly near the Golgi apparatus. Dendritic branches were identified by their SGV content up to the tip. Dendrites were occasionally in close contact with each other or with the soma of LC cells, forming dendro-dendritic or dendro-somatic contacts. Numerous axon terminals containing many SGV and some LGV were observed in the neuropil, and they tended to contact dendrites and somata of LC cells or dendrites of unknown origin. These neuronal contacts were devoid of synaptic specializations except for an array of dense perpendicular lines between the juxtaposed membranes. Small oval cells (10 x 15 microns) devoid of SGV occurred frequently in the peripheral part of the nucleus, and they were occasionally in direct contact with LC cells.
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88
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Re-evaluation of norepinephrine function: a potential neuromodulatory role? Behav Brain Sci 1979. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00063664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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89
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Hormones as modulators of neuronal activity. Behav Brain Sci 1979. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00063639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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90
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Modulation and neurotransmitters. Behav Brain Sci 1979. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00063615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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91
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What is the primary contribution of the proposed types of communication to neuronal networks? Behav Brain Sci 1979. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00063500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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92
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Aspects of communication related to axoplasmic transport. Behav Brain Sci 1979. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x0006355x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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93
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Neurohypophyseal hormone release. Behav Brain Sci 1979. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00063627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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94
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Do new concepts of molecular communication rejuvenate old concepts of behavioural “states” in learning and memory? Behav Brain Sci 1979. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00063408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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95
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Neuromodulators. Behav Brain Sci 1979. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00063378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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96
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A note of caution in neurohumor nomenclature. Behav Brain Sci 1979. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00063676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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97
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Demarest KT, Moore KE. Lack of a high affinity transport system for dopamine in the median eminence and posterior pituitary. Brain Res 1979; 171:545-51. [PMID: 476488 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(79)91060-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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98
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Wilkes MM, Kobayashi RM, Yen SS, Moore RY. Monoamine neuron regulation of LRF neurons innervating the organum vasculosum laminae terminalis and median eminence. Neurosci Lett 1979; 13:41-6. [PMID: 379715 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(79)90072-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The LRF content of the median eminence (ME) and organum vasculosum laminae terminalis (OVLT) was analyzed following lesions destroying the serotonin neurons of the midbrain raphe and the dopamine neurons of the zona incerta. Six weeks after zona incerta lesions the LFT content of both OVLT and ME was significantly reduced. Raphe lesions did not significantly reduce LRF content of the ME or OVLT. No changes in circulating LH content were noted after either lesion. These observations suggest that the dopamine neurons of the incerto-hypothalamic system may be involved in the regulation of LRF synthesis or release from LRF neurons innervating the ME and OVLT.
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99
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Záborszky L, Léránth C, Palkovits M. Light and electron microscopic identification of monoaminergic terminals in the central nervous system. Brain Res Bull 1979; 4:99-117. [PMID: 37996 DOI: 10.1016/0361-9230(79)90064-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A brief critical survey of methods used for light and electron microscopic examination of amine-containing pathways within the CNS. Light microscopic techniques such as fluorescence histochemistry, immunocytochemistry, autoradiography, silver degeneration techniques, and retrograde tracing technique are suitable for studying the topography of pathways but, due to limits of resolution, they are inadequate for identifying terminals. Electron microscopy which is adequate to visualize terminals does not provide an overall view. This review considers various methods which have been devised to specifically detect aminergic nerve terminals. Electrolytic and chemical induced degenerations are described in noradrenergic, dopaminergic, and serotoninergic terminals. Although the individual degenerative alterations are not specific for aminergic terminals, the degenerative process when considered as a whole can be informative. At present no single technique can provide complete information about the origin, course, connections, and terminals of aminergic systems. Concurrent application of light and electron microscopy, experimental surgery, histochemistry, and microsample biochemistry would provide a complete description.
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100
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Koda LY, Koob GF, Shier WT, Bloom FE. Tetrahydropapaveroline induces small granular vesicles in brain dopamine fibres. Nature 1978; 276:281-3. [PMID: 714160 DOI: 10.1038/276281a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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